12 • Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills, and Investments
can engender resentment and lead to repressive policies, such as mass expulsions, that impose heavy costs on migrants and disrupt African economies. Africa is a continent of many small countries, which creates significant pressures for international migration. Africa’s population is smaller than that of India, yet movements of people within Africa cannot occur within a common legal and political framework. This problem implies significant political challenges to governments and higher costs for migrants, who face different legal and regulatory systems, higher fees for remittances, and risks associated with undocumented migration. Substantial efforts are required to reduce the costs and risks facing African migrants and to improve the benefits of migration to countries in the region. This book is an attempt to improve the information base so that African governments, destination countries, and the international community can improve migration policies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Docquier, Frédéric, and Abdeslam Marfouk. 2004. “Measuring the International Mobility of Skilled Workers (1990–2000). Release 1.0.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3381, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2011. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank.