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4. Growth incidence curves allow comparison of the incidence of growth in poorer segments of the population with that of richer segments or with the rate of growth of mean income (or expenditure). 5. The loss of income transfer due to the opportunity cost might be overestimated in the aggregate. It is possible that those few income opportunities bypassed by participants in the public works program are being taken by other poor people.
References Adato, Michelle, and Lawrence Haddad. 2001. “How Efficiently Do Public Works Programs Transfer Benefits to the Poor? Evidence from South Africa.” Discussion Paper 108, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Ajwad, Mohamed I., Francisco Haimovich, and Mehtabul Azam. 2012. “Stimulating the Impact of the 2009 Financial Crisis on Welfare in Latvia.” Working Paper 5960, World Bank, Washington, DC. Andrews, Colin, Lucy Bassett, Tarsicio Castañeda, María Concepción Steta Gandara, Margaret Grosh, Julia Lourerio, and Rodrigo Quintana. 2010. Safety Nets How To: A Toolkit for Practitioners. Washington, DC: World Bank. www .worldbank.org/safetynets/howto. Backiny-Yetna, Prospère, Quentin Wodon, and Giuseppe Zampaglione. 2011. “Ex Post Assessment of the Impact of Public Works in Liberia.” In Poverty and Human Development in Liberia, ed. Quentin Wodon. Washington, DC: World Bank. Backiny-Yetna, Prospère, R. Mungai, C. Tsimpo, and Quentin Wodon. 2011. “Poverty in Liberia: Level, Profile, and Determinants.” In Poverty and Human Development in Liberia, ed. Quentin Wodon. Washington, DC: World Bank. Berg, Erlend, Sambit Bhattacharyya, Rajasekhar Durgam, and Manjula Ramachandra. 2012. “Can Rural Public Works Affect Agricultural Wages. Evidence from India.” Working Paper WPS/2012-05, Centre for the Study of African Economics, Oxford. Chacaltana, Juan J. 2003. “Impacto del Programa ‘A Trabajar Urbano’: Ganancias de ingreso y utilidad de las obras.” Informe Final. Lima: Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Participación. Deaton, Angus, and Salman Zaidi. 2002. “Guidelines for Constructing Consumption Aggregates for Welfare Analysis.” Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 135, World Bank, Washington, DC. del Ninno, Carlo, Kalanidhi Subbarao, and Annamaria Milazzo. 2009. “How to Make Public Works Work: A Review of the Experiences.” Social Protection Discussion Paper 0905, World Bank, Washington, DC.