394
INDEX
removing constraints by government action, 3, 21–22, 28–29, 292, 294–95, 298 in resource-rich countries, 3, 23, 30–31, 303–4 rule of law and, 25, 297–98, 297f in small island nations, 302b social cohesion, benefits to, 36, 140–44, 246 targeting in, 217, 300 three-stage approach, 3, 292, 293f in urbanizing economies, 31, 302b political instability in conflict-affected countries, 195 migrant flows and, 234 political instability in conflict-affected countries, 196f portability of benefits, 276 Portugal firm size and growth in, 12, 111–12 underemployment in, 49 post-conflict programs, 143, 143b poverty analyses, 28, 160b, 299 poverty reduction in agrarian economies, 191–92, 192f decomposed by sources of income, 79, 82f economic development with no impact on, 87, 89 jobs as path to, 7, 9, 10f, 56, 76–80, 81f job spillover effect on, 16, 160–61, 166–67, 166f pro-poor growth, 87 relapses into poverty, 82 in slow growth periods, 87 working poor and, 7, 41n145, 77, 80b, 82, 110, 191, 320n117 power shortage, effect of, 295f price of labor, 58 priority setting. See policy making private sector central role in job creation, 3, 7–8, 21, 58, 60f, 292 collaboration with public sector in job creation, 90b defined, 39n22, 68n49 enabling business environment and, 294–96 macroeconomic stability and, 293–98 training commitment of, 177 privatization, effect on jobs, 278 pro-competitive business environment, 103 production activities, 49 Productive Safety Net Program (Ethiopia), 143 productivity, 10–12, 98–125 aggregate productivity, 101 in agrarian economies, 191 agricultural sector, 79, 81, 88 data gap on, 312b developing countries compared to industrial countries, 54, 55f downsizing vs. upsizing, 11, 101, 103, 103f efficiency gains at firm level, 101, 102f EPL impacts on, 261–62, 261t firm size and, 12, 108, 108–9f, 111–12, 111f. See also microenterprises in formalizing economies, 211 informal employment’s effect on, 6, 49, 210 job protection and, 277 job spillover effect on, 8f, 161, 167–70, 277
labor reallocation and, 100, 101f, 104 living standards tied to, 215, 215f manufacturing sector and, 238 migration’s effect on, 19 minimum wage’s impacts on, 261–62, 262t ripple effect of lost jobs, 277 sectoral differences, 107–13 services liberalization and, 308 small farms and firms, 104–6 technological progress and, 100, 106–7, 245 turbulence of productivity growth, 98–104 unions and, 264–65 productivity-enhancing structural change, 100 productivity studies, 28, 299 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 25, 67n32, 296 property rights, 17, 25, 297, 301 pro-poor growth, 87, 91–92n50 prosperity, 8, 9, 56, 57f, 58, 62, 243 public good globalization and, 33, 246 investment climate as, 217 technology as, 191 public-private partnerships, 218b, 221b public sector. See also civil service in agrarian economies, 191–92 collaboration with private sector in job creation, 90b “queuing” for jobs in, 7, 8, 58 restructuring, effect on jobs, 278 youth preference to work in, 208, 223n75 public utilities, 154 public works programs, 36, 58, 143, 146n70, 269–70, 273, 283n59 Putnam, Robert, 128b
Q Qatar educational learning outcomes in, 296–97 migrant population in, 19, 52, 233 quotas for hiring underrepresented groups, 142
R racial differences. See ethnic differences Rawls, John, 138b reallocation of labor, 37, 100, 101f, 104, 313–17 recessions. See financial crises Recognized Seasonal Employer (RSE) program (New Zealand), 31, 302b reform to offset constraints to job creation, 3, 300. See also policy making refugees from conflict-affected countries, 194 regulation. See also labor laws and regulations business regulation, 24, 194b, 295 remittances, 19, 197, 200, 204, 205b, 236, 311 research performed by Asia-located affiliates, 67n27 resource-rich countries currency appreciation pressures in, 294 defined, 281n1 extractive industries in, 88–89. See also extractive industries