Co-breath by Zan Girandon

COCOBREATH BREATH

mentor

CO-BREATH

Boštjan Bugarič

group

Jo Zornik Pia Groleger Luka Pleskovič Matic Čič Vid Lebič Žan Girandon Kim Benkovič Lina Piškur Vita Rau Meta Mramor Pia Mršek Satya Pene Eva Kraljič Lana Pastirk Daša Šešerko

Ljubjana 2020

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION/ MAP/ TR3/ BTC/ UNDERPASSES/ COMUNITY MAP/ VOCABULARY/ RESOURCES/

/page 06 /page 08 /page 12 /page 18 /page 24 /page 38 /page 40 /page 50

INTRODUCTION

FORGOTTEN SPACES

The project started with an introduction to the theme – interventions in the urban public space. Three groups of students were formed, each group covering a specific pressing problem of Ljubljana, the capital city of Slovenia. The first group chose Republic Square (TR3), the second group chose the underpasses, which are, somehow, quite forgotten and unappealing spaces, and the third group chose BTC shopping centre, more specifically the water park Atlantis. With this selection, we wanted to demonstrate that alternatives are possible, and, mostly, very welcome. The diverse choices show that we can all tackle different fields and also settings that surround us, and that the degree of activity can differ from project to project. Nowadays, economic, environmental and social crises generate an ever-increasing need for collaboration and exchange of knowledge. We are witnessing renewed interest in the concepts of community and common goods. New technologies have facilitated the process of connecting and organizing large groups of people. They have also created new forms of participation. In this context, emerging projects of social innovation offer an alternative to the existing systems. Over the last two centuries, innumerable social innovations, from cognitive behavioural therapy for prisoners to Wikipedia, have moved from the margins to the mainstream. As this has happened, many have passed through the three stages that Arthur Schopenhauer identiﬁed as crucial for any new ‘truth’: ‘First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is accepted as being self-evident.’ Like Manzini also stated, we put our focus in social innovations on protagonists. “This means looking at the people who take part in the social forms they generate, and especially at the social forms in which people collaborate in order to achieve a result they would not be able to achieve alone, and that produces or could produce wider social value as a side effect” (Manzini, 2015). The goal was to establish a standpoint in the current global situation, and put the aforementioned archi-

tectural spaces into a new perspective, give them new possibilities. In 21st century, design is an interdisciplinary profession serving multiple needs. Working in transdisciplinary teams whose nature and constituency changes according to the project at hand is crucial. It is, therefore, difficult to argue for a definitive range of skills or even a specific knowledge domain (Friedman, 2012). According to Meyer and Norman, designers are nowadays trusted with increasingly complex and impactful challenges, which the current system of design education seldom prepares them for (Meyer and Norman, 2020) With that in mind, our research was focused on answering the following seven points; • • • • • • •

Explore positive effects of the intervention; Focus on resolving current problems; Take it to an extreme; Explore the opposite; Question an assumption; Create an analogy from insight or context; Focus on an element.

We worked on the projects with notion of the ‘connected difference’ theory of social innovations in mind. This theory emphasises three key dimensions of most important social innovations; -They are usually new combinations or hybrids of existing elements, rather than being wholly new in themselves; -Putting them into practice involves cutting across organisational, sectoral or disciplinary boundaries; -They leave behind new, compelling social relationships between previously separated individuals and groups which matter greatly to the people involved, contribute to the diffusion and embedding of the innovation, and fuel a cumulative dynamic whereby each innovation opens up the possibility of further innovations (Source: Social innovation, What it is, Why it matters and how it can be accelerated; Mulgan, 2007).

LOCATIONS

UNDERPASSES 08

TR3

BTC

TR 3

Jo Zornik Pia Groleger Luka Pleskovič Matic Čič Vid Lebič Žan Girandon

RESEARCH About the square: The Republic Square is owned by Ljubljana municipality. With its modern design by architect Edvard Ravnikar (1960), it represents the heart of Slovenian statehood. The square is surrounded by the Slovenian Parliament building, some futuristic triangular high-rises TR3 and Ljubljanska banka (bank) with Cankarjev dom (cultural center) in the background and the building of the Maximarket department store. The square is an outstanding example of the architecture of socialist modernism. The space was previously occupied by the besieged gardens of the Ursuline Monastery. A group of architects under his leadership arranged the area of the square between 1962 and 1982. Numerous historical events took place on the huge tiles in the central square. Among other things, Slovenia’s independence was proclaimed on 25 June 1991. At the edge of the square are several monuments from the socialist era Yugoslavia. The largest of them is the monument to the Revolution, the work of sculptor Drago Tršar, unveiled in 1975. (https://www. visitljubljana.com/sl/poi/trg-republike)

Nathan Phillips Square; Toronto, Kanada The square is the venue for concerts, art exhibitions, a market, a winter festival of lights and other public events, including demonstrations.

IMAGE 1: Nathan Phillips Square; Toronto, Kanada

Capitol Square (Piazza del Campidoglio); Rome, Italy State square, known for linking state organizations and landmarks. The floor pattern produces an illusion of a smaller space, which makes people more likely to enter the square. events, including demonstrations.

IMAGE 2: Capitol Square

Philosophy and psychology of space Jan Gehl, a Danish architect and urban design consultant says that cities used to be designed to human scale. In this environment people feel comfortable. This changed during modernism, when architects started designing with motor vehicles in mind and in consequence, everything was built on a larger scale. Jan believes that architects and planners have in the last 50 years forgotten what a good human scale is. This is why he advocates the 12 Urban Quality Criteria, guidelines for human centred urban planning.

CONTEXT

As we all know, the year 2020 will be surely remembered after a widespread pandemic caused by CovSARS-19. After more than hundred years we were suddenly faced by a phenomenon, which we can not control. Because of that the way we live has drastically changed. We have not just been hit with the constant fear of the illness, but the social part of people’s lives moved from the physical world to the virtual world. Humans, as social creatures, are now experiencing heavily weighing isolation from one another for the first time in their lives. Is this how it’s going to be from now on? And until when? We are in the middle of some kind of transformation of the comfortable lifestyle, being forced to deal with the question: what is the new way of living? With the pandemic lockdown a lot of public and private sectors were affected, one of the most affected is definitely the cultural field. All the theatres, cinemas, museums, galleries, operas and other institutions have been forced to close down. As if this was not enough, some of the important cultural organisations are being forced to move out from their working spaces, due to private and political reasons. Due to these arising problems it’s necessary to search

for possible solutions that would be an answer to the needs that are being unmet in the current situation. The key in finding appropriate solutions is in moderating the effects that the ongoing crisis is having on the mentioned groups of people, while maintaining the safety precautions needed to avoid the worsening of the problem. In achieving a solution accessible to everyone, public spaces play a crucial role, since they are not reserved for certain groups of people only and don’t exclude those that are less privileged.

CONCEPT The main idea behind the concept is to offer individuals and groups of people, engaged and working in the field of the cultural sector, as well as cultural institutions that have been affected by the lockdown and other consequences of the Cov-SARS-19 outbreak a solution to the problems they have been facing. At the same time the target group are all users of the urban environment, who have been forced off public spaces and into social isolation due to the mass spread of the virus. The concept is based around the idea of offering the people engaged in the cultural sector a way to earn their living and continue with their work in a safe manner. And at the same time creating a safe space where people can interact and socialise and soften the effects that the social isolation has on people’s wellbeing, while maintaining a safe distance, in order to prevent the spread of CovSARS-19.

FOCUS GROUP Public spaces, such as Republic square, that remain unused most of the time, offer a large amount of empty space. In current Covid crisis, those places provide an opportunity for solutions to the problems that arose by providing secure spaces for people to socialize and for people working in the cultural field to express themselves and to continue with their work that has ground to a halt because of the current situation imposed by the rules and regulations that are supposed to dampen the fast spread of the virus.

Individuals and groups of people, engaged and working in the field of the cultural sector, as well as cultural institutions that have been affected by the lockdown and other consequences of the Cov-SARS-19 outbreak. At the same time the target group are all users of urban environment, who have been forced off public spaces and into social isolation due to the mass spread of the virus.

The Republic square has a unique position considering the surrounding institutions and buildings. In its close proximity we can find galleries, Drama, Ljubljana city theatre, SNT Opera and Ballet and Cankar Hall, which is the largest Slovenian convention, congress and culture center.

“THE SQUARE IS SUPPOSED TO BE A FORUM, BUT IT IS A VOLUME THAT REMAINS WITHOUT CONTENT. WE NEED A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE CITY AND THE COUNTRY - TRACKING CAN ALSO MAKE A FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION - WHICH WILL TURN THE HOLLOW “CENTER OF THE COUNTRY” INTO SOMETHING WE WILL LOVE TO GO TO.”

Considering the square’s location it would be fitting to utilise the large and open space it offers in a way that would contextually match its surroundings, which are in large part marked by cultural aspects. The cultural events, which would normally be held in the institutions surrounding the Republic square are now officially cancelled due to the pandemic. The main idea is to transfer those events to an open air location - the Republic square. The whole area, intended for institutions as well as individuals or groups of people, that would perform or present their work on the square, would be designed in accordance with the rules or restrictions of the current situation. Consequently, people whose income rely on performing cultural activities could by such reclaim their opportunity to earn a living and contribute to our culturally, socially and culturally stifled society and by doing that, soften the blow caused by the pandemic.

“IT’S REGULAR: I’M GOING TO CONGRESS. I’M GOING TO PREŠEREN. YOU ARE NOT GOING TO THE REPUBLIC. YOU GO TO PREŠEREN, WHO IS PLEASANT. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE ECONOMICAL USE OF SPACE, TR IS ‘ONE SMALL CATASTROPHE’, BECAUSE THERE ARE SO MANY AND SO MANY HECTARES ... EMPTINESS.” (PROSTOR ZA VSE: ANKETA O TRGU REPUBLIKE, 2018)

BTC Kim Benkovič Lina Piškur Vita Rau

BTC

BTC, d.d. is a company based in Ljubljana, Slovenia, that owns and manages spaces for activities of business, commercial, recreational, and entertainment purposes, as well as offers logistical services. Its units are located in Ljubljana (which is it’s main and largest location, positioned next to the northern Ljubljana bypass), Murska Sobota and Novo mesto. BTC was established in 1954 to serve as Ljubljana’s central warehouse and gradually became one of the largest land-based terminals in Europe. In 1993, Jože Mermal (current Chairman of the Board of Directors) took over the management. The company changed its strategy and opened what is now the leading shopping centre in Slovenia.* BTC is majority owned by both its current and also retired employees united in the companies Ajdacom, d.d. and Invest Point, d.o.o. (95,37%). In the last few years, the company has particularly focused on developing a more sustainable strategy, which can be seen from their project »Mission: Green«. They have already established a more responsible attitude towards the environment through improved energy efficiencies, reduced carbon dioxide emissions and sponsorships of over 300 widely beneficial societal projects. *Fun fact about shopping centre design: Shopping centres (and also individual stores) are, many times, designed to redirect the customer’s attention. This is done through a deliberately compli- cated layout and placement of the products, which confuses the customer upon their entry. In turn, they are more likely to forget their primary task, making them more susceptible to make impulse purchases. We call this phenomenon the »Gruen effect«, after it’s first descriptor, Aus- trian architect Victor Gruen.

BTC. V Wikipedija : prosta enciklopedija [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 23. 3. 2019 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 21:03]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTC>. About us. V BTC d.d. [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 21:05]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.btc. si/en/about- us/>. Delničarji družbe BTC uvajajo enotirni sistem upravljanja. V BTC d.d. [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 23. 6. 2019 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 21:34]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.btc.si/sporocila-za-medije/2019/06/delnicarji-druzbe-btc-uvajajo-enotirni-sistem-upravljanja/>. Gruen transfer. V Wikipedija : the free encyclopedia [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 25. 9. 2020 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 22:09]. Dost- opno na svetovnem spletu: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruen_transfer>.

ATLANTIS Atlantis is a water park within the Ljubljana unit of the BTC, d.d. company. It’s designed for visitors of all generations - from those who go in seeking adrenaline and entertainment, to those hoping for relaxation. Sports, entertainment and relaxation center is divided into three themed areas (The World of Adventures, The Thermal Temple and The Sauna Land) and is intended for people of various different ages. Each area has its own signature story. The main visitors of Atlantis: children and visitors up to the age of 35 who want fun and adventures adults in need of mental and physical relaxation Why did we choose Atlantis as our focus area? The complex is engaged in water-related activities and is also recognized as such, and therefeore It already has suitable infrastructure – its interior rooms and outdoor area are suitable for working with water, and it also contains pre-existing water and electric infrastructure BTC agrees that pollution is one of the biggest threats to our planet. Their understand- ing of this problem is the reason behind their continuous dedication and activities towards a safe and clean environment. One of the fundamental values of society is, thus concern for the environment, clean water and air, and efficient energy use. “Ever since we took the first step, the world has been our path and time our trail. On the way to time, on the trail to the world, BTC easily enters the third millennium. ”(Mermal, 2005).

BERNETIČ, T. Možnosti neposrednega trženja na podlagi baze podatkov - primer BTC : diplomsko delo [dostopno na daljavo]. Ljublja- na, 2007, str. 20–21 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 22:55]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <http://www.cek.ef.uni-lj. si/u_diplome/bernetic3028. pdf>. BTC. Atlantis Vodno mesto [dostopno na daljavo]. Ljubljana: BTC d.d., 2005, str. 2–22 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:04]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.btc.si/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/tm173.pdf>.

PROBLEM Main issue of the project; How will people spend time in the coming apocalyptic era? The worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population continues to grow, and food is becoming one of the major global problems today; for Slovenia, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self-sufficiency is the biggest local problem. Some es- timates suggest that 70% more food will need to be produced worldwide, with 80% of cultivated land already in use. In countries where urbanization is still rapidly increasing, the challenge of sustainable food production will become increasingly acute. Climate change (and, consequently, the severe droughts) is hampering farming and causing food prices to rise dramatically. Excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers, soil sterilization and monoculture crops have a major impact on the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural ecosystems and biodiversity.

PROPOSED SOLUTION

The challenge is to produce more food, more sustainably. One of the bigger steps to improvement of modern agriculture and food distribution is hydroponic technology, which allows producers to grow plants without soil. The solution is to set up hydroponic transport containers; using hydroponic and vertical agricultural techniques to optimize space reduces water needs by 98% compared to conventional farming. It consumes relatively little electricity (in terms of cost efficiency), which, in turn, allows users to produce fresh produce daily. Aquaponics is a method based on hydroponic technology, the basic difference is in the type of water. Aquaponics uses fish water, and the system itself nat- urally cleans it. In both cases the controlled atmosphere allows the cultivation of plants without pesticides and other chemicals in flower beds - they are filled with clean water, fertilizers and minerals. The advantages of such systems lies in the fact that the plants do not need to be cleaned, there are no worms or other pests, and there are fewer weak- ened leaves.

Above: Hydroponic system, Below: Aquaponic system.

GOAL

Our goal is that, when people come to the enriched space, they get a glimpse into a bright future, and see a community that gives back. Our solution would be to set up transport containers with hydroponic and aquaponic systems inside them, intended for food production for BTC Ljubljana. It would take place in the aforementioned Atlantis building. With the alternative use of unused space inside the building, on the roofs and outside, automatically more space for the user is gained, which acts as an amusement park and an oasis, where visitors can also be educated on self-sufficiency - more precise- ly hydroponics. The shipping containers located on the roof of the building would be transformed into alternative urban agriculture center using hydroponic and vertical agricultural techniques. The roof of the building is used as the foundation upon which these urban gardens are placed, forming a new kind of city above the amusement park. The crops are grown and distributed in the shipping containers, using cranes to move the containers to the trucks and then driven to the desired location. Inside the building the logistic and research centers are built. The project would be implemented in such a way that users would be included in the space - the intervention would be done transparently and with as little intervention as possible. If we allow interaction with the environment, revolution happens spontane- ously. The idea is a low-budget high-efficiency makeover, covering the entire area of the spa, as well as the roof. With the transformation of the space and acquired activities, new jobs also appear. Maintenance of the new systems would require quite a few employees, as well as record keeping, logistics, distribution, advertising, gardening, and more. Raising awareness of new ideas and concepts would take place through the existing BTC and Atlantis website, as well as other social networks.

SOURCES: Hydroponics: the future of farming. V Food processing technology [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 16. 8. 2017 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:13]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/features/featurehydroponics-the-future-of-farming-5901289/>. Hydroponics and problems of modern agriculture. V EcoReactor [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 14. 5. 2020 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:16]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://ecoreactor.org/en/hydroponics/>.

Hydroponics: the future farming. V Foodshopping processing technology [dostopno na na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 16.29. 8. 2017 [citirano 1. 1. 11. In-store hydroponic farm of opened in Dubai mall. V Hortidaily [dostopno daljavo]. Obnovljeno 4. 2020 [citirano 11. 2020 ob 23:13]. Dostopno na svetovnem <https://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/features/featurehydropon2020 ob 23:19]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu:spletu: <https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9212365/in-store-hydroponic-farm-opened-in-duics-the-future-of-farming-5901289/>. bai-shopping-mall/>. Hydroponics and problems of modern agriculture. V EcoReactor [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 14. 5. 2020 [citirano 1. 11.

Misija: Zeleno. V Dostopno BTC d.d. [dostopno na daljavo]. 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:22]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.btc.si/ 2020 ob 23:16]. na svetovnem spletu:[citirano <https://ecoreactor.org/en/hydroponics/>. misija-zeleno/>.

In-store hydroponic farm opened in Dubai shopping mall. V Hortidaily [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 29. 4. 2020 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:19]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9212365/in-store-hydroponic-farmPHOTO SOURCE: opened-in-duOdkrijte Atlantis.bai-shopping-mall/>. V Atlantis Vodno Mesto [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:26]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https:// Misija: Zeleno. V BTC d.d. [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:22]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www. www.atlantis-vodnomesto.si>. btc.si/ misija-zeleno/>. PHOTO SOURCE: Odkrijte Atlantis. V Atlantis Vodno Mesto [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:26]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https:// www.atlantis-vodnomesto.si>.

Throuh this project, we would try to ensure that the environment had a positive and comforting effect in the users of the BTC complex. Gardens would eventually become integrated parts of our lives and we would start to recognize them as part of our everyday. Users of BTC would be offered tours and workshops to learn about the hydroponic and aquaponic systems. The whole process of hydroponic and aquaponic gardening and also care of such systems would be accessible and on display to everyone. This woud create an opportunity to contribute to a better environment and reduced consumerism, hence advocate for a better future.

UNDERPASSES Meta Mramor Pia Mršek Satya Pene Eva Kraljič Lana Pastirk Daša Šešerko

Underpasses are most often associated with homeless people seeking shelter, street art and musicians. We perceive them as a potential confrontational space we can escape only in two directions. The project will address the following issues: • Why do we feel uncomfortable in underpasses? • Why are we generally afraid of them? • What are their purposes? • How can we repurpose them?

INTERVENTION We will think about interventions in underpasses to give people a nice experience and a sense of security when walking through ‘underground’ space. We do not want to disturb not to expel those to whom the underpasses are a shelter. We will look for ways to create a symbiotic meeting place in which different social groups can work together towards social progress.

PLACE ANALYSIS Purpose and functions • increase traffic flow • Greater accessibility, shorter routes and safety • expansion of service activities or sales areas

Division (by content)

• non-programmatic ones serve only for crossing roads • programmatic give place to certain service activities

Frequently problems

• inactive use and abandonment - peeling paint, cracks • low ceilings, narrowness, poor lighting and airiness • strong light contrast when passing into them • poor drainage of rainwater and melted snow, and thus water retention and icing in the winter months • structures in which homeless people often find shelter • problem of garbage, debris, bird droppings • missed opportunities for lower access to buildings, shop windows, terraces • poor visibility and clarity of movement; lack of graphic elements to indicate exit routes and unspecified cycle paths • rusting, dirt, use of “cold” materials (steel, concrete),

Major architectural elements 1. Balustrade / Bridge Structure 2. Retaining Walls 3. Building Interface / Active Edge 4. Lighting 5. Sidewalk / Multi-Use Pathways 6. Median 7. Landscaping 8. Universal Design 9. Pedestrian Signage 10.Utility Infrastructure Integration 11.Underpass Art

UNDERPASSES IN LJUBLJANA The original purpose of the underpasses in Ljubljana was the safe crossing of the busy road and the function of the city below the city, where shops and other programs were forced to move due to the widening of the road. With new traffic arrangements and a new way of life, underpasses are losing their function and becoming more like ghost towns.

INTERVIEW Rene Vremec Social Worker Rene Vremec is a social worker employed at the European Project at Dom v Dutovlje. Rene spoke to us mainly about her experience working with the homeless, addicts, and people who easily find themselves on the threshold of society. In the last six years, she has collaborated with organizations such as Stigma and Kralji Ulice as part of her studies and independent initiatives in Ljubljana. She also spoke about the new newspaper published by Dom v Dutovlje, called ‘Exit to the Community’. We asked her about the credibility of common myths and stereotypes about underpasses and their users that we discovered in the survey.

Working with marginalized groups as a woman

In my experience, I have not had any problems, I think that inappropriate behavior among the homeless and drug addicts, women and society is much less tolerated as for example, with their peers, employers or passers-by, because in these groups harassment of women is defined as a symptom of their lifestyle.

From symptoms to causes

In my experience, the main reason for homelessness in Slovenia is poor and unbearable family relationships. We are a society that is very reluctant to talk about the problems that are happening behind the four walls of Slovenian homes. That is why, of course, we all the more like to condemn those who do not have these walls between which they could hide their problems. Many homeless people are also not primarily addicted, this is something that happens later. The most commonly heard course of events I have traced is the following: a young man leaves home and, originally, only temporarily resides on the street. High rents and difficult conditions that would allow him

to become independent and socially secure cause the individual to become acquainted with the hopelessness of his situation. At this point, alcoholism and various drug addictions occur, which offer the ‘social outcast who personifies this role at this point’ the only possible way out.

How do you help them now and what could be improved

What I find most urgent is the need for day care centers and shelters where the homeless can take refuge between 06.00-22.00, when the hostels are closed for them. That is why the homeless also stay in various urban shelters, such as the underpasses you are exploring. The second problem seems to me that there is simply no sector that would deal with this and that projects such as Kings of the Street do not have sufficient resources to provide employees in such initiatives with a permissible income so that they can continue working above the poverty line. My ideal is also field social work, which helps people where they live, or meetings that take place in less formal spaces, if the individual does not want to accept a social worker in their home. Then work takes place where users feel more at home, for example cafes, on a walk in the tivoli, in the underpass. The last thing I will mention, however, is that we need people who would work on the destigmatization of the project itself by creating channels of cooperation between different social groups.

SURVEY ANALYSIS With the help of analysis, we tried to find out what people think about underpasses, what they feel in them and how they behave in underpasses. 27 people responded to the survey.

Association

When asked the open question â&#x20AC;&#x153;What do you think of the word underpass,â&#x20AC;? most people, as many as 10, thought of a road building or underpass as a physical, architectural space. The second most common association was darkness. Interpretation: From the frequent answers related to the topic, we can conclude that it makes sense to deal with light in the underpasses.

like to stay in them when there are a lot of people in them. Interpretation: It would be more sensible to use the approaches for some other purpose than for a service (trade) center or a transitional route. It would make sense to design a service that involves more people and takes a short time.

Emotions

Explanation of results: Most frequent answer is that respondents do not feel anything special in the underpasses or that they do not feel safe. A few less reported that they are feeling cramped and scared. Interpretation: It would therefore make sense to help people achieve a sense of security. 30

Body feeling

Explanation of results: Compared to emotion-related questions, respondents reported relatively less physical tension compared to emotional tension. Interpretation: We can pay less attention to the physical tension in the underpass.

Thinking, thought process

Explanation of the results: Respondents reaffirmed that a sense of security (fear of attack) is important in underpasses, light is also an important component, and they want to leave the underpass as soon as possible. Interpretation: It is important to deal with a sense of security and light. The design should take into account that people do not want to stay in the underpasses for long.

Behavior

Explanation of the results: Respondents do not like to use the services in the underpasses and do not

Respondents â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;proposals for a better atmosphere atmosphere

Explanation of results: They emphasize the importance of cleanliness the most, then the importance of pleasant smell, followed by light. Solutions with mirrors and interactive attraction seem insignificant and inappropriate. Interpretation: Special attention should be paid to cleanliness, odor and light.

Conclusion

According to the results of the survey, when planning underpasses and services in underpasses, it is important to take into account that people do not like to stay in them for a long time neither like to use their existing services. It is important to establish a sense of security and that the underpasses are bright, clean and have a pleasant smell.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT AND SOLUTIONS Starting points in designing the solution • to connect the Ljubljana underpasses into the “PPP” walking trail • in the case of coronavirus, take care of vulnerable groups such as the homeless, pensioners, women victims of violence, etc. and connect them with the community • care for cleanliness, pleasant smell, providing light and a sense of security.

Ppp – path by underpasses

An interactive path between different approaches with different purposes, connecting different groups of people. Main guides: • networking through social media • stories of underpasses that tell the stories of Ljubljana • events that bring together different groups of people • due to the events in the underpasses, new life appears underground, which makes the underpasses more accessible and more comfortable • Visiting a day center for the homeless and addicts gives a job / function to the socially disadvantaged, and offers visitors a service / activity • art installations that invite viewing and interaction and are promoted through social media: QR codes in underpasses (stories, assignments, events, exhibition spaces, history of the underpass).

Working team

The working team, consisting of guides, historians, architects, technical assistants, the homeless, volunteers and others, will draw funding for their projects from European tenders, working closely with the City of Ljubljana and existing cultural organizations. The team makes sure to raise awareness of residents and other curious individuals about the city’s history

with respect to underpasses and vulnerable groups, the potential use of abandoned public spaces, and teaches about the diversity of social groups. (Organization Good Practice Example: Build on Belief and Bluebag Life)

Main activities of the organization: Mediation

is carried out mainly in the field with guided tours and workshops for the general public. The main purpose of the guided tours is to present the history of the city, cultural history, social issues and potential danger to the residents.

Action

is carried out within the day center, which classifies the approaches into the following categories: • from the point of view of infrastructure as a compensation for dangerous crossing of the road (sometimes the Ajdovščina underpass and the Bežigrad underpasses) • as shelters for vulnerable groups of people (homeless, vulnerable and socially vulnerable) • guided tour program (in the style of the Invisible Ljubljana project), which educates and raises awareness of the population about current issues and encourages them to actively participate

Support

is carried out by office work, which ensures that the organization has a lasting effect • managers involved in organizing cleaning campaigns and raising funds for the permanent maintenance of underpasses. • Designers involved in analyzing surveys and updating spaces to make them more user-friendly • financial: someone who works with organizations and applies for tenders for the longevity of the proj-

ect â&#x20AC;˘ PR- people who work on the public image of the organization and communicate with the general public through various platforms.

Maintenance

The results of the survey showed that the atmosphere in the underpasses would improve the most if they were clean (92.6% of respondents chose this answer) and had a more pleasant smell (70.4% of respondents chose this answer). The maintenance staff could also be part of the team. The latter could be homeless, volunteers or they could also connect with the public company Snaga d.o.o.

SCENARIO 32

15. 12. 2022, Ljubljana slovenija

As expected, the temperature dropped caused an increase in the number of infections yet again. 45% of the population is infected and 10% of the population is hospitalized. The government has therefore prepared new measures. Public transport is canceled due to the spread of the infection, and because the majority of the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s budget was redistributed to healthcare. Outdoors the use of masks and protective clothing is mandatory, and the supplies are very scarce. The curfew lasts from 20.00 to 8.00. Moving between cities is no longer possible. The government warns everyone to leave home only in case of urgent errands or for the recommended half-hour walk per day. The fine in case of violation of any measure to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection is â&#x201A;Ź1,000. The country borders have now been closed for a good two years. The world economy is in a severe recession and interstate aid is virtually impossible.

Law enforcement agencies from several countries recently arrested 165 sellers in an international operation who were selling urgently needed and now illegal goods on the dark web. Several tons of toilet paper, handkerchiefs and paper towels were seized, Europol said. Law enforcement agencies in Austria, Spain, Great Britain, Germany, Slovenia and the USA took part in the toilet operation. Their target were the sellers and buyers of illegal goods in an anonymous marketplace on the dark web. The use of the Internet due to congestion is limited for the individual due to increased state control through location functions. This leads to difficulties in doing work and teaching at a distance. The unemployment number is increasing and social disparities are severe. Unemployment and the problem of homelessness are rising. Almost half of the population is already unemployed. Hospitality and tourism for example no longer exist. Almost all manufacturing companies have closed their doors. Only a handful of them still operate with the help of machines and robots that make products. Most salespeople are also out of work. We face mass depression. The number of suicides and deaths due to domestic violence is increasing. As many as 40 people committed suicide yesterday, and deaths due to domestic violence increased by 30%. Due to the rapid mutation of the virus we still do not have a vaccine against the Covid-19 virus.

Utopian solution

The PPP application is a user-friendly application. With the financial aid from one of the last open calls from the European union, a team of designers, social workers, doctors and programmers, works mainly with the help of volunteers to offer help to the most vulnerable passers-by. The application connects PPP day centers, which are located in Ljubljanas under-passes. The four centers offer much-needed medical, social and psychological assistance to women, the homeless, pensioners and young people

FUNCTIONS OF UNDERPASSES Underpass Dravlje

It houses a center for women. The location is convenient due to the nearby apartment blocks by the Aleja shopping center.

Underpass Kino Šiška

It houses a retirement center. The location is suitable due to the large number of elderly people in the area of Šiška.

Underpass near Modern gallery

It houses a youth center. The location is convenient because a lot of young people are already gathering there. The space is open, so it is not suitable for the homeless.

Chopin’s underpass

It houses a homeless center. The location is convenient because it is located in the strict center. Many homeless people are already gathering there. The underpass also has a water supply system, which allows the arrangement of rooms for personal hygiene.

Underpass Ajdovščina

Is also a homeless center. The location is suitable, as it is located in the center and is spacious, it is possible to arrange various rooms for education, living.

Linhart’s underpass in Bežigrad

It houses a center for women and retirees. The location is suitable due to the proximity of apartment blocks where retirees live, as well as office buildings where many women work.

Railway station underpass

It houses a homeless center. The location is appropriate because there are already a lot of homeless people there, as well as other people who could be potential volunteers.

Underpass near faculties in Bežigrad

It houses a youth center. The location is suitable due to the close proximity of Bežigrad faculties.

Underpass moste

It houses a center for women. The location is suitable as it is located in a housing estate , where young families probably live as there is also a school and a kindergarten in the settlement.

Center for women

“I am a mother of eight children and today is exactly one year since I first came to the Women’s Center. Before the advent of the corona crisis, I lived a happy life as a housewife. My husband was absent from work and spent most of the weeks on business meetings abroad. I took full care of the children. I escorted them to school in the morning, then tidied up the house, cooked lunch for the children, took them to afternoon activities in the afternoon, and in the evening made sure everyone was fed, clean and satisfied. The first problems arose just before the start of the first wave of the pandemic, when my husband was denied all business trips abroad. He was at home for a long time and the first signs of aggressive behavior were already showing. He first became verbally, and over time physically aggressive. During the second wave, the situation at home only worsened as he lost his job and resorted to alcoholism out of desperation. He stayed at home and became even more violent, beating me and reprimanding me for no reason. At some point he broke my arm. At the emergency room, a young friendly nurse immediately recognized the signs of domestic violence and referred me to the PPP Center for Women. There, volunteers helped me to confront my violent husband and, together with a handful of women from the center, with similar experiences, we moved to the newly built social housing outside Bežigrad. Together with the children, we now live in a small community, without which, in the current situation, as a single mother I would not be able to. Thanks to the Women’s Help Center, who

provided me with support and discreetly, during my daily errands, offered a place to go seek for solutions. If you ever feel hopeless, go to any of Ljubljana’s under-passes, where they can help you with guidelines for a better future.” (Sanja, 42)

The center offers

individual consultations with a psychologist and a social worker first aid We distribute feminine hygiene product, masks and protective clothing. We offer Workshops on practical skills and self-defense and rhetorical workshops such as “Speaking up in a patriarchal world” We offer a place for women to socialize, connect and help each other. We also offer donation based morning yoga (on and offline), for the general public to help support the work of the center. ( The practice focuses especially on breathing techniques and a set of corona-poses to support immunity and psychological resilience).

Center for the homeless

“Before Corona I just got a job in a wood workshop. This gave me the opportunity to move away from my parents and start a new life in a small apartment on the outskirts of Ljubljana. A year into my job the wood industry collapsed, and so did the company in which I worked. Trained as a woodworker, I could

not find a new job in Ljubljana, which I was not allowed to exit anymore. Without an income I could no longer pay rent. So I landed on the street. Shelters are overcrowded and most od the day centers were cancelled. While seeking shelter from the cold and bad weather, I stumbled upon an underpass where they offer food, hygiene facilities and support for the homeless. Through time, this was a place where I also started helping. PPP gave me an opportunity to come back to life, to have contact with others, to have friends and a purpose.” (Anej, 34)

Activities in the center

hot meals and beverages for the homeless temporary accommodation health care distribution of masks and protective clothing psychosocial assistance educational workshops to improve work through addiction, develop skills in financial and digital literacy. work opportunities.

Center for the elderly

“In the time of Covid, regulations to protect us, the elderly population, became so strict that most of us remained completely isolated from the world. There are no concerts, exhibitions, cultural events from which I drew the will to live. Outings for the elderly are limited to 3 hours a day. I was very excited when I went for a walk one day and heard music from one of the under-passes. So I got acquainted with the PPP center and was shown the application, which is also easy to use with my poor knowledge of the new technologies. Through the application, even if only for a short time, I can once again be a member of society, have someone to talk to or somewhere to stop even so briefly.” (Bojan, 69)

Activities in the center

hot beverages individual consultations with a professionals and volunteers safe social activities health care distribution of masks and protective clothing digital literacy education (use of smartphones, computers and mobile applications)

Center for youth and volunteering

“The year corona started I became a student at the university of Ljubljana. I never got to experience the student life that I heard of. But most of all I ended up living away from home, for the first time, and I was unable to connect with anyone. Universities were slowly falling apart and I knew I needed to find a purpose. I was happy to find PPP, because the team is open to share their knowledge and skills, while helping others. Furthermore in the base center, me and other young volunteers have an opportunity to meet, share skills and organise for a better future.“ (Miha, 20)

Activities in the center

Hot beverages co/working space for professionals and volunteers Distribution of masks and protective clothing Round table

DISTOPIA News Article on RTVSLO:

APPLICATION CONNECTING AND REPRESENTING 4 CENTERS PROMOTES EVERYTHING BUT SOLIDARITY Volunteering turns into an “egoistic match of collecting solidarity points” These days, the PPP #OstaniSolidaren app has also received a long-awaited upgrade that will allow players to compete for solidarity points with other users. The service is available to users who have reached at least the 10th level of solidarity. According to unofficial information, famous names of the Slovenian scene also joined the game. For the most part, dueling users need to be located near the PPP centers, which gravely affects safety measures taken to protect the

users of the centers. The new function allows users to challenge themselves via a friend list or by scanning a QR code. The game also encourages people to participate with various covid-rewards. With a successful duel, players will be able to receive masks with the PPP logo #OstaniSolidaren and thus show the world their outstanding solidarity.

/ The application has already been banned in some municipalities / 72-Year-old user of the ppp application walked as many 50 kilometers to collect points in underpasses / Victims of the application became especially those for whom the application was intended 37 2.2.2022

PPP PPP

Pot po podhodih

PPP PPP

Pot po podhodih

PPP PPP

Pot po podhodih

O NAS LOKACIJE DOGODKI

PPP PPP

PROFIL

Pot po podhodih

PIA MRŠEK ŽENSKA / 23 / PROSTOVOLJKA

Pot po podhodih

PROSTOVOLJCI

UDELEŽENI DOGODKI OCENA

PROFIL

“PPP-MANIJA” OBNORELA ŽE VSO SLOVENIJO /

APLIKACIJO SO V NEKATERIH OBČINAH ŽE PREPOVEDALI

Te dni je aplikacija PPP #OstaniSolidaren dobila tudi dolgo pričakovano nadgradnjo, ki bo igralcem omogočala neposredno borbo za točke solidarnosti z drugimi uporabniki. Storitev je dostopna uporabnikom, ki so dosegli vsaj 10. stopnjo solidarnosti. Po neuradnih informacijah so se nanjo uvrstila tudi znana imena slovenske scene, kar bo borbo naredilo še toliko bolj pestro. Večinoma se bodo morali uporabniki za dvobojevanje nahajati v bližnjih podhodih. Izzvali se bodo lahko prek seznama prijateljev ali s skeniranjem QR-kode.

“PPP-MANIJA” /

72-LETNI UPORABNIK APLIKACIJE PPP MED PREHODI PREHODIL KAR 50 KILOMETROV

COMUNITY MAP

NOVEMBER 2020 AUTHORS: Kim Benkovič Lina Piškur Vita Rau

VOCABULARY

ABANDONED left empty or no longer used ACCEPTING willing to accept something or someone ACTION the process of doing something to achieve an aim, aspiration ACTIVATION making active and effective ADAM BOHORIÄ&#x152; a Slovene Protestant preacher, teacher and author of the first grammar of Slovene ADDICITION a psychological and physical inability to stop consuming a drug, activity, or substance, even though it is causing psychological and physical harm

AGRICULTURE the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock ALUO Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Ljubljana ANXIETY a feeling of worry and nervousness about something with an uncertain outcome APOCALYPSE the complete final destruction of the world AQUAPONICS a system of aquaculture in which the waste produced by farmed fish or other aquatic creatures supplies the nutrients for plants grown hydroponically, which in turn purify the water

ATLANTIS a multifunctional swimming pool complex in Ljubljana AUO anarchy, a state of disorder AUTOCHTHONOUS PEOPLE indigenous or native people who were indigenous to a territory prior to being incorporated into a national state

B BICYCLE left empty or no longer used BRAINSTORMING willing to accept something or someone BUSKING the process of doing something to achieve an aim, aspiration COMMUNITY INVESTING

a way in which an organization can make a positive social impact, leading to strengthened relationships with the local community and an improved reputation for the organization

CONCEPT

an abstract idea, plan, or intention

CONFRONTATION

an argumentative meeting between opposing parties

CONTROL

the power to influence or direct peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behavior

COOPERATIVE

an organization which is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits

COSTUMER JOURNEY

an entire experience a customer has while communicating with a brand, which considers the complete interaction road map from brand discovery to purchasing and beyond

CREATIVITY

a phenomenon whereby something somehow new and somehow valuable is formed

CROSSING

a place at which one may safely cross a street

DARKNESS the partial or total absence of light DESIGN THINKING a non-linear, iterative process that teams use to understand users, challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create

innovative solutions to prototype and test

DISTRIBUTION the process of making a product or service available for the consumer or business user who needs it

E EDVARD RAVNIKAR a one of the most important Slovenian architects in the twentieth century who designed the large modern complex TR3

in the center of Ljubljana

ENCOUNTER unexpectedly be faced with something hostile or difficult E-ZINE a magazine only published in electronic form on a computer network FEAR

an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger

FENCE

a barrier enclosing or bordering an area

FIELD AUDIO RECORDING

an audio recording of both natural and human sounds produced outside a recording studio

FILTH

unpleasant and disgusting dirt

FORMALISM

strict adherence to, or observance of, prescribed or traditional forms

GATED COMMUNITY

or walled community - a form of residential community containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles,

and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences

GENTRIFICATION

a process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses

GHOST TOWN

a deserted town, especially one in the western US that was formerly a boom town

GRANITE SETTS

a small rectangular paving block made of granite

GREEN

to make something more environmentally friendly

GRUEN EFFECT

the point at which shoppers fall into a slightly confused state in which they are overwhelmed and entranced by multiple stimuli, and so become more susceptible to advertising, promotion and persuasion

H HOMELESSNESS

the state of having no home

HUMANIZING THE ARCHITECTURE

making urban architecture more human, improving

HYBRID

a thing made by combining two different elements which usually has better characteristics than each element alone

HYDROPONICS

growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients but without soil

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

a process of design applied to products that are to be manufactured through techniques of mass production with the focus on appearance, functionality and manufacturability

INFORMAL HOUSING

any form of housing or settlement which is illegal, falls outside of government control or regulation, or is not afforded

protection by the state

INFRASTRUCTURE

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society

INSTALLATION ART

an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that are often site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space

INTERACTION

reciprocal action, effect, or influence

INTERVENTION

the act of putting something in a certain place

INTIMACY

a cozy, private, and relaxed atmosphere

LIGHT the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible LOW-COST HIGH-EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMATION a type of transformation in which the maximal efficiency is achieved by the minimal investment LUR

regional development agency of Ljubljana urban region

M MAXI MARKET

a department store in Ljubljana

MEDIATION

an intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it

MOISTURE

condensed or diffused liquid, especially water

MOL

NLB

an acronym for the City Municipality of Ljubljana

the largest banking and financial group in Slovenia

ORCHARD

a piece of enclosed land planted with fruit trees

PARLIAMENT

a legislative body of government

PARTICIPATION

the action of taking part in something, also involvement, contribution or engagement

PASSAGE

a way of exit or entrance

PATH

a way for walking

PERSONAL SPACE

the distance from another person at which one feels comfortable when talking to

PESTICIDE

a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals

PLATFORM

a raised level surface on which people or things can stand; also the declared policy of a political party or group

POLLUTION

the introduction of harmful materials into the environment

PREJUDICE

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

PROTEST

an action expressing disapproval of something

P PUBLIC SPACE

a place that is generally open and accessible to people (roads, public squares, parks and beaches)

PUBLIC WORKS

a broad category of infrastructure projects, financed and constructed by the government, for recreational, employment, and health and safety uses in the greater community

RAINWATER

water that has fallen as or been obtained from rain

RAT

a rodent that resembles a large mouse and it is often associated with filth and disease

RECUPERATION

the recovery or regaining of something

REFUGE

a place or situation providing safety or shelter

RELATIONSHIP

the way in which two or more people or things are connected

RELIEF

a feeling of reassurance and relaxation following release from anxiety or distress

RESEARCH

diligent and systematic investigation into a subject in order to discover or revise facts

RESIDENT

a person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term basis

SAFARI STUDY

a research project conducted by foreign scientists who use local contacts to gain access to a population group and obtain samples

SELF-SUFFICIENCY

the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival

SERVICE DESIGN

the activity of planning and organizing people, infrastructure, communication and material components of a service in order to improve its quality and the interaction between the service provider and its users

SHORTCUT

an accelerated way of doing something

SMELL

detect the odour of something

SOCIAL EXCLUSION

(or social marginalization) the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society

S SOCIAL INNOVATIONS

new social practices that aim to meet social needs in a better way than the existing solutions

SOCIALIZING

coming together, meeting for social purposes

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

a societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors, or derived power

SPACE

a portion of space designated or available for someone

SQUARE

an open place or area formed at the meeting of two or more streets

STAIRS

a set of steps leading from one floor of a building to another

STAKEHOLDER

an individual or group that has an interest in any decision or activity of an organization

STENCH

a strong and very unpleasant smell

STREET ART

unofficial and independent visual art created in public locations for public visibility

STREET FOOD

ready-to-eat food sold by a vendor in a street or other public place

SUPPORT

give assistance to, especially financially

TEMPORARY USE OF EMPTY SPACES

a practice in urbanism aiming to revitalize empty spaces in urban areas, especially abandoned and decaying buildings

THE RIGHT TO THE CITY

a new kind of urban politic that asserts that everyone not only have a right to the city, but as inhabitants, have a right to shape it, design it, and operationalize an urban human rights agenda

TOUCH

TR3

ability to feel things the business buildings designed by Edvard Ravnikar which co-shape the Republic Square

TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION

the interchange of information and ideas from sender to receiver and vice versa

U UNDERGROUND

beneath the surface of the ground

UNDERPASS

a road or path running underneath, especially a passage for pedestrians or vehicles

UNITE

come together for a common purpose or action

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE

a socio-environmental theory that combines contemporary urban design with traditional Chinese acupuncture, using small-scale interventions to transform the larger urban context

URBAN AREA

(or built-up area) a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment

URBAN FURNITURE

items, objects, and equipment installed in public areas

URBAN GARDENING

the process of growing plants of all types and varieties in an urban environment

URBAN INTERVENTIONISM

number of different kinds of activist design and art practices that respond to the social community, locational identity, the built environment, and public places

URBANISM

the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment

URBAN MOBILITY

a movement from one point in a city to another, which is organized into three broad categories of collective, individual, and freight transportation

URBAN NATURE

an urban area seen as ecosystems of people, green and blue nature, biodiversity, and built infrastructure

URBAN PLANNING

a technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment

URBAN REVITALIZATION

a set of initiatives aimed at reorganizing an existing city structure, particularly in neighborhoods in decline due to eco nomic or social reasons

VOCABULARY

a collection of words usually alphabetically arranged and explained

VULNERABILITY

inability to withstand the effects of a hostile environment

W WOMAN

a female person associated with a particular place, activity, or occupation

WORD

a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing

YOUTH CENTRE

a place where young people can meet and participate in a variety of activities

SOURCES

INTRODUCTION:: LIPKOVÁ, M. in PREDAN, B. Questions raised by design [dostopno na daljavo]. Ljubljana : Pekinpah, 2020, str. 1 – 41 [citirano 2. 11. 2020 ob 12:12]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56ea72ed9f72662378b98c25/t/5f3e2fa7712f87465c336e36/1597910976387/Questions-Raised-by-Design_publication.pdf>. Social innovation: what it is, why it matters and how it can be accelerated. V ResearchGate [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 2. 11. 2020 ob 12:18]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277873357_Social_Innovation_What_It_Is_Why_It_Matters_and_How_It_Can_Be_Accelerated>. Design, when everybody designs: an introduction to design for social innovation. V The MIT Press [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 2. 11. 2020 ob 12:21]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/design-when-everybody-designs>. TR 3, Visit Ljubljana.com, dostopno na <https://www.visitljubljana.com/sl/poi/trg-republike/> (20.10.2020). Prostor za vse: Anketa o Trgu republike, ljubljana.si, 2018, dostopno na <https://www.ljubljana.si/assets/Uploads/Publikacija-Anketa-o-trgu-republike.pdf> (10.10.2020). Jan Gehl: “In The Last 50 Years, Architects Have Forgotten What a Good Human Scale Is”, Arch Daily, dostopno na <https://www.archdaily.com/877602/jan-gehl-in-the-last-50-years-architects-have-forgottnwhat-a-good-human-scale-is)> (15.10.2020). IMAGE 1: Nathan Phillips Square; Toronto, Kanada (Pridobljeno s <https://www.thestar.com/news/ gta/2018/08/09/anti-islam-group-postpones-rally-at-nathan-phillips-square.html> [15.10.2020 ]) IMAGE 2: Capitol Square (Piazza del Campidoglio); Rome, Italy (Pridobljeno s <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Hill#/media/File:Campidoglio_Roma.jpg> [15.10.2020 ]) IMAGE 3: 12 Urban Quality Criteria (pridobljeno s <https://www.google.com/search?q=12+urban+quality+criteria&sxsrf=ALeKk002uKAb2Qw-akdC9hbPLRzxT0HoDA:1604237524851&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA7ba-uuHsAhWXA2MBHaTfDrwQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1536&bih=792&dpr=1.25#imgrc=LYaXdeXMA_FdzMY> [15.10.2020])

BTC BTC. V Wikipedija : prosta enciklopedija [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 23. 3. 2019 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 21:03]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTC>. About us. V BTC d.d. [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 21:05]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.btc.si/en/about- us/>. Delničarji družbe BTC uvajajo enotirni sistem upravljanja. V BTC d.d. [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 23. 6. 2019 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 21:34]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.btc.si/sporocila-za-medije/2019/06/delnicarji-druzbe-btc-uvajajo-enotirni-sistem-upravljanja/>. Gruen transfer. V Wikipedija : the free encyclopedia [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 25. 9. 2020 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 22:09]. Dost- opno na svetovnem spletu: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruen_transfer>. BERNETIČ, T. Možnosti neposrednega trženja na podlagi baze podatkov - primer BTC : diplomsko delo [dostopno na daljavo]. Ljublja- na, 2007, str. 20–21 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 22:55]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <http:// www.cek.ef.uni-lj.si/u_diplome/bernetic3028. pdf>

Hydroponics: the future of farming. V Food processing technology [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 16. 8. 2017 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:13]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/ features/featurehydroponics-the-future-of-farming-5901289/>. Hydroponics and problems of modern agriculture. V EcoReactor [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 14. 5. 2020 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:16]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://ecoreactor.org/en/hydroponics/>. In-store hydroponic farm opened in Dubai shopping mall. V Hortidaily [dostopno na daljavo]. Obnovljeno 29. 4. 2020 [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:19]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9212365/ in-store-hydroponic-farm-opened-in-dubai-shopping-mall/>. Misija: Zeleno. V BTC d.d. [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:22]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https://www.btc.si/ misija-zeleno/>. PHOTO SOURCE: Odkrijte Atlantis. V Atlantis Vodno Mesto [dostopno na daljavo]. [citirano 1. 11. 2020 ob 23:26]. Dostopno na svetovnem spletu: <https:// www.atlantis-vodnomesto.si>

UNDERPASSES https://www.bda-bund.de/awards/fussgaengerunterfuehrung-bahnhof-bad-hersfeld/ https://inhabitat.com/scottish-underpass-transformed-with-led-lighting-and-art-installation/ https://iwastesomuchtime.com/110432 https://www.billfitzgibbons.com/lightrails.html https://www.mladina.si/179707/ljubljanski-podhodi/ https://old.delo.si/novice/ljubljana/mesta-pod-mestom-in-njihovi-duhovi.html https://siol.net/trendi/potovanja/ osem-tock-ljubljanskega-podzemlja-video-foto-494421 https://www.mladina.si/179707/ljubljanski-podhodi/ https://siol.net/dom/prenova-in-gradnja/kdaj-ste-bili-nazadnje-v-tem-ljubljan skem-podhodu-443451 https:// www.calgary.ca/pda/pd/centre-city/centre-city-underpass-enhancement-pro gram.html https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/620485/Infrastructure-Cities-briefing-note. pdf https://chatnewstoday. ca/2018/06/21/street-art-works-looks-to-improve safety-of-the-pedestrian-underpass/ https://theurbanactivist. com/idea/street-art-women-make-underpass inviting/https://www.vokasnaga.si/ciscenje-javnih-povrsin/ ciscenje-podhodov-pasaz) (source: https://www.calgary.ca/pda/pd/centre-city/centre-city-underpass-enhancement-program.html) (fotka) 53