THE ROLE OF LABOR MARKE T REGULATIONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND PROGRAMS
FIGURE 6.1 Percentage of workforce not covered by formal pension scheme 100 Nepal Bangladesh Pakistan India Bhutan 80 Maldives Sri Lanka percent
60
40
20
0 0
10,000
20,000 30,000 per capita GDP in purchasing power parity dollars
40,000
50,000
Sources: Authors, based on data from Loayza, Servén, and Sugawara 2010; World Bank 2011c. Note: Data are for latest year available.
FIGURE 6.2 Percentage of wage employees in India and Sri Lanka covered by social security, by type of worker 100
93
91
percent
80
77
60 51 40 26
23
20 9
India, 2010
re g sa ula lar r w ied ag pu e o bl r ic
re sa gula lar r ied wa pr ge o iva r te
al wo l wa rk ge er s
0
ca su a wo l wa rk ge er s
1
Sri Lanka, 2008
Source: Authors, based on data from national labor force and household surveys. Note: Social security coverage in India includes eligibility for pension or provident fund only or in combination with other benefits, such as gratuity (a lump sum payable to an employee on termination of employment), health care, and maternity benefits. Coverage in Sri Lanka includes employers’ contributions to the pension scheme or provident fund on workers’ behalf. The category of casual workers includes temporary workers in Sri Lanka. In India and Sri Lanka, questions about social security coverage were asked only of wage workers.
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