TABLE 4. Determinants of Pro-Poor Policies, Random-Effects Regressions (dependent variable: expected decline in poverty attributable to spending policies) (1) Mean income
⫺0.5507
(2) ⫺0.5566
(3) ⫺0.5331
(4) ⫺0.5324
(5) ⫺0.552
(6) ⫺0.5337
(7) ⫺0.4812
(8) ⫺0.492
(9) ⫺0.4779
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
⫺0.4901
⫺0.5281
⫺0.5184
⫺0.4862
⫺0.5396
(0.0272)*** (0.0286)*** (0.0268)*** (0.0258)*** (0.0335)*** (0.0257)*** (0.0310)*** (0.0293)*** (0.0308)*** (0.0293)*** (0.0242)*** (0.0282)*** (0.0280)*** (0.0289)*** Trade/GDP
0.0009
0.0011
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.0014
0.0014
0.0015
0.0014
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
0.0014
(0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0004)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)*** (0.0003)***
(15) ⫺0.5468 (0.0287)*** 0.0011 (0.0003)***
Liquid liabilities/ GDP
⫺0.0007 (0.0004)*
Gini coefficient
⫺0.0007
⫺0.0007
⫺0.0007
⫺0.0007
⫺0.0007
⫺0.0007
⫺0.0007
⫺0.0007
⫺0.0009
⫺0.0006
⫺0.001
⫺0.0011
(0.0003)**
(0.0004)*
(0.0004)**
(0.0004)*
(0.0004)*
(0.0004)*
(0.0004)*
(0.0004)**
(0.0004)**
(0.0004)
(0.0004)**
0.0031
0.0031
0.0029
0.0022
0.0021
0.0023
0.0023
0.0028
0.0022
0.0015
0.0002
(0.0004)** 0.0001
(0.0014)**
(0.0013)**
(0.0013)**
(0.0017)
(0.0017)
(0.0019)
(0.0018)
(0.0013)**
(0.0014)
(0.0016)
(0.0013)
(0.0012)
Percent of urban population
0.0013 (0.0008)
Democracy (polity)
0.0013 (0.0008)
Economic freedom
0.0434 (0.0364)
Executive constraints
0.003 (0.0080)
Expropriation risk
⫺0.0197 (0.0166)
Degree of capitalism
⫺0.0056 (0.0157) (continued)