C L I M AT E C H A N G E A N D T H E W O R L D B A N K G R O U P
64 68 73 74 75
77
6
Natural Gas Flaring 79 81 81 84 86
89
7
Context The Paradox of Gas Flaring The Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership Economics of Gas Flaring Conclusion
Findings and Recommendations 91 96
99
Bank Engagement on DSM Appliance Standards and Building Codes Public Buildings District Heating Conclusion
Findings Conclusion and Recommendations
Appendixes 100 A: 106 B: 114 C:
121
Endnotes
123
References
Bank Attention to Subsidies in the Large Subsidizing Countries Energy-Efficiency Projects with Policy Components Distributional Incidence of Subsidies
Boxes 15 37 48
2.1 3.1 4.1
49
4.2
51 63 66 73 95
4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 7.1
Emissions Intensities of Power Supply The $135 per Ton CO2 Price Is Already Here Ghana and Indonesia: Using Social Safety Nets to Protect the Poor from Fuel Price Rises Ukraine: Gradual Energy Policy Reform and Decreasing Emissions Intensity Egypt: Policy Dialogue and Pricing Reform Rates of Return to Energy-Efficiency Projects DSM in Brazil Heat Reform and Building Efficiency in China The Challenge of Catalyzing Technology Adoption
Figures
iv
4 7 14 16 20 27 35 46 52 53
1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3
61 80
5.1 6.1
Intersection of Issues Related to Climate Change Global and Domestic Benefits Per Capita Energy Emissions and Income, 2004 Absolute Changes in Emissions and Income, 1992–2004 Relative Emissions Are Higher in Countries with Diesel Subsidies World Bank Climate-Themed Projects and Commitments Real Energy Prices of Coal, Gas, and Oil, 1990–2008 Conditionality Related to Petroleum Products Trends in Energy Sector Loans with Pricing Goals Distribution of World Bank Lending Related to Electricity Power Pricing Policy, 1996–2007 Energy-Efficiency Investments Recent and Planned Generation Capacity Additions by Fuel Type