G Gaal, P., 146 Gates Foundation, 174–175, 258 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 47–48 generic drugs appeal of brand name products, 28 availability in low-income countries, 135 branded, 46, 168 causes of inappropriate spending on drugs, 3 competition with brand-name drugs, 46 consumer perceptions of quality of, 136, 188 consumer purchasing decisions, 182, 188 industry trends, 46–47 international comparison of prices, 135–136, 135f patent expiration trends, 40 protection for first market entrant, 168 Germany, 19, 59–60 Ghana, 18, 58–59, 104, 106, 107, 117, 130, 133, 138, 153, 174, 301–313 Glaxo Wellcome, 42 Glenn, John, 127 Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, 103, 115 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 5, 103 Grassroot Soccer, 186 Grimes, D., 97–98 GSK, 42
H Haiti, 191–192 Health Action International, 16 Hirschman, A., 146 HIV/AIDS, 48, 115, 125, 191–192 case study of public health intervention, 289–299 hypertension, 2
I implementation of policy consideration of, in policy development, 23–24, 198 decentralization strategies, 154 overcoming worker resistance to change, 160–161 phased, 24 pilot and demonstration projects, 24 regulatory regime, 168, 170 sources of government failure in, 31 India, 36, 37–38, 38f, 42, 50, 154, 155 Index
Indonesia, 190, 191 infectious disease effectiveness of modern medicines, 1–2 mortality, 2 See also specific disease injections, 3, 17, 55, 190 innovation, 43 insurance adverse selection, 108 case study of Ghana’s national health insurance scheme, 301–313 pharmaceutical system in context of national policies on, 40, 41, 47, 50, 94, 101 price sensitivity in markets with, 134 private, 108–109 reference pricing for medications, 137 risk pooling in, 15–16, 106, 108 social insurance systems, 106–108 tiered co-payment system, 137 intellectual property rights international agreements, 47–49 me-too drugs, 45 patent expirations, 46 patent ownership patterns, 39 price competition and, 28–29 protection for first market entrant with generic drug, 168 purpose, 47 IQWiG, 59–60 Iran, 105
J Japan, 50
K Kenya, 115, 116f, 155 Korea, 92, 97, 111, 225–231, 232–233
L labeling, 175–176 Lakin, J., 93 liberal philosophy of ethics, 61–63, 66 Liberia, 114, 114t, 151 libertarianism, 61–62, 66 local conditions community financing schemes, 109–110 consideration of, in diagnosis process, 76, 78 decentralization outcomes, 153, 154 sensitivity to, in policy development, 7, 12, 23, 197 use of local expertise in policy development, 12 325