Gender differences in employment and why they matter
61. Berniell and Sánchez-Páramo 2011b. 62. See, for instance, Ilahi (1999); Haddad and others (1995). 63. Berniell and Sánchez-Páramo 2011b. 64. Ilahi 2000; ILO 2010b; Blackden and Wodon 2006; United Nations 2010. 65. Ilahi 2000; ILO 2010b; Blackden and Wodon 2006; United Nations 2010; World Bank 2010a; Apps 2004; Bianchi 2000; Fisher and others 2007; Lachance-Grzela and Bouchard 2010. 66. Berniell and Sánchez-Páramo 2011b. 67. Berniell and Sánchez-Páramo 2011b. 68. Berniell and Sánchez-Páramo 2011b. 69. Bittman and others 2003. 70. Badgett and Folbre 1999; Elson 1994; Folbre 2006. 71. Hochschild and Machung 1989; Hochschild 1997. 72. Berniell and Sánchez-Páramo 2011b. 73. European Labor Force Survey 2001. 74. OECD 2007; Ronde 2008. 75. In contrast, Blank (1989) and Farber (2001) conclude from evidence on labor market transitions in the United States that part-time and temporary work are often part of the transition out of unemployment, leading to regular full-time employment in the future. See also Miller and Mulvey (1997); O’Reilly and Bothfeld (2002). 76. Bardasi and Gornick 2008; Manning and Petrongolo 2008. 77. Bertrand, Goldin, and Katz 2010; Goldin and Katz 2008; Wilde, Batchelder, and Ellwood 2010. 78. Berniell and Sánchez-Páramo 2011b. 79. Bosch and Maloney 2010. 80. Posadas and Smitz 2011. 81. Ilahi and Jafarey 1999; Ilahi and Grimard 2000; Katz 1995; Kennedy and Cogill 1988; Khandker 1988; Skoufias 1993. 82. Rijkers 2011. 83. Attanasio and Vera-Hernandez (2004) for Colombia; Baker, Gruber, and Milligan (2008) for Canada; Berlinski and Galiani (2007) for Argentina; Jeaumotte (2003) for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Havnes and Mogstad (2009) for Norway; Quisumbing, Hallman, and Ruel (2007) for Guatemala. 84. Heymann, Earle, and Hanchate 2004. 85. Anderson and Levine 2000; Blau and Currie 2006; Hallman and others 2005; Quisumbing, Hallman, and Ruel 2007. 86. Hein 2005. There is evidence that men are pulled into the home when women work outside (Bloemen and Stancanelli 2008; Fisher and others 2007; Newman 2002; Newman and Gertler 1994; Skoufias 1993), but in most cases, house and care responsibilities are transferred to
87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.
93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109.
110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.
119. 120. 121.
older siblings (Heymann, Earle, and Hanchate 2004; Kamerman 2002). Jacobsen 2011; Oropesa 1993. Greenwood, Seshadri, and Yorukoglu 2005; Jones, Manuelli, and McGrattan 2003. Manning 1964; Schwartz Cowan 1983; Robinson and Milkie 1997; Vanek 1973. Cavalcanti and Tavares 2008; Coen-Pirani, León, and Lugauer 2010; Connelly and Kimmel 2010. Ramey 2009. See Ilahi and Grimard (2000) for evidence of positive effects; Costa and others (2009); Koolwal and van de Walle (2010); and Lokshin and Yemtsov (2005) for evidence of no effects. Costa and others 2009; Dinkelman 2011; Grogan and Sadanand 2009; Jacobsen 2011. Duchène 2011; Peters 2001. World Bank 2005. Khandker, Bakht, and Koolwal 2006. Boeri Del Boca, and Pissarides 2005; O’Reilly and Fagan 1998; OECD 2007. Corporate Leadership Council 2008. Bosch and Maloney 2010. Contreras and Plaza 2010; Fernández 2007a; Fortin 2005; Burda, Hamermesh, and Weil 2007; Nicodemo and Waldmann 2009. Fafchamps and Quisumbing 1999. Cunningham 2001. Berniell and Sánchez-Páramo 2011a; Fortin 2005. Booth and van Ours 2008, Booth and van Ours 2009; Booth and van Ours 2010. López Bóo, Madrigal, and Pagés 2009. Fernández, Fogli, and Olivetti 2004; Fogli and Veldkamp, forthcoming. Fernández 2007b. Bennhold 2010. The discussion in this section has benefited significantly from insights provided in Bardasi (2011) and Croppenstedt, Goldstein, and Rosas (2011). Deere and León 2003. For list of included countries, see note 36. FAO 2011. Udry 1996. Quisumbing, Estudillo, and Otsuka 2004. Deere 2003. Agarwal 1994; Deere 2003; Kevane and Gray 1999. Brush 1992; Carter and Cannon 1992; Carter 2000. These countries are Bulgaria, Ghana, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malawi, Nepal, Panama, and Vietnam. Aidis and others 2007; Muravyevy, Talavera, and Schäfer 2009. World Bank 2010d. Hallward-Driemeier 2011b.
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