Country Case Studies on Sex Work and HIV Prevention 95
With these inputs, modeling exercises have estimated there to be an approximate 3200–4148 yearly HIV infections among sex workers along this highway which is significant in the context of Uganda the broader HIV epidemic in Kenya (Morris and Ferguson Kenya 2006). While not the focus of this assessment, drug use, Kibera Pumwani 7.5% 55.1% including injection drug use, has also been increasingly recognized as an at-risk Tanzania Mombasa population in Kenya. To 40.7% date, there has been a limited characterization of the role Source: Authors (developed from references HIV epidemiologic studies). of drug use in increasing vulnerabilities to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among sex workers in Kenya (Beckerleg, Telfer et al. 2005; Mathers, Degenhardt et al. 2008; Mathers, Degenhardt et al. 2010; Brodish, Singh et al. 2011). Common Forms of Sex Work. There are three broad forms in which female sex workers in Kenya have been described in the literature including: self-defined sex workers working at established venues in urban centers; sex workers that sell sex on a part-time basis to supplement the household income; and those based along high volume transport corridors(Morison, Weiss et al. 2001; Hawken, Melis et al. 2002; McClelland, Hassan et al. 2006; Leclerc and Garenne 2008; Okal, Luchters et al. 2009; Singh, Brodish et al. 2011). HIV-related risks in terms of unprotected vaginal and anal intercourse and substance use are present among all three populations, though the interventions needed to address these risks need be individualized to each of these populations. While the majority of studies presented throughout this case report have focused on full time female sex workers, there is an increasing amount of studies focused on part-time sex workers. A recent study by Hawken et al. explored part-time sex workers in a suburb of Mombasa (Hawken, Melis et al. 2002). These sex workers were described as part-time because their primary income is derived from other means including small businesses or more Map 3.5 Geographic Distribution of HIV Prevalence among Female Sex Workers in Kenya