508
Index
Most favored nation policies (continued) rules of origin and, 131–32 tariff rates, 20 trade services, 243 MRAs. See Mutual recognition agreements MTNs. See Multilateral trade negotiations Multiannual indicative program, 224 Multifibre Arrangement, 99, 429 Multilateral liberalization bargaining model, 132–33 Frankel and Wei model, 128 induced liberalization and protection, 130–32 juggernaut building block logic, 126–28 Kemp-Wan theorem, 128 most favored nation policies, 133–34 reciprocal trade agreements, 121–23 regionalism, 123–24, 134–35 rules for preferential trade agreements, 137–38 stumbling block logic, 124–26 unilateral liberalization, 130 veto avoidance, 128–29 welfare consequences of preferential trade agreements, 135–37 Multilateral trade agreements agricultural provisions, 144–46 Multilateral trade negotiations, 126–27 Multinational enterprises, 318 Mutual legal assistance treaty, 350 Mutual recognition agreements, 26–27, 207, 220, 247–49 Mutual recognition of standards, 204
N NAAEC. See North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation NAALC. See North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation NACEC. See North American Commission for Environment Cooperation NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement Nash tariffs, 132 National Labor Committee, 439 Natural persons defined, 276 Natural trade blocs, 136 NCTA. See Northern Corridor Transit Agreement NCTS. See New Computerized Transit System Negative integration, 18 New Computerized Transit System, 334 New economic geography, 78–81 New trade theory, 85 New Zealand Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, 152 China-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement, 226–27 labor agreements with developing countries, 297–99, 303 labor mobility in preferential trade agreements, 283–84 NLC. See National Labor Committee No-trade-to-free-trade liberalization, 76–77 Nontariff measures, 47 North Africa preferential trade agreement participation, 56–57 North America preferential trade agreement participation, 54–55 North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, 409, 414 North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, 431, 437, 482 North American Commission for Environment Cooperation, 414, 482 North American Free Trade Agreement agriculture provisions, 149, 156 creation of, 123 dispute settlement, 493–95 environmental issues, 414 investment provisions, 311–13 labor standards, 431–32, 437–38 rules of origin, 165 Northern Corridor Transit Agreement, 345n NTMs. See Nontariff measures
O Obama, Barack, 432–33, 436 OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Oligopoly, 91–92 One-stop border posts, 330–31 Online gambling, 262 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 96, 198
P Pacific region preferential trade agreement participation, 55–56 Packaging requirements, 198 PAFTA. See Pan-Arab Free Trade Agreement Pan-Arab Free Trade Agreement, 56 Partial-scope agreement, 38 Patent-registration linkage, 391, 394 Patents protection, 391, 394 Performances and Phonograms Treaty, 395 Permanent Appeals Tribunal, 482 Permanent workers, 276–77 Peru U.S.-Peru Free Trade Agreement, 397 Pharmaceutical test data, 391, 394–95 Plurilateral trade agreements differentiated from bilateral agreements, 43–44 membership, 64–65 networks, 51–54 trade developments, 57–59 Pollutant release and transfer registry, 414, 420 Positive integration, 18 Preferential liberalization, 83 Preferential rules or origin absorption principle, 168 best-practice suggestions, 164 change of tariff classification, 162–63 cumulation, 166–68 defining origin, 161–64 duty drawback, 168 economic development and, 174–75 economic implications of, 171–75 in existing preferential trade agreements, 168–71 outward processing, 168 quantifying costs associated with, 173–74 restrictiveness index, 171, 173 specific manufacturing process, 163–64 substantial transformation determination, 162–64 tolerance rules, 168 trade preferences and, 164–71 utilization of trade preferences, 171–73 value added, 163 Preferential trade agreements. See also specific issues by name at-the-border policies, 18–19 behind-the-border policies, 18–19 benefits of, 1 composition of, 42–43 customized problem solving, 30–31 deep integration preference, 17–18, 33–34 disadvantages of, 1 economic benefits, 19–23 externalities, 22 flexibility, 30–31 geographic configuration, 43–45 geopolitical objectives, 23–24 global landscape, 49–57 impact on third parties, 26–27 impact on trade, 57–63 implementation, 31–33 information asymmetries, 22–23 institutions for reform, 24–25 monopoly power, 21–22 motivations for deep integration, 19–25 negative integration, 18 North-South agreements, 95–108