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CONTENTS
Tables O.1 O.2 1.1
Employment transition matrix in the Arab Republic of Egypt, 1998 and 2006 . . . . . . . 4 Heterogeneity in MENA economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Composition of urban employment by industry in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, and Tunisia, 2006–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 1.2 Employment transition matrix in the Arab Republic of Egypt, 1998 and 2006 . . . . . . 53 1.3 Employment transition matrix in Jordan, 1999 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 1.4 Monthly employment transitions of the working-age population in Lebanon, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.1 Percentage increase in female labor force participation in selected economies in MENA by age group, 1990–2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.2 Basic unemployment profi le of women ages 15–64 for the Arab Republic of Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2009–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.3 Job search methods used by young people in the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2009 . . . . . 70 2.4 Reasons for being out of the labor force among working-age individuals in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Iraq, urban Morocco, and Tunisia, 2006–10 . . . . . . . 70 2.5 Summary of legal restrictions on women in selected economies in MENA, 2012 . . . . 74 2.6 Ratio of unemployment rates of tertiary educated and secondary educated in several economies in MENA, 2005–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.1 Heterogeneity in economies in MENA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.2 Decomposition of growth in MENA, 1960s–90s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3A.1 Decomposition of average GDP growth rates in selected countries in MENA, 1960–2000, by decade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3A.2 Economic growth and its volatility, 1982–2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3A.3 Policy indicators affecting trade in selected countries in MENA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 B3A.1.1 Correlates of total factor productivity growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3B.1 Population increase, net migration, and rate of population change in selected economies in MENA, mid-1980s–mid-2000s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3B.2 Demographic variables defi ned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 3B.3 Reproduction rates and average annual population growth in selected economies in MENA, mid-1980s–mid-2000s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.1 Mobility among size categories for fi rms in Morocco and Tunisia, 1996–2010 . . . . . 124 4.2 Averages and dispersion of fi rms’ waiting days for regulatory services in selected developing countries, various years, 2004–08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 4.3 Relationship between delays in policy implementation and demands for bribes in MENA, various years, 2004–08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 4.4 Effect of policy implementation uncertainty on competition and fi rm growth in Jordan and the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2006–07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.1 Share of employment by sector in selected economies in MENA for the latest available year, 2005–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.2 Standard open-ended contract packages in the public and the private sectors in selected countries in MENA, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.3 Job turnover in the past year as a share of those currently working in the private sector in selected economies in MENA, 2006–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 5.4 Pension design parameters of mandatory formal sector schemes in MENA, 2009–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 5.5 Unemployment benefit programs in MENA, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.1 Public employment services in selected countries in MENA, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194