Environment 3 Definitions
Data sources
• Deforestation is the permanent conversion of natural forest area
Data on deforestation are from FAO (2010) and the FAO’s data
to other uses, including agriculture, ranching, settlements, and
website. Data on protected areas, derived from the UNEP and
infrastructure. Deforested areas do not include areas logged but
WCMC online databases, are based on data from national authori-
intended for regeneration or areas degraded by fuelwood gathering,
ties, national legislation, and international agreements. Data on
acid precipitation, or forest fires. • Nationally protected areas are
freshwater resources are from the FAO’s AQUASTAT database.
terrestrial and marine protected areas as a percentage of total ter-
Data on access to water and sanitation are from the WHO/UNICEF
ritorial area and include all nationally designated protected areas
Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (www
with known location and extent. All overlaps between different desig-
.wssinfo.org). Data on urban population are from the United Nations
nations and categories, buffered points, and polygons are removed,
Population Division (2011). Data on particulate matter concentra-
and all undated protected areas are dated. • Internal renewable
tions are World Bank estimates. Data on carbon dioxide emissions
freshwater resources are the average annual flows of rivers and
are from CDIAC online databases. Data on energy use and electricity
groundwater from rainfall in the country. Natural incoming flows origi-
production are from IEA online databases and published in IEA’s
nating outside a country’s borders and overlapping water resources
annual publications, Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, Energy
between surface runoff and groundwater recharge are excluded.
Balances of Non-OECD Countries, Energy Statistics of OECD Countries,
• Access to an improved water source is the percentage of the
and Energy Balances of OECD Countries.
population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as piped water into a dwelling, plot,
References
or yard; public tap or standpipe; tubewell or borehole; protected dug
Botswana Department of Water Affairs. n.d. Various reports. [www
well or spring; and rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include
.water.gov.bw]. Gaborone.
unprotected dug wells or springs, carts with small tank or drum,
CDIAC (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center). n.d. Online data-
bottled water, and tanker trucks. • Access to improved sanitation
base. [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/home.html]. Oak Ridge National Labo-
facilities is the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities (private or shared, but not public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta (facilities do not have to include treatment to render sewage outflows innocuous). Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly
ratory, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Rome. ———. n.d. AQUASTAT. Online database. [www.fao.org/nr/water /aquastat/data/query/index.html]. Rome. IEA (International Energy Agency). Various years. Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries. Paris.
maintained. • Urban population is the midyear population of areas
———.Various years. Energy Balances of OECD Countries. Paris.
defined as urban in each country and reported to the United Nations
———. Various years. Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries. Paris.
divided by the World Bank estimate of total population. • Particulate
———.Various years. Energy Statistics of OECD Countries. Paris.
matter concentration is fine suspended particulates of less than
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and WCMC (World
10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep
Conservation Monitoring Centre). 2013. Online databases [www
into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Data
.unep-wcmc.org/datasets-tools--reports_15.html?&types=Data,We
are urban-population-weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of
bsite,Tool&ctops=]. Cambridge, UK.
cities with more than 100,000 residents. • Carbon dioxide emis-
United Nations Population Division. 2012. World Urbanization Pros-
sions are emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and the manu-
pects: The 2011 Revision. New York: United Nations, Department
facture of cement and include carbon dioxide produced during con-
of Economic and Social Affairs. [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup
sumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. • Energy use
/CD-ROM/Urban-Agglomerations.htm].
refers to the use of primary energy before transformation to other
WAVES (Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services).
end use fuels, which equals indigenous production plus imports
n.d. Online reports. [www.wavespartnership.org]. Washington, DC.
and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. • Electricity production is measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station. In addition to hydropower, coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power generation, it covers generation by geothermal, solar, wind, and tide and wave energy as well as that from combustible renewables and waste. Production includes the output of electric plants designed to produce electricity only, as well as that of combined heat and power plants.
Economy
States and markets
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World Development Indicators 2014
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