Index • 205
return migration rates, 30, 30t, 31b social costs and benefits of, 31–32b socioeconomic characteristics of migrants from Africa, 2, 14, 26–30, 27t M-Kesho, 82 mobile money services, 6, 80–84, 99n25, 99n29 policy changes, 89 Mohapatra, Sanket, 56, 57, 69, 97n17, 156 money laundering concerns, 6, 49, 76 Morocco agreement with Spain on migration, 35 bilateral agreements on emigrants, 33, 36 remittances infrastructure development and, 90 procyclical, 96n4 size and importance of, 51, 60–61 returning migrants investing in small businesses, 155 undocumented migration laws with penalties, 37 Moullan, Yasser, 137 Mozambique common ties within region and cross-border emigration, 21 destination country for migrants from, 142n3 net migration rates, 17 M-Pesa system (Kenya), 80, 81b, 82–84, 89, 90 multilateral development banks, role in diaspora bonds, 160
N Nagarajan, Subha, 68 natural disasters increase in remittances and, 54 remittances used for recovery, 68–69 Neagu, Ileana Cristina, 124 Nepal diaspora bonds, 158 educational use of remittances, 66b
Netherlands diaspora groups’ development projects, 169–70 remittance channels, 87 net migration rates, 17, 38–39t, 40nn3–4 New Immigration Survey data on U.S., 156 New Zealand high-skilled migration, 140 remittance channels, 87 Nigeria Africa Migration Project surveys, 27–29 agencies and initiatives to engage with diasporas, 173 common ties within region and cross-border emigration, 21, 34 diaspora communities abroad investment funds, 181n14 as partners in development programs, 11, 173 in U.S., 150 voting rights, 169 healthcare professionals’ migration to OECD countries, 133 high-skilled migration, 121, 122f mass expulsion of migrants from, 35 remittances channels, 79f, 80, 94t costs of, 76 educational use of, 66 household investments made with, 154–55, 154f information and communication technology and, 70, 71t recipients’ placement in consumption quintiles, 61–62, 61–62f securitization of future remittances, 57 size and importance of, 51, 60–61 uses of, 64t, 65 return migration rates, 30, 30t socioeconomic characteristics of migrants from, 2, 14