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measures, such as accounting, budget process, treasury management, government banking, and others, that are difficult to sequence and take a long time to achieve. Thus the first platform is itself ambiguous and could involve reforms that extend beyond the timeline of most governments. 4. This has long been recognized in setting fiscal targets under IMF programs.

References Allen, R. 2009. “The Challenge of Reforming Budgetary Institutions in Developing Countries.” IMF Working Paper 09/96, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Andrews, M. 2009. “Isomorphism and the Limits to African Public Financial Management Reform.” Faculty Research Working Paper RP09-012, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA. Brooke, P. 2003. “Study of Measures Used to Address Weaknesses in Public Financial Management Systems in the Context of Policy-Based Support.” Final report produced for PEFA, PEFA Secretariat, World Bank, Washington, DC. http://72.3.224.137/report_studies_file/Study_eng_1193242966.pdf. Debrun, X., and M. Kumar. 2007. “Fiscal Rules, Fiscal Councils, and All That: Commitment Devices, Signaling Tools, or Smokescreens?” In Proceedings of the 9th Banca d’Italia Workshop on Public Finance. Rome: Banca d’Italia. Diamond, J. 2010. “Towards Good Practice Guidelines in the Sequencing of PFM Reforms.” Draft. International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. EC (European Commission). 2007. “Toward an EU Response to Situations of Fragility: Engaging in Difficult Environments for Sustainable Development, Stability, and Peace.” COM(2007) 643 final, communication from the European Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels. Golosov, M., and J. King. 2002. “Tax Revenue Forecasts in IMF-Supported Programs.” IMF Working Paper 02/236, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Hemming, R., and P. Joyce. 2012. “The Role of Fiscal Councils in Promoting Fiscal Responsibility and Sound Government Finances.” International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2009. “Fiscal Rules: Anchoring Expectations for Sustainable Public Finances.” IMF, Washington, DC. Kopits, G. 2011. “Independent Fiscal Institutions: Developing Good Practices.” OECD Journal on Budgeting 11 (3): 1–18. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2008. Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations: From Fragility to Resilience. OECD/DAC Discussion Paper. Paris: OECD.


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