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Figure 23.1. Total and Per Capita Carbon Emissions for the World and Various Regions, 1960–2002 a. CDIAC166 world sample, total
b. CDIAC166 world sample, PCE 1.2
d. US−CA−AUS, OECD-26, BRIC-3, RoW-134, PCE
year BRIC-3
OECD-26
e. World regions, total
year
00 20 00 20
90 19
80 19
19
70
60
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
19
tons per capita
00 20
90 19
80 19
70
RoW-134 f. World regions, PCE
2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0
19
90
year
US−CA−AUS
ECA
19
80 19
60 19
00 20
90 19
80 19
70 19
19
60
0
70
500
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
19
1,000
60
00
c. US−CA−AUS, OECD-26, BRIC-3, RoW-134, total
1,500
19
20
year
tons per capita
millions (mt)
19
19
00
year
2,000
millions (mt)
90
0.8
20
90 19
80 19
70 19
19
60
2,000
0.9
80
3,000
1.0
19
4,000
1.1
70
5,000
19
6,000
60
tons per capita
millions (mt)
7,000
year NA
EAP and SA
MENA
LAC
SSA
Source: Adapted from Ordás Criado and Grether forthcoming. Note: BRIC-3 = Brazil, China, and India; USA–CA–AUS = United States, Canada, and Australia; OECD-26 = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development without Australia, Canada, and the United States; RoW-134 = the remaining countries, hence a total of 3 + 3 + 26 + 134 = 166 countries; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; SA = South Asia; MENA = Middle East and North Africa; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; PCE = per capita carbon emissions. Initial data are from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analsysis Center (CDIAC) and reflect anthropogenic emissions from fossil fuel consumption, cement manufacturing, and gas flaring, ignoring fuels supplied to ships and crafts. To convert carbon emissions into CO2 emissions, apply a multiplicative factor of 3.67.
effects to which they will be subject. Third, the investments in green renewable energy called for are long term, and investment decisions are inherently dynamic. The longer action is delayed, the more investment will take place in emission-intensive activities because they will remain relatively more profitable than clean energies. However, the slow pace at which collective action is building indicates that acting rapidly will not happen.2 Because of the magnitude of the problem, mitigating climate change will require action on several fronts:
• Increasing spending on research and development (R&D), both public and private to develop green energies • Combating deforestation, because it is an important source of GHG emissions • Providing aid to support adaptation in the often-hostile environments in less-developed countries • Establishing an effective emission-trading regime when countries choose to reduce emissions by issuing permits, a choice that could be adopted along with a tax and technical regulations in certain sectors.3