428
l
INDEX
remittance flows, 218–19t unemployment in, 240, 241f, 242–43, 243f J Jadhav, N., 96 Japan immigration policies in, 52 migration, 138 remittance flows, 126 return migration incentives offered by, 351 Jha, Shikha, 118, 153, 171, 339 Johansen cointegration tests, 112, 113t Jordan global financial crisis impact on, 368, 369 migration, 83 remittance flows, 366, 367, 368, 368t, 372, 377, 384, 385t, 386 K kafala system, 384 Kathmandu Post on Nepal migration trends, 134n6 Kazakhstan immigration policies in, 51 migration, 142 return migration to, 146 securitization of future remittance flows in, 132 Kenya, remittance flows to, 130, 342, 343t Kerala, returning migrants, 74, 74t Kholodilin, K. A., 287n12 King, R., 239, 248 kinship ties, 361, 362 Korea. See Republic of Korea Kumar, Ronald R., 9, 325 Kumari Bank, 128 Kurds remittance sources, 290–91, 290–91t remittance uses, 292–93, 292t Kuwait economic growth in, 69, 70t employment structure in, 71 global financial crisis impact on, 67
migration, 83 remittance flows, 366, 372 Kyrgyz Republic, remittance flows to, 29, 286 L labor markets. See also unemployment Asian financial crisis impact on, 81 feminization of labor migration, 82 global financial crisis impact on, 189, 217 in Gulf Cooperation Council countries, 71–72, 71–72t in Philippines, 338 remittance behaviors influenced by, 19 in Spain, 263–64, 263f in UK, 163–66, 164–65f, 166t, 231–32 underemployment, 50, 199–200, 200t, 208, 212n6, 245–46 in U.S., 160–63, 161f, 162t industry distribution, 201–3, 202t Mexican immigrants in, 195–98, 195t, 196f, 197t participation rate, 160, 161f labor mobility, 149, 151, 205, 354 labor policy, 379, 386 Labour Force Survey (UK), 165 Labour Market Regulatory Authority (Bahrain), 384 Lacalle, Oscar Gómez, 8, 215 Laeven, L., 282 Lagrange Multiplier test, 120n6 language skills, 233, 239, 360 latent entrepreneurs, 90–91 Latin America and the Caribbean. See also specific countries migration to Spain, 256–57 remittance flows, 4, 28, 285, 371, 372 return migration to, 48, 385 women migrants from, 260–61 Lazarescu, D., 246 Lebanon global financial crisis impact on, 366– 74, 368t, 369f migration, 83 nonresident deposit schemes in, 111