146
TABLE 5.4
GLOBALIZATION, WAGES, AND THE QUALITY OF JOBS: FIVE COUNTRY STUDIES
(continued)
Convention
Description
Date ratified
111
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958
June 1995
122
Employment Policy Convention, 1964
June 1995
129
Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969
June 1995
131
Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970
June 1995
135
Workers’ Representatives Convention, 1971
September 2006
138
Minimum Age Conventiona, 1973
January 1996
141
Rural Workers’ Organisations Convention, 1975
June 1995
142
Human Resources Development Convention, 1975
June1995
144
Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976
June 1995
150
Labour Administration Convention, 1978
February 2001
151
Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978
September 2006
155
Occupational Safety and Health Conventionb, 1981
October 2000
156
Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981
October 2000
159
Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983
December 1986
160
Labour Statistics Conventionc, 1985
April 1987
182
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999
October 2000
SOURCE: ILO. NOTE: ILO “core” labor standards are in bold type. El Salvador has ratified all ILO core labor standards. a. Specifies minimum age of 14. b. Has ratified the Protocol of 2002. c. Acceptance of all the Articles of Part II has been specified pursuant to Article 16, paragraph 2, of the Convention.
Ratification of these 14 conventions highlighted El Salvador’s reluctance to ratify ILO conventions 87 (Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise) and 98 (Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining). Article 7 of El Salvador’s constitution recognizes freedom of association, but this article did not apply to government workers. The government’s main argument for refusing to ratify these conventions was that the constitution prohibited government workers from organizing unions on the grounds that public services were essential and therefore could not be interrupted. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, El Salvador faced increasing international criticism from labor groups for these provisions. The Spanish tuna investment by Grupo Calvo played an important role in pressuring El Salvador to ratify ILO core conventions 87 and 98, as well as conventions