398
INDEX
as incentive to create good jobs, 28, 299 payroll taxes as funding mechanism for social insurance programs, 274 tax rates as constraint, 295f tax wedge effect, 274, 275f TeamLease, 57b technical and vocational education (TVE), 176, 181n89 technological change agricultural. See innovation decoupling of job destruction and job creation during, 277–78 e-links to jobs, 268b job competition and, 7, 245 market production shift induced by, 52 productivity and, 100, 106–7, 245 productivity improved by, 55, 99b, 100 as public good, 191 in urbanizing countries, 197 technology and telecommunications, social insurance programs using to make participation easier, 275, 276b technology sector, 104 technology transfer, 239 telecommunications. See also mobile phone technology; technological change competition and liberalization, 308 needs, 24, 295 social insurance programs using to make participation easier, 275, 276b Temporary Income Assistance Program (El Salvador), 143 temporary work in conflict-affected countries, 195 defined, 67n2 in industrial countries, 7, 48, 56 legal protections, 156 negativity from, 140 as percent of total wage employment, 7, 49 protection policies, 279 self-employment’s effect on measuring, 49 temporary staffing industry, 57b for youth at risk and vulnerable populations, 143, 208 Termination of Employment of Workman Act (TEWA) of 1971 (Sri Lanka), 314–15 TFP. See total factor productivity Thailand as aging society, 213 agribusiness growth in, 12, 111 financial crisis in (1997), 59 informal employment rates in, 64b poverty reduction in, 9 technical and vocational education (TVE) in, 176 unemployment rates in, 49 timber industry in Ethiopia, 194b Tonga, migration from, 19, 31, 32f, 52, 248n10, 302b TopCoder, 240b total factor productivity (TFP), 99, 99f, 104, 108, 119n33, 120n40, 210 tourism, 20, 88b, 205–6 Trabajar programs (Argentina), 270 tradable sectors, 58, 59f
trade agreements, 32, 306 trade in services, 241, 308–9 trade liberalization, 33, 168, 243, 246, 307–9, 309f tradeoffs, 36, 162 trade with Pacific Island nations, 203–4, 204f training programs in active labor market programs, 272 funding for, 181nn82–83 massive unemployment not affected by, 278–79 on-the-job programs, 176–77, 269, 269f in post-conflict countries, 143b skills building via, 174, 176–77 social identity and, 142–43, 143b success rates of, 26, 27f, 62b, 269, 269f transition economies, 103–4, 112, 278 transnational companies, 54 transparency, 36, 140–41, 202 transportation hubs, 245–46 Trinidad and Tobago educational level of migrants from, 234 ethnic/racial cross-cutting interactions at work in, 13, 135, 172 trust and civic engagement, 14, 126–33 correlated with job characteristics, 129, 131f correlated with peaceful collective decision making, 127, 129f correlated with unemployment, 14, 14f, 127–28, 130f, 133b defined, 127 distrust of migrants, 237 evolution of, 132b social tensions and, 14, 127–29 training programs and, 269 Tunisia educational learning outcomes in, 296–97 entrepreneurial training in, 143–44, 269 firm growth in, 209 GDP per capita in, 91n49 microenterprises in, 105 social unrest and social justice in, 127 unemployment despite GDP growth in, 209 university-educated youth searching for jobs in, 207–8, 208f Turkey global financial crisis (2008), effect on, 61 idleness rates of youth in, 51f inequality of job opportunities in, 137 informal vs. formal firms’ productivity in, 210 outsourcing attractiveness of, 55 private sector in, 7, 58 productivity effects of jobs in, 161 self-employment in, 56 trade liberalization in, 168 training programs in, 62b urban scale and productivity in, 167 vocational training enrollment in, 174 wage subsidy programs in, 268 youth issues in, 6f turnover vs. decoupling of job destruction and job creation, 277–79 TVE (technical and vocational education), 176, 181n89