applied to mitigate risk. Based on an analysis of several specific risks to the security of the international supply chain—and of the compliance management strategies intended to address them—Widdowson and Holloway recommend policy responses and operational strategies to guide policymakers and administrators in formulating regulatory responses to identified risks. Chapter 19 examines issues facing fragile states and postconflict countries—places where traditional approaches may be inappropriate for addressing border management problems. Outlining a typology of fragile states, and describing lessons learned over the past decade of donor support, Luc De Wulf discusses experiences carrying out various types of border management improvement, and he suggests broad strategies and approaches as most appropriate for each type. The chapter focuses on the responsibilities of customs, particularly in raising revenue: a priority for both governments and donors, for which several well documented initiatives have already been put into practice. Nontraditional approaches to customs support include management contracts, foreign technical experts, preshipment inspection and destination inspection services, and reforms driven by ICT. Chapter 20 focuses on the critical issue of corruption at the border. While poor governance significantly impairs the revenue generation and trade facilitation effectiveness of many countries, it is also recognized as a major barrier to the implementation of many border management reform initiatives. In this chapter Amer Durrani, Michaela Prokop, and
Michel Zarnowiecki present a new and innovative approach to assessing and addressing organizational governance vulnerabilities. The authors examine a recently developed integrity risk modeling tool that draws on several different, yet complementary models to yield a comprehensive understanding of governance dimensions from both bottom up and top down perspectives. Although the methodology was designed initially for application in customs administration, chapter 20 outlines how it could be adapted successfully for whole-of-border modernization efforts. References
Arvis, J.-F., M.A. Mustra, J. Panzer, L. Ojala, and T. Naula. 2007. Connecting to Compete 2007: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy—the Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators. Washington, DC: The World Bank. ———. 2010. Connecting to Compete 2010: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy—the Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators. Washington, DC: The World Bank. De Wulf, L., and J. Sokol, eds. 2005. Customs Modernization Handbook. Washington, DC: The World Bank. WCO (World Customs Organization). 2002. Guide to Measure the Time Required for the Release of Goods. Brussels: WCO. World Bank and IFC (International Finance Corporation). 2006. Doing Business 2007: How to Reform. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
1 Introduction and summary
B O R D E R M A N A G E M E N T M O D E R N I Z AT I O N
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