218
Population Aging
The per capita age profile has a J shape, suggesting high public health costs in infancy, which then decrease for the young and then increase again in middle age. For the aggregate, however, the estimates of this study suggest that they decline, reflecting the age composition of the population. In health care, in both countries, the poor make a more intensive use of public health care services than the rich at all ages. The age pattern
Figure 6.2
Pensions: Incidence of Public Expenditures in Brazil and Chile b. Pensions (ages 60+), Chile 7 ratio to Q1
ratio to Q1
a. Pensions (ages 60+), Brazil 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Q5
Q1
income quintile
Q4
Q5
d. Age distribution, Chile proportionate age distribution
0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0
0– 10 4 –1 20 4 – 30 24 – 40 34 –4 50 4 – 60 54 – 70 64 –7 80 4 –8 4 90 +
0– 10 4 –1 20 4 –2 30 4 –3 40 4 –4 50 4 –5 60 4 – 70 64 –7 80 4 –8 4 90 +
proportionate age distribution
c. Age distribution, Brazil
age group
age group per capita
weighted by age distribution
e. Aggregate expenditure, Brazil
f. Aggregate expenditure, Chile 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0
0– 10 4 –1 20 4 –2 30 4 –3 40 4 –4 50 4 –5 60 4 –6 70 4 –7 80 4 –8 4 90 +
US$ (thousands)
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
0– 10 4 –1 20 4 –2 30 4 –3 40 4 –4 50 4 –5 60 4 –6 70 4 –7 80 4 –8 4 90 +
US$ (thousands)
Q3
income quintile
0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0
age group
Q2
age group
(continued)