Burans, J. P., M. McCarthy, S. M. el Tayeb, A. el Tigani, J. George, R. Abu-Elyazeed, and J. N. Woody. 1990. “Serosurvey of Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus amongst High Risk Groups in Port Sudan, Sudan.” East Afr Med J 67: 650–55.
Eftekhar, M., M.-M. Gouya, A. Feizzadeh, N. Moshtagh, H. Setayesh, K. Azadmanesh, and A.-R. Vassigh. 2008. “Bio-Behavioural Survey on HIV and Its Risk Factors among Homeless Men Who Have Sex with Men in Teharan, 2006–07.”
Busulwa, R. 2003. “HIV/AIDS Situation Analysis Study.” Conducted in Hodeidah, Taiz and Hadhramut, Republic of Yemen.
Egypt MOH (Ministry of Health), and Population National AIDS Program. 2006. HIV/AIDS Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey. Summary report.
Butt, T., and M. S. Amin. 2008. “Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Infections among Young Adult Males in Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 14: 791–97.
El-Amin, H. H., E. M. Osman, M. O. Mekki, M. B. Abdelraheem, M. O. Ismail, M. E. Yousif, A. M. Abass, H. S. El-haj, and H. K. Ammar. 2007. “Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Hemodialysis Patients in Sudan: Two Centers’ Report.” Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 18: 101–6.
Candan, F., H. Alagozlu, O. Poyraz, and H. Sumer. 2002. “Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection in Barbers in the Sivas Region of Turkey.” Occup Med (Lond) 52: 31–34. Constantine, N. T., M. F. Sheba, D. M. Watts, Z. Farid, and M. Kamal. 1990. “HIV Infection in Egypt: A Two and a Half Year Surveillance.” J Trop Med Hyg 93: 146–50. Corwin, A. L., J. G. Olson, M. A. Omar, A. Razaki, and D. M. Watts. 1991. “HIV-1 in Somalia: Prevalence and Knowledge among Prostitutes.” AIDS 5: 902–4. Darwish, M. A., R. Faris, N. Darwish, A. Shouman, M. Gadallah, M. S. El-Sharkawy, R. Edelman, K. Grumbach, M. R. Rao, and J. D. Clemens. 2001. “Hepatitis C and Cirrhotic Liver Disease in the Nile Delta of Egypt: A Community-Based Study.” Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 147–53. Darwish, M. A., T. A. Raouf, P. Rushdy, N. T. Constantine, M. R. Rao, and R. Edelman. 1993. “Risk Factors Associated with a High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Egyptian Blood Donors.” Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 440–47. Demirturk, N., T. Demirdal, D. Toprak, M. Altindis, and O. C. Aktepe. 2006. “Hepatitis B and C Virus in WestCentral Turkey: Seroprevalence in Healthy Individuals Admitted to a University Hospital for Routine Health Checks.” Turk J Gastroenterol 17: 267–72. Dewachi, O. 2001. “HIV/AIDS Prevention through Outreach to Vulnerable Populations in Beirut, Lebanon: Men Who Have Sex with Other Men and HIV AIDS; A Situation Analysis in Beirut, Lebanon.” Final report, April 29, 2001. Djebbi, A., O. Bahri, H. Langar, A. Sadraoui, S. Mejri, and H. Triki. 2008. “Genetic Variability of Genotype 1 Hepatitis C Virus Isolates from Tunisian Haemophiliacs.” New Microbiol 31: 473–80. Djibouti National TB Programme. 2006. “TB Facts and Figures of Djibouti.” Responsable du PNT, Ministere de la Santé, Republique de Djibouti. Dray, X., R. Dray-Spira, J. A. Bronstein, and D. Mattera. 2005. “Prevalences of HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in Blood Donors in the Republic of Djibouti.” Med Trop (Mars) 65: 39–42. Dupire, B., A. K. Abawi, C. Ganteaume, T. Lam, P. Truze, and G. Martet. 1999. “Establishment of a Blood Transfusion Center at Kabul (Afghanistan).” Sante 9: 18–22. Ebrahim, H. 2008. “Iranian Epidemiological Training Programs for AIDS Prevention in Mazandaran Province.” Pak J Biol Sci 11: 2109–15. 252
Characterizing the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa
El-Gadi, S., A. Abudher, and M. Sammud. 2008. “HIVRelated Knowledge and Stigma among High School Students in Libya.” Int J STD AIDS 19: 178–83. El-Ghazzawi, E., L. Drew, L. Hamdy, E. El-Sherbini, Sel D. Sadek, and E. Saleh. 1995. “Intravenous Drug Addicts: A High Risk Group for Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis Viruses, Cytomegalo Virus and Bacterial Infections in Alexandria Egypt.” J Egypt Public Health Assoc 70: 127–50. El-Ghazzawi, E., G. Hunsmann, and J. Schneider. 1987. “Low Prevalence of Antibodies to HIV-1 and HTLV-I in Alexandria, Egypt.” AIDS Forsch 2: 639. El-Gilany, A. H., and S. El-Fedawy. 2006. “Bloodborne Infections among Student Voluntary Blood Donors in Mansoura University, Egypt.” East Mediterr Health J 12: 742–48. El Gohary, A., A. Hassan, Z. Nooman, D. Lavanchy, C. Mayerat, A. El Ayat, N. Fawaz, F. Gobran, M. Ahmed, F. Kawano, et al. 1995. “High Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus among Urban and Rural Population Groups in Egypt.” Acta Trop 59: 155–61. El Guneid, A. M., A. A. Gunaid, A. M. O’Neill, N. I. Zureikat, J. C. Coleman, and I. M. Murray-Lyon. 1993. “Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, and D Virus Markers in Yemeni Patients with Chronic Liver Disease.” J Med Virol 40: 330–33. Elharti, E. E., Z. A. Zidouh, M. R. Mengad, B. O. Bennani, S. A. Siwani, K. H. Khattabi, A. M. Alami, and E. R. Elaouad. 2002. “Result of HIV Sentinel Surveillance Studies in Morocco during 2001.” Int Conf AIDS: 14. El-Hazmi, M. M. 2004. “Prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV-1, 2 and HTLV-I/II Infections among Blood Donors in a Teaching Hospital in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia.” Saudi Med J 25: 26–33. El-Maaytah, M., A. Al Kayed, M. Al Qudah, H. Al Ahmad, K. Al-Dabbagh, W. Jerjes, M. Al Khawalde, O. Abu Hammad, N. Dar Odeh, K. El-Maaytah, Y. Al Shmailan, S. Porter, and C. Scully. 2005. “Willingness of Dentists in Jordan to Treat HIV-Infected Patients.” Oral Dis 11: 318–22. Elmir, E., S. Nadia, B. Ouafae, M. Rajae, S. Amina, and A. Rajae el. 2002. “HIV Epidemiology in Morocco: A Nine-Year Survey (1991–1999).” Int J STD AIDS 13: 839–42. El-Nanawy, A. A., O. F. El Azzouni, A. T. Soliman, A. E. Amer, R. S. Demian, and H. M. El-Sayed. 1995.