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MORE AND BETTER JOBS IN SOUTH ASIA
BOX 4.1
Electricity challenges facing South Asia (continued)
cash loss of state-owned distribution companies rose by nearly $22 billion a year, $9 billion attributable to transmission and distribution losses and the rest attributable to tariffs that did not cover the cost of generation (Mint 2011). The annual sector defi cit in Pakistan resulting from noncollection by
distribution companies and below-cost recovery tariff is estimated at about $2 billion. These deficits are met through subsidy payments by the government, short-term borrowing by companies, and the accumulation of receivables and payables on balance sheets.
BOX TABLE 4.1.1 Selected energy indicators in South Asia, by country
Country
Per capita electricity consumption (KWh per capita)
Percentage of population with access to electricity
Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
208 1,174 566 89 436 409
49 56 66 44 62 77
Installed capacity (MW)
Estimated deficit or surplus
6,727 1,498 159,000 698 22,000 2,684
–1,000 +1,300 –15,700 –200 –4,500 +800
MW
Percent
Estimated investment required in the medium term (billions of dollars)
–13 +15 –13 –30 –20 +30
15.0 (2015) 3.1 (2020) 280.0 (2015) — 32.5 (2020) 10.0 (2020)
Sources: Data on access to electricity and per capita electricity consumption data are from International Energy Agency database 2010. Data on estimated supply gaps and investment requirements are from the following sources: Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan: World Bank 2010a; Bhutan: Bhutan Electricity Authority (http://www .bea.gov.bt); Nepal: Banerjee, Singh, and Samad 2011; Pakistan: Trimble, Yoshida, and Saqib 2011; Sri Lanka: Ceylon Electricity Board 2009; World Bank, 2011d. Note: Data are for most recent year available. — = Not available.
TABLE 4.2 Electricity constraints faced by firms, by developing region
Region/country
Percentage of firms citing electricity as major or severe constraint
Average total time of power outages per month
Africa East Asia and Pacific Eastern Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan
49.7 24.1 35.1 39.0 42.9 53.4 66.2 78.4 5.8 32.0 75.6 74.5
69.5 14.4 23.3 8.7 45.9 139.4 280.3 113.2 8.5 — 226.2 69.0
41.3
—
Sri Lanka
Value lost due to power outages (percent of sales)
Percentage of firms owning generators
6.2 3.1 3.8 4.2 5.6 10.7 6.4 10.6 4.3 6.6 27.0 9.2
42.2 29.6 16.9 19.5 36.3 42.8 71.1 52.3 17.8 41.4 15.7 26.3
—
75.1
Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys. Note: Regional averages are unweighted. Country averages are unconditional (that is, not for the benchmark firm). — = Not available.