Table 1.15 Angolanization Rate in Administrative versus Technical Occupations, 2002 Total
Administrative staff
Technical staff
Workforce
% Angolan
Workforce
% Angolan
Workforce
% Angolan
Unskilled staff (up to grade VI)
3,107
93
350
100
2,757
92
Midlevel staff (grades VII to XI)
8,099
86
1,404
98
6,695
83
Upper-level staff (grades XII and XIII)
2,427
54
725
64
1,702
49
13,633
82
2,479
89
11,154
80
Total
Source: Based on data from Mangueira 2004.
In 1983 the National Petroleum Institute (INP) was instituted to promote the educational and skill levels of the national working force in the oil industry. The INP cooperated with the Norwegian RKK center for vocational and professional training and the Stavanger Offshore Technical College (SOTS), mainly in the training of instructors for the INP itself. It offered three training programs: o
o
o
The Technical Training Program (high skilled) is a three-year program provided at the secondary level with courses in technical industrial maintenance, geology and mining, drilling, and production as well as petroleum operations. The Professional Training Program (medium skilled) is for candidates with secondary-level qualifications. It has additional 12-month and 18-month courses in electrical engineering, production operations, mechanics and maintenance, refrigeration, instrumentation, English, and information technology. The Petroleum Engineering Program (PEP), established in 2002, is a continuing specialized postgraduate program of mining, steel, chemistry, and civil engineering and graduates around 20 engineers annually (Teka 2011).
Between 1990 and 2003 the INP trained 1,581 high-skilled professionals and 1,111 medium-skilled professionals through its programs (CRES 2008); by 2008 the number of high-skilled graduates reached 1,790 (Teka 2011). Table 1.16 presents the INP’s training programs and the number of Angolans who graduated between 1983 and 2009. Table 1.16 Number of Graduates from High-Skilled Programs at the INP, 1983ď€2008 Study program Geology and prospection Drilling and production Mechanical engineering Geology and mining Subsea technology Other Total
Number of graduates 33 705 395 425 100 132 1,790
Source: Teka 2011.
Among oil companies, training and development efforts were diversified and varied according to the level of the beneficiaries and the spending value. For instance, Chevron concentrated on students and provided outstanding ones with scholarship grants in engineering, information technology, and health and safety studies, whereas Total E&P concentrated its efforts on training existing staff through tailored programs and rotations, often on projects outside Angola. ExxonMobil also provided on-the-job and off-the-job training to existing employees, although mostly to improve soft skills. In addition, the company funded Angolans to study in the United States (Skills Shortage II). British Petroleum (BP) developed trainings within the company and implemented the leadership programs used in other countries to Angola, to identify and develop leadership potential within its ranks. Domestic Sourcing and Preferential Treatment Driven by the preferential treatment legislated in the decree of 2003, Sonangol developed over 20 joint ventures with international companies to supply core and noncore goods and services to the oil and gas industry. An
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