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GUBERT AND NORDMAN
TABLE 3.4
Employment Status during Migration, by Last Country of Immigrationa (pooled sample) France
Germany
Italy
Spain
Other Europe
57.1
46.9
33.0
27.3
52.4
2.2 9.4 4.8 0.2 4.0 7.6 7.4 4.2 3.0 499.0
8.2 8.2 10.2 0.0 4.1 8.2 12.2 0.0 2.0 49.0
4.1 23.2 16.5 1.6 6.7 0.5 0.5 1.0 12.9 194.0
0.0 0.0 42.4 6.1 9.1 0.0 3.0 6.1 6.1 33.0
12.7 11.1 1.6 0.0 6.4 0.0 6.4 3.2 6.4 63.0
Waged Employer Self-employed Seasonal Family worker Unemployed Retired Student Inactive Other Number of observations
Sources: MIREM Š EUI; authors’ calculations. Note: a. Statistics for non-European countries are not presented in the table.
Determinants of Becoming an Entrepreneur After Migration As suggested by the statistics, entrepreneurs among returnees are on average different in some ways from nonentrepreneurs; for example, they are more likely to be male, younger, and have neither low nor high education levels. In addition, the probability of becoming an entrepreneur after return seems to be higher for returnees with a first experience as employers or self-employed, for those who received vocational training while abroad, and for those who independently and freely chose to return. This section constructs an econometric model of the probability of a returnee becoming an entrepreneur in order to examine whether these correlations hold in a multivariate analysis. To fuel the discussion, estimation results will be compared to those found in other studies focusing on the same issue but in other countries (Ammassari 2003; Black, King, and Tiemoko 2003; Ilahi 1999; McCormick and Wahba 2001).
Econometric Model We estimate the probit version of a discrete choice econometric model where the dependent variable is a dummy variable taking the value 1 if the