Green Rating System: Fort Lauderdale, Florida by Yvonne Hidle

M. YVONNE HIDLE MICHAEL PHOENIX LYNES

SECTIONS AND CREDITS CB Overview: Overview: Overview: Overview: Overview: Overview:

CITY BACKGROUND City Background City Facts Solar Temperature Rain and Water Wind and Humidity

ST Overview: Prerequisite: Prerequisite: Prerequisite & Credit: Credit: Credit: Credit: Credit:

WC Overview: Prerequisite: Prerequisite: Credit: Credit: Credit: Credit:

CB 1 CB 2 CB 3 CB 4 CB 5 CB 6

SITE + TRANSPORTATION Site + Transportation Location Flood Zone Wildlife Conservation Building Orientation Site Parking Alternate Commute Adaptive Reuse

ST 1-2 ST 3-5 ST 6-7 ST 8-10 ST 11 ST 12-17 ST 18-19 ST 20

WATER CONSERVATION Water Conservation Reduce Outdoor Water Usage Reduce Indoor Water Usage Water Metering Rainwater Management Water Reuse Drinking Water Quality

WC 1-2 WC 3-4 WC 5-7 WC 8-10 WC 11-14 WC 15-16 WC 17

[page] i

SECTIONS AND CREDITS EC Overview: Prerequisite & Credit: Prerequisite & Credit: Prerequisite & Credit: Prerequisite & Credit: Credit: Credit: Credit:

MR Overview: Prerequisite & Credit: Prerequisite & Credit: Prerequisite & Credit: Prerequisite & Credit: Credit: Credit: Credit:

IEQ Overview: Prerequisite: Prerequisite & Credit: Prerequisite: Prerequisite: Credit: Credit: Credit: Credit: Credit: Credit:

ENERGY CONSERVATION Energy Conservation Reduce Energy Consumption Commissioning Energy Metering Reduce Atmospheric Impact Renewable Energy Production Demand Response Program Alternative Means

EC 1-3 EC 4-9 EC 10-12 EC 13-16 EC 17-19 EC 20-22 EC 23 EC 24

MATERIALS + RESOURCES Materials + Resources Storage & Collection of Recyclables Material Source Disclosure Construction & Demolition Waste PBT - Heavy Metals Material Transportation Material Reuse Design for Flexibility

MR 1-3 MR 4-9 MR 10 MR 11-14 MR 15-19 MR 20-22 MR 23-24 MR 25-27

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Indoor Environmental Quality Construction & Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Quality Compartmentalization Acoustics Low-Emitting Materials Tobacco Smoke Interior Plants Quality Views Interior Lighting Thermal Comfort

IEQ 1-2 IEQ 3-4 IEQ 5-9 IEQ 10-11 IEQ 12-15 IEQ 16-18 IEQ 19 IEQ 20-22 IEQ 23 IEQ 24-27 IEQ 28-29

[page] ii

CERTIFICATION

[image 1] <http://cdn.cstatic.net/images/gridfs/53272bebf92ea148200298fc/Elan%2016Forty%20-%20pic2-2for%20web.JPG>

OVERVIEW:

The Fort Lauderdale Green Rating System (FLGRS) is a sustainable rating system for the city of Fort Lauderdale located in the state of Florida within the United States. This rating system serves as a sustainability and green building guideline for the development of new midrise multifamily residential buildings in Fort Lauderdale. In this document, midrise refers to buildings between 4 and 12 stories tall. FLGRS is a 4 stage rating system that gives a certification during each of the 4 major milestones in the project: Stage 1: Design D

DESIGN

Schematic Design Design Development Construction Documents

Stage 2: Construction C

CONSTRUCTION

Initial Construction Substantial Completion Final Completion

Stage 3: Project Completion PC

PROJECT COMPLETION

Initial Occupancy (1st month)

Stage 4: Post Occupancy 1Y

POST OCCUPANCY

Post Occupancy (1 year minimum)

As a general rule, the certification process ends 1 year after the 1st month of building occupancy. There are some credits that require data to be sent to the FLGRS committee for a five year period, but that data does not affect the certification. At the end of the process, the building will have 4 certifications, each one for a different phase or stage of the building creation process. [page] iii

CERTIFICATION CREDIT AND PREREQUISITE INFORMATION:

Credits and prerequisites are organized into broad topics or chapters such as “Energy Conservation”. Within these chapters credits and prerequisites are further organized into subchapters or sections that are more specific in nature such as “Site Parking.” Prerequisites in a section are required for the project to be awarded certification. Credits are optional and award points. Each credit or prerequisite in the document has all its information combined into its box. Below is an example credit:

Credit Name (Number of Points)

Requirements Credit requirements.

Documentation Required (D) Design Documentation required for the Design Stage.

If icon is faded, it means that this credit does not have required documentation for that stage.

(C) Construction Documentation required for the Construction Stage. (PC) Project Completion Documentation required for the Project Completion Stage. (1Y) Post Occupancy, 1 Year Documentation required for the Post Occupancy Stage. Approach and Methodologies Any applicable approaches, methods, guidelines, or calculations. The same credit can be awarded during each stage but will require different documentation. In general credits that are awarded during the Design Stage will roll over into the next stage unless they are revoked due to non-compliance with the requirements or lack of required documentation. Because of this it is possible for a project to lose or gain points as the project progresses through the different stages.

[page] iv

CERTIFICATION LOSING POINTS:

It is possible to get a different certification in each stage. For example, your building may be rated Platinum for the Design Stage but Silver for the Post Occupancy Stage. This usually happens when a building does not perform as simulations and documentation stated it would in the Design Stage. See diagram below: EXAMPLE BUILDING A - Cumulative point loss D

DESIGN

GOLD Building is awarded points for its design and planning.

CONSTRUCTION

SILVER Building lost points when materials were not properly shipped to the site and waste was not disposed of as planned in the Design Stage.

PROJECT COMPLETION

SILVER Building maintains points.

POST OCCUPANCY

CERTIFIED Building lost points because energy production on site was not as high as simulated in the Design Stage.

EXAMPLE BUILDING B - Cumulative point gain D

DESIGN

SILVER Building is awarded points for its design and planning.

CONSTRUCTION

GOLD Building gains points through additional credits such as material transportation to the site.

PROJECT COMPLETION

GOLD Building maintains points.

POST OCCUPANCY

PLATINUM Building gains points because energy efficiency in the building was higher than simulated in the Design Stage. [page] v

CERTIFICATION EXAMPLE BUILDING C - Loss and gain D

DESIGN

GOLD Building is awarded points for its design and planning.

CONSTRUCTION

SILVER Building lost points when indoor air quality was compromised during construction.

PROJECT COMPLETION

PLATINUM Building gained points from initial energy efficiency. 1Y

POST OCCUPANCY

GOLD Building lost points because energy production on site was not as high as simulated in the Design Stage.

POINTS FOR CERTIFICATION LEVEL:

Points are awarded if the project can demonstrate compliance with all the requirements of the credit.

TOTAL POSSIBLE POINTS: 154 (ST) (WC) (EC) (MR) (IEQ)

Site + Transportation: Water Conservation: Energy Conservation: Materials + Resources: Indoor Environmental Quality: PLATINUM 150 Points

10 points 21 points 38 points 47 points 38 points

GOLD 125 Points

SILVER 100 Points

CERTIFIED 75 Points

[page] vi

CITY BACKGROUND

Fort Lauderdale is a city in Southern Florida. Residing just north of Miami and bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Fort Lauderdale is well known for its beaches, warm weather year around and extensive canal network (earning it the title ‘Venice of America’). “Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War. The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale (~1782-1838), younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort.[1] However, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict.”[2]

Now, Fort Lauderdale is a popular tourist spot, the Greater Fort Lauderdale area “hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, including 2.8 million international visitors.”[2] It is also the winter home for many people from the northern states and Canada (often referred to by the locals as ‘snow birds’). Fort Lauderdale is predominately suburban, with denser buildings along the coast and within the downtown area. Most buildings are either single family residential or low-rises (1-3 stories) surrounded by hardscape in the form of parking lots. There is no ‘greenland’ (undeveloped natural habitat) outside a select number of parks. “After 1970, as Fort Lauderdale became essentially built out, growth in the area shifted to suburbs to the west.”[2] There is, however, a fairly extensive natural coral reef just off the coast as well as natural beaches. Conservation efforts, habitat restoration and creation, as well as densification along main city corridors are important for the future development of a more sustainable city and as such are addressed in this rating system.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Fort_Lauderdale_Florida_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg [1] “Old Fort Lauderdale Museum-Sneak Preview.” Fort Lauderdale Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17. <http://web.archive.org/web/20070704042340/http://www.oldfortlauderdale.org/history/preview.html> [2] “Fort Lauderdale, Florida.” Wikipedia. Last modified 22 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida> [image 1] <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Fort_Lauderdale_Florida_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg>

[page] CB-1

CITY FACTS

QUICK FACTS:

LOCATION Country: United States of America State: Florida County: Broward

POPULATION AS OF 2012 City: 170,747 Density: 4,761/sq mi (1,838.3/sq km) Metro: 5,762,717 CLIMATE Tropical climate Summers/Wet Season – May to October Highs 86-90 °F (30–32 °C) Lows 71-76 °F (22–24 °C). Winters/Dry Season – November to April Highs 75-82 °F (15–19 °C) Lows 59-67 °F (4-10 °C) GEOGRAPHY City Area: 38.6 sq mi (99.9 sq km) Elevation above sea level: 9ft WATER Annual average precipitation: 64.2 inches Primary fresh water supply: Biscayne Aquifer Water table depth: 5ft

“Fort Lauderdale, Florida.” Wikipedia. Last modified 22 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida> [image 1] <http://images.fanpop.com/images/image_uploads/Ft-Lauderdale--Florida-travel-553848_1920_1440.jpg> [image 2] <http://cdn2.content.compendiumblog.com/uploads/user/d0acc5ee-5d24-48b9-a55a-f862314bfebd/a9e9cfb6-6147-4166-ab38-c3304a2033fa/Image/ 816184704c92a16fc6514a9ec1dc74b1/sea_oats_w640.jpeg> [image 3 & 4] Curtsey of M. Yvonne Hidle

[page] CB-2

SOLAR

The solar chart to the left shows the path of the sun over the course of the year for the city of Fort Lauderdale. As can be seen in the chart the sun is predominantly falling on the southern faces of any buildings. During the hotter summer months, however, it can also fall on the northern faces of the building in the mornings and evenings.

http://solardat.uoregon.edu/cgi-bin/PolarSunChart.cgi

http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-inches,fort-lauderdale,United-States-of-America

Fort Lauderdale consistently averages over 200 hours of sun per month making solar power an attractive option.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Fort_Lauderdale_Florida_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg

[page] CB-3

CB Description: Source:

TEMPERATURE

Fahrenheit-based cooling degree days for a base temperature of 70F

www.degreedays.net (using temperature data from www.wunderground.com) Station ID: KFXE Station: FORT LAUDERDALE EXECUTIVE, FL, US (80.17W,26.20N) Month starting CDD % Estimated 9/1/2013 337 0 10/1/2013 305 2 11/1/2013 189 0.8 12/1/2013 153 0.06 1/1/2014 76 0 2/1/2014 127 0 3/1/2014 122 0.03 4/1/2014 203 0.2 5/1/2014 295 0.1 6/1/2014 304 0.07 7/1/2014 384 0.03 8/1/2014 435 0.1

The chart to the left demonstrates the fairly moderate climate throughout the entire year for cooling. Even in the peak of the summer, only 435 cooling hours are needed to maintain a base temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit.

http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-inches,fort-lauderdale,United-States-of-America

Daily temperature cycles are fairly stable due to the adjacency of the ocean but they still range as seen in the graph above. The coolest portion of the day is typically in the early morning just before dawn. Due to this lack of temperature differential or minimal diurnal cycle, Fort Lauderdale is not an ideal candidate for traditional passive solar techniques where large amounts of mass are required to store heat gained during the day. Because the nights are not that much cooler than the days, this excess heat typically stored in a traditional passive solar building is unable to escape. As such, buildings in Fort Lauderdale should be designed to be light and airy, taking in the full benefits of the oceanic breezes through the utilization of natural ventilation techniques. [page] CB-4

RAIN AND WATER

http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-inches,fort-lauderdale,United-States-of-America

Fort Lauderdale has two seasons - the summer (wet season) and the winter (dry season). During the summer monsoon season it will typically rain for a couple hours every afternoon. However, during the dry season rain is sparse. Over consumption of water from the natural aquifers and a lack of rain water returning to the ground to recharge the aquifers has resulted in numerous aquifer salinization scares and water restrictions. Ocean water temperature also plays a role in building design. Due to the movement of the natural oceanic currents, warm sea water is replaced with cold water during the winter months. This independent seasonal pattern in water temperatures results in a fluctuating air breeze temperature that is slightly different than the overall temperature patterns.

[page] CB-5

WIND AND HUMIDITY

The humidity is fairly constant throughout the year at around 70% humidity, making swamp coolers impractical. A 70% humidity level is also well within the range of human comfort thereby making humidification and de-humidification unnecessary. In addition Fort Lauderdale recieves a fairly steady ocean breeze throughout the year as can be seen on the wind rose above. Buildings that open up to this climate will benefit from the fresh ocean air while also reducing cooling loads if solar orientation and protection is properly designed.

[chart 1] <http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/windrose.phtml?station=FLL&network=FL_ASOS>

[page] CB-6

SITE + TRANSPORTATION

Fort Lauderdale is completely built-out and very suburban in nature. Most buildings are single family residential homes or low-rises 1-3 stories tall [1]. There are some mid-rises 4-12 stories, and a few high-rises 12+ stories, mainly along the coast, in downtown, and some scattered on the main streets. Expansion in the past has consisted of developing in a similar density out west toward Plantation, Lauderhill, and Lauderdale Lakes. Because Fort Lauderdale is built-out, there are no more ‘greenlands’ or natural undeveloped habitat, except in a select number of parks [2]. Most areas have buildings and are surrounded by impervious hardscape, particularly asphalt and concrete. Where there is vegetation, it is the form of grass lawns, palm trees, and some shade trees (mainly in the residential areas). Currently, public transportation exists but is not extensively used by those living in the city [3]. This is due to a number of reasons – safety, comfort, convenience, and time among them. Pedestrian modes of transportation such as bicycling and walking are also not commonly used except along the coast, most likely due to a lack of shade, the non-existence of sidewalks, and distances between buildings [4]. Fort Lauderdale is an automobile city and as such is planned around the car, while this may not be an issue in at the moment; it may be in the future as energy costs increase. In addition to this, the planning and density of the city does not allow Fort Lauderdale to grow to meet the demands of the incoming residents. Fort Lauderdale also has additional concerns related to hurricanes. Being on the southern coast of Florida, Fort Lauderdale is subject to hurricanes and tropical storms every year. Buildings are designed per code to withstand the winds and floods associated with these storms [5], but this document has recommendations that go beyond the building code. Though rare, sink holes are another issue that can affect buildings and sites in the area [6]. Designers should take special care to consider these particular issues and certain credits have been added to this document to aid in that process. [image 1] <http://svcdn.simpleviewinc.com/v3/cache/fortlauderdale12/1C53A1737B7751D2D3E6E2D4E795FDF2.jpg> [1] Fort Lauderdale (2014) Zoning (36x48) Retrieved 16 October 2014 from http://gis.fortlauderdale.gov/PDFs/ITS/Zoning%20%2836x48%29%20-%20Fort%20Lauderdale.pdf [2]Fort Lauderdale (2014) Future Land Use. Retrieved 16 October 2014 from http://gis.fortlauderdale.gov/PDFs/ITS/Future%20Land%20Use%20%2824x36%29%20-%20Fort%20Lauderdale.pdf [3] Fort Lauderdale (2014) Transportation Element Data and Analysis. Retrieved 16 October 2014 from https://www.fortlauderdale.gov/documents/compplan/compplan_vol2_transportation.pdf p. 1-121 [4] Walkscore (2014) Living in Fort Lauderdale. Retrieved 16 October 2014 from http://www.walkscore.com/FL/Fort_Lauderdale [5] Florida Bilding Codes (2010). “Chapter 44 High-Velocity Hurricane Zones.” Obtained via ICC. Retrieved 2014-10-14 http://www.ecodes.biz/ecodes_support/free_resources/2010Florida/Residential/PDFs/Chapter% http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Fort_Lauderdale_Florida_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2044%20-%20High-Velocity%20Hurricane%20Zones.pdf [6] Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2008) Sinkholes of Broward County, Florida, 2008 USF, Retrieved 2014-10-14 from http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/maps/pages/11100/f11118/f11118.htm

[page] ST-1

SITE + TRANSPORTATION

This section was developed to help alleviate some of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s issues on a site-by-site basis with the overall picture in mind: for the city growth, for the health of people, and for the health and preservation of the natural environment. Below are the following main purposes and goals of this section: To promote the preservation, restoration, and creation of wildlife habitat. To de-densify the coastline to allow natural oceanic breezes to travel further into the city. To densify along the main east-west street corridors (Oakland Blvd, Sunrise Blvd, Commercial Blvd etc.). Densification on these streets allows the city to continue growing while still maintaining breeze corridors. To reduce the amount of automobile parking and promote the use of existing public transportation as well as walking and bicycling. To orient buildings to reduce heat gain and promote natural ventilation that will in turn reduce cooling loads that are contributing to the heat island effect . To place and design buildings on the site to resist impact from flooding due to hurricanes and tropical storms.

10 POSSIBLE POINTS

[page] ST-2

PREREQUISITE: LOCATION

INTENT:

To preserve the ocean breezes in corridors to facilitate natural ventilation for all buildings in Fort Lauderdale. To protect against the adverse effects of over-development of midrise architecture facing the wind [1] To protect Floridaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s beaches as a natural asset available to the public. To encourage consistent development patterns and densities that promote the use of city infrastructure for public transportation. To encourage the use of bike trails and pedestrian paths for personal well-being and reduction of motorized vehicles in use.

PREREQUISITES: Building Height Limitation

Requirements If site is within 1000 ft of the shore line, structure must not exceed 3 stories or 45 ft to preserve ocean breeze [1], reducing solar heat island affect on urban zones. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide all exterior building elevations drawn to scale with dimensions. (PC) Project Completion Measurements of the final completed structure must verify that the roof is no higher than 45 feet above the pre-construction ground plane.

1000 FEET OCEAN BREEZE 1000 FEET 12+ STORIES (96 FT+)

4-12 STORIES (96 FT)

3 STORIES (45 FT) SHORE

[1] Blocken, Bert, and Jan Carmeliet (2006). The influence of the wind-blocking effect by a building on its wind-driven rain exposure. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 94(2) p. 5, 18 [2] USGBC (2013) Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/ library/189422/view/#page=99> p. 89-90

Image: Blocke and Carmeliet, p. 18

[page] ST-3

PREREQUISITE: LOCATION

Site Location

Requirements If structure is built beyond 1000 ft of the barrier island shore line, the site must be on a major thoroughfare of the city and on a route of public transportation and within 1000 ft of a bus stop and known bike trails. [2] [3] Refer to the most current bus routes published by the city. [4] Documentation Required (D) Design Site context map must show bus routes and bike trails within 1,000 feet of the project siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perimeter. (PC) Project Completion At the time of completion, bus routes and bike trails within 1,000 feet of the project siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perimeter must remain in operation.

BUS STOP MAJOR THOROUGHFARE

BIKE TRAIL

Pedestrian Accommodations

D C PC Requirements Site must accommodate future development of pedestrian paths and bike trails.

Documentation Required (D) Design Site context map must show locations for accommodating future bike trails and pedestrian paths. This can be an untouched edge of the site or a linear continuous path through the site. The design must account for a minimum of two four foot wide bike lanes. [6] (PC) Project Completion Completed project must have bike trails and pedestrian paths. [1] Blocken, Bert, and Jan Carmeliet (2006). The in_uence of the wind-blocking e_ect by a building on its wind-driven rain exposure. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 94(2) p. 5, 18 [2] USGBC (2013) Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/ library/189422/view/#page=99> p. 89-90 [3] Fort Lauderdale (2014) Transportation Element Data and Analysis. Retrieved 16 October 2014 from https://www.fortlauderdale.gov/documents/compplan/compplan_vol2_transportation.pdf p. 1-121 [4] Broward County Transit. (2014). Maps and Schedules. Retrieved 16 October 2014 from http://www.broward.org/BCT/MapsAndSchedules/Pages/MapsAndSchedules.aspx [5] For a list of known bike trails, see Mapmyride (2014). Fort Lauderdale Cycling Trails. Retrieved 16 October 2014 from http://www.mapmyride.com/us/fort-lauderdale-fl/ [6] FHWA (Year Unknown). Bicycle Lanes FHWA COURSE ON BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN TRANSPORTATION. Retrieved 16 October 2014 http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/ univcourse/pdf/swless19.pdf . p. 2

[page] ST-4

PREREQUISITE: LOCATION

Public Shore Access

D C PC 1Y Requirements If site is within 100 ft of the shore line, public access to the shore should be preserved on site. Shore should be kept as a public space. Documentation Required (D) Design Design must show daytime unhindered access routes from pedestrian sidewalks to the beach shore. Access may be limited from after dark to sunrise for security reasons. (PC) Project Completion Completed project must retain these pathways for public access to the beach shore.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Fort_Lauderdale_Florida_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg

PREFERRED PLAN (WHERE POSSIBLE)

BUILDING

STREET

SHADE + PEDESTRIAN BARRIER PATH

BEACH / SHORELINE

PUBLIC BEACH ACCESS

ALTERNATIVE PLAN

STREET

PEDESTRIAN PATH

BUILDING

BEACH / SHORELINE

PUBLIC BEACH ACCESS

[1]] Dept. of the State of Florida (2014). Costal Access Guide. Retrieved 16 October 2014 from http://ca.dep.state.fl.us/mapdirect/?focus=coastalaccess

[page] ST-5

PREREQUISITE: FLOOD ZONE

INTENT:

To protect the structure and occupants’ contents within by means of anticipatory site development. To promote reduction of development’s footprint by integrating parking with the structure. To reduce the amount of damage done yearly by storm surges.

PREREQUISITES: Option 1: Raised Building

Requirements Due to Fort Lauderdale being almost entirely in a flood zone [1], the building must be raised above ground by means of parking placed below it. Any ground-level exposed structure must resist water damage. Documentation Required (D) Design Submit design documents that comply with requirements above. (PC) Project Completion Provide photo documentation of structure as built and as-built drawings.

PARKING

GROUND LEVEL

[1] Blocken, Bert, and Jan Carmeliet (2006). The influence of the wind-blocking effect by a building on its wind-driven rain exposure. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 94(2) p. 5, 18 [2] FEMA (2014) Flood Maps. 14 October 2014. http://map1.msc.fema.gov/idms/IntraView.cgi?ROT=0&O_X=7200&O_Y=5175&O_ZM=0.038647&O_SX=556&O_SY=399&O_DPI=400&O_TH=5 094435&O_EN=50 94435&O_PG=1&O_MP=1&CT=0&DI=0&WD=14400&HT=10350&JX=1272&JY=955&MPT=0&MPS=0&ACT=1&KEY=5094357&ITE M=1&PICK_VIEW_CENTER.x=119 &PICK_VIEW_CENTER.y=26&R1=VIN http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Fort_Lauderdale_Florida_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg (Map): FEMA (2014) Flood Maps. [3] FEMA (2014) Flood Maps. 14 October 2014. http://map1.msc.fema.gov/idms/IntraView.cgi?ROT=0&O_X=7200&O_Y=5175&O_ZM=0.038647&O_SX=556&O_SY=399&O_DPI=400&O_TH=5 094435&O_EN=50 94435&O_PG=1&O_MP=1&CT=0&DI=0&WD=14400&HT=10350&JX=1272&JY=955&MPT=0&MPS=0&ACT=1&KEY=5094357&ITE M=1&PICK_VIEW_CENTER.x=119

[page] ST-6

PREREQUISITE: FLOOD ZONE

OR Option 2: Built Earth

D C PC 1Y Requirements If site is on a flood zone, building is raised on built earth to be above the flood zone established by FEMA [1]. The earth material may be extracted from elsewhere on the site to create a retention pond or imported locally (See Materials and Resources Section). Documentation Required (D) Design Submit design documents that comply with requirements above. (PC) Project Completion Provide photo documentation of structure as built and as-built drawings.

CREDIT RESOURCES:

"Hurricane Preparedness." City of Fort Lauderdale. Web. 7 September 2014. <http://www.fortlauderdale.gov/hurricane/hurr_flood.htm> "FEMA Flood Insurance Zones (WebMap)." City of Fort Lauderdale. Web. 7 September 2014. <http://gis.fortlauderdale.gov/AppGallery/map.html?webmap=3b89b8f97bd24bcda277d3b 99b8c6754> "eGovPlus." City of Fort Lauderdale. Web. 7 Sepetmber 2014. <https://www.fortlauderdale.gov/egovplus/entity/login_main.aspx>

[page] ST-7

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

INTENT:

To protect and promote the growth of Floridaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wildlife and plant life. To encourage the use of natural means to preserve sites against erosion. To facilitate endangered species should they be found on site. To protect established waypoints for known migratory routes for a variety of species.

1 POSSIBLE POINTS

Coral Growth

Requirements If on the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge, dredging is not allowed to restore or replenish beaches. Seek alternative methods of preserving beaches such as piers, sea walls, or other methods as recommended by an environmental engineer[1].

Documentation Required (D) Design Provide signed declaration that no dredging or beach replenishment will be done during the construction of the building or the life of the building. This requirement shall remain in effect regardless of ownership, tenants, or the sale of the property. Construction Documents showcase a plan of preserving coral from construction, approved by a NOAA approved Floridian Marine Biologist [2]. (1Y) Post Occupancy 1 Year Provide a copy of signed declaration signed by owner and notary that no dredging or beach replenishment will be done for the life of the building. This requirement shall remain in effect for the life of the building regardless of ownership, tenants, or the sale of the property.

[1] NOAA (2014) National Marine Sanctuaries. Coral Rescue and Protection Program. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/resource_protection/coralsatrisk.html> http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Fort_Lauderdale_Florida_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg [2] For more information on preserving migratory species and landmarks, see laws such as the Duck Stamp Act. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2011). Migratory Bird Program. Retrieved 2014-10-14. http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/treatlaw.html [3] USDA (2007). Plant Fact Sheet Sea Oats. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_unpa.pdf> [4] USDA (2007). Plant Fact Sheet Sea Oats. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_unpa.pdf>

[page] ST-8

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

Migratory Animals (+1 point)

Requirements Note: this is a pre-requisite for sites with existing migratory animal populations. Note: this is a credit if there are no pre-existing migratory animal populations. If used by migratory animals as way points, preservation of 90% of the site or a donation of $0.25 per square foot of the disturbed area of the site each year for the life of the building to wildlife parks known to be used for such purposes [2]. Ensure that the area is protected from people where necessary for the health and safety of wildlife.

Documentation Required (D) Design Provide survey with the input of a zoologist specializing in migratory animal habitats to designate areas that are critical for wildlife and need to be protected as well as areas that are important for wildlife but can also be accessible to the public. Submit a plan indicating how construction will avoid all critical and important areas. If construction other than pathways in important areas encroaches on critical or important areas, then also provide written documentation of monies pledged to wildlife parks. Notate location of construction cameras. (C) Construction Provide footage from construction cameras for verification that no wild life areas were disturbed. (PC) Project Completion Same as design except using as-built documents. (1Y) Post Occupancy 1 Year Have the zoologist return to verify the preservation of designated wildlife areas.

[1] NOAA (2014) National Marine Sanctuaries. Coral Rescue and Protection Program. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/resource_protection/coralsatrisk.html> [2] For more information on preserving migratory species and landmarks, see laws such as the Duck Stamp Act. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2011). Migratory Bird Program. Retrieved 2014-10-14. http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/treatlaw.html [3] USDA (2007). Plant Fact Sheet Sea Oats. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_unpa.pdf>

[page] ST-9

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: WILDLIFE CONSERVATION D

Erosion Control

Requirements If on the ocean’s edge, care is taken to promote the growth of sea oats and other antierosion plant life. [3]

Documentation Required (D) Design Specification of native erosion reduction plants and their proposed planting locations shall be provided for review. (PC) Project Completion Purchasing orders and actual planting locations shall be provided for review.

BEACH / SHORELINE

BUILDING

SEA OAT, SEA GRAPE, AND NATIVE PLANT AREA

CREDIT RESOURCES:

"Sea Turtles.” Broward County Government Website. Web. 8 September 2014. <http://www.broward.org/NaturalResources/BeachAndMarine/Pages/seaturtles.aspx>

[1] NOAA (2014) National Marine Sanctuaries. Coral Rescue and Protection Program. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/resource_protection/coralsatrisk.html> [2] For more information on preserving migratory species and landmarks, see laws such as the Duck Stamp Act. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2011). Migratory Bird Program. Retrieved 2014-10-14. http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/treatlaw.html [3] USDA (2007). Plant Fact Sheet Sea Oats. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_unpa.pdf>

[page] ST-10

CREDIT: BUILDING ORIENTATION

INTENT:

To reduce the solar heat gain loads on a structure by using passive means of orientation and natural ventilation. To give opportunity for steady natural illumination. To preserve the ocean breezes in corridors to reduce urban heat island effect using natural ventilation.

1 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE: Building Orientation (+1 Point)

Requirements Comply with all of the following: • Orient building on the site so that the broad sides face north/south and the short side faces east/west to reduce summer solar heat loads. This will naturally situate the development perpendicular to the shoreline, preserving ocean breezes to cool the urban environment. • Development should maintain a 50 foot set back from any adjacent buildings or structure to create a corridor for oceanic breezes. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide site plans with overall building dimensions. Site plans should clearly demonstrate that the broad face of the building is situated north/south. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built drawings of the site.

NORTH

SOUTH

CREDIT RESOURCES:

McCluney, Ross. “Sun Position in Florida.” Florida Solar Energy Center. March 1985. Web. 8 September 2014. <http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-DN-4-83.pdf> [page] ST-11

CREDIT: SITE PARKING

INTENT:

Fort Lauderdale was planned around the automobile: the result is wide multi-lane streets and massive parking lots. Most of these parking lots are made of impermeable surfaces such as black asphalt or concrete; these materials are contributing to the urban heat island effect, increasing the temperature on the site. Based off of LEED 4.0’s “Heat Island Reduction” credit, this section seeks to alleviate some of this excess heat gain through shading devices.

4 POSSIBLE POINTS

CREDITS AVAILABLE: Parking Garage (+1 Point)

Requirements If the development is expected to have more than 30 vehicles on site, a parking garage is to be built underneath the building to reduce the parking footprint and shade the vehicles. This parking garage must accommodate at least 75% of the vehicles on site and must comply with all local codes and ordinances. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide parking calculations used to estimate the total number of cars expected to be parked at the development. Assume 2 cars per household. Provide parking plans that clearly annotate the number of parking spaces available on the site. These plans should include the parking garage as well as any additional surrounding parking lots that will be used exclusively for the residents of the development. (PC) Project Completion Provide photographs showing the parking garage. Provide as-built drawings of the parking garage. If applicable, provide site plans that show the additional surrounding parking lots that will be used exclusively for the residents of the development. Approach and Methodologies “Calculate the number of parking spaces within the project boundary. This value must be consistent with the parking spaces used for other credits.” [1] Assume 2 cars per dwelling unit. • “Include motorcycle parking as vehicle parking spaces.” [1] • “Do not count bicycle parking spaces.” [1]

[1] "Heat Island Reduction" USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=207>

[page] ST-12

CREDIT: SITE PARKING

PARKING GARAGE

PARKING

SHADE TREES

PHOTOVOLTAICS

30+ CARS

Option 1: Vegetative Shading (+1 Point)

Requirements Provide shading in the parking lot through the use of planted vegetation. After vegetation has become established, at least 75% of the parking lot must be shaded during the peak afternoon hours (12pm – 3pm). • “Use the existing plant material or install plants that provide shade over paving areas on the site within 10 years of planting. Install vegetated planters. Plants must be in place at the time of the occupancy permit and cannot include artificial turf.” [1] • “Provide shade with vegetated structures.” [1] Documentation Required (D) Design Provide site plans that clearly annotate the vegetative areas (such as medians) within the parking lot as well as any vegetative structures that will serve as shading devices. Provide a simulation study for an entire day during the summer solstice. This simulation should demonstrate 75% shading for the parking lot once vegetation has become established. (PC) Project Completion Provide photographs showing the parking lot, vegetative areas and/or any vegetative shading structures. In addition, provide as-built drawings of the site plans. Approach and Methodologies Reduce the amount of hardscape on the parking lot and increase shading by providing vegetative medians. Trees should be planted in these medians to ensure maximum shade potential. Medians should be sized according to maximum height and canopy of proposed trees.

[1] "Heat Island Reduction" USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=207>

[page] ST-13

CREDIT: SITE PARKING

OR Option 2: Architectural Shading +1

Requirements “Provide shade with architectural devices or structures that have a three-year aged solar reflectance (SR) value of at least 0.28. If three-year aged value information is not available, use materials with an initial SR of at least 0.33 at installation.” [1] At least 75% of the parking lot must be shaded during the peak afternoon hours (12pm – 3pm). Documentation Required (D) Design Provide site plans that clearly annotate the architectural shading devices or structures within the parking lot. Provide a simulation study for an entire day during the summer solstice. This simulation should demonstrate 75% shading for the parking lot. In addition, provide manufacturer cut sheets for shades to show that materials comply with the SR values mentioned in the requirements above. (PC) Project Completion Provide photographs showing the parking lot and architectural shading devices or structures. In addition, provide as-built drawings of the site plans.

OR Option 3: Energy Generating Shading +2

Requirements “Provide shade with structures covered by energy generation systems, such as solar thermal collectors, photovoltaics, and wind turbines.” [1] At least 75% of the parking lot must be shaded during the peak afternoon hours (12pm – 3pm). Documentation Required (D) Design Provide site plans that clearly annotate the energy generating shades within the parking lot. Provide a simulation study for an entire day during the summer solstice. This simulation should demonstrate 75% shading for the parking lot. In addition, provide manufacturer cut sheets for the energy generation systems to be used. (PC) Project Completion Provide photographs showing the parking lot and energy generating shades. In addition, provide as-built drawings of the site plans. Approach and Methodologies Energy generated on the site through these shading mechanisms can be used to power electric vehicles for an additional credit. See following credit in this section entitled “Electric Vehicle Charging Stations.” [1] "Heat Island Reduction" USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=207>

[page] ST-14

CREDIT: SITE PARKING

Special Parking +1

D C PC 1Y Requirements In addition to handicap accessible spaces required by code, parking spaces dedicated to family cars, carpools, compact vehicles, and electric vehicles must be provided on site. These spaces should have the same distance from entry door requirements stated by code for handicap accessible spaces. The number of additional special parking spaces must be equal to or exceed 20% of the total number of dwelling units. All special parking spaces must be clearly annotated with signage. Use of excessively large vehicles by single drivers for non-industrial purposes should be discouraged through the strategic placement of large vehicle parking spaces on the periphery of the parking garage, lot, or site. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide site plans that clearly annotate the special spaces within the parking lot. Provide measurements demonstrating that the spaces are within the required distance from the entry door in compliance with local codes and ordinances for handicap accessible spaces. Provide shop drawings for all special parking signage. (PC) Project Completion Provide photographs showing the special parking spaces and their signage. In addition, provide as-built drawings of the site plans and/or parking garage. Approach and Methodologies The total number for all special parking spaces (family cars, carpools, compact vehicles, and electric vehicles) must be equal to or exceed 20% of the total number of dwelling units. Round all spaces up. For example, 33 dwelling units would be 7 total special parking spaces. This total number must be divided as equally as possible between the different parking types. For example, 7 total spaces could be: 2 family cars, 2 car pools, 2 compact vehicles, and 1 electric vehicle.

[page] ST-15

CREDIT: SITE PARKING

Electric Vehicle Charging Stations +1

D C PC 1Y Requirements This credit, based on IGBC Green Homes Abridged, seeks “to encourage the use of electric vehicles to reduce pollution from automobile use.” [1] Provide charging stations for electric vehicles on site. Number of charging stations should be equivalent to or greater than 10% of the total number of units, rounded up. For example, if the building has 30 residential units, then 3 electric charging stations should be provided on site. All charging stations must be powered using energy generated on site. Charging stations supplied by the main electrical grid will not receive this credit. Documentation Required (D) Design “Provide parking plans showing provisions for the electric charging facility. Provide calculations demonstrating that these facilities meet the credit criteria.” [1] Provide electrical drawings demonstrating that charging stations are to be powered by renewable energy sources generated on the site. (PC) Project Completion Provide documentation demonstrating that the electricity used to charge the vehicles is tied to solar panels or other renewable energy sources generated on the site. Documentation should be signed by a responsible party. Approach and Methodologies “Survey the type of electric vehicles already on the roads and also survey the kind of vehicles which may come up in the future. Create facilities so as to charge these kinds of vehicles. Consider having an adequate number of charging facilities based on the charging time. While considering such charging facilities, ensure that all safety aspects have been addressed.” [1]

[page] ST-16

CREDIT: SITE PARKING

CREDIT RESOURCES:

"Heat Island Reduction" USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=207> "Chapter 11 - Accessibility" International Building Code. Retrieved 2014-10-15. < http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2003/icod_ibc_2003_11_sec006.htm> "Electric Charging Facilities for Vehicles." Page 29. IGBC Green Homes Abridged Version. 22 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705563-dtcontent-rid-4485686_1/courses/F14-48795/IGBC%20Green%20Homes%20Abridged%20Version .pdf >

[page] ST-17

CREDIT: ALTERNATE COMMUTE

INTENT:

To promote the use of city infrastructure for public transportation [1]. To encourage the use of bike trails and pedestrian paths for personal well-being and reduction of motorized vehicles in use. To reduce the exploitation of the parking capacity on site by non-occupants.

3 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE: Bus Stops (+1 Point)

Requirements Site is within 1000 feet of a bus stops or provides an additional stop to the bus route which provides at least 80 stops per week day from one or more bus routes [2]. Documentation Required (D) Design Site context map must show stops for bus routes within 1,000 feet of the project siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perimeter. (PC) Project Completion At time of completion, bus routes within 1,000 feet of the project siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perimeter must remain in operation. Approach and Methodologies Site selection and site development shall be performed so that pedestrians, from any bus stop within 1,000 feet of the site, do not cross road intersections without ADA approved designated crosswalks and traffic signals to indicate when to cross a street [3].

1000 FT BUS STOP

[1] USGBC (2013) Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/189422/view/#page=99> p. 89 [2] USGBC (2013) Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/189422/view/#page=99> p. 89-90 [[3] USGBC (2013) Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/189422/view/#page=114> p. 104

[page] ST-18

CREDIT: ALTERNATE COMMUTE

Bike Racks (+1 Point)

Requirements Provide a dedicated sheltered and secured bike storage area at the ground level in a convenient location or near the main entrance to the building. [1] The total number of bike racks shall be at least equal to the number of occupants as per IBC.

Documentation Required (D) Design Provide the number of occupants used for egress calculations to verify the provision of sufficient bike racks. [1] (PC) Project Completion Provide photographs of constructed facilities and as-built documents showing the location of said facilities.

Carpooling (+1 Point)

Requirements The project site must have a covered driveway for the express purpose of picking up and dropping off residents. Driveway must meet Broward County code in size and location and must have a minimum of five spaces to temporarily park cars in anticipation of immediate carpooling services [2]. For the safety of minors living in and around the development, the covered driveway must not block direct pedestrian access to parks and playgrounds on the site. [3]. Covered driveway must comply with all local codes, in particular the Florida Building Code [4]. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide ground floor plans, site plans, and building elevations that show the layout and design of the covered driveway. Temporary parking spaces and dimensions of driveway must be clearly annotated. If applicable, highlight pedestrian paths around the driveway. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built plans and building elevations that clearly show how the covered driveway was constructed. In addition, provide photographs of the driveway.

[page] ST-19

CREDIT: ADAPTIVE REUSE

INTENT:

To promote the retrofit of existing structures and reduce the amount of construction and demolition waste on public landfills. To reduce the impact on limited resources for construction by re-using materials. To preserve the historic buildings and character of the city.

1 POSSIBLE POINTS

CREDITS AVAILABLE:

At least 70% of the building must be structurally intact and able to bear live loads prior to renovation[1]. If condemned at anytime from the start of the renovation project, building structure must be shown as thoroughly restored to perform to the 2010 Florida Building Code for Residential Use [2].

Repair Structure (+1 Point)

Requirements If structure has steel frame or concrete construction, efforts are made to repair and enhance structure to resist storms according to Florida Building Code for Hurricanes [3].

Documentation Required (D) Design Provide structural drawings that accurately depict the existing structural conditions within the building. Clearly annotate any structural modifications. Provide a signed declaration from a structural engineer stating that the existing structure with the modifications is capable of resisting hurricane force winds and complies with all the requirements within the Florida Building Code. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built structural drawings showing how the structure was modified in the building. Provide photographs of the modified structure. In addition, provide a signed declaration from a structural engineer stating that the existing structure with the new modifications is now capable of resisting hurricane force winds and complies with all the requirements within the Florida Building Code. Approach and Methodologies Conduct a survey of the existing building structure and create an accurate set of structural drawings depicting the conditions on the site. Have a structural engineer assess the structure to verify compliance with the Florida Building Code.

[1] For reference to similar percent based criteria, see USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/189422/view/#page=508> p. 498 [2] Florida Bilding Codes (2010). Obtained via ICC. Retrieved 2014-10-14 http://ecodes.biz/ecodes_support/free_resources/2010Florida/Residential/10FL_Residential.html [3] Florida Bilding Codes (2010). â&#x20AC;&#x153;Chapter 44 High-Velocity Hurricane Zones.â&#x20AC;? Obtained via ICC. Retrieved 2014-10-14 http://www.ecodes.biz/ecodes_support/free_resources/2010Florida/Residential/PDFs/Chapter%2044%20-%20High-Velocity%20Hurricane%20Zones.pdf [4] Florida Dept. of State Historical Resources (2014). National Register. Retrieved 2014-10-14 http://www.flheritage.com/preservation/nr/

[page] ST-20

WATER EFFICIENCY

Fort Lauderdale is a tropical climate subject to two main seasons â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the wet season (summer) and the dry season (winter). The summer, often referred to as the monsoon season, is characterized by heavy rainfall which is responsible for the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s annual precipitation of 64.2 inches. During the wet season, intense rain storms are common, often flooding dips and other localized low lying areas. During hurricane season, which runs from June to November, tropical storms and hurricanes usually make landfall or brush along the Florida coast, depositing large amounts of rain that often overflows the sanitary storm system. The standing water then leads to an explosion in the mosquito population, which in turn leads to mass pesticide spraying, usually dispersed from planes or locally on the ground. The inverse happens in the winter as hardly any rain falls. Often referred to as the drought period, the winter usually has the most severe impact on the aquifer water supply. Fort Lauderdale sources most of its fresh water from the Biscayne Aquifer, and like most of Florida struggles with its water consumption and the constant threat of aquifer salinization due to this consumption. This is an extremely important issue because once an aquifer is breached by salt water the aquifer is permanently compromised and can no longer be used to provide fresh drinking water. In an attempt to prevent this, Fort Lauderdale often implements water restrictions that will last anywhere from weeks to months to even years (the most current restriction started March 26, 2011 and is still active). When the city enforces a water restriction mandate, citizens of the area are not allowed to water their lawns or wash their cars except on specified days. Enforcement usually consists of a monetary fine, ranging from $50 to $500. [1]

[1] "Mandatory Modified Phase II Water Restrictions in Effect." <i>City of Fort Lauderdale</i>. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. <http://www.fortlauderdale.gov/public_services/water/water_shortage.htm> [Image 1] <http://blogs.browardpalmbeach.com/pulp/ftl%20flooding.jpg>

[page] WC-1

WATER EFFICIENCY

This section of the rating system seeks to alleviate stress on the fresh water environment by the overall reduction of water usage in combination with the collection, storage and redistribution of water from the monsoon season through the dry season. Below are the following main purposes and goals of this section: To reduce the amount of indoor water consumption through efficient fixtures and usage monitoring. To reduce the amount of outdoor water consumption through efficient fixtures, appropriate landscaping, and usage monitoring. To preserve existing bodies of water and natural wetland habitat. To recharge the aquifers during the wet season through rainwater collection and groundwater percolation techniques such as bioswales. To make the most out of water through gray water systems integrated seamless into the built environment.

21 POSSIBLE POINTS

[page] WC-2

PREREQUISITE: REDUCE OUTDOOR WATER USAGE

INTENT:

Fresh water is a limited resource in Fort Lauderdale. With water restrictions on the rise in Fort Lauderdale and other cities in Florida, it is paramount that buildings start consuming less water. This is a particular issue when it comes to landscaping in the city. Fort Lauderdale, despite its limited water supply and drought prone winters, has an abundance of grass lawns and water intensive landscapes. This pre-requisite, taken from LEED 4.0, is here to ensure that any new multifamily midrise complying with this rating system will consume less water than a typical development.

PREREQUISITES:

“Reduce outdoor water use through one of the following options. Non-vegetated surfaces, such as permeable or impermeable pavement, should be excluded from the landscape area calculations. Athletic fields and playgrounds (if vegetated) and food gardens may be included or excluded at the project team’s discretion.” [1]

Option 1: No Irrigation Required

D C PC 1Y Requirements Show that the landscape does not require a permanent irrigation system beyond a maximum two-year establishment period for vegetation excluding trees and ten years for trees. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide a schedule of plant species and quantities to be planted and their expected water consumption along with the soil mix ingredients and expected evapotranspiration values. [2] (PC) Project Completion Provide purchasing orders and signed payment applications in addition to a signed declaration to document the plants and soil mixes as installed. (1Y) Post Occupancy, 1 Year Include questions regarding vegetation irrigation practices observed in the postoccupancy survey for building managers, maintenance personnel, and all occupants. Approach and Methodologies Calculate the expected water needs of the selected plants and match them with the precipitation rates and intervals typical of the climate in Fort Lauderdale. Use plants that are able to recover from dry periods and are aesthetically pleasing while dry or underwatered.

[1] "Outdoor Water Use Reduction." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=269> [2] UC Cooperative Extension. Easy Calculators for Estimating Landscape Water Needs. <http://ucanr.edu/sites/UrbanHort/Water_Use_of_Turfgrass_and_Landscape_Plant_Materials/Plant_Water_Needs/Easy_Calculators_for_Estimating_Landscape_Water_Needs/>

[page] WC-3

PREREQUISITE: REDUCE OUTDOOR WATER USAGE

OR Option 2: Reduced Irrigation

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite 1. A dedicated sub-meter for all landscape irrigation supplies and spigots or water supplies with access to the exterior shall be installed. Spigots do not need to be individually submetered. 2. Reduce the project’s landscape irrigation intensity at least 30% below the average landscaping irrigation intensity for the local area. “Reductions must be achieved through plant species selection and irrigation system efficiency, as calculated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) WaterSense Water Budget Tool.” [1] Documentation Required (D) Design Provide documentation a schedule of plant species and quantities to be planted and their expected water consumption along with the soil mix ingredients and expected evapotranspiration values. [2] Provide documentation of comparable Water Intensity for landscapes in the local area from WaterSense Tool. [3] (PC) Project Completion Provide purchasing orders and signed payment applications in addition to a signed declaration to document the plants and soil mixes as installed. Commission sub-metering equipment. (1Y) Post Occupancy, 1 Year Sub-meter data must be compiled into monthly and annual summaries; sub-meter readings can be manual or automated. “Commit to sharing with USGBC the resulting irrigation water usage data for a five-year period beginning on the date the project accepts LEED certification or typical occupancy, whichever comes first. This commitment must carry forward for five years or until the building changes ownership or lessee.” [4]

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on this credit, refer to: "Outdoor Water Use Reduction." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=269> [1] "Outdoor Water Use Reduction." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=269> [2] UC Cooperative Extension. Easy Calculators for Estimating Landscape Water Needs. <http://ucanr.edu/sites/UrbanHort/Water_Use_of_Turfgrass_and_Landscape_Plant_Materials/Plant_Water_Needs/Easy_Calculators_for_Estimating_Landscape_Water_Needs/> [3] Energy Star <http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/downloads/datatrends/DataTrends_Water_20121002.pdf?2003-40fb> [4] "Building-Level Water Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=293>

[page] WC-4

PREREQUISITE: REDUCE INDOOR WATER USAGE

INTENT:

With the rapid depletion of the ground water and severe risk of aquifer salinization due to record low water levels. Fort Lauderdale and the state in general need to conserve water. The use of water efficient fixtures is a start. This pre-requisite, taken from LEED 4.0, is here to ensure that any new multifamily midrise complying with this rating system consumes less water than a typical development. An additional requirement regarding potable drinking water exists in this section. Fort Lauderdale’s tap water has a highly chlorinated flavor. For this reason, many citizens of the city do not drink the water, but choose to buy bottled water instead – increasing the amount of plastic waste generated. Building designers should include an integrated water filtration system for all residential units to encourage inhabitants to use tap water and reusable containers instead of bottled drinking water.

PREREQUISITES: Building Water Use

D C PC 1Y Requirements For the fixtures and fittings listed in Table 1, as applicable to the project scope, reduce aggregate water consumption by 20% from the baseline. Base calculations on the volumes and flow rates shown in Table 1. All newly installed toilets, urinals, private lavatory faucets, and shower heads that are eligible for labeling must be WaterSense labeled.” [1] Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all water fixtures in the building (this includes but is not limited to: toilets, urinals, private lavatory faucets, shower heads, kitchen sinks etc.) Cut sheets should show that the products are WaterSense labeled. (PC) Project Completion Provide signed payment applications and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all water fixtures in the building (this includes but is not limited to: toilets, urinals, private lavatory faucets, shower heads, kitchen sinks etc.) Fixtures purchased should be WaterSense labeled.

[1] "Indoor Water Use Reduction." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=277>

[page] WC-5

PREREQUISITE: REDUCE INDOOR WATER USAGE

Appliance and Process Water Use

D C PC 1Y Requirements Install appliances, equipment, and processes within the project scope that meet the requirements listed in the tables 2 and 3.â&#x20AC;? [1] Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all appliances and equipment that use water. (PC) Project Completion Provide signed payment applications and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all appliances and equipment that use water.

[1] "Indoor Water Use Reduction." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=277>

[page] WC-6

PREREQUISITE: REDUCE INDOOR WATER USAGE

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on this credit, refer to: "Indoor Water Use Reduction." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=277>

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CREDIT: WATER METERING

INTENT:

Understanding and having access to data concerning your own water usage is one of the most vital steps toward water reduction in buildings. This is particularly important in multifamily midrises where inhabitants take baths, shower, wash dishes, clothing, cars, and use water for a multitude of day-to-day tasks. This credit uses 4.0’s Building-Level Water Metering credit as a basis. However, in addition to LEED’s credit requirements, this rating system offers additional credits that are specific to multifamily midrises.

7 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE: Water Metering, Building Level (Variable points, up to 2)

Requirements Comply with LEED 4.0’s Building-Level Water Metering credit. Install permanent water meters that measure the total potable water use for the building and associated grounds. Meter data must be compiled into monthly and annual summaries; meter readings can be manual or automated. Meters with automatic digital output to local or internet server 2 points OR Meters that require manual recording of values 1 point Documentation (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets of metering equipment specified and provide floor plans with location of meters clearly annotated. (PC) Project Completion Provide application for payment or supplier invoices for all water meters in the dwelling units. (1Y) Post Occupancy 1 Year “Commit to sharing with USGBC the resulting whole-project water usage data for a fiveyear period beginning on the date the project accepts LEED certification or typical occupancy, whichever comes first. This commitment must carry forward for five years or until the building changes ownership or lessee.” [1] [1] "Building-Level Water Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=293>

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CREDIT: WATER METERING

Water Metering, Unit Level (+5 Points)

D C PC 1Y Requirements Install permanent water meters in each residential unit of the building. These meters should measure the total potable water use, graywater use (if applicable), and rainwater cistern levels (if applicable). The metering system should be user friendly, accessible, digital, and graphical, allowing users to monitor, graph, and analyze their hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly consumption and collection (if applicable). Documentation: (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets of metering equipment in the dwelling units and provide floor plans with location of meters clearly annotated. (PC) Project Completion Provide application for payment or supplier invoices for all water meters in the dwelling units.

BEHIND THE INTENT:

It is difficult for building users to reduce their water consumption if all they receive at the end of the month is a water bill with vague numbers regarding their usage. A graphical water metering system, similar to a digital thermostat or home security system, would enable users to understand their water usage real-time and therefore make educated decisions on how to reduce their consumption and reduce their monthly bill. The system should be: 1) User friendly and accessible. To promote daily use. 2) Graphical. It should have the ability to show the data in a meaningful way. 3) Comprehensive. It should be able to track daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly usage. This allows the user to start analyzing the data to get a better understanding of their usage habits. If the unit utilizes graywater or has a rainwater collection system, usage of this water should be monitored as well to allow individuals to track their consumption and collection.

[1] "Building-Level Water Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=293>

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CREDIT: WATER METERING

[Image 1] Bullitt Center Dashboard

CREDIT RESOURCES:

The following monitoring systems are applicable to this credit Wireless water level monitor for rainwater tank <http://www.amazon.com/Wireless-WaterLevel-Monitor-Cisterns/dp/B00BF6BRQY> For information on this credit refer to "Building-Level Water Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=293>

[1] "Building-Level Water Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=293> [Image 1] <http://www.bullittcenter.org/building/dashboard/>

[page] WC-10

CREDIT: RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

INTENT:

Fort Lauderdale goes through a wet and dry seasonal cycle. During the wet season, the city often receives more rain than it can handle, resulting in large amounts of runoff, flooded storm drains, and flooded low lying areas that in turn become mosquito breeding grounds. During the dry season, the city consumes more water than it collects, resulting in low aquifer levels and a stressed ground water supply. This credit seeks to alleviate some of the problems associated with this seasonal flux.

8 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE: Option 1: Rainwater Collection, Building Level (+1 Point)

Requirements Building-level rainwater collection system. Use at least 80% of the main roof surface area to collect rainwater. Enough cisterns should be on site to collect the water during a rainfall event equivalent to a Two Year storm, which for Fort Lauderdale is 5.5 inches within 24 hours. [1] Basic rainwater collection rates can be calculated using the catchment formula:

Harvested Water (Gallons) = Catchment Area (Sqft) X Rainfall Depth (Inches) X 0.623 Conversion Factor

Water from the cisterns should be filtered and free of large particulates. The water should be used for on-site irrigation and/or made available to residents for toilet flushing, car washing, and personal in-unit plant watering/irrigation.

OR Option 2: Rainwater Collection, Unit Level (+5 Points)

Requirements Unit-level rainwater collection system. Equip every residential unit in the building with a rainwater cistern capable of collecting and storing all water runoff from private porches, balconies, and terraces. Water from the cistern should be filtered and free of large particulates. The water should be made available to the residents of that unit for toilet flushing and personal in-unit plant watering/irrigation.

CREDIT RESOURCES:

"Texas AgriLife Extension Service Rainwater Harvesting Calculator." AgriLife Extension. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/files/2011/08/AgriLife-Ext-RWH-Calculator.xlsx>

[1] â&#x20AC;&#x153;Rainfall Mapsâ&#x20AC;? LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. Retrieved 20014-09-14. <http://www.lmnoeng.com/RainfallMaps/RainfallMaps.htm>

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CREDIT: RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

Water Percolation (+1 Point)

D C PC 1Y Requirements To provide a renewable source of water to preserve the ground water table and potentially recharge aquifers in close proximity of the site, offsetting overuse of Florida’s aquifer system. Using rain harvesting and percolation of the ground, site has zero runoff of stormwater in a rainfall equivalent to a Year Two storm, which for Ft. Lauderdale is 5.5 inches within 24 hours. [1]

[1] “Rainfall Maps” LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. Retrieved 2014-09-14. <http://www.lmnoeng.com/RainfallMaps/RainfallMaps.htm> [Image 1] <http://www.lmnoeng.com/RainfallMaps/2yr,%2024hr%20Precipitation.gif>

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CREDIT: RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

Bioswales (+1 Point)

D C PC 1Y Requirements Provide a bioswale per every storm water run-off collection point on site based on the following design parameters. [1] Design Parameters: (For reference, see State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality’s Recommendations) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Must be trapezoidal in cross section. [2] Width on the bottom must be no more than eight feet wide. [2] Depth must be depth of expected water floor and an additional foot. [2][3] Slope along the path of the swale must be no more than 3%. [2] The slope of the sides of the swale must not exceed 33%. [2] If possible on site, terrain must be modified or featured to channel the water to the start of the swale and preferably not enter the swale along the length. [4] Length must be sufficient with slope to ensure a water flow speed of no more than five feet of travel per second spent within the swale. [4]

[1] Jurries, Dennis. “Biofilters” State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality January 2003. Retrieved 2014-09-14. <http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/stormwater/docs/nwr/biofilters.pdf> [2] Jurries, Dennis. “Biofilters” State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality January 2003. Retrieved 2014-09-14. <http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/stormwater/docs/nwr/biofilters.pdf> p. 21 [3] Note: depth is augmented by a foot to anticipated Hurricane levels of rainfall typical of Florida summers. [4] Jurries, Dennis. “Biofilters” State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality January 2003. Retrieved 2014-09-14. <http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/stormwater/docs/nwr/biofilters.pdf> p. 22 [Image 1] Bioswale in section. <http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/stormwater/docs/nwr/biofilters.pdf> p. 14

[page] WC-13

CREDIT: RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

CREDIT EXPLANATION:

While the soil naturally can not absorb such heavy storms within twenty-four hours, utilization of cisterns, rain barrels, and underground french drains can be used to store the water on site to drain into the ground within seventy-two hours or used for on site greywater. Water collected in below ground french drains or comes in contact with the ground must be discharged on site into the ground to avoid pollutants in the grey water systems. Water collected in rainwater collection barrels and sealed underground cisterns may be used for grey water use within the building. To determine the size of rain barrels or cisterns needed, the following formulas will prove useful for architects and engineers. The amount of rainfall that can be harvested on the roof of the project is as follows:

Harvest Formula [1]: Gallons of Rainfall Caught = Catchment Area X Rainfall (Inches) X 0.623

Catchment Area is equal to the footprint of the roof, not its true shape area. Rainfall for Twenty Four hours is 5.5” for a year two storm. [2] Modifying this equation for Ft. Lauderdale is as follows: Capacity of rain barrel system needed (Gallons) = Catchment Area X 5.5 X 0.623

If used to discharge water into the ground, system must be able to empty itself within seventytwo hours of reaching peak capacity from a two year storm to avoid biological contamination. For further calculations, refer to A&M’s useful calculator: http://rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/files/2011/08/AgriLife-Ext-RWH-Calculator.xlsx

[1] “Rainfall Harvesting” Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Retrieved 2014-09-14. <http://rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/catchment-area/> [2] “Rainfall Maps” LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. Retrieved 2014-09-14. <http://www.lmnoeng.com/RainfallMaps/RainfallMaps.htm> [3] “Rainfall Harvesting Calculator” Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Retrieved 2014-09-14. <rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/files/2011/08/AgriLife-Ext-RWH-Calculator.xlsx>

[page] WC-14

CREDIT: WATER REUSE

INTENT:

For most buildings in the United States, all water that enters the building through the municipal supply is potable. This potable water is used for everything, from drinking and cooking to toilet flushing and plant irrigation. Water usage and reuse is of particular importance in multifamily midrises where individuals and families consume most of their water during their dayto-day activities. With the on-going water restrictions in Fort Lauderdale, any water that can be reused relieves stress on the ground water system as well as the municipal processing facilities.

5 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE: Greywater (+5 Point)

D C PC 1Y Requirements Reuse of sink, shower, and laundry water to flush toilets and irrigate plants in every residential unit. Water that is used for cooking, hand washing, laundry, showering, and bathing is collected, stored, and filtered within the residential unit for future use within that same unit. This water, instead of flowing down the drain is redirected, filtered, and stored in tanks. The filters should be at least 3 stage and remove major, medium, and small particles such as hair, lint, paper, detergent clogs and other impurities. The greywater supply must be piped separately than the potable water supply. There will be no cross contamination. If there is a rainwater cistern in the unit, the filtered greywater and rainwater may share the same supply line. The greywater supply can only be used for toilet flushing and plant watering/irrigation. Greywater from one unit must stay in that unit. Greywater is not to be shared between different residential units. Residents of the unit must be informed of the Greywater system and made aware that the water piped to their terraces, balconies, or porches for plant irrigation and watering is not potable and should not be consumed. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide plumbing documents that show the greywater system design with all relevant piping, tanks, and filters clearly annotated. Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all greywater system equipment.

[1] http://www.epa.gov/watersense/our_water/water_use_today.html

[page] WC-15

CREDIT: WATER REUSE

(PC) Project Completion Provide as-built plumbing documents that show the greywater system design as it was constructed. Provide pay applications and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all greywater system equipment. Approach and Methodologies According to the EPA â&#x20AC;&#x153;the average American family uses more than 300 gallons of water per day at home. Roughly 70 percent of this use occurs indoors.â&#x20AC;? [1] Greywater storage tank should be a minimum of 100 gallons per dwelling unit. Any excess greywater can be drained into the sanitary sewer.

http://www.dewater.com/uploads/aquacell_greywater.jpg

CREDIT RESOURCES:

"Greywater Action | For a Sustainable Water Culture." Greywater Action | For a Sustainable Water Culture. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. <http://greywateraction.org/greywater-recycling>

[1] http://www.epa.gov/watersense/our_water/water_use_today.html

[page] WC-16

PREREQUISITE: DRINKING WATER QUALITY

INTENT:

Given the vast number and quantity of pollutants in the ground water of southern Florida due to its geology, residents should be given means to reduce pollutants in their drinking water. The presence of chromium, arsenic, petroleum-based chemicals in the ground and water supplies are often not entirely eliminated during the water treatment process and can be carried in the water supply [1]. Providing high quality drinking water at the tap should discourage the expensive practice of buying bottled water by providing a higher quality alternative, thereby reducing the amount of plastics produced and thrown away [2].

1 POSSIBLE POINT

CREDITS AVAILABLE: Drinking Water (+1 Point)

Requirements Any and all kitchen faucets and other faucets of potable water expressly meant as a source of human consumption for bodily hydration and food preparation must have means of filtration attached. Filtering device may be bypassed for non-hydration purposes. Filtering device must be easy to maintain and operate. Any and all kitchen faucets and other faucets of potable water expressly meant as a source of human consumption for bodily hydration and food preparation have the filtering device installed and in operation as described above.

[1] Florida Department of Environmental Protection. (2014). Retrieved 2014-10-10. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/ wc/brownfields/CompTables/GroundwaterandSurfaceWaterCleanupTargetLevels.pdf [2] Schriever, Norm. Plastic Water Bottles Causing Flood of Harm to Our Environment. July 29 2013. Huffington Post. Retrieved 2014-10-14. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/norm-schriever/ post_5218_b_3613577.html IMAGE: Brita Water Filtration Device: Brita (2014) Retrieved 2014-10-14. <https://www.brita.com/img/products/full/basic.png>

[page] WC-17

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Fort Lauderdale is a city with a fairly moderate climate. The temperatures in the summer rarely exceed 90°F (32°C), whereas the temperatures in the winter very rarely drop below 59°F (4°C). [1] Very few residential units in Florida have a source of heat, and if they do, it is usually in the form of a fireplace that exists more for aesthetics than function. For this reason, energy consumption due to heating is not a factor in the city. All residences, however, are air conditioned, either centrally or through window AC units – the former being more common. Buildings are typically air conditioned year-around, despite the fact that the cooling degree days (with a base temperature of 70°F) max out at 435 hours in August and are only 76 hours in January. [2] All this cooling leads to the heat island effect as well as high amounts of energy consumption for space conditioning that might not be necessary if passive cooling techniques are implemented. Florida, known as the sunshine state because of its abundance of sun year-around has great potential for photovoltaics and solar hot water. Fort Lauderdale, in particular, consistently averages over 200 hours of sun per month, making solar power an extremely viable and attractive option. [3] In fact, the state of Florida is promoting solar usage through various programs, particularly Go SOLAR: “The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has awarded the Go SOLAR – Florida team a $1.6 million SunShot Initiative Rooftop Solar Challenge II competitive award to make it easier for Floridians to obtain grid-tied solar installations. Go SOLAR Florida is one of 8 recipients of a Rooftop Solar Challenge II award nationwide. The purpose of the award is to increase the use of and access to solar energy among the state’s residents and businesses by reducing market barriers, lowering non-hardware related installation costs and providing access to financing options over the next two and a half years.” [4]

[1] “Fort Lauderdale, Florida.” Wikipedia. Last modified 22 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida> [2] "Degree Days.net - Custom Degree Day Data." Heating & Cooling Degree Days. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.degreedays.net> [3] "Average Weather in Fort Lauderdale, United States of America." World Weather and Climate Information. World Weather and Climate Information. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-inches,fort-lauderdale,United-States-of-America> [4] "Go SOLAR Florida Receives Department of Energy Award to Increase Use of Solar Energy." Go SOLAR Florida Receives Department of Energy Award to Increase Use of Solar Energy. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/GoGreen/GoSOLAR/GoSOLARFlorida/Pages/DepartmentOfEnergyAward.aspx>

[page] EC-1

ENERGY CONSERVATION

In fact, Broward County now has a “one-stop solar permitting process with a single application form, electronic review and approval, and flat fee.” [5] Making it easier for developers, residents, and architects to install solar panels. The utilization of solar energy in Fort Lauderdale and cities throughout Florida could enable the state to decommission some of its coal and nuclear power plants, thereby helping to reduce the state’s overall CO2 emissions. In addition to solar energy, Fort Lauderdale has the potential to produce oceanic hydropower. While research is still on-going, there has been some suggestion of implementing wave and tidal power technologies. In fact, the NHA (National Hydropower Association) and studies from the University of Florida estimate that there are 4 to 10GW of potential power in Florida alone. [6] Fort Lauderdale, situated on the coast, could potentially harness this power. However, special care must be taken when working in and around the natural coral reefs of the area. When it comes to the atmosphere and global warming, Fort Lauderdale plays a definite role. Since all the buildings in the city are air conditioned and therefore use systems that contain refrigerants, the city could help alleviate much of this environmental damage through the complete eradication of CFCs and the implementation of natural refrigerants that have zero ozone depletion and zero or minimal global warming effects. In addition, Fort Lauderdale, being a very car dependent city, is a major producer of CO2. In fact, Florida as a whole was ranked second in the nation for CO2 emissions in 2010 with 130.3 million tons produced that year according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. [7] However, when it comes to per capita CO2 emissions, Florida ranked 40th with 11.9 metric tons of CO2 emissions per person in 2011 according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. [8] This data suggests that Florida’s total emissions are so high due to its size combined with its lack of investment in renewable energy sources and heavy car dependence. With this said, however, states such as California are doing much better despite being larger in terms of land area and population (California population = 38,340,000; California land area = 163,696 sq mi; Florida population = 19,552,860; Florida land area = 65,755 sq mi). [9] [10] In fact, California is lower than Florida in both per capita CO2 emissions and total CO2 emissions – Florida definitely has room for improvement. By switching to alternative vehicles run off electricity generated through solar and the installation of photovoltaics on every roof in the city, Fort Lauderdale could reduce its CO2 and thereby some of its contribution to global warming.

[5] "GoSolar Online Permitting System." GoSolar Online Permitting System. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <https://gosolar.broward.org/gosolar/> [6] "Marine & Hydrokinetic | National Hydropower Association." National Hydropower Association Marine Hydrokinetic Comments. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.hydro.org/tech-and-policy/technology/marine-and-hydrokinetic/> [7] "Getting Warmer: US CO2 Emissions from Power Plants Emissions Rise 5.6% in 2010." Department of Environmental Protection, 1 Jan. 2010. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.environmentalintegrity.org./documents/CO2Report_2011RJD21811final.pdf> [8] “Table 5. Per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by State (2000–2011).” U.S. Energy Information Administration, 21 Aug 2014. Web. 20 Sept. 2014. <http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/analysis/> [9] "California." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Sept. 2014. Web. 20 Sept. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California> [10] "Florida." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Sept. 2014. Web. 20 Sept. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida>

[page] EC-2

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Fort Lauderdale as a whole, with its proximity to the ocean, its abundance of sun, and moderate climate, could easily reduce its overall energy consumption and find new renewable ways of producing energy. This section focuses on energy consumption and power production within the city as well as commissioning and the reduction of ozone and atmosphere damaging materials and gases. Below are the following main purposes and goals of this section: To optimize energy performance and reduce the overall energy consumption in buildings through more efficient appliances and lighting, system monitoring, energy simulation, and demand-response systems. To commission buildings from the beginning, from pre-schematic design to post occupancy. To produce energy on site using natural and renewable resources readily available within the city. To reduce the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impact on the global environment, in particular ozone destruction and global warming.

38 POSSIBLE POINTS

[page] EC-3

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

INTENT:

“To achieve increasing levels of energy performance beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and economic harms associated with excessive energy use.” [1] Fort Lauderdale is a city with a moderate climate, temperatures range between 90°F (32°C) in the summer to 59°F (4°C) in the winter. The city’s cooling degree days are low, topping at 435 hours in August (the hottest month in the year). Despite this, nearly every building in the city is air conditioned year around. Implementation of passive cooling techniques such as natural ventilation could reduce this load, especially in midrise residential units. Energy reduction efforts can also be made with more efficient appliances and the promotion of more environmentally friendly habits – such as air drying clothes, turning off lights, and shutting down electronics when not in use. Such habits can be promoted through attentive and creative unit design as well as through the seamless integration of energy saving systems. This pre-requisite, which uses LEED 4.0 as a basis, is here to ensure that midrise residential units reduce their energy consumption. This benefits not only the city and the global environment, but also each individual occupant through decreased utility bills and improved quality of life.

6 POSSIBLE POINTS PREREQUISITES:

“Establish an energy performance target no later than the schematic design phase. The target must be established as kBtu per square foot-year (kW per square meter-year) of source energy use.” [1] Prerequisite is based off USGBC Reference Guide for Homes Design and Construction - v4, Minimum Energy Performance for Multifamily Midrise and USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction - v4 Optimize Energy Performance.

[1] "Optimize Energy Performance." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=415> [2] “Minimum Energy Performance.” USGBC Reference Guide for Homes Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189423/view/#page=175>

[page] EC-4

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Energy Reduction (Variable Points, up to 5)

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite and credit Demonstrate a minimum 6% improvement for new construction or 4% improvement for major renovation “over the baseline building performance rating. Calculate the baseline according to the building performance rating method of USGBC’s residential midrise simulation guidelines, which is based on ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2010, Appendix G (with errata), using a computer simulation model for the whole-building project.” [2] Points may be collected for additional increased performance, refer to Table 1. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide simulation results, variables input into the program, and related calculations. (PC) Project Completion Provide a document with the initial building performance results. If the building performs better or worse than the simulation, number of points awarded for Project Completion Certification may not be equal to the number of points awarded during Design Certification. (1Y) Post Occupancy, 1 Year Provide a document with the building performance results after 1 year of post occupancy operation. If the building performs better or worse than the simulation and initial project completion, number of points awarded for Post Occupancy Certification may not be equal to the number of points awarded during Project Completion Certification. Approach and Methodologies • Identify all major energy consuming equipment in the building. For electricity usage, assume 2 adults and 1 child. • “Comply with the mandatory provisions of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2010 (with errata)” [1] • Comply with USGBC’s residential midrise simulation guidelines. [2] • Include all energy consumption and energy costs associated with the building project. [2] • Compare the design case with a baseline building that complies with Standard 90.12010, Appendix G (with errata).” [2]

[page] EC-5

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

TABLE 1. Points for percentage improvement in energy performance New Construction

Renovation

Points

10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 100%

5% 15% 30% 50% 70% 80%

Prerequisite 1 2 3 4 5

Energy Efficient Appliances and Lights

D C PC 1Y Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite All appliances, light fixtures, and light bulbs in the building should meet or exceed Energy Star ratings. These items include, but are not limited to: • Refrigerators; freezers; dishwashers; stoves; ranges; ovens • Kitchen and bathroom exhaust fans; ceiling fans • Washers; dryers • Light fixtures; light bulbs Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all appliances, light fixtures, and light bulbs. If Energy Star data is not on the cut sheets, provide additional documentation stating that the chosen fixtures, appliances, and/or light bulbs are Energy Star rated. (PC) Project Completion Provide application for payment and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all appliances, light fixtures, and light bulbs.

[page] EC-6

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

+1 Point

Energy Usage Intensity (EUI) Calculation Once the initial calculations and simulations have satisfactorily shown the above prerequisites, construction may begin. Construction and post-occupation tests should show the building as having retained the EUI as a maximum of 40.5 kBtu/sq.ft./year, which is 5% less than the ASHRAE 90.1 2010 standard of 45 kBtu/sq.ft./year for a mid rise apartment [1]. Reason Given the warm climate and need for cooling, the use of electrical systems are extensive in most of Florida. Requiring low EUI will promote alternative and more sustainable means of addressing energy usage, such as passive systems, better envelopes, and greater insulation capacity. The use of energy efficient fixtures for residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; uses will also reduce the energy usage on site. Documentation Required Provide calculations and test results undertaken by a responsible party.

Energy Efficient Exterior Windows and Doors

D C PC 1Y Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite All exterior windows and doors in the building should meet or exceed Energy Star and NFRC ratings for the area. For Fort Lauderdale, the NFRC ratings should meet or exceed the criteria for the Southern Climate Zone. Refer to tables and map on the following page. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets for exterior windows and doors. If Energy Star and NFRC data is not on the cut sheets, provide additional documentation stating that the chosen exterior windows and doors are Energy Star rated for the area. (PC) Project Completion Provide application for payment and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all exterior windows and doors. Provide documentation showing that purchased exterior windows and doors meet or exceed Energy Star and NFRC ratings for the area. [1] Zhang, J., Xie, Y., Athalye R., Goal, S. , Hart R., Mendon V., Rosenberg, M., and B. Liu. (2013) "Energy and Energy Cost Savings Analysis of the IECC for Commercial Buildings." Prepared for the Department of Energy. Retrieved September 20 2014 from http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/PNNL-22760.pdf Slide 2.7 (page. 20)

[page] EC-7

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Image from Energy Star and NFRC https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_anat_window

Doors

Image from Energy Star and NFRC https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_anat_window

[page] EC-8

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on this credit, refer to: "Optimize Energy Performance." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=415> & “Minimum Energy Performance.” USGBC Reference Guide for Homes Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189423/view/#page=175> For more information on average EUIs per Energy Star, refer to: “Energy Star Portfolio Manager Technical Reference. U.S. Energy Use Intensity by Property Type.” Energy Star. Published 2014-09. Retrieved 2014-09-15. <https://portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/pdf/reference/US%20National%20Median%20Tabl e.pdf> For more information on Energy Star rated appliances, fixtures, windows and doors refer to: Energy Star.gov Retrieved 2014-09-15. <http://www.energystar.gov/> Performance Criteria for Energy Star Windows, Doors, and Skylights. Retreieved 2014-10-15. <https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_anat_window>

[page] EC-9

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: COMMISSIONING

INTENT:

To create a committee, disinterested and balanced, for evaluating the design, construction, and analysis of the project on its environmental impact. To provide an impartial yet representative committee to verify the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s adherence to this Ft. Lauderdale green building code.

5 POSSIBLE POINTS PREREQUISITES:

Structure of Committee Phases [1] [2] The commissioning committee shall have four phases: The Agenda Committee Phase shall occur prior to the design phase and shall research and outline the scope of the project in meeting the needs of the client and reducing its impact on the community environment as listed in this Ft. Lauderdale Green Building Code. The Design Committee Phase shall monitor the design phase of the project and ensure that it meets those demands of the client [2] and expectations for the community and environment. The Construction Committee Phase shall monitor the design phase of the project and ensure that construction continues to meet those demands. The Post-Occupancy Phase shall observe and test the project after completion to ensure that the expectations and demands continue to being met by the building performance. Structure of Committee The commissioning committee shall be headed by a member from this Ft. Lauderdale green building code organization and shall not receive compensation from anyone other than the Ft. Lauderdale Green Building Code organization. Other members will be composed of one person from each team responsible for the project, from the clients, architects, engineers, contractors, workers, major material providers, researchers, as well as a member of the local community, town and county building authorizes. Committee is responsible for outlining the demands, creating solutions to problems during any and all phases of the project. Confirmation of following this code shall be given when the project and its progress is proven to do so. In areas of subjective or non-quantifiable parameters, it shall require approval of the head and 4/5th of committee members.

[1] For a similar phasing system, see National Institute of Building Systems. (2012) NIBS Guideline 3-2012 Building Enclosure Commissioning Process BECx Retreived 20 September 2014 from https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-731062-dtcontent-rid-4616239_1/courses/F14-48795/nibs_gl3.pdf. pg. 4 [2] See also Grondzik, Walter T. (2005) THE BUILDING COMMISSIONING PROCESS AND ASHRAE GUIDELINE 0. Retreived 20 September 2014 fromhttps://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-731064-dt-content-rid-4616482_1/courses/F14-48795/ASHRAE%20Guideline%20Zero_Training%20Presentation%202013.pdf. pg. 9, 14, 19

[page] EC-10

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: COMMISSIONING

Comissioning Committee

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite Agenda Commissioning Committee and Design Commissioning Committee shall be formed and in operation before the documented design of the project actually takes place and shall continue through the duration of the project and five years postoccupancy. The Committees shall continue to monitor all phases of the project and see to it that the project passes the requirements listed as the project agenda and goals in accordance with this Ft. Lauderdale Green Building Code.

CREDITS AVAILABLE:

Agenda Commissioning Committe and Design Commissioning Committee shall be formed and in operation before the documented design of the project actually takes place and shall continue through the duration of the project and five years post-occupancy. The Committees shall continue to monitor all phases of the project and see to it that the project passes the requirements listed as the project agenda and goals in accordance with this Ft. Lauderdale Green Building Code.

Agenda Commissioning (Variable Points, up to 2)

Requirements The Agenda Commissioning Committee Phase shall research and outline the scope of the project in meeting the needs of the client [2] and with meeting the requirements of this Ft. Lauderdale Green Building Code. The Agenda Commissioning Committee must be created at the beginning of the project, prior to any documented designs of the project but a post-agenda committee may be establish prior to the release of project designs to bidding [1]. Committee must address community concerns and may resort to arbitration between client and community if needed to gain public approval of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s agenda. If said committee forms at the specified onset. 2 points OR If a post-agenda commissioning committee is required to review the agenda and design.1 point

[1] National Institute of Building Systems. (2012) NIBS Guideline 3-2012 Building Enclosure Commissioning Process BECx Retreived 20 September 2014 from https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-731062-dtcontent-rid-4616239_1/courses/F14-48795/nibs_gl3.pdf. pg. 4 2] Grondzik, Walter T. (2005) THE BUILDING COMMISSIONING PROCESS AND ASHRAE GUIDELINE 0. Retreived 20 September 2014 from https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-731064-dt-content-rid-4616482_1/courses/F14-48795/ASHRAE%20Guideline%20Zero_Training%20Presentation%202013.pdf. pg. 9

[page] EC-11

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: COMMISSIONING

Construction Commissioning (+1 Point)

Post-Occupancy Commissioning (Variable Points, up to 2)

Requirements The Construction Commissioning Committee Phase shall monitor the design phase of the project and ensure that construction continues to meet those demands and expectations of the Design and Agenda Phases [1]. Failure to meet these requirements will require the suspension of the project until the issue is resolved and the project is shown to be resuming compliance. The same applies to new construction and renovation. (For renovation, the Commissioning Committees must be formed prior to agenda and design of renovations).

Requirements The Post-Occupancy Phase shall observe and test the project after completion to ensure that the expectations and demands continue to be met by the building performance. Public approval of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s agenda. Testing shall be done upon: 1) Substantial completion of the project and occupancy 2) One year after occupancy 3) Five years after occupancy Committee will determine if project continues to satisfy criteria set out in the agenda phase and whether it performs according to the requirements of this Ft. Lauderdale Green Building Code. Modifications to the project post-construction may be made within that five year span should alterations be required to enable the building to better meet that agenda and requirements. Should the modifications require time for observation and testing, the five year span may be extended to five years at the end of such modifications, if approved by the committee head and 4/5ths of the committee. Committee Monitors Post Occupancy at 1 year and approves results: 1 point Committee Monitors Post Occupancy at 5 year and approves results: 1 point

[1] National Institute of Building Systems. (2012) NIBS Guideline 3-2012 Building Enclosure Commissioning Process BECx Retreived 20 September 2014 from https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-731062-dtcontent-rid-4616239_1/courses/F14-48795/nibs_gl3.pdf. pg. 6,7 2] Grondzik, Walter T. (2005) THE BUILDING COMMISSIONING PROCESS AND ASHRAE GUIDELINE 0. Retreived 20 September 2014 from https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-731064-dt-content-rid-4616482_1/courses/F14-48795/ASHRAE%20Guideline%20Zero_Training%20Presentation%202013.pdf. pg. 15

[page] EC-12

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: ENERGY METERING

INTENT:

Understanding and having access to data concerning your own energy usage is one of the most vital steps toward energy reduction in buildings. This is particularly important for multifamily midrises in Florida where the average electric bill can exceed $123 a month. [1] In Fort Lauderdale, a 4 bedroom house can easily reach $300 or even $500 a month. [2] These high bills often stem from high energy usage, particularly when cooling buildings year-around. This credit uses LEED 4.0’s Building-Level Energy Metering and IGBC Energy Metering as a basis. However, in addition to LEED’s credit requirements, this rating system offers additional credits that are specific to multifamily midrises.

5 POSSIBLE POINTS PREREQUISITES: Energy Metering, Building Level

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite “Install new or use existing building-level energy meters, or submeters that can be aggregated to provide building-level data representing total building energy consumption (electricity, natural gas, chilled water, steam, fuel oil, propane, biomass etc.). Utilityowned meters capable of aggregating building-level resource use are acceptable.” [3] Commit to sharing with the Fort Lauderdale Green Rating System (FLGRS) the “resulting energy consumption data and electrical demand data (if metered) for a five-year period beginning on the date the project accepts” [3] its FLGRS Project Completion Certification. “At a minimum, energy consumption must be tracked at one-month intervals. This commitment must carry forward for five years or until the building changes ownership.” [3] Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all energy meters and/or submeters. Provide floor plans with the location of these meters clearly annotated. (PC) Project Completion Provide application for payment and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all energy meters and/or submeters. In addition provide initial energy consumption data. (1Y) Post Occupancy, 1 Year Provide a document with the energy consumption data and electrical demand data (if metered). This document must be signed by a responsible party stating that all information is accurate and true to the best of their knowledge. [1] "Fort Lauderdale, FL Electricity Rates." Electricity Local. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.electricitylocal.com/states/florida/fort-lauderdale/> [2] "How Much Does an Average FPL Customer Really Pay? | House Keys Blog." How Much Does an Average FPL Customer Really Pay? | House Keys Blog. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/business/realestate/housekeys/blog/2011/02/how_much_does_an_average_fpl_c.html> [3] "Building-Level Energy Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=385>

[page] EC-13

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: ENERGY METERING

Energy Metering, Unit Level (+5 Points)

Requirements Install permanent energy meters in each residential unit of the building. These meters should measure the total energy use and energy production (if applicable). If the unit uses other energy sources in addition to electricity, such as natural gas, this should be metered as well. The metering system should be user friendly, accessible, digital, and graphical, allowing users to monitor, graph, and analyze their daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly consumption and production (if applicable). Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all energy metering equipment in the dwelling units. Provide floor plans with the location of these meters clearly annotated. (PC) Project Completion Provide application for payment and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all energy meters in the dwelling units. Approach and Methodologies â&#x20AC;&#x153;Identify all major energy consuming equipment and install systems to monitor their consumptions. Develop and implement a measurement and verification mechanism to compare predicated savings to actual energy performance.â&#x20AC;? [1]

BEHIND THE INTENT:

It is difficult for building users to reduce their energy consumption if all they receive at the end of the month is an electric bill with vague numbers regarding their usage. A graphical energy metering system, similar to a digital thermostat or home security system, would enable users to understand their energy usage real-time and therefore make educated decisions on how to reduce their consumption and reduce their monthly bill. The system should be: 1) User friendly and accessible. To promote daily use. 2) Graphical. It should have the ability to show the data in a meaningful way. 3) Comprehensive. It should be able to track daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly usage. This allows the user to start analyzing the data to get a better understanding of their usage habits. If the building is equipped with solar panels or some other form of renewable energy, usage of this energy should be monitored as well to allow individuals to track their consumption and building energy production. [1] "Fort Lauderdale, FL Electricity Rates." Electricity Local. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.electricitylocal.com/states/florida/fort-lauderdale/> [2] "How Much Does an Average FPL Customer Really Pay? | House Keys Blog." How Much Does an Average FPL Customer Really Pay? | House Keys Blog. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/business/realestate/housekeys/blog/2011/02/how_much_does_an_average_fpl_c.html> [3] "Building-Level Energy Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=385>

[page] EC-14

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: ENERGY METERING

[image ] Bullit Center Dashboard

CREDIT RESOURCES:

The following monitoring systems are applicable to this credit: 1) Home Electricity Monitors by Eyedro Green Solutions Inc. <http://eyedro.com/home-electricity-monitors/> 2) Energy Hub Home Energy Consumption Monitor <http://gearcrave.com/2008-08-15/energyhub-home-energy-consumption-monitor/> 3) DIY Kyoto Wattson 01 <http://gearcrave.com/2008-06-27/diy-kyoto-wattson-01/> In addition, certain companies that provide solar solutions for homes, also provide user friendly monitoring systems that can be accessed via computer, a home monitor, and a userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s smart phone. One such company is known as SunPower <http://us.sunpower.com/home-solar/>

[1] "Energy Metering" Page 57. IGBC Green Homes Abridged Version. 22 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705563-dt-content-rid-4485686_1/courses/F14-48795/IGBC%20Green%20Homes%20Abridged%20Version.pdf > [image 1] <http://www.bullittcenter.org/building/dashboard/>

[page] EC-15

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: ENERGY METERING

For information on this credit, refer to: "Building-Level Energy Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=385> "Energy Metering" Page 57. IGBC Green Homes Abridged Version. 22 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705563-dtcontent-rid-4485686_1/courses/F14-48795/IGBC%20Green%20Homes%20Abridged%20Version .pdf >

[1] "Building-Level Energy Metering." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=385>

[page] EC-16

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT

INTENT:

Fort Lauderdale is a cooling dominated city. Most buildings are air conditioned year-around despite the fairly moderate climate and proximity to the ocean and subsequent cooling breezes. As such, most buildings utilize refrigerants, some of which are known to cause stratospheric ozone depletion as well as global warming. Cars and CO2 emissions are yet another issue for the city. Fort Lauderdale was planned around the automobile, making it difficult to live without one in the area. Unfortunately, Florida produces the 2nd total largest amount of CO2 in the state, and is 40th in terms of per capita CO2 emissions. [1] [2] While its per capita may not be the worst, the total emissions of the state should be reduced. This credit seeks to reduce the amount of stratospheric ozone depletion and emissions that contribute to global warming. Based on LEED 4.0’s Fundamental Refrigerant Management prerequisite, Enhanced Refrigerant Management credit, and IGBC’s CFC Free Equipment credit, this section seeks to help reduce the impact the city has on the atmospheric environment.

2 POSSIBLE POINTS PREREQUISITES: HVAC System and Refrigerator Refrigerants

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite All HVAC units and refrigerators in the project should have no CFC refrigerants.

Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets with refrigerant data for all appliances and systems containing refrigerants. (PC) Project Completion Provide application for payment and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all HVAC units and refrigerators. “Provide a declaration signed by a responsible party declaring that the building HVAC systems” [5] and refrigerators do not use CFC based refrigerants. Approach and Methodologies “Survey the market for all CFC-free HVAC systems. Such systems are also available in smaller capacities. Install HVAC equipment which does not use CFC based refrigerant.” [5] [1] "Getting Warmer: US CO2 Emissions from Power Plants Emissions Rise 5.6% in 2010." Department of Environmental Protection, 1 Jan. 2010. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.environmentalintegrity.org./documents/CO2Report_2011RJD21811final.pdf> [2] “Table 5. Per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by State (2000–2011).” U.S. Energy Information Administration, 21 Aug 2014. Web. 20 Sept. 2014. <http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/analysis/> [3] "Fundamental Refrigerant Management." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf> [4] "Enhanced Refrigerant Management." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf> [5] "CFC-Free Equipment." Page 49. IGBC Green Homes Abridged Version. 22 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705563-dt-content-rid-4485686_1/courses/F14-48795/IGBC%20Green%20Homes%20Abridged%20Version.pdf >

[page] EC-17

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT

HVAC System (Variable Points, up to 2)

Requirements All machinery for the maintaining of personal climate comfort and refrigeration purposes on the project shall have either “natural refrigerants” or that with a GWP of less than 2000, here referred to as “low impact refrigerants.” [3] All HVAC and refrigerators units have “natural refrigerants” 2 points OR All HVAC units and refrigerators have “low-impact refrigerants” or better 1 point Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets with refrigerant data for all appliances and systems containing refrigerants. (PC) Project Completion Provide a declaration signed by a responsible party declaring that the building HVAC system and refrigerators within the residential units contain and utilize natural refrigerants, or alternatively, “low-impact refrigerants.” Approach and Methodologies Survey the market for all natural refrigerant or “low-impact refrigerant” HVAC systems and residential refrigerators. Install HVAC equipment and residential refrigerators which utilizes natural refrigerants or “low-impact refrigerants.”

{Table 1] ”EA Credit 4: Enhanced Refrigerant Management." USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction - Updated 201006, 2009. Retrieved September 20 2014 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/169831/455574/

[page] EC-18

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: REDUCE ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on these credits, refer to: "Fundamental Refrigerant Management." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> "Enhanced Refrigerant Management." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> "CFC-Free Equipment." Page 49. IGBC Green Homes Abridged Version. 22 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705563-dtcontent-rid-4485686_1/courses/F14-48795/IGBC%20Green%20Homes%20Abridged%20Version .pdf >

[1] "Electric Charging Facilities for Vehicles." Page 29. IGBC Green Homes Abridged Version. 22 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705563-dt-content-rid-4485686_1/courses/F14-48795/IGBC%20Green%20Homes%20Abridged%20Version.pdf >

[page] EC-19

CREDIT: RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION

INTENT:

Fort Lauderdale averages over 200 hours of sun per month, making it an excellent city for solar energy production. [1] In addition to this, the state of Florida is actively promoting solar through programs such GoSOLAR, which was recently awarded $1.6 million to help further promote the use of solar energy. [2] In addition to solar power, Fort Lauderdale could potentially utilize the oceanic current to generate hydro power, though this option is still not as developed and technology is not as readily available as it is for solar. Wind is not as much of an option as Fort Lauderdale does not have the sustained winds needed to support large commercial wind turbines. Much like hydro power, however, it may be possible to install small-scale wind turbines on a building, though this technology is not as advanced. [3] This credit, based on LEED 4.0’s Renewable Energy Production credit, seeks to “reduce the environmental and economic harms associated with fossil fuel energy by increasing self-supply of renewable energy.” [4]

15 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE: Renewable Energy Production (Variable Points, up to 11)

Requirements Produce renewable energy on site. Credits are based on the percentage of renewable energy produced and used on the site. For example, if the building has solar panels and the energy from those panels powers 5% of the building, then according to Table 1, the building would be awarded 1 point. Documentation Required (D) Design Submit installation design and drawings for the renewable energy system. Provide manufacturers cut sheets for the system. (PC) Project Completion Provide signed payment application and manufacturer or supplier invoices for the renewable energy system. In addition, provide photographs of the installed system and any intial energy production numbers. (1Y) Post Occupancy, 1 Year Provide energy usage and production data 1 year after substantial completion or 1 year after the system has started operation. Provide a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that all data is accurate to the best of their knowledge. [1] "Average Weather in Fort Lauderdale, United States of America." World Weather and Climate Information. World Weather and Climate Information. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-inches,fort-lauderdale,United-States-of-America> [2] "Go SOLAR Florida Receives Department of Energy Award to Increase Use of Solar Energy." Go SOLAR Florida Receives Department of Energy Award to Increase Use of Solar Energy. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/GoGreen/GoSOLAR/GoSOLARFlorida/Pages/DepartmentOfEnergyAward.aspx> [3] "Florida." NRDC: Renewable Energy in. Web. 20 Sept. 2014. <http://www.nrdc.org/energy/renewables/florida.asp> [4] "Renewable Energy Production." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=X>

[page] EC-20

CREDIT: RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION

TABLE 1. Points for percentage of renewable energy produced and used on site

TABLE 1. Points for percentage of solar hot water produced and used on site

Percentage

Points

Percentage

Points

5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

≥ 50% ≥ 75% ≥ 95%

1 2 3

Solar Hot Water (Variable Points, up to 4)

D C PC 1Y Requirements This credit, taken from IGBC Green Homes Abridged, seeks “to encourage use of solar energy for water heating applications in the building.” [1] “Provide a solar water heating system to satisfy hot water requirements for domestic purposes.” [1] The minimum hot water requirement for domestic purposes should be calculated for a family with 2 adults and 1 child, which is ~60 gallons of hot water per day. [2] Points are awarded according to Table 2. Solar water is to be distributed to individual tanks in every dwelling unit in the building. Up to 3 points If site has excess solar heated water, credit will be given for alternative uses. For example, excess solar heated water can be used during cool weather to maintain a perimeter heating system. 1 point Solar Hot Water Storage Solar hot water is to be stored in a tank specifically made for the storage of solar heated water. This tank should have either an indirect or direct backup to ensure hot water for residents if solar hot water is not available. [3] Solar hot water from the building system should be distributed to individual solar hot water tanks in every dwelling unit. Each dwelling unit must have at minimum a 40 gallon tank.

[1] "Solar Water Heating Systems." Page 60. IGBC Green Homes Abridged Version. 22 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705563-dt-content-rid-4485686_1/courses/F14-48795/IGBC%20Green%20Homes%20Abridged%20Version.pdf > [2] "Average Water Usage and Water Heaters." Mille Lacs Energy Cooperative. Web. 22 Sept. 2014. <http://www.mlecmn.net/content/average-water-usage-and-water-heaters> [3] http://www.homepower.com/articles/solar-water-heating/equipment-products/solar-hot-water-storage

[page] EC-21

CREDIT: RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION

Documentation Required (D) Design Submit installation design drawings for the solar hot water system. In addition, provide manufacturer cut sheets for the solar hot water system, storage tanks, and any other relevant items. (PC) Project Completion Provide signed payment application and manufacturer or supplier invoices for the solar hot water system, storage tanks, and any other relevant items. In addition, provide photographs of the installed system. Approach and Methodologies “Calculate the total hot water requirement for the building. The design should consider the availability of space to install the solar heating panels.” [1] Assume each residential unit has at least 2 adults and 1 child.

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on these credits, refer to: "Renewable Energy Production." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/view/#page=439> "Solar Water Heating Systems." Page 60. IGBC Green Homes Abridged Version. 22 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705563-dtcontent-rid-4485686_1/courses/F14-48795/IGBC%20Green%20Homes%20Abridged%20Version .pdf > “Solar Hot Water Storage Tanks.” <http://www.homepower.com/articles/solar-waterheating/equipment-products/solar-hot-water-storage>

[page] EC-22

CREDIT: DEMAND RESPONSE PROGRAM

INTENT:

Fort Lauderdale, like most other cities in the state is run off either nuclear, gas or coal power. While there is solar power available through three different solar centers [1], it is not available to the city of Fort Lauderdale. With that said, this section seeks to reduce the amount of energy consumed by the building during peak hours. This in turn, helps relieve some of the stress on the energy distribution systems. This section is based off LEED 4.0’s Demand Response Credit. “To increase participation in demand response technologies and programs that make energy generation and distribution systems more efficient, increase grid reliability, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.” [2]

2 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE:

“Design building and equipment for participation in demand response programs through load shedding or shifting. On-site electricity generation does not meet the intent of this credit.” [2]

Laundry Facilities (Variable Points, up to 2)

Requirements To have every clothes washer, dryer, and dishwasher connected to demand response sensitive devices to shut down the fixture during peak usage and demand hours. Device may not interrupt the fixture if it is already in use. Devices connected to solar hot water and alternative energy may be enabled to operate during such peak hours if the user is made aware of the peak rates during those times. Climate control systems may not be connected to a demand response system in the interest of human safety during summer but may enact passive systems such as pre-chilling during lowest usage hours such as night time in anticipation of summer days. Light fixtures may not be connected to a demand response system. All Laundry facilities and personal laundry devices are connected to a demand response system. 1 point All Dishwashing fixtures are connected to a demand response system. 1 point Climate Control Systems are connected to a demand response system and night time thermal preparation. 1 point

[1] "Solar Energy Centers." FPL. Web. 21 Sept. 2014. <http://www.fpl.com/environment/solar/projects.shtml> [2] "Demand-Response." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 2014-09-19. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] EC-23

CREDIT: ALTERNATIVE MEANS

INTENT:

There are numerous ways to reduce energy consumption, especially in residential units and homes. With careful planning, a designer can create environments that will naturally reduce energy consumption. This section is dedicated to shared facilities, passive techniques for cooling and lighting, as well as other alternative strategies that can be used to reduce energy consumption in the building.

3 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDIT AVAILABLE: Laundry Facilities (Variable Points, up to 3)

Requirements The project shall offer facilities for residents who elect to not possess personal clothes washers and dryers. Personal ownership of said devices by residents is neither prohibited nor required but should be discouraged by promoting the convenience of these facilities. Number of devices and distribution of such facility rooms shall be determined by the Agenda and Design Commissioning Committees after receiving input from the community and potential residents. Access to facilities will be limited to residents for safety. Resident-accessible facilities of Energy Efficient Devices are provided for laundry purposes.1 point Use of solar hot water for washing is incorporated into the laundry washing facilities. 1 point Use of wind drying systems on each unit balcony/terrace is permitted and encouraged for residents to naturally dry their laundry. 1 point Documentation Required Submit design for the community laundry facility. And/or submit installation design for the integral solar hot water system in the washing facilities. And/or submit installation design for wind drying systems in residential units. Provide manufacturers cut sheets and purchase invoice for washing and drying appliances as well as solar hot water system (if applicable).

[page] EC-24

MATERIALS + RESOURCES

Broward County and the city of Fort Lauderdale have three primary waste streams for most single family homes – solid waste, plant waste, and recyclables. Solid waste is picked up by the city government and then deposed of in two ways: incineration and landfill. The county has two waste-to-energy plants, both constructed in 1991, together these “plants generate enough electricity to service about 75,000 households, saving 2.8 million barrels of oil.” [1] Every year, the waste-to-energy plants, capable of processing 4,500 tons of waste per day, process enough solid waste to “fill the area of a football field up to 3 ½ miles high.” [1] Solid waste that cannot be incinerated at the plant is removed and landfilled. Occasionally, landfills are turned into parks, such as Vista View Park, formerly known as the Davie Landfill. [2] Plant or yard waste is the second stream of waste processed in Broward County. The waste is collected by organizations such as the CRR (Consolidated Resource Recovery, Inc.) where it is ground, screened, sorted, recycled, and then marketed as “renewable resources to end users, thereby safely restoring soil products back into the earth or recycling them into energy sources.” [4] The final stream of waste is recyclables. Recyclables in the past were handled using two bins – a paper bin and a glass and plastic bin. As of today, however, Broward County now has an all-in-one container, where residents place all acceptable recyclables such as paper, cardboard, glass, plastic, and metal. [5] These recyclables are taken to a facility where they are sorted, separated, and then shipped to end markets. “New products are then created from recycled materials, purchased by consumers and recycled again, creating a loop.” [6]

[image 1] http://www.aronfelddev.com/wp-fla/files/2013/06/monarch2.jpg [1] "Waste-To-Energy Plants." Waste-To-Energy Plants. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/WasteAndRecycling/SouthwestRegionalLandfill/Pages/wastetoenergy.aspx>. [2] "Vista View Park (Davie Landfill)." Vista View Park (Davie Landfill). Web. 27 Sept. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/WASTEANDRECYCLING/SOUTHWESTREGIONALLANDFILL/Pages/vistaviewpark.aspx>. [4] "Consolidated Resource Recovery, Inc. (CRR) Offers Highly Experienced, Dependable, Adaptable, and Environmentally Sound Land Clearing and Wood Waste Recycling Services as Well as Expansive, Flexible Municipal Yard Waste Intake, Processing, and Recycling Services." Consolidated Resource Recovery, Inc. (CRR). Web. 28 Sept. 2014. [5] "Single-Family Home Recycling." Single-Family Home Recycling. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/WasteAndRecycling/Recycling/Pages/SingleFamilyRecyclng.aspx>. [6] "How Recyclables Are Processed." How Recyclables Are Processed. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/WasteAndRecycling/Recycling/Pages/MRF.aspx>.

[page] MR-1

MATERIALS + RESOURCES

Unlike single family homes, waste from multi-family midrises is not directly managed by the city; rather the waste is picked up by private contractors or haulers that are employed by the building owner. While building owners are strongly encouraged to recycle they are not required to by any code or law. [3] For this reason, multi-family residences usually only have one waste stream – the solid waste stream. When it comes to the environment, Florida has special concerns pertaining to groundwater, oceanic, and wetland pollution. The shallow water table makes it fairly easy to contaminate the groundwater. In addition, the ocean and the Everglades often end up as unintentional dumpsites due to their proximity to cities in the state. In fact, endangered animals such as the black panther have been victim to mercury contamination, and the largemouth bass found in the Everglades are too contaminated to consume. [7] This rating system seeks to address how waste and materials are handled in multifamily midrises and to reduce the amount of pollution to the natural environment through our waste streams.

[3] "Multifamily (Apartment and Condo) Recycling." Multifamily (Apartment and Condo) Recycling. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/WasteAndRecycling/Recycling/Pages/MultifamilyApartmentandCondoRecycling.aspx>. [7] “Mercury and Other Environmental Contaminants.” Florida PantherNet. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.floridapanthernet.org/index.php/handbook/threats/mercury_and_other_environmental_contaminants#.VCg4cGddXng>

[page] MR-2

MATERIALS + RESOURCES

Below are the following main purposes and goals of this section: To increase the amount of recyclables and thereby reduce the amount of trash that enters the solid waste stream. To thoroughly document material sources and their ecological footprints. To reduce the amount of construction and demolition waste. To reduce the amount of heavy metals that leech into our natural environment. To transport materials to the construction site more efficiently and through more environmentally friendly means. To reuse materials whenever possible. To design for flexibility, thereby encouraging renovation rather than complete demolition.

47 POSSIBLE POINTS

[page] MR-3

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: STORAGE & COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES

INTENT:

The City of Fort Lauderdale does not provide waste removal services for multi-family midrises, as such the building owner is responsible for hiring a contractor or hauler to depose of waste. Often, multi-family midrises do not have separate bins or facilities to encourage recycling, thereby leading in most instances to one waste stream that is either put through the incinerators or into a landfill. This section, based off LEED 4.0’s Storage and Collection of Recyclables prerequisite is here to encourage the integral design of facilities and waste separation for multi-family midrises.

3 POSSIBLE POINTS

PREREQUISITES:

“Provide dedicated areas accessible to waste haulers and building occupants for the collection and storage of recyclable materials for the entire building. Collection and storage areas may be separate locations. Recyclables materials must include mixed paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals. Take appropriate measures for the safe collection, storage, and disposal of the following: batteries, mercury-containing lamps and devices, and electronic waste.” [1]

Recycling Facilities

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite Provide facilities on-site for the collection and storage of recyclable materials. The recycling facility must be located in the same area as the solid waste disposal to encourage use. For example, if the solid waste disposal is a garbage chute on every floor, then there should be separate recycling chutes in the same area on that floor. If the facility is in a separate building, it must be no more than 500 feet for every resident on the site. For example, if the development is large and consists of more than one building, the facility must be within 500 feet from each building or there must be more than 1 facility. Materials such as mixed paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals may share a container or be segregated. Batteries, mercury-containing lamps and devices, and electronic waste must have separate collection containers from the recyclable materials mentioned above.

[1] "MR PREREQUISITE: STORAGE AND COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES" Page 85. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] MR-4

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: STORAGE & COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES

Residents upon moving into the building should be educated about the recycling facilities and encouraged to recycle. Residents should be made aware of proper recycling habits such as cleaning glasses, cans, and plastic of food waste before recycling. Awareness pamphlets are one option for educating residents. Documentation Required (D) Design Submit design plans for the on-site recycling facility. Design plans must be clearly labeled and show the location for the different storage collection bins (at minimum 4 bins: mixed non-hazardous recyclables, batteries, mercury-containing lamps, and electronic waste). If using chutes on every floor, submit plans showing the chute locations and layout of the building collection facility connected to the chutes. If providing a recycling facility as a separate structure from the residential building, provide a site plan showing its location and the travel time via pedestrian paths. Provide a signed contract with a certified hauler and recycling company for the following materials: mixed paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals. Recyclables must be picked up at least once a week. Provide a signed contract with a certified electronic waste, battery, and mercury-lamp hauler and recycling company. This may be more than one company. Hazardous recyclables must be picked up once a month. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built drawings for on-site recycling facility chutes or separate recycling facility structure. In addition, provide photographs of completed facilities. Approach and Methodologies Identify the waste production for the targeted demographic. Design and size facilities accordingly; for example, a multi-family midrise targeted at the elderly should have waste and recycling chutes on every floor so that individuals do not have to haul waste down the stairs, elevator, or outside the building. Waste pick up times should be scheduled according; for example, if the development is large and a high percentage of the targeted demographic are expected to recycle, schedule multiple recycling pick up times per week to avoid storage overflow which could result in mess, foul odors, and ultimately discourage use.

[1] "MR PREREQUISITE: STORAGE AND COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES" Page 85. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] MR-5

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: STORAGE & COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES

CREDITS AVAILABLE: Compost Facilities (+2 Points)

Requirements Provide compost facilities on-site. The compost facility must be located in the same area as the solid waste disposal to encourage use. For example, if the solid waste disposal is a garbage chute on every floor, then there should be separate compost chutes in the same area on that floor. If the compost facility is in a separate building, it must be no more than 500 feet for every resident on the site. For example, if the development is large and consists of more than one building, the facility must be within 500 feet from each building or there must be more than 1 facility. The compost facility should be capable of handling the following materials: food waste and plant/garden waste. No animal waste should be accepted due to risk of disease. The drop-off point should be sealed off from the compost storage bin, thereby reducing the amount of odors, insects, and mess. Residents should not be dumping compost into an open pit. Residents upon moving into the building should be educated about the compost facilities and encouraged to compost. Residents should be made aware of proper compost habits such as deposing of compost in a biodegradable paper bag to avoid mess and foul orders. Residents should also be made aware of what can and cannot be composted. Awareness pamphlets are one option for educating residents. Compost can be sold to a certified compost hauler or processed on site. If processed on the site, safe compost facilities should be available to properly handle and compost the materials. The compost can then be used for site landscaping. If the compost is to be sold, compost should be picked up on a weekly basis to avoid foul odors and mess which may discourage use. Documentation Required (D) Design Submit design plans for the on-site compost facility. Design plans must be clearly labeled and show the location for the compost drop-off. Plans must also demonstrate compost storage and drop-off isolation, to avoid foul odors and insect issues. If using chutes on every floor, submit plans showing the chute locations and layout of the building collection facility connected to the chutes.

[1] "MR PREREQUISITE: STORAGE AND COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES" Page 85. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] MR-6

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: STORAGE & COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES

If providing a compost facility as a separate structure from the residential building, provide a site plan showing its location and the travel time via pedestrian paths. If employing a company to handle compost, provide a signed contract with a certified compost hauler. Compost must be picked up at least once a week. If processing compost on-site, provide design plans documenting the compost facilities and any applicable cut sheets for compost equipment. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built drawings for on-site composting facility chutes or separate composting facility structure. In addition, provide photographs of completed facilities. Approach and Methodologies Design and size facilities accordingly; for example, a multi-family midrise targeted at the elderly should have compost chutes on every floor so that individuals do not have to haul compost down the stairs, elevator, or outside the building. Compost pick up times should be scheduled according; for example, if the development is large and a high percentage of the targeted demographic are expected to compost, schedule multiple compost pick up times per week to avoid compost overflow which could result in mess, foul odors, and ultimately discourage use. Trash + Recycling + Compost Chute: The following system is applicable to this credit: Waste Solutions Tri Sorter http://www.wastesolutions.ca/faqs/docs/WSGTriSorter.pdf http://www.whrise.com/products/odor-control-systems/

[1] "MR PREREQUISITE: STORAGE AND COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES" Page 85. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] MR-7

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: STORAGE & COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES

Yard Waste Facilities (+1 Point)

Requirements Provide yard and garden waste facilities on-site. If the development has large individual terraces and balconies with garden beds for each residential unit, then yard and garden waste facilities should be easily accessible to residents and be within 500 feet from the residential building. If yard and waste facilities are to be used predominantly for the development grounds and landscaping, the facility should be located in an area easily accessible to landscape employees. Yard and garden waste should be sold to a certified yard waste hauler or processed on site. If processed on the site, yard waste grinding equipment should be available to process the materials. The ground yard waste can then be used for onsite landscaping. If the yard waste is to be sold, waste should be picked up on a monthly basis or as needed depending on waste production. Documentation Required (D) Design Submit design plans for the on-site yard and garden waste facility. Design plans must be clearly labeled and show the location for the yard waste drop-off. If the yard waste facility is to be used by residents, provide a site plan showing the facilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location and the travel time via pedestrian paths. If employing a company to handle yard waste, provide a signed contract with a certified yard waste hauler. Yard waste should be picked up on a monthly basis or as needed depending on waste production. If processing yard waste on-site, provide any applicable cut sheets for yard waste grinding equipment. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built drawings for on-site yard waste facility structure. In addition, provide photographs of completed facilities. Approach and Methodologies Identify whether a yard waste facility is necessary for the development. If providing large individual terraces and balconies with garden beds for each residential unit, or if the development grounds have extensive landscaping, then a yard waste facility may be beneficial. Design and size facilities accordingly. Yard waste pick up times should be schedule accordingly.

[page] MR-8

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: STORAGE & COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on this credit, refer to: "MR PREREQUISITE: STORAGE AND COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES" Page 85. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> For more information on waste management in Fort Lauderdale, refer to: "Recycling In Broward County." Recycling In Broward County. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://www.broward.org/WasteAndRecycling/Recycling/Pages/Default.aspx>

[page] MR-9

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: MATERIAL SOURCE DISCLOSURE

INTENT:

To utilize thoroughly documented materials with minimum ecological footprints and with a maximum potential for reuse in future projects. [1] To promote a diversity of sustainableminded manufacturers and interconnections between the end use of products from recycling to biodegradable potential. [2] To provide a means of sustainability, even in the event of harvesting new materials for construction. [3]

10 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE: Sustainable Materials (Variable Points, up to 13)

Requirements Use at least 50% of any and all new materials certified as sustainable by the company or by separate entities such as U.N. Global Compact, ISO 26000, or any other matrix approved by the USGBC and/or LEED. [4] Materials mined or harvested must come from companies that perform sustainable land rehabilitation programs on its property from which the material originates or once harvesting has ceased. [5] 100% of all wood must either be from recycled and reclaimed wood or be grown from sustainable forests verified by either the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Stewardship Council, the Florida Forest Service, [6] or other USGBC and or LEED approved entity. [7] 50% of all materials meet this criteria: 1 points. 75%: 2 points. 100% 3 points. Additional credits Harvest and Mining Credit: 75%: 1 point 100% 2 points. Wood Credit: 100% 1 points. Documentation Required All receipts and transactions shall be kept in a book format, all disclosure statements cataloged, any and all change orders recorded in the exact same manner, and the evaluation of these records shall be conducted regularly during design, construction, and occupancy phases to ensure the materials finally used still meet this criteria. [8] Cost is not a criteria for sustainable materials but left to the discretion of the project client. [9]

[1] "Building Product Disclosure and Optimization-Sourcing of Raw Materials." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. Retrieved 28 September 2014 from <http://www.madcad.com/library/189422/> p.525 [2] "Building Product Disclosure and Optimization-Sourcing of Raw Materials." p.525 [3] "Building Product Disclosure and Optimization-Sourcing of Raw Materials." p.525 [4] "Building Product Disclosure and Optimization-Sourcing of Raw Materials." p.525, 526 [5] "Building Product Disclosure and Optimization-Sourcing of Raw Materials." p.526 [6] Florida Forest Service. Retrieved 29 September 2014 from http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Florida-Forest-Service [7] "Building Product Disclosure and Optimization-Sourcing of Raw Materials." p.526 [8] This is contrary to cost documentations in "Building Product Disclosure and Optimization-Sourcing of Raw Materials." p. 529 [9] "Building Product Disclosure and Optimization-Sourcing of Raw Materials." p.526

[page] MR-10

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

INTENT:

Fort Lauderdale, despite being built-out, is still growing. Much of this growth comes at the expense of older buildings, which are often demolished and replaced with newer structures. This is due to a number of reasons, though the most frequent tend to be: size, expense, and code. Older buildings, especially single family residential, tend to be smaller than newer construction. The expense of renovating a building can at times exceed the cost of new construction, depending on the condition of the existing structure. Lastly, certain older buildings may not meet hurricane codes for the area. This section, based off of LEED 4.0’s Construction and Demolition Waste Management credit, seeks to reduce the amount of waste generated on site through the reuse of existing structures and prefabrication. If waste is to be generated through on-site construction it must be recovered, reused, and recycled where appropriate.

7 POSSIBLE POINTS

PREREQUISITES: Waste Management Plan

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite “Develop and implement a construction and demolition waste management plan: Establish waste diversion goals for the project by identifying at least five materials (both structural and nonstructural) targeted for diversion.” [1] Approximate a percentage of the overall project waste in pounds per square foot (#/sqft) that these materials represent. “Specify whether materials will be separated or comingled and describe the diversion strategies planned for the project. Describe where the material will be taken and how the recycling facility will process the material.” [1] Documentation Required “Provide a final report detailing all major waste streams generated, including disposal and diversion rates.” [1] “Alternative daily cover (ADC) does not qualify as material diverted from disposal. Landclearing debris is not considered construction, demolition, or renovation waste that can contribute to waste diversion.” [1]

[page] MR-11

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

CREDITS AVAILABLE: Option 1: Panelized Prefabrication (+2 Points)

D C PC 1Y Requirements 100% of the building envelope is constructed using prefabricated envelope panels, such as a prefabricated rainscreen system. [2] System must comply with local codes and ordinances, in particular the Florida Building Code. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer shop drawings for the prefabricated envelope system. Provide design elevations, plans, and/or sections clearly illustrating how the prefabricated envelope will work with the rest of the building. (C) Construction Provide signed pay application and manufacturer or supplier invoices for panelized prefabricated envelope system. At the end of the envelope assembly, provide waste numbers related to the envelope in pounds per square foot (#/sqft) to the Fort Lauderdale Green Rating System (FLGRS). In addition, provide photographs of the building envelope. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built drawings for elevations, plans, and/or sections clearly illustrating how the prefabricated envelope was assembled. In addition, provide photographs of the finished building envelope. Additional Information Below is a system that is applicable to this credit: "Sanford Contracting Incorporated." Unitized Terracotta Rainscreens. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://www.sanfordcontracting.com/systems/Unitized-Terracotta-Rainscreens.asp>

[1] "MR PREREQUISITE: CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING" Page 86. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf> [2] http://modularhomeowners.com/do-you-know-the-difference-between-prefab-and-manufactured-homes/ [3] http://www.modular.org/htmlPage.aspx?name=Eliminate_Waste

[page] MR-12

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

OR Option 2: Modular Prefabrication (+5 Points)

D C PC 1Y Requirements At least 80% of the building is constructed using a modular system. [2] For a multi-family midrise each module or modular unit could be an individual dwelling unit. System must comply with local codes and ordinances, in particular the Florida Building Code. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer shop drawings for the modular system. Provide design elevations, plans, and/or sections illustrating how the prefab system will work with the building design. (C) Construction Provide signed pay application and manufacturer or supplier invoices for modular prefabricated system. Upon substantial completion, provide waste numbers related to the modular system in pounds per square foot (#/sqft) to the Fort Lauderdale Green Rating System (FLGRS). In addition, provide photographs of the building. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built drawings for elevations, plans, and/or sections clearly illustrating how the prefabricated modular system was assembled. In addition, provide photographs of the finished building. Additional Information Prefabrication can significantly reduce on-site construction waste. In fact, a study by the EPA found “that the industry average of C&D waste for non-residential projects is approximately 4.34 lb/sq. ft. A LEED® Gold certified modular project by NRB Inc. generated 2.86 lb/sq. ft. of waste material, much less than the industry average.” [3] Example of a modular midrise development: “The Stack in NYC” http://www.thestacknyc.com/ http://www.fastcodesign.com/1673057/this-prefab-building-is-a-first-for-new-york

[page] MR-13

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

[image 1] http://www.sanfordcontracting.com/images/systems-hereos/Engineered-Thin-Brick-Systems.jpg

http://www.crainsnewyork.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/storyimage/CN/20130726/REAL_ESTATE/ 130729901/AR/0/The-Stack.jpg?q=100&cci_ts=20130726134941

http://www.rew-online.com/wp-content/uploads/2013 /07/rendering-the-stack.jpg

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on this credit, refer to: "MR PREREQUISITE: CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING" Page 86. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> For more information on the Florida Building Code, refer to: "The Florida Building Code: Broward County Amendments" Broward County. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <https://www.broward.org/CodeAppeals/Documents/chapter1latest.pdf>

[page] MR-14

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: PBT - HEAVY METALS

INTENT:

Fort Lauderdale is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and approximately 23 miles from the edge of the Everglades, in particular Water Conservation Area 3A. This area consists primarily of sawgrass marsh and interspersed tree islands. The water quality and native species in this are monitored and extensive research is conducted by scientists as they attempt to restore the Everglades’ natural ecosystems. [1] Unfortunately, the Everglades is contaminated with alarming amounts of mercury, not necessarily in the water (a 2007 test done by the EPA came up with 2 parts per trillion in the surface water) but rather in the prey fish. [2] Mosquitofish, “a key prey fish for Everglades gamefish and wading birds”, have returned test results exceeding 77 parts per billion of mercury. [2] Mercury has a moderate biological half-life of about 65 days [3], meaning fish in the environment suffer from bioaccumulation – basically they are absorbing more mercury than they can remove from their systems. [4] Bioaccumulation compounds the higher up in the food chain an organism is and the longer that said organism lives, meaning large long lived gamefish such as bigmouth bass and swordfish have excessive amounts of mercury. [5] Originally the mercury contamination in our environment came from batteries, but as batteries have phased out mercury, the primary source is now from mercury-containing lamps and devices. Because drop-off facility locations are often not known by the general public and if they are known, tend to be out of the way, much of this heavy metal waste is disposed of in the trash. [8] Once in the solid waste stream, the mercury is incinerated and potentially released into the air [6], or disposed of in a landfill where it has the potential to leech into the groundwater. [7] By reducing the amount of mercury containing devices and lamps used in its buildings, Fort Lauderdale can reduce some of the mercury released into the natural environment. This section, taken from LEED 4.0 is a combination of both LEED’s prerequisites regarding mercury and LEED’s credits regarding mercury, cadium, lead and copper.

4 POSSIBLE POINTS

[1] " Water Conservation Areas 2 and 3(Everglades & Francis S. Taylor Wildlife Management Area)." Rec Opportunities. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_landresources/pg_sfwmd_landresources_recopps_se_wca2_3> [2] “Everglades Ecosystem Assessment: Water Management and Quality Eutrophication, Mercury Contamination, Soils and Habitat.” Environmental Protection Agency. August 2007. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/region4/sesd/reports/epa904r07001/epa904r07001.pdf> [3] "Biological Half-life." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 9 Apr. 2014. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life>. [4] "Bioaccumulation." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Sept. 2014. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulation>. [5] "Mercury in Fish FAQ." Mercury in Fish FAQ. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://www.myfwc.com/research/saltwater/health/mercury/faq/>. [6] "Boilers, Process Heaters, Commercial/Industrial Solid Waste Incinerators." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/oaqps001/combustion/>. [7] “Summary of Research on Mercury Emissions from Municipal Landfills.” NEWMOA. October 2003. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/mercury/landfillfactsheet.doc [8] "Mercury Main Page | Permitting & Compliance Assistance | Waste Mgmt | Florida DEP." Mercury Main Page | Permitting & Compliance Assistance | Waste Mgmt | Florida DEP. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/mercury/>.

[page] MR-15

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: PBT - HEAVY METALS

PREREQUISITES:

The building must provide recycling facilities for mercury containing lamps and devices per prerequisite “Storage and Collection of Recyclables” in this rating system.

Light Fixtures

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite “Do not specify or install preheat, T-9, T-10, or T-12 fluorescents or mercury vapor highintensity discharge (HID) lamps in the project. Do not specify probe-start metal halide HID lamps in any interior spaces. Specify and install illuminated exit signs that do not contain mercury and use less than 5 watts of electricity. Fluorescent and high-pressure sodium lamps must meet the criteria in Table 1” [1] Documentation Required Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all light fixtures and bulbs in the building. Provide manufacturer data concerning mercury content and discharge in specified lights bulbs.

TABLE 1. Maximum mercury content of lamps Lamp T-8 fluorescent, eight-foot T-8 fluorescent, four-foot T-8 fluorescent, U-bent T-5 fluorescent, linear T-5 fluorescent, circular Compact fluorescent, nonintegral ballast Compact fluorescent, integral ballast High-pressure sodium, up to 400 watts High-pressure sodium, above 400 watts mg = milligram

Maximum content 10 mg mercury 3.5 mg mercury 6 mg mercury 2.5 mg mercury 9 mg mercury 3.5 mg mercury 3.5 mg mercury, ENERGY STAR qualiﬁed 10 mg mercury 32 mg mercury

[1] "MR PREREQUISITE: PBT SOURCE REDUCTION—MERCURY" Page 87. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] MR-16

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: PBT - HEAVY METALS

CREDITS AVAILABLE: Light Fixtures (+1 Point)

Requirements “Specify and install florescent or LED lamps with both low mercury content (see section prerequisite) and long lamp life, as listed in Table 1.” [1] Documentation Required Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all light fixtures and bulbs in the building. Provide manufacturer data concerning mercury content and discharge in specified lights bulbs.

TABLE 1. Criteria for rated life of low-mercury lamps Lamp

Maximum content

T-8 ﬂuorescent, eight-foot

10 mg mercury

Lamp life (hrs) Standard output - 24,000 rated hours on instant start ballasts (3-hour starts). High output – 18,000 rated hours on instant start ballasts or program start ballasts (3-hour starts) Both standard and high output - 30,000 rated hours on instant start ballasts, or 36,000 rated hours on program start ballasts (3 hour starts)

T-8 ﬂuorescent, four-foot

3.5 mg mercury

T-8 ﬂuorescent, two-foot and three-foot

3.5 mg mercury

24,000 rated hours on instant start ballasts or program start ballasts (3-hour starts)

T-8 ﬂuorescent, U-bent

6 mg mercury

T-5 ﬂuorescent, linear

2.5 mg mercury

T-5 ﬂuorescent, circular

9 mg mercury

Compact ﬂuorescent, nonintegral ballast Compact ﬂorescent, integral ballast, bare bulb

3.5 mg mercury 3.5 mg mercury, ENERGY STAR qualiﬁed

18,000 rated hours on instant start ballasts, or 24,000 rated hours on program start ballasts (3hour starts) Both standard and high-output - 25,000 rated hours on program start ballasts Both standard and high-output – 25,000 rated hours on program start ballasts 12,000 rated hours Bare bulb - 10,000 rated hours. Covered models such as globes, reﬂectors, A-19s – 8,000 hours

High-pressure sodium, up to 400 watts

10 mg mercury

High-pressure sodium, above 400 watts

32 mg mercury

Use noncycling type or replace with LED lamps or induction lamps Use noncycling type or replace with LED lamps or induction lamps

mg = milligram Do not specify or install circular ﬂuorescent lamps or probe start metal halide lamps. Use of any LED lamps is acceptable [1] "MR CREDIT: PBT SOURCE REDUCTION—MERCURY" Page 99. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] MR-17

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: PBT - HEAVY METALS

Lead Reduction (+1 Point)

Requirements “Specify substitutes for materials manufactured with lead as follows:

For water intended for human consumption, specify and use solder and flux to connect plumbing pipe on site that meets the California AB1953 standard, which specifies that solder not contain more than 0.2% lead, and flux not more than a weighted average of 0.25% lead for wetted surfaces. The “lead free” label as defined by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) ) does not provide adequate screening for the purposes of this credit because the SDWA defines “lead free” as solders and flux containing 0.2% lead or less. For water intended for human consumption, specify and use pipes, pipe fittings, plumbing fittings, and faucets that meet the California law AB1953 of a weighted average lead content of the wetted surface area of not more than 0.25% lead. Specify and use lead-free roofing and flashing. Specify and use electrical wire and cable with lead content less than 300 parts per million. Specify no use of interior or exterior paints containing lead. For renovation projects, ensure the removal and appropriate disposal of disconnected wires with lead stabilizers, consistent with the 2002 National Electric Code requirements.” [1] Documentation Required Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all of the following: solder, flux, pipes, pipe fittings, plumbing fittings, faucets, roofing, flashing, electrical wire and cable, and interior and exterior paints. For renovation projects, provide a declaration signed by a responsible party declaring that all lead paints and electrical wires with lead stabilizers have been properly removed and disposed of.

[1] "MR CREDIT: PBT SOURCE REDUCTION—LEAD, CADMIUM, AND COPPER" Page 101. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] MR-18

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: PBT - HEAVY METALS

Cadium Reduction (+1 Point)

Requirements “Specify no use of interior or exterior paints containing intentionally added cadmium.” [1] Documentation Required Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all interior and exterior paints.

Copper Reduction (+1 Point)

Requirements “For copper pipe applications, reduce or eliminate joint-related sources of copper corrosion: Use mechanically crimped copper joint systems; or specify that all solder joints comply with ASTM B828 2002, and specify and use ASTM B813 2010 for flux. Documentation Required Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all copper pipes, solder, and flux. Provide specifications stating the use of mechanically crimped copper joint systems.

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on this credit, refer to: "MR PREREQUISITE: PBT SOURCE REDUCTION—MERCURY" Page 87. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> "MR CREDIT: PBT SOURCE REDUCTION—MERCURY" Page 99. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> MR CREDIT: PBT SOURCE REDUCTION—LEAD, CADMIUM, AND COPPER" Page 101. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> For additional lighting information, refer to: "Lighting for LEED: Application Guide for Sustainable Offices" Phillips Sense and Simplicity. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. <http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/shared/assets/images/applications/office/tools-and-li terature-office/leed-brochure.pdf> [1] "MR CREDIT: PBT SOURCE REDUCTION—LEAD, CADMIUM, AND COPPER" Page 101. LEED 4.0. 28 Sept. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

[page] MR-19

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: MATERIAL TRANSPORTATION

INTENT:

Due to the flat and broad topography of Florida, the location of Ft. Lauderdale at the southern end of the state, and the spread out production of construction materials in the state [1], credit for using local miles shall be given for materials obtained within 1000 miles of the construction site. This is twice the allowance of LEED. [2]

11 POSSIBLE POINTS

CREDITS AVAILABLE:

In order to reduce the global environmental impact of transportation of materials to the construction site, efforts shall be made to reduce the use of fuel, emissions, and inefficient deliveries as best appropriate.

Material Sourcing (Variable Points, up to 3)

Requirements Twenty percent of new construction material by weight [3] was produced and obtained within 1000 miles of construction site: 1 points. Thirty percent: 2 points. Forty Percent: 3 points. [4] Documentation Required Company selling the material to the project must provide a certificate of verification stating that the material was produced at the facility within 1000 miles of construction site and sold within 1000 miles of construction site.

[1] Enterprise Florida. (2014) “Employment & Wages in Florida’s Top 20 Manufacturing Segments.” Retrieved 29 September 2014 from http://www.enterpriseflorida.com/industries/manufacturing/ [2] Taylor, Thomas. (2011). Guide to LEED 2009 Estimating and Preconstruction Strategies. John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved 29 September 2014 from https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/. p.128 [3] Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 128-130 [4] For a similar structure, see Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 128-130

[page] MR-20

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: MATERIAL TRANSPORTATION

Train (+2 Points)

Requirements Due to the abilities of locomotives to move a ton of cargo with a single gallon of fuel over 450 miles, [5] efforts will be made to maximize the use of cargo rail lines to transport materials as close as possible. Transportation by railway shall cover at least 75% of the journey from factory or warehouse to construction site. 2 point Computation Materials purchased shall be weighed [6] as cargo and mileage travelled by rails and by other means recorded. Of the sum weight of all materials acquired, their average combined mileage must at least 75% transported by rails per ton. Documentation Required A tracking manifest log shall be created and monitored. Mileage traveled by all forms of transportation of the journey, not geographical distance between origination and destination, shall be calculated.

Boat (Variable Points, up to 2)

Requirements If cargo vessels are employed and docked at the port of Ft. Lauderdale to transport and unload construction materials, credit will be given for utilizing the city’s navel transportation facilities. The port of Ft. Lauderdale is a major port in the United States and its extreme proximity to the “Atlantic Shipping Lane” makes it a convenient route if international construction materials are purchased for the project. [10] If 30% of out of state construction materials obtained has travelled by maritime cargo for a distance of over 500 miles: 1 point. If incoming construction materials make use of the container cargo system [11] integrated with the tractor trailers for delivery to site: 1 point. Computation Out of state materials purchased shall be weighed [12] as cargo and mileage travelled recorded. Of the sum weight of all out of state materials acquired, their average combined mileage must lest than 30% transported by cargo ship per ton.

[5] “Fuel Efficiency” Retrieved 28 September 2014 from http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/projects-and-partnerships/fuel-efficiency/ [6] Continuing the calculations by weight, a practice seen for locality in Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 128-130 [7] Matheny, Jim. (2014) “New 'SuperTruck' delivers 10.7 mpg for tractor-trailers” WBIR Retrieved 29 September 2014 from http://www.wbir.com/story/news/local/2014/04/01/supertruck-ornl/7177675/ [8] Ingram, Athony. {2014} “How To Make A Semi Much More Efficient: Cummins 'SuperTruck'” Retrieved 29 September 2014 from http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1083123_how-to-make-a-semi-much-more-efficient-cummins-supertruck

[page] MR-21

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: MATERIAL TRANSPORTATION

Tractor Trailers (Variable Points, up to 4)

Requirements Credit for Mileage If Tractor Trailers are used for less than 25% of the distance traveled by construction materials: 1 point. If less than then 15%: 2 points. Computation Materials purchased shall be weighed [9] as cargo and mileage travelled by rails and by other means recorded. Of the sum weight of all materials acquired, their average combined mileage must lest than 25% transported by Tractor Trailers per ton. Credit for Cargo Capacity If tractor trailers arriving to site with construction materials are consistently loaded at or greater than 75% of storage capacity: 1 point. At 85% or greater capacity: 2 points.

[9] Continuing the calculations by weight, a practice seen for locality in Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 128-130 [10] Port Everglades. “Cargo.” (2014) Retrieved 29 September 2014 from http://www.porteverglades.net/cargo/ [11] Port Everglades. “Cargo.” (2014) [12] Continuing the calculations by weight, a practice seen for locality in Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 128-130

[page] MR-22

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: MATERIAL REUSE

INTENT:

The reuse of construction materials is essential for the reduction of the impact on the landfill and environment. Weight and volume are considered in this code instead of other established criteria such as surface area. [13] This decision is the result of attempting to maximize the use of recycled of material instead of a thin veneer over new construction. [13]

8 POSSIBLE POINTS

CREDIT AVAILABLE: Concrete (Variable Points, up to 2)

Requirements The reuse of concrete is encouraged due to its prevalence in Florida construction. To minimize the impact on landfills, credit will be given for reused concrete obtained from any facility in the state. If transportation of the reused concrete utilizes the rails and efficient delivery methods mentioned, its weight shall be added to the aforementioned calculations. Concrete may be crushed into aggregate for new concrete for structural purposes or as gravel for paving, and reused blocks retain for non-structural purposes. If 30% of concrete used on site by weight (not cost) is recycled: 1 point. If 50%: 2 points. [14] Documentation Required Bill of sale identifying site selling reclaimed concrete, weight of concrete acquired, and travel manifest logs.

Wood (Variable Points, up to 2)

Requirements The reuse of wood shall be limited to non-structural purposes and applications that minimize the chances of destruction by rot and pestilence. Due to differing densities of wood species and fibers, [15] volume instead of weight will be used to compute this credit. If 30% of wood used on site by volume is recycled: 1 point. If 50%: 2 points. [15] Documentation Required Bill of sale identifying site selling reclaimed wood, volume of wood acquired, purpose of reused wood, and travel manifest logs.

[13] Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 124 [14] Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 128-130 [15] â&#x20AC;&#x153;Furniture and Medical Furnishings." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. p.568

[page] MR-23

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: MATERIAL REUSE

Regional Wood (+1 Point)

Requirements If use of new pinewood lumber is utilized for the project, credit will be given for using sustainable pinewood from the regional southeast portion of the United States. 1 point. Documentation Required Bill of sale identifying site selling reclaimed wood, volume of wood acquired, purpose of reused wood, and travel manifest logs.

Wall Elements (+1 Point)

D C PC 1Y Requirements Doors and windows and other materials reused from previous wall construction shall not be used on the external envelope of new construction and renovations to ensure the thermal envelope is maintained by new elements capable to meet the modern standards. Such elements may be used on walls not bordering the external thermal envelope or other envelopes that require the maintaining of specific temperatures. 1 point.

Furniture (Variable Points, up to 2)

Requirements Similar to the LEED allowance of reusing furniture to minimize demand on materials and the release of chemicals from new pieces, credit shall be given for the allocation of reused furniture for occupants to possess and use in their residences. [15] If 25% or more of residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s furniture needs (by number of whole pieces of furniture, ie. a chair or table) are met by second hand furniture: 1 point. If 50% or more: 2 points. Documentation Required Receipt of acquisition by the occupant must be documented and compared to the number of occupants in the apartment building by the end of the first year of building occupancy. Furniture must be tested for lead or other contaminates. Any amount of lead or other material deemed toxic will prohibit that piece of furniture from reuse.

[13] Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 124 [14] Taylor, Thomas. (2011). 128-130 [15] â&#x20AC;&#x153;Furniture and Medical Furnishings." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. p.568

[page] MR-24

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: DESIGN FOR FLEXIBILITY

INTENT:

A key characteristic of Fort Lauderdale’s growth is the way in which new buildings are sited and constructed. Because Fort Lauderdale is built-out and no “greenland” exists outside of parks and along certain areas on the coast, when developers decide to build they usually buy land with a building already on it. This building is usually demolished and replaced with another building. As time goes on, this process repeats. The goal of this section is to challenge designers to plan buildings with a life expectancy of at least one hundred years. These buildings should be designed so that the building can be easily renovated and its purpose and function easily changed. Multifamily midrises, unlike offices, are more difficult to design for flexibility due to the need for permanent walls between units and the embedding of wiring, plumbing, and other systems within these walls. However, the structure and façade can still be designed to facilitate future renovations and possible occupancy change. Based off of Abu Dhabi’s Pearl Building Rating System credit “Design for Flexibility & Adaptability” and “Design for Durability.”

4 POSSIBLE POINTS

CREDITS AVAILABLE: Design for Flexibility (+2 Points)

Requirements Demonstrate at least three of the following: “90% of the building has regular rhythm to exposed facades (by area)” [1]

“Floor-to-floor heights of at least 3.6 meters (approximately 12 feet)” [1] “90% of the windows are evenly distributed around exposed elevations (by area)” [1] Structure is designed to allow for an additional 5 floors. Structural grid is consistent to allow for future flexibility and modularity.

[page] MR-25

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: DESIGN FOR FLEXIBILITY

Documentation Required “Brief narrative describing how the project intends to meet the Credit Requirements, including any calculations. Building elevations clearly indicating how the building has regular rhythm to exposed facades, floor-to-floor heights and distribution of windows” [1] Building structural plans and load calculations. A signed declaration from a responsible party (structural engineer) that states the structure in the building can support an additional 5 floors. Building structural plans that show a clear and concise grid.

Design for Durability (+2 Points)

Requirements “To promote a long life building by protecting its components from condensation, water ingress, improper drainage and protecting vulnerable areas of the building envelope and surroundings.” [2] “Develop and implement a Building Durability Plan (BDP) to optimize the integrity of the building envelope.” [2]

Documentation Required “BDP conforming to the Credit Requirements; and Drawings and extracts from specifications and consultant briefs or scope demonstrating provision of the supporting measures described in the BDP. ” [2] Calculations and Methodology “The Building Durability Plan must include the following: Estimated life span of key building features, including concrete walls, foundations and structural elements, flooring, ceilings, roofs, cladding, windows and glazing/curtain wall systems or installations. Where components or assemblies have a shorter service life than the life of the building, a plan for how these slower cycling materials will be specified to reduce life-cycle impacts (e.g. carbon and toxicity) and be maintained or replaced without damage to the longer cycling elements/materials.” [2]

[1] "SM-3: Design for Flexibility & Adaptability" Page 180. Pearl Building Rating System. 28 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705564-dt-content-rid-4485741_1/courses/F14-48795/PearlBuildingRatingsSystem%20Version%201.0.pdf> [2] "SM-6: Design for Durability" Page 183. Pearl Building Rating System. 28 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705564-dt-content-rid-4485741_1/courses/F14-48795/PearlBuildingRatingsSystem%20Version%201.0.pdf>

[page] MR-26

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: DESIGN FOR FLEXIBILITY

“Description of design measures to improve durability and long term service life such as: o Bollards in loading areas; o Condensate capture; o Drains/shower waterproofing and drainage gradients; o Façade waterproofing and leakage; o Insulation of ducts and durability of ceilings (particularly waterproofing); o Ease of maintenance; o Access to façade and systems” [2]

CREDIT RESOURCES:

For information on this credit, refer to: "SM-3: Design for Flexibility & Adaptability" Page 180. Pearl Building Rating System. 28 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705564-dtcontent-rid-4485741_1/courses/F14-48795/PearlBuildingRatingsSystem%20Version%201.0.pdf> "SM-6: Design for Durability" Page 183. Pearl Building Rating System. 28 Sept. 2014. <https://blackboard.andrew.cmu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-705564-dtcontent-rid-4485741_1/courses/F14-48795/PearlBuildingRatingsSystem%20Version%201.0.pdf>

[page] MR-27

IEQ

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Indoor environmental quality is of particular importance for multi-family midrises since the average person spends a good portion of time at home, in particular sleeping. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, individuals between the age of 25 and 54 spend an average of 7.7 hours sleeping, 1.1 hours doing household activities, 1.3 hours caring for others, 1 hour eating and drinking, and another 2.5 hours doing leisure and sports. [1] Many of these, in particular sleeping and household activities are done at home. For this reason, special care should be taken when considering indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustics, and lighting. Fort Lauderdale is fortunate to have quite a few positive characteristics, in particular its moderate climate (59°F low - 82 °F high) [2], good outdoor air quality (B for both ozone and 24-hour particle pollution according to State of the Air) [2], and its proximity to the ocean and its associated breezes. Because the city has good outdoor air quality and temperature, the indoor air does not have to be filtered and conditioned as much as it may have to be elsewhere. In general, if the building is designed well, and indoor contaminates such as VOCs are taken into account, the indoor environmental quality, in particular the air, can be quite good. In addition to air quality and temperature, Fort Lauderdale has an abundance of sunshine (averaging over 200 hours per month) [4]. This abundance of sunshine makes natural day lighting a very feasible technique for illuminating homes during the daytime hours. While daylight might not benefit those who work 9 to 5, it could benefit those who work out of home, work night shifts, or otherwise spend a larger amount of time at their residence, in particular during the day. Overall, Fort Lauderdale’s positive aspects make it easier to create a very good indoor environmental quality.

[image 1] http://www.seasidepropertiesgroup.com/upload/pages/image_5156034826922_header.jpg [1] "About the Charts." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.bls.gov/tus/charts/>. [2] “Fort Lauderdale, Florida.” Wikipedia. Last modified 22 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida> [3] "Broward - State of the Air 2014 | American Lung Association." State of the Air 2014. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.stateoftheair.org/2014/states/florida/broward-12011.html>. [4] Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-inches,fort-lauderdale,United-States-of-America>.

[page] IEQ-1

IEQ

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Below are the following main purposes and goals of this section: To protect air quality during construction. To promote healthy indoor air quality through properly designed HVAC systems, compartmentalization, the restriction of tobacco smoke, and low-emitting materials. To promote an acoustically pleasant environment. To encourage the growth of plants in the indoor environment. To encourage designers to provide quality views for all residents. To provide excellent interior lighting. To provide a thermally comfortable environment.

38 POSSIBLE POINTS

[page] IEQ-2

IEQ

PREREQUISITE:

CONSTRUCTION AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY

INTENT:

To protect the quality of building systems during construction and installation. [16] To prevent future health problems from contaminants reaching said systems. To preserve the integrity and intentions of the design.

PREREQUISITES: Construction Air

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite Comply with all of the following:

• Building systems upon installation remain sealed until operation with a filter [21]. If built for the use of a filter included as part of its operation, all mechanical, ventilation, fluid, and other systems will remain inactive until filters are in place. [17] All systems are to remain sealed upon installation until filters are in place and the system is ready for activation. [18] • All completed spaces are sealed from nearby construction after each completion phase [22]. All completed building spaces shall be sealed from further contaminates, “dust,” and other substances from construction on site at regular phases of construction. [19] • All pollutant emitted activities are ventilated and exhaust sent outside [23]. Activities that release gas and particulates shall be properly ventilated and exhaust sent outside the building during construction to prevent deposits into the building structure. [20] • All unnecessary vehicles remain off site. On site vehicles are not permitted to idle with the motor active. All non necessary vehicles and fuel powered machines shall not be permitted on site, or left to idle.

[16] ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. [17] ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. [18] ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. [19] ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. [20] ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. [21] ASHRAE (2010). 7.1.2. [23]ASHRAE (2010). 7.1.4.2.

Section 7.1.1 Retrieved 4 October 2014 Section 7.1.2 Retrieved 4 October 2014 Section 7.1.2 and 7.1.5. Retrieved 4 October 2014 Section 7.1.4.2 Retrieved 4 October 2014 Section 7.1.4.1. Retrieved 4 October 2014

[page] IEQ-3

IEQ

PREREQUISITE:

CONSTRUCTION AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Documentation Required (C) Construction Provide a declaration signed by a responsible party, either the construction supervisor or a committee member, stating that the construction site complied with all the criteria in this prerequisite. The responsible party must schedule daily or weekly site visits to ensure that criteria in this prerequisite are not being violated.

RESOURCES:

ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 Section 7.1.1 Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 Section 7.1.2 Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 Section 7.1.2 and 7.1.5. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 Section 7.1.4.2 Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. ASHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2010 Section 7.1.4.1. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.madcad.com.proxy.library.cmu.edu/library/119696/266305/. ASHRAE (2010). 7.1.2. ASHRAE (2010). 7.1.4.2.

[page] IEQ-4

IEQ

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: INDOOR AIR QUALITY

INTENT:

Fort Lauderdale has good outdoor air quality, this is probably due to the fact that the city resides on flat ground and is on the coast, meaning most of the air contaminates are blown away. According to State of the Air, Fort Lauderdale ranks out of 277 metropolitan areas: 155 for high ozone days, 61 for 24-hour particle pollution, and 172 for annual particle pollution. Currently the city has a grade of B for both ozone and 24-hour particle pollution. [1] Because of the decent air quality and the moderate climate (59°F low - 82 °F high) [2], combined with a relative humidity that for most days can be quite comfortable (49% low – 92% high) [3], Fort Lauderdale can utilize outdoor air in ways that may not be applicable elsewhere, examples would be the implementation of natural ventilation and increased outdoor air intake in HVAC systems.

3 POSSIBLE POINTS PREREQUISITES: Minimum Outdoor Air Intake

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite “For mechanically ventilated spaces (and for mixed-mode systems when the mechanical ventilation is activated), determine the minimum outdoor air intake flow for mechanical ventilation systems using the ventilation rate procedure from ASHRAE 62.1–2010 or a local equivalent, whichever is more stringent. Meet the minimum requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2010, Sections 4–7, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (with errata), or a local equivalent, whichever is more stringent. ” [4] AND (if applicable) For naturally ventilated spaces “For naturally ventilated spaces (and for mixed-mode systems when the mechanical ventilation is inactivated), determine the minimum outdoor air opening and space configuration requirements using the natural ventilation procedure from ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2010 or a local equivalent, whichever is more stringent. Meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2010, Section 4, or a local equivalent, whichever is more stringent.“ [4]

[1] "Broward - State of the Air 2014 | American Lung Association." State of the Air 2014. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.stateoftheair.org/2014/states/florida/broward-12011.html>. [2] “Fort Lauderdale, Florida.” Wikipedia. Last modified 22 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida> [3] "WeatherSpark Beta." Average Weather For Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <https://weatherspark.com/averages/30326/Fort-Lauderdale-Florida-United-States>. [4] "INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (EQ)" LEED 4.0. Page106-109. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

[page] IEQ-5

IEQ

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Ventilation Monitoring

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite “For mechanically ventilated spaces (and for mixed-mode systems when the mechanical ventilation is activated), monitor outdoor air intake flow as follows:” [1]

• “For variable air volume systems, provide a direct outdoor airflow measurement device capable of measuring the minimum outdoor air intake flow. This device must measure the minimum outdoor air intake flow with an accuracy of +/–10% of the design minimum outdoor airflow rate, as defined by the ventilation requirements above. An alarm must indicate when the outdoor airflow value varies by 15% or more from the outdoor airflow setpoint.” [1] • “For constant-volume systems, balance outdoor airflow to the design minimum outdoor airflow rate defined by ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2010 (with errata), or higher. Install a current transducer on the supply fan, an airflow switch, or similar monitoring device.” [1] AND (if applicable) Naturally ventilated spaces “For naturally ventilated spaces (and for mixed-mode systems when the mechanical ventilation is inactivated), comply with at least one of the following strategies:” [1] • ”Provide a direct exhaust airflow measurement device capable of measuring the exhaust airflow. This device must measure the exhaust airflow with an accuracy of +/–10% of the design minimum exhaust airflow rate. An alarm must indicate when airflow values vary by 15% or more from the exhaust airflow setpoint.” [1] •Monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations within each residential unit and in all public/common spaces (such as gyms, laundry facilities, and meeting rooms). “CO2 monitors must be between 3 and 6 feet (900 and 1 800 millimeters) above the floor and within the” [1] residential unit or common space. “CO2 monitors must have an audible or visual indicator or alert the building automation system if the sensed CO2 concentration exceeds the setpoint by more than 10%. Calculate appropriate CO2 setpoints using the methods in ASHRAE 62.1–2010, Appendix C.” [1]

[1] "INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (EQ)" LEED 4.0. Page106-109. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

[page] IEQ-6

IEQ

PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Dwelling Units

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite Each dwelling unit must meet all of the following requirements:

• Unvented combustion appliances (e.g., decorative logs) are not allowed. • Carbon monoxide monitors must be installed on each floor of each unit. • All indoor fireplaces and wood stoves must have solid glass enclosures or doors that seal when closed. • Any indoor fireplaces and wood stoves that are not closed combustion or powervented must pass a back draft potential test to ensure that depressurization of the combustion appliance zone is less than 5 Pa. • Space- and water-heating equipment that involves combustion must be designed and installed with closed combustion (i.e., sealed supply air and exhaust ducting) or with power-vented exhaust, or located in a detached utility building or open-air facility. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all airflow rate monitors, carbon dioxide monitors, carbon monoxide monitors, and water heating equipment. If applicable, provide manufacturer cut sheets for any indoor fireplaces, wood stoves, and space heaters. (PC) Project Completion Provide a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that the building ventilation complies with the “minimum requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010, Sections 4-7, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (with errata), or a local equivalent, whichever is more stringent.” [1] Provide signed pay application and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all airflow rate monitors, carbon dioxide monitors, carbon monoxide monitors, and water heating equipment. If applicable, provide signed pay application and manufacturer or supplier invoices for any indoor fireplaces, wood stoves, and space heaters.

[1] "INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (EQ)" LEED 4.0. Page106-109. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

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PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: INDOOR AIR QUALITY

CREDITS AVAILABLE: Natural Ventilation (Variable Points, up to 3)

D C PC 1Y Natural Ventilation - General Provide operable openings to the outside that allow natural breezes to enter every residential unit in the building. All main spaces and rooms (bedrooms, living room, kitchen, dining room etc.) should be naturally ventilated, with the exception of bathrooms and walk-in storage closets. Operable openings can be in the form of windows or doors that lead onto a balcony or terrace. Operable clerestory windows are acceptable (but not preferred) for bedrooms if the operation of the windows is user friendly and not cumbersome. 1 point Natural Ventilation - Courtyards and Atriums To reduce demands on ventilation, the use of atriums, open ended circulation spaces, and operable windows are required. A courtyard space is encouraged to provide evaporation cooling from the greenery. Circulation and atriums must have direct access to the courtyard. Atrium must have operable roof openings to provide a stack effect that will allow heated air to rise out of the structure. Features must be in compliance with local fire codes. 1 point Documentation Required (D) Design Submit design documents for each unique residential unit. Documents must show the location of operable windows, adjacent courtyards, atriums, balconies, and/or terraces, as well as the location of ceiling fans and other devices that facilitate natural air movement. In addition, provide calculations or simulation data that demonstrates the air flow rate through the main spaces during the summer months. Provide manufacturer cut sheets and purchase invoices in addition to the aforementioned requirements. (PC) Project Completion Provide signed pay application and manufacturer or supplier invoices for ceiling fans and other devices that facilitate natural air movement. Provide signed declaration from a responsible party stating that natural ventilation is working as simulated in the Design Stage.

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PREREQUISITE AND CREDIT: INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Approach and Methodologies To maximize natural ventilation buildings should be designed in a finger fashion (thin with spaces a maximum of 30â&#x20AC;&#x2122; from a window). If possible, to facilitate cross ventilation, an operable window or sliding door should be located on opposite ends of the space, allowing breezes to enter from one window and flow through the living spaces before exiting out the other. If this is not possible, courtyards and atriums adjacent to the residential units are an alternative. A stepped building that gets progressively smaller as it rises is another recommendation to increase terrace and balcony space as well as access to natural breezes.

RESOURCES:

Allard, Francis. Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A Design Handbook. James & James (Science), 1998. Print. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1tdQMyhPA2gC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=natu ral+ventilation+strategies&ots=mHwgc6Xmbq&sig=0dePtwUYi7wF58Ecj23OrIB4lzM#v=onepa ge&q=natural%20ventilation%20strategies&f=false> "INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (EQ)" LEED 4.0. Page106-109. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

[page] IEQ-9

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PREREQUISITE:

COMPARTMENTALIZATION

INTENT:

Compartmentalization is extremely important for multi-family midrises since multiple people with different lifestyles and habits often live in one complex – this can result in a whole slew of odors, allergens, and contaminates that if not contained can easily spread through the walls and into adjoining units. Second hand smoke, pet dander, and the smell of a neighbor’s dinner can be simply annoying or in some cases unhealthy or even life threatening. Compartmentalization helps prevent air transfer between units thereby increasing air quality. This section is based off of LEED 4.0 Homes requirement “Compartmentalization” and LEED 4.0’s prerequisite “Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control.”

PREREQUISITES: Compartmentalization

Requirements Note: This is a prerequisite “Each unit must be compartmentalized to prevent excessive leakage between units.” [1] All dwelling units in the building must comply with the following: • “Weather-strip all exterior doors and operable windows in the residential units to minimize leakage from outdoors.” [2] • “Weather-strip all doors leading from residential units into common hallways.” [2] • “Minimize uncontrolled pathways for the transfer of smoke and other indoor air pollutants between residential units by sealing penetrations in the walls, ceilings, and floors and by sealing vertical chases (including utility chases, garbage chutes, mail drops, and elevator shafts) adjacent to the units. ” [2] • “Demonstrate acceptable sealing of residential units by a blower door test. Follow the procedure described by RESNET or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily High Rise Program Testing and Verification Protocols, Version 1.0, with an allowable maximum leakage of 0.23 cfm50 per square foot (0.07 cmm50 per square meter) of enclosure (i.e., all surfaces enclosing the apartment, including exterior and party walls, floors, and ceiling).” [1]

[1] "Compartmentalization" LEED BD+C: Homes | v4 - LEED v. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/2612457?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4> [2] “EQ PREREQUISITE: ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE CONTROL” LEED 4.0. 03 Oct. 2014 <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf>

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PREREQUISITE:

COMPARTMENTALIZATION

Documentation Required (D) Design Provide detail drawings and/or cut sheets from the manufacturer for all weather-stripping on entry doors, exterior doors and operable windows. In addition, provide detail drawings demonstrating how all ceiling, wall, and floor joints are to be sealed. If applicable, provide detail drawings demonstrating how all vertical chases (utility chases, garbage chutes, mail drops, and elevator shafts) are to be sealed from adjacent units. (PC) Project Completion Provide the results of the blower door test with a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that each residential unit in the complex has passed the blower door test procedure described by RESNET or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily High Rise Program Testing and Verification Protocols, Version 1. (1Y) Post Occupancy, 1 Year Provide the results of a second blower door test done at least one year after initial occupancy with a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that each residential unit in the complex has passed the blower door test procedure described by RESNET or the ENERGY STAR Multifamily High Rise Program Testing and Verification Protocols, Version 1.

RESOURCES:

"Compartmentalization" LEED BD+C: Homes | v4 - LEED v. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/2612457?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4> â&#x20AC;&#x153;EQ PREREQUISITE: ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE CONTROLâ&#x20AC;? LEED 4.0. 03 Oct. 2014 <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf>

[page] IEQ-11

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PREREQUISITE: ACOUSTICS

INTENT:

Acoustics is a very important factor in multi-family midrises. Far too often are apartments and condos designed with little to no sound separation between units. This can lead to noise entering the unit, like the foot fall of the neighbor above or even intelligible speech across the wall. In addition to noise from surrounding units, disturbing noises can also come from poorly planned and install ductwork, plumbing, and even elevators. This section, based off LEED 4.0’s “Minimum Acoustic Performance” prerequisite and “Acoustic Performance” credit as well as LEED Home’s “Acoustic Comfort” credit, seeks to reduce the amount of sound transmitted between units as well as reduce the amount of sound generated from HVAC and other building systems.

PREREQUISITES:

“Acoustically sensitive rooms are defined as: bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, and studies. Acoustically insensitive rooms include bathrooms, kitchens, and hallways.” [1]

Noise Reduction Methods

Note: This is a prerequisite Option 1: New Construction - prescriptive noise reduction methods. “Meet all of the following requirements:

• Party walls must have a minimum STC rating of 55. • All party wall penetrations must be sealed with acoustical sealant. • Floor/ceiling assemblies must have a minimum STC and IIC rating of 55. • Continuous ventilation fans shall have a maximum sound rating of 0.7 sones. Intermittent fans shall have a maximum sound rating of 1.5 sones, unless their maximum rated airflow exceeds 400 cfm. HVAC air handlers and remote-mounted fans are exempted, if the fans are mounted outside the habitable spaces, bathrooms, and hallways, and if there is at least 4 feet of ductwork between the fan and the intake grill. • Ducts are securely attached (no loose connections between sections of ductwork). • The fan housing is securely anchored. • The damper flap closes fully, with no visible airspaces around the flap.” [1]

[1] "Acoustic comfort" LEED BD+C v4. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

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PREREQUISITE: ACOUSTICS

“For projects that are less than a half a mile away from any significant noise source such as (but not limited to) aircraft over-flights, highways, trains, and industry, exterior assemblies must include: • Exterior windows and doors must have a minimum STC rating of 35. • All exterior wall penetrations must be sealed with acoustical sealant, and/or otherwise treated for sound control (e.g. lined elbows on vents, lined exterior ducts where feasible).” [1]’ Documentation Required (D) Design Provide plan and section drawings of each unique unit with labels clearly defining the STC rating of all walls, floors, and ceiling assemblies. In addition, provide detail drawings clearly explaining each unique sound assembly (for example, a party wall section with each layer clearly annotated). Lastly, provide manufacturer cut sheets for all products within the acoustic assemblies; this includes but is not limited to sound insulation, sound isolating studs, and windows. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built drawings for walls, floors, and ceiling assemblies. Conduct a background noise test in every residential unit to ensure that all interior and exterior noises within the unit do not exceed a dBA of 40. Provide data from noise test with a signed declaration by a responsible party stating that the test results are accurate to the best of their knowledge. OR Option 2: Building Renovation - performance based requirements. “Meet all of the following. The tested levels must be met in the acoustically sensitive room that is considered the worst case condition. • The maximum background noise level in the home or unit due to exterior noise sources cannot exceed 40 dBA, based on the peak hour Leq. • The maximum background noise level in the home or unit due to interior noise sources (HVAC systems, lighting, and other building services operating simultaneously) shall not exceed 40 dBA, based on the peak Leq. • Party walls must have a minimum NIC rating of 50.

[1] "Acoustic comfort" LEED BD+C v4. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

[page] IEQ-13

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PREREQUISITE: ACOUSTICS

• Floor-ceiling assemblies between units must have a minimum NIC and FIIC rating of 50.” [1] Documentation Required (D) Design Provide test results for every unit in the building. In addition, provide a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that every unit in the complex meets or exceed the requirements laid out in this prerequisite. (PC) Project Completion Provide new test results for every unit in the building. In addition, provide a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that every unit in the complex meets or exceed the requirements laid out in this prerequisite. Approach and Methodologies When planning each unit in the residential complex, the designer can reduce the amount of sound transmitted through the walls into acoustically sensitive spaces by placing acoustically insensitive rooms between the units. One such example would be to place clothes closets as a buffer between the bedroom of one unit and the bedroom or living space of another unit. In addition, the detailing of wall assemblies is very important. For example, according to the USG, a regular wall with 5/8” gypsum board and 2x4 studs at 16” O.C. will have an STC rating of 34 (loud speech is understandable). A similar wall, with studs at 24” O.C. and 3” mineral wool batt will still have a better STC rating of 46. However, if you design a wall with two layers of gypsum board, 2x4 wood studs 16” O.C. and 2” of mineral batt insulation, you can achieve an STC of 58, at which point loud speech cannot be heard between walls (assuming 30db background noise on listening side). [2] Refer to the table on the following page for STC ratings. In general more mass is better; a wall assembly can achieve more satisfactory results with more layers of gypsum board than with sound insulation. Use of resilient channels and sound isolating studs is another strategy. When it comes to floor/ceiling assemblies, the rule of more mass is better still applies. Though additional sound proofing can be added through the use of resilient channels and sound mats. Acoustic sealant is a must for all joints between floors and walls and ceilings and walls.

[1] "Acoustic comfort" LEED BD+C v4. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

[page] IEQ-14

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PREREQUISITE: ACOUSTICS

RESOURCES:

For more information on this section, refer to: "Acoustic comfort" LEED BD+C v4. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4> “EQ CREDIT: ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE” LEED 4.0. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> “EQ PREREQUISITE: MINIMUM ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE ” LEED 4.0. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBall otVersion.pdf> For acoustic wall, floor and ceiling assemblies, refer to: “Acoustical Assemblies” USG. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usg.com/content/dam/USG_Marketing_Communications/united_states/produ ct_promotional_materials/finished_assets/acoustical-assemblies-en-SA200.pdf>

[table 5-15] http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Table5-15.jpg [1] "Acoustic comfort" LEED BD+C v4. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4> [2] “Acoustical Assemblies” USG. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usg.com/content/dam/USG_Marketing_Communications/united_states/product_promotional_materials/finished_assets/acoustical-assemblies-en-SA200.pdf>

[page] IEQ-15

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CREDIT:

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS

INTENT:

To protect occupants from the toxicity of substances emitted from materials used in construction and furniture. To minimize impact on the environment by detrimental chemicals. To encourage the use of natural alternatives.

11 POSSIBLE POINTS

CREDITS AVAILABLE:

For construction, any and all materials and substances for the purpose of adhering, wielding, caulking, sealing, or any other chemical and thermal reaction for the attaching of materials shall not exceed the limits established by LEED V4 for the content of Volatile Organic Compounds.[24] This code recognizes the utility of certain VOCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s as necessary for construction and the limitations of certain new products to be developed as substitutes.[25] The table below provides the limit for acceptable VOC limits in construction. Furniture Any and all furnishings for occupant use must have no VOC. The reuse of furnishings mentioned prior is encouraged to have no off-gassing from new furniture. [26] Paints Any and all paints used on the interior surfaces of public and private spaces must be marked as no VOC. Flooring Hard flooring with zero VOC is the only surface allowed. The use of wall to wall carpeting is prohibited due to off-gassing found in typical new carpets and accumulation of allergens. [27] However, residents may purchase on their own, area rugs and similar things. Such items must be removed by residents upon leaving the place permanently.

[23] ASHRAE (2010). 7.1.4.1. [24] Housman, Joel. (2009) LEED Resources: Adhesives, Sealants, and Sealant Primers VOC Limits (IEQc4.1) USGBC. R etrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.usgbc.org/resources/adhesives-sealants-and-sealant-primers-voc-limits-ieqc41 pg. 331 [25] Baird, Nina. (2 October 2014). IAQ Lecture. Lecture conducted from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA. [26] â&#x20AC;&#x153;Furniture and Medical Furnishings." USGBC Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction V4. p.568

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CREDIT:

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS

Table: Housman, Joel. (2009) LEED Resources: Adhesives, Sealants, and Sealant Primers VOC Limits (IEQc4.1) USGBC. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.usgbc.org/resources/adhesives-sealants-and-sealant-primers-voc-limits-ieqc41 pg. 331

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CREDIT:

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS

VOCS (Variable Points, up to 11)

Requirements Construction materials used for the attachment of materials meet the VOC limits established by LEED and featured in this code [28]: 5 points. Furniture is zero VOC: 2 points. All paints used on the interior surfaces of public and private spaces have no VOC. [29] 2 points All flooring is hard surfaces with zero VOC: 2 points Documentation Required All suppliers of materials and chemicals used on the project must provide in writing the VOC content of each substance used in the project. [30]

RESOURCES:

IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 85 Housman, Joel. (2009) LEED Resources: Adhesives, Sealants, and Sealant Primers VOC Limits (IEQc4.1) USGBC. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.usgbc.org/resources/adhesives-sealants-and-sealant-primers-voc-limits-ieqc41 pg. 331 IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 83 IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 83

[27] IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 85 [28] Housman, Joel. (2009) LEED Resources: Adhesives, Sealants, and Sealant Primers VOC Limits (IEQc4.1) USGBC. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.usgbc.org/resources/adhesives-sealants-and-sealant-primers-voc-limits-ieqc41 pg. 331 [29] IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 83 [30] IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 83

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CREDIT: TOBACCO SMOKE

INTENT:

To prevent the negative health consequences to residents by the lifestyle choices of another. To preserve the air quality of the project. To discourage the use of adverse products.

4 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE:

The use of tobacco and the act of smoking and inhalation of said smoke shall be prohibited from public spaces [13] such as hallways, atriums, and courtyards. Smoking is also prohibited on individual unit outdoor patios and balconies and windows in the event that it may waft into neighboring units. Owners of the project are free to specify spaces outdoor for the use of such products. Designated outdoor smoking spaces must be downwind of residential units, preferably in areas already at risk of noxious fumes such as next to parking lots. Owners of the project may ban the act of smoking all together and require the occupants to sign an agreement. [14]

Smoking (Variable Points, up to 4)

Requirements If smoking is permitted, designated spaces are provided downwind of the residential units. 1 point. All public hallways, atriums, and courtyard and public interior spaces are deemed as no smoking spaces. [15] 3 points. Non-smoking and quit smoking literature and support is publically offered. 1 point.

RESOURCES:

IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 75 IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 75

[13] IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 75 [14] Infiltration of Secondhand Smoke into Condominiums, Schoenmarklin, Susan. (2009). Apartments and Other Multi-Unit Dwellings: 2009. : A Law Synopsis by the Tobacco Control Legal Consortium October 2009 http://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/tclc-syn-condos-2009_0.pdf, p. 1 and 10 [15] IGBC Green Homes (2009. Indoor Environmental Quality. IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1.0. p. 75

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CREDIT: INTERIOR PLANTS

INTENT:

Intent: To promote the use of vegetation for the natural purification of interior air [12] and for the beautification of spaces. To provide appropriate humidification and evaporative cooling of public hallways and courtyards and atriums. [3] To provide natural greenery for the purpose of psychological calming effects [4] and for a lesser extent the absorption of acoustic noise. [5] Given the tropical climate of Florida, Fort Lauderdale is an ideal place to grow a variety of plants for the benefit of the environment and residents. The year round sunshine, moderate to warm temperatures, and constant presence of birds and insects vital for pollination make the region more than hospitable to growing greenery. The added benefits of vegetation make this an ideal part to sustainable architecture, for the betterment of occupants and the environment all together.

10 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE:

Public Spaces Vegetation must be present in publicly accessed circulation spaces such as hallways, atriums, and meeting spaces. Courtyards facing resident units must be vegetated. Any and all container based plants in public spaces must be sub irrigated for the purpose of conserving and reducing the water and weight on the residential building structure, versus typical gardening practices of overhead watering and full planters of soil. [6] For circulation spaces, a minimum of one plant per square foot of a larger linear container or one plant per 12 inch diameter container per seventy square feet will be necessary. [7] For courtyards, a minimum of 70% of the surface must be vegetated, half of which may not be grass. Surface coverage may be reduced to 50% (half of which is not grass) if vegetation is trained to grow on the walls of the courtyard. For atriums, at least 25% of the area must be covered in vegetation and if facing walls, trained, to grow up the walls to increase the plant surface area interacting with the air. Resident Spaces Residents are encouraged to grow indoor plants within their units by the design of the apartment structure to facilitate planters on the window shelf, patios, and where else as appropriate in the design, such as shelves near the window or herb containers in the kitchen. At a minimum, for every hundred square feet of living space, one plant per square foot of a larger linear container or one plant per 12 inch diameter container will be necessary. [8] [1] Bayer (2014). 5 Benefits of Household Plants. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.bayeradvanced.com/articles/5-benefits-of-houseplants [2] Sustainable Baby Steps. (2013) Types of Houseplants That Clean Indoor Air. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from h ttp://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/types-of-houseplants.html [3] Bayer (2014) [4] Green Plants for Green Buildings (2014) Benefit of Green Plants. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://greenplantsforgreenbuildings.org/resources/benefits-of-green-plants/ [5] Freeman, Kenneth (2014). How Plants Can Reduce Noise Levels Indoors. Huffington Post. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/kenneth-freeman/how-plants-can-reduce-noi_b_4802876.html [6] Inside Urban Green (2014) Sub Irrigated Planters. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.insideurbangreen.org/sub-irrigated-buckets [7] Increased from the 100 sq ft guideline in (2013) Types of Houseplants That Clean Indoor Air. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/types-of-houseplants.html

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CREDIT: INTERIOR PLANTS

Interior Plants (Variable Points, up to 10)

Requirements Any and all container based plants in public spaces are sub irrigated. 1 point Circulation spaces such as hallways and atriums have at least one plant per square foot of a linear container or one plant per 12 inch diameter container per seventy square feet of area. 2 points Courtyards have a minimum of 70% of the surface vegetated, half of which is not be grass. 2 points OR Courtyards have a minimum of 50% the surface is vegetated, half of which is not grass, and wall-facing vegetation is trained to grow on the walls of the courtyard. 1 point Atriums have at least 25% of the area must be covered in vegetation and if facing walls, trained, to grow up the the walls to increase the plant surface area interacting with the air. 2 points.

[8] Sustainable Baby Steps. (2013) Types of Houseplants That Clean Indoor Air. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/types-of-houseplants.html [9] Increased from the 100 sq ft guideline in (2013) Types of Houseplants That Clean Indoor Air. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/types-of-houseplants.html

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CREDIT: INTERIOR PLANTS

All residential units are designed to facilitate planters on the window shelf, patios, and where else as appropriate. 2 points. Seventy-five percent of residents in the one year and five year post-occupancy studies are found to have for every hundred square feet of living space, a minimum of one plant per square foot of a larger linear container or one plant per 12 inch diameter container. [10] 3 points. Note: The growth and cultivation of plants listed as illegal by either the Federal Government or State and Local government is prohibited. Examples include (but are not limited to) plants grown for narcotic use, plants known to have wide spread allergy causing effects, [11] and plants that pose a threat for local species. [12] Were such plants to be found intentionally grown on the site of the project during the post occupancy studies, all credit and points associated with this greenery section of the code will be forfeited. If necessary, Federal law enforcement will be notified by this inspecting code community of violations. Documentation Required Documentation: On the one year and five year post-occupancy evaluations, grown plants on public circulation spaces must meet the above criteria of a minimum of one plant per square foot of a larger linear container or one plant per 12 inch diameter container per seventy square feet will be necessary. [1] For courtyards, a minimum of 70% of the surface must be vegetated, half of which may not be grass. Surface coverage may be reduced to 50% (half of which is not grass) if vegetation is trained to grow on the walls of the courtyard. For atriums, at least 25% of the area must be covered in vegetation and if facing walls, trained to grow upon the walls. For residences, for every hundred square feet of living space, one plant per square foot of a larger linear container or one plant per 12 inch diameter container will be necessary. [2] The minimum number of plants alive must fulfill these criteria. Plants showing death or signs of illness will be excluded from these calculations. Should the study fail to show this minimum maintained at the one year mark, if the residential project can be shown to be within 75% of achieving these criteria, the project shall have one year from that study to repopulate its vegetation to meet the one year post occupancy study again on its second year of operation. This is to account for issues arising from training personnel and residents alike to care for plants, unexpected catastrophes, and circumstances that may make the first year difficult for growth. The same extension shall not be given for the five year post occupancy study, unless documentation can be shown to prove such a catastrophe was beyond the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s control. In either case, an extension shall only be granted once. [1] Increased from the 100 sq ft guideline in (2013) Types of Houseplants That Clean Indoor Air. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/types-of-houseplants.html [2] Sustainable Baby Steps. (2013) Types of Houseplants That Clean Indoor Air. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/types-of-houseplants.html [10] Sustainable Baby Steps. (2013) Types of Houseplants That Clean Indoor Air. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/types-of-houseplants.html [11] UF(2014). Brazilian pepper-tree. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/405 [12] For example, see Jarvis, BJ. Melaleuca An Invasive Tree of Florida. Retrieved 4 October 2014 from http://pasco.ifas.ufl.edu/gardening/melaleuca.shtml

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CREDIT:

QUALITY VIEWS

INTENT:

To promote the psychological and physical health of residents by providing adequate views of nature and access to natural light. [31] Florida has an abundant number of beaches, parks, tourist destinations, architecture, and other features that make it one of the best places to have an amazing view. Ft. Lauderdale has no less to offer as part of the Florida coastline looking out to the Atlantic, providing fresh breezes and warm sunshine. And even when the shoreline is not in sight, the wide corridors of city action and excitement always have something for people to look at. Sometimes those perspectives are blocked by neighboring structures that prevent residents from seeing all that Florida has to offer. By maintaining views to the shore or through corridors of the city, residents should be aware of the life around them. Because of this need for views, any project that wishes to take this building code must over the above views as much as possible to preserve the access to visible beauty and scenic views for all residents.

4 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE:

All units on the second floor and above must have views down visual corridors not obstructed by buildings within a hundred feet down the visual corridor. All units facing the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s courtyard must have views of said courtyard. The obstruction of views by walls or structures on the property shall be prohibited unless a courtyard green space of at least twenty feet is provided for between window and that obstruction as an exterior space. Such walls may not exceed the first story. Residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; primary views for the living spaces shall not be of the parking lot nor structure. If on adjoining walls, windows of residential units shall not be made to look at each other.

Quality Views (Variable Points, up to 4)

Requirements All residential units have primary views unimpeded down a visual corridor. 1 points. Parking and other structures do not impede primary views of residents: 1 points. All first floor units affected by privacy walls must have green spaces of at least twenty feet as exterior spaces. 2 points.

[31] Wolf, Kathleen, and Katrina Flora. ( 2010.) Mental Health and Function. University of Washington. Retrieved 4 October, 2014. http://depts.washington.edu/hhwb/Thm_Mental.html

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INTERIOR LIGHTING

INTENT:

When comparing multi-family midrises to retail and offices, interior lighting may not seem to be as important. However, the quality of light has profound impact on how people feel. There have been several studies linking human health, vitality, and overall mood with the type of light their exposed to. One example study by K.C.H.J. Smolder et al found that: “The amount of light experienced was significantly related to vitality, indicating that persons who were exposed to more light experienced more vitality, over and above the variance explained by person characteristics, time of day, activity patterns and sleep duration during the previous night.” [2]

While not every individual will be home during most of the daytime hours on a work week, individuals are likely to be home in the morning and are likely to spend at least a portion of their daytime hours during the weekends at their residence. In addition, more people are starting to work out of home (6.6% of the population in 2010, up from 4.8% in 1997) [3], some individuals don’t work, and children often get home before their parents. For these reasons and more, lighting is important in multi-family midrises and should be planned with care and consideration for the residents. Fort Lauderdale in particular is an excellent candidate for natural day lighting as it averages 200 hours of sunshine per month. [1] Day lighting has been shown to increase health and human comfort in a number of studies, such as “The effects of daylighting and human behavior on luminous comfort in residential buildings.” [4] This section, dedicated to interior lighting (both artificial and natural) is based off of LEED 4.0’s “Interior Lighting” credit.

4 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDIT AVAILABLE: Lighting Control (+1 Point)

Requirements For every residential unit in the building, “provide individual lighting controls that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to suit their individual tasks and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Midlevel is 30% to 70% of the maximum illumination level (not including daylight contributions).” [5] [1] Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-inches,fort-lauderdale,United-States-of-America>. [2] Smolders, K.c.h.j., Y.a.w. De Kort, and S.m. Van Den Berg. "Daytime Light Exposure and Feelings of Vitality: Results of a Field Study during Regular Weekdays." Journal of Environmental Psychology: 270-79. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494413000716>. [3] Mateyka, Peter J., and Melanie A. Rapino. "Home-Based Workers in the United States: 2010." 2010 U.S. Census (2012). U.S. Census. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p70-132.pdf>. [4] Xue, Peng, C.M. Mak, and H.D. Cheung. "The Effects of Daylighting and Human Behavior on Luminous Comfort in Residential Buildings: A Questionnaire Survey." Elsevier (2014). Science Direct. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132314001978>. [5] "Interior Lighting" LEED 4.0. Page128. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

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INTERIOR LIGHTING

For all shared multi occupant spaces (such as a building gym and meeting rooms), “meet all of the following requirements: • Have in place multi zone control systems that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to meet group needs and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, mid level). • Lighting for any presentation or projection wall must be separately controlled. Switches or manual controls must be located in the same space as the controlled luminaires. A person operating the controls must have a direct line of sight to the controlled luminaires.” [1] Documentation Required (D) Design Provide electrical drawings showing the location of light switches and light fixtures in all unique residential units and shared public spaces such as gyms and meeting rooms. Clearly annotate which switches are tied into each light fixture. In addition, provide manufacturer cut sheets for all light switches/controls, these controls should have the three lighting level capability. (PC) Project Completion Provide signed pay application and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all light switch/controls. Provide as-built electrical drawings for all unique residential units and public spaces.

Lighting Quality (+1 Point)

Requirements Regularly occupied spaces refers to each residential unit and any common or public spaces such as gyms, meeting rooms, and laundry facilities (if applicable). Meet all of the following: • “For all regularly occupied spaces, use light fixtures with a luminance of less than 2,500cd/m2 between 45 and 90 degrees from nadir. Exceptions include wallwash fixtures properly aimed at walls, as specified by manufacturer’s data, indirect uplighting fixtures, provided there is no view down into these uplights from a regularly occupied space above, and any other specific applications (i.e. adjustable fixtures). • For the entire project, use light sources with a CRI of 80 or higher. Exceptions include lamps or fixtures specifically designed to provide colored lighting for effect, site lighting, or other special use.

[1] "Interior Lighting" LEED 4.0. Page128. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

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INTERIOR LIGHTING

• For at least 75% of the total connected lighting load, use light sources that have a rated life (or L70 for LED sources) of at least 24,000 hours (at 3-hour per start, if applicable).” [1] • Use direct-only overhead lighting for 25% or less of the total connected lighting load for all regularly occupied spaces.” [1] Documentation Required (D) Design Provide electrical drawings showing the location of light switches and light fixtures in all unique residential units and shared public spaces such as gyms and meeting rooms. Clearly annotate which switches are tied into each light fixture. In addition, provide manufacturer cut sheets for all light switches/controls, lighting fixtures, and light bulbs. These cut sheets should include the light bulb life, CRI, and light output. (PC) Project Completion Provide as-built electrical drawings for all unique residential units and shared public spaces. Provide signed pay applications and manufacturer or supplier invoices for all light switches/controls, lighting fixtures, and light bulbs.

Daylighting (Variable Points, up to 2)

Daylighting, Option 1 All rooms in every unit of the building, with the exception of bathrooms and walk-in storage closets, should have access to natural day light. This day light should enter the room through direct means such as windows or skylights (preferred) or through in-direct means such as solar tubes or borrowed lights/clerestory lighting. 1 point OR Daylighting, Option 2 All rooms in every unit of the building should have access to natural day light. This day light should enter main living spaces and rooms (bedrooms, living room, kitchen, dining room etc.) through direct means such as windows or skylights. Bathrooms and walk-in storage closets should also have access to natural daylight either through direct means such as windows or skylights (preferred) or in-direct means such as solar tubes or borrowed lights/clerestory lighting. 2 points

[1] "Interior Lighting" LEED 4.0. Page128. 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

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INTERIOR LIGHTING

Documentation Required (D) Design Submit design documents for each unique residential unit. Documents must show the location of windows, skylights, borrowed lights, and/or any other systems used to bring daylight into the living spaces. In addition, provide calculations or simulation data that provides the number of lux, lumens, or foot candles of daylight that enters each space over the course of a day in both the summer and winter solstices. If using a system such as solar tubes or fiber optics, provide manufacturer cut sheets and purchase invoices in addition to the aforementioned requirements. (PC) Project Completion Submit as-built drawings for each unique residential unit. Provide daylight data in lux, lumens, or foot candles for every residential unit in the entire complex. In addition, provide a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that all data is accurate to the best of their knowledge. Approach and Methodologies To maximize daylight buildings should be designed in a finger fashion (thin with spaces a maximum of 30’ from a window). If this is not possible, courtyards, atriums, and skylights (or alternatively solar tubes and fiber optics) are recommended to bring daylight into deeper sections of the building. A stepped building that gets progressively smaller as it rises is another recommendation to increase terrace and balcony space as well as access to natural daylight.

RESOURCES:

Daylighting resources: “Daylight in Buildings.” Implications, Volume 03 Issue 03. University of Minnesota. 2005. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. <http://www.informedesign.org/_news/mar_v03-p.pdf>

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THERMAL COMFORT

INTENT:

While thermal comfort may not be as important for multi-family midrises as it is for offices (especially in terms of human productivity), it still plays a major role in residential units. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, individuals between the age of 25 and 54 spend an average of 7.7 hours sleeping, 1.1 hours doing household activities, 1.3 hours caring for others, 1 hour eating and drinking, and another 2.5 hours doing leisure and sports. [1] Many of these, in particular sleeping and household activities are done at home. An uncomfortable thermal environment at home can lead to sleep issues, as noted in studies such as “Ambient Temperature and Human Sleep” by A. Muzet et al. [2] Based on LEED 4.0’s “Thermal Comfort” credit, this section seeks to “promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing quality thermal comfort” [3].

2 POSSIBLE POINTS CREDITS AVAILABLE: Thermal Comfort (+1 Point) Requirements Comply with all of the following:

ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 “Design heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and the building envelope to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 55–2010, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy, with errata or a local equivalent.” [3] Residential/Dwelling Units All residential/dwelling units should have a thermostat that directly controls the air temperature, radiant temperature, air speed, and humidity within the unit. The thermostat should be user friendly and accessible. Documentation Required (D) Design Provide a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that the building as designed complies with the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy, with errata or a local equivalent. Provide manufacturer cut sheets for all thermostats.

[1] "About the Charts." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.bls.gov/tus/charts/>. [2] Muzet, A., J. -P. Libert, and V. Candas. "Ambient Temperature and Human Sleep." Experientia: 425-29. Web. 5 Oct. 2014. <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01952376?LI=true>. [3] "Thermal Comfort" LEED 4.0. 126-127 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

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CREDIT:

THERMAL COMFORT

(PC) Project Completion Provide a signed declaration from a responsible party stating that the building complies with the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy, with errata or a local equivalent.

Ceiling Fans (+1 Point)

Requirements Provide ceiling fans in all main spaces and rooms (bedrooms, living room, kitchen, dining room etc.), with the exception of bathrooms and walk-in storage closets. Ceiling fans should have wired controls that can be operated via an accessible switch on the wall. Pull chains are not acceptable. 1 point Documentation Required Submit design documents for each unique residential unit. Documents must show the location of ceiling fans and other devices that facilitate natural air movement. Provide manufacturer cut sheets and purchase invoices in addition to the aforementioned requirements.

RESOURCES:

Muzet, A., J. -P. Libert, and V. Candas. "Ambient Temperature and Human Sleep." Experientia: 425-29. Web. 5 Oct. 2014. <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01952376?LI=true> â&#x20AC;&#x153;Thermal Comfort" LEED 4.0. 126-127 03 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usgbc.org/node/4631859?return=/credits/mid-rise/v4>

[page] IEQ-29