18. There are an estimated 60,000–100,000 illegal and unregulated gold miners in the country. 19. As mentioned below, the number of social conflicts arising out of environmental issues rose from 14 in 2005 to 132 in 2009. 20. World Bank, “Building Roads to Democracy?” 21. (Cuanto, GRADE, World Bank). 22. World Bank, Peru: Cost of Environmental Damage. 23. According to MINEM (Ministerio de Energía y Minas. Ministry of Energy and Mining), while the coastal areas have 55 percent of the population, for example, they have only 2 percent of water resources. 24. World Bank, Natural Disaster Hotspots. 25. World Bank, “Second Programmatic Environmental Development Policy Loan Project.” 26. Other WBG AAA included studies on fisheries and on social and environmental aspects of mining. 27. The Project Appraisal Document presents both water supply and sewerage connections as key monitoring indicators, but the Implementation Status and Results Report only reports on water supply connections. For the objective of reducing water pollution, however, the progress of sewerage connections is more important. 28. IEG-IFC project evaluation and field validation reports. 29. As noted in IEG’s Hazards of Natural Risks to Development, for example, in highly vulnerable countries such as Peru, “far more attention to prevention, mitigation and risk management is needed, but client demand for such services is easily displaced by other development concerns.” 30. IEG found that IFC does not consider the opportunity cost of water for its economic analysis of agribusiness projects. This is a surprising omission, given the water intensity of the crops—for example, 1,000 tons of water needed per ton of sugar—and the fact that most projects are located in coastal areas where water use conflicts are growing and water rights are not tradable.
Chapter 4 1. Information derived from Living Standards Measurement Survey, Demographic and Health Surveys, and so on. 2. An evaluation of large social programs found SIS to be the most efficiently targeted program in the health sector. 3. Surveys (albeit covering a short time period and based on small samples) indicated that the proportion of births in institutions in covered areas almost doubled from 28 percent to 51 percent, surpassing the target of 37 percent. The infant mortality rate in covered areas fell from 48 to 28 per 1,000, surpassing the original target of 34. 4. In the 2000 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Peru came last of 15 non-OECD countries, well behind four others in Latin America.
5. World Bank, Peru Rural Education Project. Peru’s achievements in access were partly through reducing costs, and it spent relatively little on its primary education system. Its per pupil costs were among the lowest in Latin America, and its teachers were paid among the lowest in the region relative to per capita income and compared with other similarly educated professionals. 6. The pupil-teacher ratio in primary education in Peru was 23 In 2003, compared to 34 in Colombia. 7. According to a World Bank survey in 2002, in only 36 percent of schools surveyed did school personnel records match the official roster of teachers, indicating high levels of “ghost teachers” (Instituto Apoyo, Public Expenditure Tracking Survey). 8. RECURSO is the acronym for the Spanish term for Accountability for Results in the Social Sectors. RECURSO was intended as a one-off study, but was extended as annual programmatic AAA to further address issues of accountability for results in the social sectors. 9. See IEG, “Evaluation of the World Bank’s Assistance to Primary Education in Peru.”
Chapter 5 1. In this report, “public management,” “public administration,” “institutionality,” and “public sector modernization” (the latter two are, respectively, the pillar headings under the CAS and the CSP) are used interchangeably. 2. A World Bank institutional and governance review for Peru in the early 1990s found a lack of continuity, arbitrariness, and lack of transparency in public policies that resulted from the centralization of power, underdeveloped political parties, and weak checks and balances. 3. Government priorities over the decade are stated in, Acuerdo Nacional of 2002 (the result of a broad national consultation process), Plan de Gobierno 2006–2011, and the WBG CASs. 4. See The New Civil Service: A Transformation from Within. National Authority of Civil Service (SERVIR). Peru. 5. For example, the SERVIR initiative represents a promising effort to improve capacity at senior levels of the civil service without comprehensive reform. In other cases, such as in health and education, there have been isolated efforts to change the status of public servants under contracts and create a parallel career or incentive systems to compensate for the rigidities of current civil service regulations. 6. The 2001 Peru Institutional and Governance Review (World Bank) was the last comprehensive exercise in assessing the constraints to public management reform. 7. World Bank, Peru: Microeconomic Constraints to Growth.
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