CONTENTS
7
Labor market institutions, policies, and programs in the informal sector . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex 6A Additional tables and figures on labor market regulations and institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246
Creating Jobs in Confl ict-Affected Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristics and intensity of armed confl ict in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constraints to job creation in conflict-affected areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Armed confl ict and labor markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Facilitating private sector job creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Education service delivery in confl ict situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Labor market policies and programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A jobs transition path in confl ict zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex 7A Defi nitions of high-confl ict and low-confl ict regions in selected South Asian countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex 7B Labor market characteristics and educational attainment in high-confl ict and low-confl ict areas of selected South Asian countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
281 282 284 285 291 299 301 308
262 272 276
311 312 316 318
Appendixes
A Household surveys used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 B Methodology used to analyze labor transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Boxes 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2D.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4E.1 4E.2
Increasing productivity in agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Options for reforming the power sector in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 The critical role of nutrition in early childhood development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 International migration in Nepal and its effects on poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Trends in female labor force participation in southeast and East Asian comparator countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Child labor in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Composition of the labor force by employment status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Determinants of informality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Trends in India’s formal manufacturing sector, 1998–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Electricity challenges facing South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Corruption in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Bringing light to rural consumers in Gujarat, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Improving performance of state-owned power suppliers in Andhra Pradesh . . . . . . 148 Cutting red tape to reduce corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Legislative and administrative interventions to reduce corruption in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Public-private collaboration to implement reforms in the Cambodian garment industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Effects of easing business entry regulations on fi rm entry, employment, and formalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Successful approaches to small and medium-size business banking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Scaling up microfi nance institutions: The case of BRAC Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
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