14. See the Project Performance Assessment Report of the Health and Population Project (1999) (IEG 2005) and ICR Review of National Nutrition Project (P050751), which notes that the projects only partially achieved their objectives. Further, the Bangladesh Poverty Assessment (World Bank 2008c) indicates that although women from better-off families saw an increase in trained attendance at birth (from 30 to 39 percent) and a reduction in home births (from 81 to 68 percent), poor women experienced very little change in their use of these services during this period. See also the “Whispers to Voices” report (World Bank 2008m). In Peru, the 2002 CAS’s stated target for reducing maternal mortality to 160 per 100,000 has been met through a set of DPO measures and project support, particularly in those regions with the highest degree of disparity. However, the Project Appraisal Document for the second phase of the Health Reform Project (World Bank 2009e) states that Peru’s maternal mortality rate was almost double the Latin American average and that the official rate may have understated the extent of the problem, as the World Health Organization, the United Nations’ Children’s Fund, and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean suggested that the rate was closer to 240 per 100,000. The contribution of Bank support to the reduction of maternal mortality may have been notable, but it was impossible to assess this accurately. 15. In Colombia, the latest CAS states that there was no intervention to address maternal health during the evaluation period. DPOs—although gender blind—helped strengthen those safety nets that predominately reached women (62 percent). However, outcomes in this area are unlikely to be significant. In the Philippines, the support for health programs provided through the Second Social and Expenditure Management Project did not focus on those factors related to maternal mortality, and an ongoing project includes a component addressing maternal mortality issues. 16. Malaria causes about 20 percent of maternal mortalities in Zambia. In terms of HIV/AIDS support, the focus is typically on pregnant women. 17. According to a survey carried out by the government, 57 percent of households had access to safe water in 2004, compared to 56 percent in 1994. That reflects a slight improvement (see World Bank 2008e). 18. In Colombia, the 1999 National Household Survey showed that only 2 percent of the total labor force of women was involved in construction work. The Community Works Project (fiscal 2000), therefore, included specific measures to target women. The actual numbers (75,000 women) exceeded the original target of 50,000, and these were mainly women out of the labor force. 19. “The objective to achieve gender equity in [higher education] enrollment through the establishment of an equitable funding mechanism was not examined as the developed formula was not piloted. Some of the key activities were totally
dropped (for example, development of Financial Management Information System, student aid) and thus this component was the least successful” (World Bank 2009g, p. 26). 20. Households in a field assessment undertaken by the Bank estimated the title increased the value of their property by 20 to 30 percent. 21. See World Bank (2008h, p. 18). The PAD did not integrate any gender considerations, which was mainly part of the Australian government’s Overseas Aid Program appraisal documents. 22. In 2009, two local consultants, guided by an international consultant, conducted three weeks of fieldwork in Mazabuka, Petauke, and Lusaka districts to obtain beneficiary and stakeholder views on the extent to which three Bankfinanced projects implemented in the districts had contributed to women’s economic and decision-making power at local levels. 23. The evaluation relied on a field assessment undertaken for IEG’s evaluation of Bank support for decentralization in three regions in the Philippines (IEG 2008a). 24. Fifty-four percent of the participants in business initiatives were women, and 40 percent of the workers were women. Sixty-seven percent of wives in the target population participated in Conservation Committee meetings, and 52 percent of these held elected seats on the committees. 25. Interview with the Deputy Head, Women’s Development Agency, Sana.
Chapter 7 1. Management disagrees with this assessment. Monitoring systems are in place, and the Gender Group reports annually on the progress in the implementation of the gender mainstreaming strategy, although it recognizes that these systems are always a work in progress. It has monitored and rated gender integration into lending, diagnostic ESW, and CASs starting in fiscal 2002. From fiscal 2000 to 2007, the Quality Assurance Group Quality at Entry and Quality of Supervision Assessments tracked and rated gender integration in lending; this work was taken over by Gender and Development for fiscal 2008 and 2009 and is in process. Since fiscal 2002, Gender and Development has reviewed and rated Bank diagnostic ESW (Poverty Assessments, Public Expenditure Reviews, Country Economic Memorandums, and Development Policy reviews) and all CAS products discussed by the Board each fiscal year, using criteria developed in consultation with Bank staff involved in producing ESW and CASs. The treatment of gender in CASs was included in a fiscal 2009 CAS retrospective discussed by the Board in September 2009. 2. Management disagrees with this finding and points to analysis by Bank staff that shows an increasing trend between 2006 and 2008 when using a larger sample that includes DPLs (World Bank 2009d).
Endnotes
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