430
l
INDEX
migrants vs. native workers impact of financial crisis, 49 unemployment rates, 51f migration. See also specific regions and countries Asian financial crisis and, 44 compulsory, 296 costs of, 87, 90, 145, 220, 293 economic crises and, 35–52 future projections for, 44–52, 45t, 46f future research needs, 10–11 global financial crisis and, 36–37, 37f Great Depression and, 42–43 immigration policies and, 50–52 managed migration, 236 motives for, 150–51, 231–33, 310–11, 370, 370f in nineteenth-century crises, 37–42, 38f, 40–42f rural-urban, 149–52 survival migration, 239 in twentieth-century crises, 42–44 migration policy. See immigration policies Ministry of Labour and Social Security (Germany), 296 mobile phones, 130, 131f Mohapatra, S., 77, 102, 103n5, 274, 286, 339, 350 Mohapatra, Sanket, 7, 23, 121 Moldova, remittance flows to, 286 MoneyGram, 128 money laundering. See anti-money laundering (AML) regulations money order facilities, 130 MoneyPACIFIC, 323, 324 money transfer operators (MTOs), 122, 126, 127–29 Montiel, P., 286n5 Morocco global financial crisis impact on, 369 migration, 83, 256–57f, 296 remittance flows, 255, 259, 262, 264, 366, 367, 368t, 384–85, 385t, 386 women migrants from, 257, 260, 261t Mozambique, remittance costs in, 320 MTOs. See money transfer operators
Muncha.com, 128 Mundaca, Gabriela, 7, 53, 55 Murrugarra, Edmundo, 183 Myanmar migration, 305 remittance flows, 307 women migrants from, 82 N Nagarajan, S., 338, 346n1 Narayana, D., 7, 67 national identity, 316 National Migration Survey (Thailand), 150 natural disasters, 3 Naudé, Wim, 9, 337 Naufal, George, 9, 377 Nayyar, D., 119n4 Nepal capital market access leveraging on remittances, 132 migration history of, 77, 137–39 policies and institutions, 132–33 trends, 77, 122–25, 123f, 137–39 remittance flows, 121–35, 142, 144, 286 access to remittance market, 129– 31, 131f from GCC countries, 77 from India, 126 market services for, 127–31, 128t, 131f trends, 125–27, 125f, 126t, 127f return migration to, 49, 68, 146 securitization of future remittance flows in, 132 women migrants from, 82, 138 Nepal Rastra Bank, 129 Netherlands migration, 39 remittance flows, 218–19t New Economics Foundation, 236 New Zealand financial education in, 322–23 migration, 25 Recognised Seasonal Employer Scheme, 324n1