Index
dynamic skills development in, 177b economic development in, 87, 112 “flying geese” pattern of development in, 238, 247 global financial crisis (2008), effect on, 61 jobs migration to, 237, 247 jobs strategy vs. growth strategy in, 89 labor productivity in, 55f manufacturing sector in, 22f, 238, 238f migration from agriculture in, 52, 53f need for new jobs in, 51, 52f nonwage jobs in, 5f, 50, 50f reallocation of labor in, 100, 101f special economic zones (SEZs) in, 221b trade liberalization in, 168, 309f urbanizing countries in, 197, 198b Easterly, William, 128b Eastern and Central Europe. See also specific countries aging societies in, 213 dual model apprenticeships in, 176–77 fairness in access to job opportunities in, 172 manufacturing sector in, 11 unemployment insurance in, 62b Eastern Europe and Central Asia. See also specific countries global financial crisis (2008), effect on, 61 labor productivity in, 55f manufacturing sector in, 238 microenterprises in, 106 need for new jobs in, 51, 52f population decline in, 214 self-employment in, 56 trade liberalization in, 309f wage vs. non-wage jobs in, 5f, 6, 50, 50f economic development decomposition of, 99b drivers of, 99b job spillovers to, 16–17, 17f, 160–61, 160f link with jobs, 9, 87–88, 88b, 99, 99f prosperity and, 56, 57f, 58 strategies, 87–89 economic downturns. See financial crises economic geography on job spillovers, 160b Ecuador poverty reduction, effect of jobs on, 78 youth unemployment associated with violence in, 132–33 educational attainment high-skill jobs and, 55, 178 human capital and, 24–25, 296 incentives for educated workers to return to home countries, 236 of migrants, 234 private sector employment and, 7, 58 returns to education, 178 in urbanizing countries, 198 youth unemployment and, 7, 58, 207 efficiency gains, 102f Egypt autonomy and creativity in job, effect of, 129 exports, 54
385
good jobs defined as having access to pensions and health insurance in, 15, 275, 275f health insurance benefits in, 83b informal employment in gender differences in, 210 of youth, 206–7 irrelevant skills acquired in, 176 “meaningful” work, value of, 83b migration from, 248n10 pension benefits in, 83 skills level as constraint in, 181n81 unfairness in access to job opportunities in, 137 value of jobs to individuals and society in, 158, 159f elderly. See aging population electricity, access to, 30b, 294–95, 295f, 300b electronic payment systems for social insurance programs, 276b El Salvador financial crisis, effect on, 91n8 microenterprises in, 105 migration from, 19, 52 public works programs in, 270 Temporary Income Assistance Program, 143 Empleo en Acción (Colombia), 270 Employee State Insurance Act of 1948 (India), 320n122 employment histories, need for, 163b employment protection legislation (EPL), 260–62, 260b, 261t, 281n13, 282n20 employment shocks effect on living standards, 9 idiosyncratic nature of, 277–78 systemic nature of, 277–79 employment support. See also cash-for-work programs; wage subsidies pro-poor, pro-youth, and pro-women programs, 198 targeting of investment climate and, 217–21 employment-to-population ratio, 41n145, 320n117 employment turbulence, 98–104 empowerment, 76, 126 enabling business environment, 23–24, 294–96 enterprise surveys, 219, 219b entrepreneurship, 12, 36, 114–18, 115f, 195, 198, 198b environmental economics, 28, 160b, 299 environmental impact, 16, 161, 167–68, 169–70, 169f, 170b EPL. See employment protection legislation EPZs. See export processing zones equity analysis on job spillovers, 160b Estancias Infantiles (Mexico), 30b, 300b Ethical Trading Initiative (UK), 319n91 Ethiopia economic development without reduction of poverty in, 87 entrepreneurship in, 117 gross job creation and destruction in, 99 growth elasticities of employment in, 88b household businesses in, 112 manufacturing sector in, 11, 103, 194b onchocercal skin disease, effect on labor earnings in, 296 Productive Safety Net Program, 143 as resource-rich country, 194b