210 • Index
TEBA Bank, 98n23 technology and skills, transfer of, 148, 164–65 temporary migration programs, 4, 9, 15, 35, 37, 170 terrorism, funding of. See anti-money laundering and combating financing of terrorism regulations tertiary education. See also highskilled migration Africa’s lowest rate of any developing region for, 115, 115f healthcare professionals, 8, 129–37 remittances used for, 67f tuition policies, 8, 137–38 Thailand disaster recovery, use of remittances for, 69 return incentive programs, 172 Thorn, Kristian, 140 Togo common ties within region and cross-border emigration, 34 remittances infrastructure development and, 90 size and importance of, 51 trade diaspora’s effects on, 147, 151–53, 152f, 180n3 high-skilled migration and, 128b trafficking, 3. See also exploitation transfers of technology and skills, 164–65 transnational companies, 180n4 transparency of remittance systems, 5–6, 86–88 Tremblay, Jean-François, 124–25 tuberculosis, 32b Tunisia bilateral agreements on emigrants, 33, 37 remittances infrastructure development and, 90
mobile payment services, 90 size and importance of, 51 returning migrants investing in small businesses, 155 undocumented migration laws with penalties, 37
U Uganda agencies and initiatives to engage with diasporas, 173 bilateral trade, migration’s effect on, 152 common ties within region and cross-border emigration, 21 Kenya as destination country for emigrants from, 21 mobile money services, 82 remittances channels, 79f, 80, 95t data collection on, 86b educational use of, 66 household investments made with, 154–55, 154f information and communication technology and, 70, 71t recipients’ placement in consumption quintiles, 61–62, 61–62f size and importance of, 51, 52 uses of, 64t, 65 undocumented migration, 15, 34–35 United Arab Emirates as destination country, 150 United Kingdom bilateral trade, migration’s effect on, 151 cost of forced vs. voluntary returns to country of origin, 171 as destination country, 15, 25, 121, 126b, 149–50 diaspora groups’ development projects, 170 healthcare professionals, migration to, 131, 141, 142n8 initiative to engage with diaspora, 165