362
Poor Places, Thriving People
urban versus rural (continued) metropolitanization and deruralization, lack of, 106–7, 108f migration from rural to urban areas. See migration, internal poverty, measuring, 76–77, 77t, 78t public institutions for spatial policies, 23 transportation congestion in urban areas, 24–25, 223–25 rural connectivity deficits, 24f, 221–23, 222f urbanization economies, 40 urbanization process, smoothing, 21–23, 189–203 growth of urban areas and urban slums in MENA, 190–91, 191t, 192f initiatives in MENA region, 201, 203t land markets, 21–22, 191–98, 193t, 194b, 195t, 197f policy makers, ideas for, 201, 202b population growth, urbanization, and slum growth in MENA, 191, 192f public institutions for, 23, 201 public services and urban planning, 198–201 Uruguay, urbanization and productivity in, 39 V Vietnam divergence-convergence cycle, 99 transportation in, 52–53 urbanization in, 40 W water supply access to, 171, 172f agricultural productivity and, 263–64, 264t
diversion of water, programs for, 28 settlement patterns shaped by, 67–68m spatially adapted delivery systems for, 175 Water Users’ Associations (WUAs), 264 West Bank and Gaza, 330–32 agriculture in, 71, 72, 196 CCTs, 184 character of lagging areas in, 118 decentralization in, 288, 289 electronic proximity, 236 fiscal incentives for lagging areas in, 252, 254b health care in, 20, 176 investment climate, spatial disparities in, 15f PEM in, 149t provincial and municipal political organization in, 279b subnational investment climate in, 142, 143f transportation in, 24, 217, 221 Western Europe. See European Union (EU), and specific countries WFP (World Food Programme), UN, 235–36 WHO (World Health Organization), 170 World Bank on educational enrollment advances in MENA, 157–58 LPI, 228–30, 229t, 241n3 MENA projects, involvement in, xviii Middle East and North Africa Development Report (2010), 1 political organization, agglomeration index used to assess spatial impact of, 135 Reshaping Economic Geography (World Development Report, 2009), xvii, 1, 3, 49, 106 road connectivity problems, review of, 220t