130
• INCLUSION MATTERS
Table 4.2 Bangladesh’s Family Structure Has Changed over Time (percentage of all households) Household type Single Nuclear
2000
2005
2010
1.6
2.1
2.4 57.0
55.1
57.9
Semi-single
8.3
8.4
9.7
Extended
21.7
19.1
19.2
Joint
13.4
12.6
11.7
Source: World Bank, based on data from Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Surveys for 2000, 2005, and 2010. Note: Households are classiďŹ ed as follows (following Amin 1998): a single household includes just one member; a nuclear household includes a married couple and unmarried children; a semi-single household includes a single parent and children or a household head and relatives but no married couple; an extended household includes one married couple and children, relatives, or both. A joint household is an extended household with multiple couples.
and women who return from work overseas. Some of the literature on households headed by women whose husbands migrate shows that wives who stay behind tend to have greater freedom of choice and control over resources (see, for instance, Yabiku, Agadjanian, and Sevoyan 2010 for Mozambique). Migration: Toward More Diverse Populations Migration is likely to become a more dramatic and volatile demographic process than fertility or mortality, leading to more diverse societies and challenges to family structures. In Germany, for example, foreigners will make up 30 percent of the total population by 2030 and more than half of the population of major cities such as Frankfurt and Berlin (Ulrich and Muenz 1995).The United States has had a relatively liberal immigration policy compared with many other countries in the OECD. Foreign-born residents represent nearly 13 percent of its population, up from 6 percent in 1980 (MacDonald and Sampson 2012). The prolonged recession and unemployment in the United States and Europe and a simultaneous boom in many developing countries have had an effect on migration patterns. Anecdotal accounts indicate that skilled job seekers from southern Europe are moving to take advantage of opportunities in economically stronger countries, such as Germany and the countries of Scandinavia (Demling 2012). There are similar accounts of Portuguese workers migrating to Brazil and Mozambique, given the high