CONTENTS
6.7
Share of fi rms identifying inadequately educated workforce as a major constraint to growth, by region and selected countries, 2005–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 6.8 Most problematic factors for doing business in the Arab world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6.9 Mismatch in hard and soft skills of newly hired graduates in selected countries in MENA, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6.10 Proportion of graduates employed below their level of qualification, by field of specialization, in Tunisia, 2005 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6.11 Distribution of university graduates by field of study in selected economies in MENA, 2004–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6.12 Incidence of job training by selected economies’ GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 B6.4.1 Transition paths in the Tunisian educational and training system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 6.13 Enrollments in technical and vocational training in MENA and worldwide, 1999, 2000, and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.14 Percentage of the employed who found their job through friends or relatives in the private sector in selected countries in MENA, 2005–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.15 Percentage of the unemployed using informal networks in their job search in selected economies in MENA, 2005–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 6.16 Percentage of the unemployed using friends or relatives in their job search in selected economies in MENA, by level of education, 2005–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 6.17 Ways university graduates found public and private sector jobs in Tunisia, 2005 . . . 188 6.18 Importance of personal networks in fi nding a job in Jordan, by fi rm size, 2010 . . . . 189 B6.6.1 Signals important for hiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 6.19 Perceptions of youth about constraints to getting a job in selected economies in MENA, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6.20 World scores on proxies of meritocracy in hiring, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 6.21 Employer-reported skill shortages versus reliance on professional recruitment in selected countries in MENA and in countries outside the region, 2006–11 . . . . . 193 6.22 Distribution of active labor market programs by program type, 2008 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.23 Active labor market program targeting as a percentage of all programs, 2009 . . . . . 197 B7.2.1 OECD restrictiveness index for accounting services in selected countries, 2008 . . . . 211 B7.5.1 Mobile and broadband growth in MENA, 2003–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 B7.10.1 Characteristics of a world-class university . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 7.1 Share of employed individuals whose household head is an entrepreneur, by work status, selected economies in MENA, 2006–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 7.2 Main constraints to starting a business in MENA, by level of education, 2011 . . . . . 226 7.3 Transition matrix of self-employed and employers ages 25–46 in the Arab Republic of Egypt and Jordan, by work status, 1998–2006 and 1999–2010 . . . . . . . 228 9.1 Linking the barriers to the transition from education to work to long-term policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 B9.9.1 Estimated jobs creation through infrastructure investment per billion U.S. dollars of investment in MENA, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 B9.9.2 Cost of creating a direct job in road and bridge construction relative to other sectors in the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 10.1 Civic freedom indicators for world regions and OECD countries, various years . . . 291 10.2 Number of publications on labor markets with data from six world regions in the EconLit Directory, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 10.3 Growth in GDP forecast for non-GCC countries in MENA, 2000–13 . . . . . . . . . . . 294 10.4 Lessons from successful transitions: Steps in enabling a broad reform process . . . . . 298 10.5 Short-term policies and reform objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
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