Wales Needs Profile by Wavehill

wavehill

ymchwil gwerthuso arolygon research evaluation surveys

Needs Profile Wales 2011 *A report by Wavehill Ltd for Big Lottery March 2012

Wales Needs Profile 2011

Contents 1.

Introduction .........................................................................................................10

Characteristic Strands, Groups and Need ................................................................12

BIG Theme: THE PROMOTION OF COMMUNITY LEARNING ......................................21

PRIORITY 1: Tackling the barriers to community learning & effective life skills ..........25

PRIORITY 2: Enabling Children & Young People to fulfil their full potential ...............33

Theme: THE PROMOTION OF COMMUNITY SAFETY AND COHESION ........................43

PRIORITY 3: Empowering communities to develop and deliver local revitalisation programmes .........................................................................................................46

PRIORITY 4: Developing constructive community responses to disaffection, anti-social behaviour and crime .............................................................................................54

PRIORITY 5: Enabling older people to live independent lives and to contribute to their community ...........................................................................................................63

10. PRIORITY 6: Enabling communities to manage and enhance their local environment and amenities .......................................................................................................72 11. Theme: THE PROMOTION OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELL BEING ..........................82 12. PRIORITY 8: Promoting healthier eating/ increasing physical activity across all age, gender and social groups .......................................................................................96 13. PRIORITY 9: Developing new approaches to promoting mental health and well being 104 14. References ......................................................................................................... 110

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Wales Needs Profile 2011

Executive Summary This Needs Profile is a tool designed to increase BIG’s knowledge and understanding of needs in Wales and how these relate to BIG’s funding themes, outcomes and priorities. BIG’s Wales Directorate has decided to produce a Wales Needs Profile to use as a resource to inform both programme development and grant assessment. The main aim of the document is to summarise the context of need across each of the 9 priority areas identified in BIG’s Wales Policy Directions. For each Priority, a number of indicators/needs areas were identified. Due to the scope of this document, this was not intended as an all encompassing analysis, rather, an identification of headline needs for each Priority. Key indicators and findings for each BIG Priority were:

Priority 1: Tackling the barriers to community learning & effective life skills Adult Literacy and Numeracy in Wales: • People from ethnic minority backgrounds are nearly twice as likely to fail to achieve functional literacy or numeracy compared to white people. • People with learning disabilities (48%) are more than twice as likely to lack basic literacy and numeracy than the rest of the population (21%). Adult Learning and Training: • The proportion of both men (37%) and women (40%) participating in adult learning in Wales in 2006-2008 was lower than the rest of Britain (41% for both). • The proportion participating in adult learning declines with age in Wales as it does in the rest of Britain. 65% of 18-24 year olds and 50% of 25-44 year olds participate, compared to 35% of 4564 year olds and around 10% of those aged over 60. Qualifications: • People in Wales are more likely to lack qualifications (16%) than people in Scotland (14%) or England (13%). A lower proportion of people in Wales have a degree than in any English region bar the North East of England. • There are large variations of qualifications with age. • There is a higher proportion of people with no qualifications amongst those who are disabled. 35% of males and 37% of females in this group have no qualifications. Only around 6% of disabled people in Wales have a degree or degree level qualification. Further and Higher Education • In Wales there are now more women (55%) than men (45%) participating in Higher Education. • Disabled people are half as likely to have a degree as non-disabled people. Use of the Internet Internet access in Wales falls steadily with social class. Across Britain as a whole, men were more likely to use the internet than women, and variation by ethnicity was less significant than by age or social class. • The biggest disparity is associated with age: 25% of people aged 65 and over were using the internet in 2009, compared with 89% of younger people (16 to 24).

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Priority 2: Enabling Children & Young People to fulfil their full potential Child Poverty • Nearly one third (32%) of children in Wales were living in relative low income households (below 60% of median income after housing costs) in 2010, up from 28% four years previously. • The number of children living in workless households has also increased in recent years, from 16.9% in 2006 to 19.9% in 2009. Early Years Education • 18.4% of pupils in Wales did not meet the expected CSI level at Key Stage 1 (age 7) in 2010, slightly less than in 2006 (19.4%). • Girls continually outperform boys at this age, with 86% achieving the required CSI level in 2010 compared to 77.4% of boys. • The percentage of pupils achieving the CSI at KS1 (2008-10) varies by main ethnic group. Secondary Years Education • Although data is not easily comparable, broadly, Wales has long had lower GCSE attainment than elsewhere in the UK. • When achievement at 15 is broken down by gender, a clear gap emerges with girls outperforming boys. There are also big variations in achievement by ethnicity. NEETs Between 2009 and 2010 there was an increase in the proportion of 16 to 18 year olds in education or training and a decrease in those in employment . • Wales (11.5%) has a slightly higher NEET rate than the UK (10.9%) as a whole for 16-18 year olds, with the gap (0.6%) rising to 3.8% for 19 to 24 year olds. • Young disabled people are more likely to be NEET than young non-disabled people.

•

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Wales Needs Profile 2011

Priority 3: Empowering communities to develop and deliver local revitalisation programmes Multiple deprivation • The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (2011) identifies the most deprived local authority in Wales to be Merthyr Tydfil, with 25.0% of its LSOAs in the most deprived 10% in Wales, followed by Blaenau Gwent (23.4%) and Rhondda Cynon Taff (17.8%). • In general, the Valleys and urban local authorities tend to be more deprived than those which are largely rural. Perceptions of Neighbourhood • In Wales, as elsewhere in the UK, households headed by women were more likely to rate their local areas as poor than households headed by men. Younger households were more likely to say their areas were poor than older households were. • The 5 most common reasons people liked their neighbourhood: because the neighbourhood was ‘quiet’ (52%); because the ‘people or neighbours were friendly’ (47%); because the ‘shops were good or they were close to shops’ (35%); because the ‘countryside was nice’ (32%) and because of the ‘location’ (29%). Perceptions of influence and political activity • In terms of political activity, voting patterns give the clearest indication of engagement. The Electoral Commission reported that turnout in Welsh Assembly elections was down 1.7% between 2011 and 2007. Participation in Organisations and Volunteering • There was a gradual decline in the number of people in Wales from 2005 to 2007 who stated that they had volunteered at sometime in the previous 3 years. • In 2005, 33% said that they would get involved/more involved in volunteering ‘if someone asked me directly to get involved’. 25% and 26% gave this answer in 2006 and 2007 respectively.

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Priority 4: Developing constructive community responses to disaffection, antisocial behaviour and crime Anti-social behaviour • In Wales in 2009/10 the percentage of people seeing anti-social behaviour (16%) as a problem in their area was slightly higher than in England (14%). • There is a clear geographical element to anti-social behaviour in Wales. The percentage of people seeing anti-social behaviour as a problem in their area was 10% in North Wales but over double this in South Wales (21%). Crimes against the person (violent crime, domestic abuse and sexual assault) • In Wales, as in England, young men are at a particularly high risk of becoming a victim of violent crime. Ethnic minority groups are more likely than white people to be victims of violent crime. • 1 in 4 women in England and Wales (4.8 million) has experienced some form of domestic abuse since reaching the age of 16. • In Wales, all main categories of police recorded crime fell between 2003 and 2009 apart from sexual offences which went up by 20%. Burglary and theft • Theft and car crime were higher than the UK average in South Wales. • Between 2009 and 2010 the rate of burglary reported in the British Crime Survey for Wales fell by 2% compared with 7% in England. • Between 2009 and 2010 the rate of theft reported in Wales fell by 1% per cent compared with 4% in England. Targeted crime (hate crime) • There were 668 prosecutions for hate crimes in Wales over 2009-10, 82.6% of which resulted in a successful prosecution. Fear of crime • Evidence from England and Wales suggests women display higher levels of worry than men about violent crime, even though their risk of general violence is much lower than that of men. • Feelings of being unsafe when alone at home after dark or walking alone in the local area during the day or after dark rise with age in England and Wales.

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Priority 5: Enabling older people to live independent lives and to contribute to their community Social Exclusion • Pensioners in England, Wales and Scotland are less likely to have at least daily contact with their social network (80%) than non-pensioners (88%). • Results show that 85% of respondents feel that they belong to their neighbourhood. Over 4 in every 5 think that “friendships with their neighbours mean a lot to them”, that they are “willing to work with their neighbours to improve their neighbourhood” and that they are “similar to others in their neighbourhoods”. Independence • Older people are more likely to need to use public transport, mostly buses, than younger age groups. • In terms of housing, there were a number of older people in need of adaptation but unable to acquire it. 21,348 older people needed a grab rail, 20,899 a shower to replace the bath and 19,912 needed a stair lift. Material Well-being • Few people continue to do paid work after 60/65, but employment at older ages has increased in recent years in Wales. • Evidence suggests there are 2 distinct pensioner groups in terms of income. Firstly, a ‘better off’ group made up mostly of younger pensioners living in pensioner couple households. Secondly a ‘worse off’ group who are commonly older female pensioners living alone, experiencing much higher levels of poverty and social exclusion.

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Priority 6: Enabling communities to manage and enhance their local environment and amenities Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2011: Environment Domain • The most deprived local authority in the physical environment domain is Newport, with 43.6% of its LSOAs in the most deprived 10% in Wales. This is driven by Newport’s poor air quality, and proximity to waste and industrial sites. • Newport also has the highest percentage of its LSOAs in the most deprived 50% of LSOAs in Wales (86.2%), followed by Cardiff (69.0%). The Cleanliness Index • For 2010, Blaenau Gwent scored the lowest (was the least clean) and Vale of Glamorgan the highest (the cleanest). • The 10 lowest scoring authorities in 2010 were all in the south of Wales. Issues of Environmental Concern • Of the environmental issues asked about, those of most concern to respondents in Wales in 2005 were litter and fly-tipping (31.8%), climate change and global warming (27.0%) and losing open land to development (23.4%). Climate Change • Overall there has been an estimated decrease of 10% emissions of the basket of greenhouse gases from Wales in 2008 compared to base year (1990) emissions. In the UK there has been an estimated decrease of 20% compared to base year emissions. • In 2008 the largest source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Wales was from energy industries (including power generation, refineries and solid fuel transformation processes), accounting for an estimated 43% of all carbon dioxide emissions. In the UK, energy industries accounted for an estimated 39% of CO2 emissions in 2008.

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Priority 7: Developing people’s ability to take responsibility for their own health and well-being in line with the principles underlying Health Challenge Wales, encouraging individuals and organisations to improve health in Wales Limiting Long term Illness • In 2010, 27% of Welsh adults reported having a long term illness, health problem or disability which limits their daily activities. Half of these reported that a musculoskeletal problem was the main cause of their limitation. • A fifth of children were reported as having a long-standing illness, slightly higher for boys than for girls, including around 1 in 20 with a limiting long-standing illness. Other Serious Illnesses • Overall, women (52%) are more likely than men (45%) to report being treated for an illness. • Levels of ill health increased with area deprivation. In general, those in the most deprived areas reported the worst health. Self-reported Health • In 2010, 80% of Welsh adults reported their general health as either excellent, very good, or good. • The percentage of adults reporting excellent health falls with age, with those reporting poor health rising correspondingly. Smoking and Drinking • In 2010, half of adults in Wales reported that they had never smoked. 19% were daily smokers, 4% occasional smokers and 28% were ex-smokers. • Overall, men were more likely than women to report drinking above the recommended guidelines on at least one day in the past week (51% of men compared with 37% of women), and to report binge drinking (34% of men, 21% of women).

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Priority 8: Promoting healthier eating/ increasing physical activity across all age, gender and social groups Healthy Eating • In 2010, 35% of adults reported eating five or more portions of fruit and vegetables the previous day. 8% of adults reported that they ate no fruit and vegetables at all the previous day. • 60% of children were reported as eating fruit every day, and 51% vegetables. 29% of children were reported as eating sweets every day, and 20% crisps. Physical Activity • In 2010, 30% of adults reported meeting the guidelines for physical activity, i.e. at least 30 minutes of at least moderate intensity physical activity, on 5 or more days a week. • Overall, a higher proportion of men (37%) than women (24%) met the guidelines. • Obesity and BMI • The Welsh Health Survey (2010), shows that a greater percentage of Welsh adults were overweight or obese (58%) than were of a healthy weight (41%). • 36% of children were classified as overweight or obese, including 19% obese.

Priority 9: Developing new approaches to promoting mental health and well being Mental Health • In 2010, 10% of adults reported currently being treated for any mental illness. 9% of adults reported currently being treated for depression, 6% for anxiety, and 2% for another mental illness. • Nearly half of the people resident in hospitals and units for people with a mental illness at 31 March 2009 were aged 65 and over. Well-being • The mean physical and mental component scores for women were lower than those for men, indicating poorer health and well-being for women.

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Wales Needs Profile 2011

Introduction

1.1.

The Needs Profile

In Wales, BIG currently distribute approximately £50 million each year. Their programmes reflect Welsh strategic priorities and have been developed in consultation with stakeholders in the voluntary and public sectors. Currently, 94% of BIG investments in Wales go to the Third Sector. In recognition of the need for cross-sector funding to address the challenges faced by communities they also support projects led by the public and private sectors. This Needs Profile is a tool designed to increase BIG’s knowledge and understanding of the needs in Wales and how they relate to BIG’s funding themes, outcomes and priorities. BIG’s Wales Directorate has decided to commission this Wales Needs Profile to use as a resource to inform both programme development and grant assessment. The main aim of the document is to summarise the context of need across each of the 9 priority areas identified in BIG’s Wales Policy Directions (below). Outcome 1 – People of all ages equipped with the skills and learning to meet the challenges of a modern society

Outcome 2 – People working Outcome 3 – Healthier and together for stronger more physically active people communities, social justice, and and communities better rural and urban environments

THEMES THE PROMOTION COMMUNITY LEARNING

OF THE PROMOTION COMMUNITY SAFETY COHESION

OF THE PROMOTION OF PHYSICAL AND AND MENTAL WELL-BEING

PRIORITIES Tackling the barriers to Empowering communities to community learning & effective develop and deliver local revitalisation programmes life skills constructive Enabling children & young Developing responses to people to achieve their full community disaffection, anti-social potential behaviour and crime

Developing people’s ability to take responsibility for their own health and well-being in line with the principles underlying Health Challenge Wales, encouraging individuals and organisations to improve health Enabling older people to live in Wales independent lives and to Promoting healthier eating and increasing physical activity contribute to their community Enabling communities to across all age, gender and social manage and enhance their local groups environment and amenities

Developing new approaches to promoting mental health and well-being

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1.2.

Structure and Content

The aim of this report is to summarise the context of need across each of the 9 priority areas identified in BIGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wales Policy Directions. As such, the majority of the report is dedicated to highlighting the needs that fall under each Priority. For each Priority, a number of indicators/needs areas were identified. Due to the scope of this document, this was not intended as an all encompassing analysis, rather, an identification of headline needs for each priority. The types of indicators identified under each Priority varied and were heavily dependent on the data available. In addition to this, not every indicator/needs area could be broken down by all characteristics (age/ ethnicity/ gender etc.). For each Priority, relevant policy and strategies at the Welsh, UK and EU level were also identified. Glossary: Many of the terms in this report require clarification. However, terms can mean different things in different surveys and data sources. As such, rather than a glossary, when terms are used which need clarification, they will be defined there and then in the context in which they are being used. For more detailed explanations of terms and classifications, the source document (e.g. survey) will be referenced and the user can explore the definitions in greater detail.

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Characteristic Strands, Groups and Need

Many of the needs identified in this report emerge from within, or between, different groups of people who share common characteristics. Broadly, these categories are either social, economic, demographic, or geographical. We know these needs exist because the majority of statistics and indicators are now broken down by characteristics, allowing differences between groups to emerge. This categorical analysis is based upon commonly accepted divisions/ characteristics such as gender, age or ethnicity. Within these categories, different groups experience need in different areas. For example, within gender, women are far more likely than men to be the victim of domestic violence or sexual crimes but men are far more likely to be the victims of violent crime. Only through the breakdown of crime statistics by gender do these needs emerge. For the purposes of this report, we have identified five characteristic strands.

• Age • Disability • Ethnicity • Gender • Religion/ Belief

These are based firstly on the equality strands identified in the Equality Act 2001, and secondly on strands for which data is commonly available and hence need has been identified. Some strands are not included as this report covers only headline data and does not explore, for example, sexuality or transgender issues. Each of these strands and their associated groups are introduced in the following section. Throughout the profile, where needs are identified which relate to any strand, the coloured bullet points (see key, above) will identify a need as relating to that particular strand. This allows the user to browse through the needs areas and quickly identify needs that relate to, for example, age. In this example, any needs that relate to age will be identifiable through a red bullet point as per below:

•

The proportion participating in adult learning declines with age in Wales as it does in the rest of Britain. 65% of 18-24 year olds and 50% of 25-44 year olds participate, compared to 35% of 4564 year olds and around 10% of those aged over 60.

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2.1.

Age

Age is one of the most common breakdowns for statistics, and as such features extensively in this profile. The Welsh Government is keen to ensure that no-one is discriminated against because of their age. Different age groups experience need in different measurable ways. The most common age needs are either associated with older people (generally defined as 65+) or children and younger people (under 18 and 18-25). BIG Priority 2 includes a specific focus on education and skills for children and younger people, and Priority 5 refers explicitly to older people. In Wales in 2009, people aged 65 and over and the under-16s both made up 18.3% of the population. This compares with averages for the UK of 16.4% and 18.7% respectively, meaning Wales has a greater proportion of older people than the UK average, and a slightly lower proportion of under-16s1. Fig. 1 : Population Projections for Key Age Groups (Wales)

Source: ONS As demonstrated in the graph above, the total population of Wales is projected to increase steadily over the next 15 years. The population aged 65 and over is expected to rise most rapidly over the period, from 539,000 in 2008 to 729,000 in 2023 (35%), as the post-war baby boomers enter this age group. The number of young people - the population aged 16-24 - is projected to remain relatively constant increasing by only 1% between 2008 and 2023. The number of children is projected to remain constant until 2016 before growing between 2016 and 2023. This is because the projected decrease in the number of older children is greater than the increase in the number of young children during the next few years.

WG (2010) Walesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Population: A Demographic Overview (2010)

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As the age structure of Wales changes over this time, there is due to be an increase in the proportion of dependent people. Dependent people are defined as children aged under-16 and people aged 65 and over. The ageing UK population represents one of the key challenges going forward and suggests need amongst older people is going to become even more significant in the coming years.

2.2 Disability The proportion of the population with a disability or a long-term illness that affects the way they go about their everyday lives can be estimated from a range of sources, for example: the 2001 Census, the Labour Force Survey, the Welsh Health Survey, and the Welsh House Condition Survey. The figures can vary because of the differing ways the survey questions are phrased and even because of the effect of the previously asked questions. There will also be differing levels of sampling variability 2. The most common standardised definition of disability emerges from the 2005 Disability Discrimination Act (DDA). Section 1(2) of the DDA generally defined someone as disabled if “he or she has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on her or his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities”. From 1 October 2010, provisions in the Equality Act 2010 (EA) replaced the majority of provisions in the DDA, but the definition suggested in the DDA remains the most widely used. Work-limiting disability is defined as a long-term disability affecting the kind or amount of work that a person may do. An example of the difference between DDA disability and a work-limiting disability is that an individual with a physical disability who is substantially limited in their activities for a period of 12 months or more may be classed as DDA disabled however, a person with a physical disability who is not substantially limited in their activities or who has not had substantial limitations for 12 months or more would not be DDA disabled but may be work-limiting disabled if they are unable to perform certain functions, thus limiting the range of work they can do 3. The most recent data regarding the prevalence of disability in Wales is provided by the 2011 Statistical Bulletin: Prevalence of disability in Wales, 2007-2010. The profile focuses on the statistics available on disability in Wales (covering males aged 16-64 and females aged 16-59) in the Annual Population Survey (APS) for 2007-2010. Below is a selection of key points drawn from this regarding the prevalence of disability in Wales:

• • •

2 3

The level of DDA disability in Wales in 2010 was around one fifth (23.5%) of the working age population. Around three-quarters of these people were also work-limiting disabled. Total DDA disability for working age people in Wales rose from 19.1% in 2007 to 20.2% in 2010. The percentage of DDA disabled people generally increased with age. In 2010 over one third of people between the ages of 55 years and pensionable age in Wales had a DDA disability.

WG (2008) Sources of Disability Statistics in Wales WG (2011) Prevalence of disability in Wales, 2007-2010

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• • • •

For people of working age, South East Wales on average had higher levels of DDA disability than the rest of Wales, and Mid Wales generally had low levels of disability on average. There are also big variations within Local Authorities. The highest rate of DDA disability in working age people was seen in Blaenau Gwent (2010). The proportion of working age people with a DDA disability was at its highest in the valleys and lowest in urban areas. In 2010, physical disabilities were the most common main health problem for 11 of the Welsh local authorities.

2.3 Ethnicity Ethnicity definitions tend to be based on a combination of categories including ‘race’, skin colour, national and regional origins and language. There is no general consensus on what constitutes an ethnic group and thus membership of any ethnic group is subjective, i.e., two individuals with very similar backgrounds may choose to describe themselves as from different ethnic backgrounds, depending on what ethnicity means to them. The terminology used to describe ethnic groups has changed markedly over time and is often dependent on prevailing social or political developments. Therefore ethnicity data can be difficult to collect and to compare over time. Ethnicity questions in UK surveys tend to be a combination of categories of colour (e.g. black, white), nationality (e.g. British) and mixtures of the two (White British)4. It should be noted here that the definitions and categorisation of ethnic groups presented in this section are problematic at best. Beyond the caveats noted above, the definition does not allow identification of, for example, White European or Welsh. The second example – people identifying themselves as Welsh rather than British – is particularly important in the context of this profile. Whilst questions of national identity are included in the Census and a selection of other data sources, it is not a common category used to breakdown statistics – ethnicity is used instead, as described here. The most detailed recent exploration of the ethnicity of the population in Wales is provided by the 2011 Welsh Government Statistical Bulletin: Population Estimates by Ethnic Group, 2001-20095. This bulletin presents a brief analysis of the 2001-2009 population estimates by ethnic group for Wales and for local authorities within Wales. These estimates are consistent with the annual mid-year population estimates.

4 5

WG (2009) Statistical Bulletin: Sources of Ethnicity, National Identity and Religion Statistics in Wales. WG (2011) Population Estimates by Ethnic Group, 2001-2009

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The chart below, drawn from the statistical bulletin, shows that the largest minority ethnic group in Wales is Asian or Asian British. In 2009, this group made up 1.8% of Walesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; population: Fig. 2: Minority Ethnic Population of Wales 2009

Source: ONS A further breakdown by detailed ethnic group shows that 93% of the Welsh population identify themselves as white and British, whilst the highest percentage sub group was Indian:

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Fig. 3: Detailed Ethnic Group 2009

Source: ONS Other key points are given below:

• • • •

Between 2001 and 2009, the percentage of people in Wales from minority ethnic groups increased from 2.1% to 4.1%. Each of the broad minority ethnic groups saw a rise of between 0.4 and 0.9 percentage points during the period 2001 - 2009. The local authorities with the highest minority ethnic populations were Cardiff (11.1%), Newport (6.3%), the Vale of Glamorgan (4.9%) and Swansea (4.7%). The local authorities with the lowest minority ethnic populations were Flintshire (1.9%), Blaenau Gwent (2.0%) and Torfaen (2.1%).

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2.4 Gender Despite recent advances allowing more subtle and appropriate distinctions between how people would describe their sex, the diametrically opposed categories ‘male’ and ‘female’ are still the basis on which gender is analysed in official statistics. The most detailed recent gender population statistics for Wales are presented in the statistical bulletin: A Statistical Focus on Men and Women in Wales 20076. This bulletin reports that figures from the 2001 Census show that 48.4% of the people living in Wales are males and 51.6% are females: male: 1,403,782 and female: 1,499,303. The chart below shows that the ratio of males and females in the population varies with age: Fig. 4: Ratio of males to females for different age groups

Source: ONS In Wales more boys are born than girls but the ratio falls very slightly as they get older due in part to a higher rate of deaths from accidents and suicide in young males. There are equal numbers around the age of 20 and then slightly more women than men up to the age of 70. At this point the differences become more pronounced (because women live longer than men). For people aged between 70 and 80, there are 13 women for every 10 men. Between 80 and 90, there are 19 women for every 10 men. And for the over 90s, there are 36 women for every 10 men. There is little difference in the ratio of men to women for differing local authorities: the ratio is slightly higher in Powys and slightly lower in Conwy, Denbighshire, and Gwynedd.

WG (2007) A Statistical Focus on Men and Women in Wales

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2.5 Religion/ Belief Questions about religion in major government surveys and administrative data are asked on the basis of religious affiliation or identity, irrespective of actual religious practice or belief. The latest statistics, drawn from the Integrated Household Survey April 2010 to March 2011, were released by the ONS in September 20117. They give overall country figures for the UK: Fig. 5: Religion:1,2,3,4,5 by Country, April 2010 to March 2011 Percentages England Wales Scotland Christian 68.5 66.1 69.6 Buddhist 0.4 0.3 0.3 Hindu 1.5 0.5 0.3 Jewish 0.5 0.1 0.1 Muslim 4.9 1.2 1.3 Sikh 0.8 0.1 0.1 Any other religion 1.1 1.2 1.1 No religion at all 22.4 30.6 27.2

Great Britain 68.5 0.4 1.3 0.4 4.4 0.7 1.1 23.2

Respondents were asked the question 'What is your religion, even if you are not currently practising?' which measures religious affiliation - that is identification with a religion irrespective of actual practice or belief. 1. The total number of eligible responders to the question was 413,832. 2. There are differences in the question for religious affiliation in Northern Ireland; therefore estimates are only for Great Britain rather than UK. 3. Changes have been made to religion questions in January 2011 in line with Census 2011 data collection. 4. Percentages may not add to 100 per cent due to rounding Source: Office for National Statistics The majority of the population in Wales identified themselves as Christian: 66.1%. The second most prevalent group was those who had no religion at all (30.6%). More detailed information on religious belief is taken in the Census. The results from the 2001 Census (the most recent at time of writing) allow analysis by Local Authority. The following headlines are taken from the WG Statistical Bulletin: 2001 Census of Population: First Results on Religion 8.

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

7 8

The proportions who did not state their religion range from 6.5% in Isle of Anglesey to 10% in Blaenau Gwent. The proportions who declared not having a religion range from 12.9% in Flintshire to 25.3% in Rhondda Cynon Taff.

ONS (2011) Integrated Household Survey April 2010 to March 2011 : Experimental Statistics ONS (2003) 2001 CENSUS OF POPULATION: FIRST RESULTS ON RELIGION

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• • •

The proportions who are Christian range from 64.2% in Blaenau Gwent to 79.4% in Isle of Anglesey. The proportions who are of a non-Christian faith range from 0.5% in Flintshire to 5.7% in Cardiff. Cardiff also has the highest concentration of ethnic minorities as well as being the local authority with the greatest proportion of its residents born outside of the British Isles. The main concentrations of those of non-Christian faiths are found in the south. Apart from Cardiff, which has 17,300 people of non-Christian faiths in its population, Newport (4,400 people) and Swansea (3,800 people) are the only other local authorities with more than 2,000 in their populations.

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BIG Theme: THE PROMOTION OF COMMUNITY LEARNING

Outcome 1: People of all ages equipped with the skills and learning to meet the challenges of a modern society

3.1.

Introduction

BIG’s first theme, The Promotion of Community Learning, relates to two capability domains: Learning and Employment. These domains, developed by the EHRC, Government Equalities Office (GEO), the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and a range of other stakeholders and subject experts, focus directly on those things in life that people say are important for them to actually do and be. They are the central and valuable things in life that people actually achieve - such as enjoying an adequate standard of living, being healthy, having good opportunities for education and learning, enjoying legal security, and being free from crime and the fear of crime 9. Learning is the capability to be knowledgeable, to understand and reason, and to have the skills to participate in society including, for example, being able to:

• • • • • •

Attain the highest possible standard of knowledge, understanding and reasoning. Be fulfilled and stimulated intellectually, including being creative if you so wish. Develop the skills for participation in productive and valued activities, including parenting. Learn about a range of cultures and beliefs and acquire the skills to participate in a diverse society, including learning English. Access education, training and lifelong learning that meets individual needs. Access information and technology necessary to participate in society.

Employment is the capability to engage in productive and valued activities including, for example, being able to:

• • • • • • • •

Have a decent paid job, with support where necessary. Care for others, including children and parents. Do something useful and have the value of your work recognised even if unpaid. Have rest and leisure, including holidays, and respite from caring responsibilities. Choose a balance between paid and unpaid work, care and leisure on an equal basis with others. Work in just and favourable conditions, including health and safety, fair treatment during pregnancy, maternity and paternity, fair pay, reasonable hours, and freedom from harassment or discrimination. Not be forced to work in a particular occupation or without pay. Not be prevented from working in a particular occupation without good reason 10.

EHRC (2009) Equality Measurement Framework.

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Characteristic Strands: Key Reminder. Some areas of need or headline statistics relate specifically to one of the vulnerable group strands, identified in Chapter 2. These are highlighted with colour bullet points:

• Age • Disability • Ethnicity • Gender • Religion/ Belief

3.2.

Case Studies

The two following case studies exemplify the types of BIG project which can address the theme: The Promotion of Community Learning. These case studies are drawn from the People and Places Programme for Wales and demonstrate evidence of community learning and skills outcomes.

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People and Places Programme: Rural Challenge (The Prime Trust (Cymru)) Rural Challenge was established to create a series of stepping stones to help people find worthwhile volunteering opportunities and to help them learn new skills, reduce feelings of isolation and participate in projects which make a contribution to improving community life and the environment. The project supported older people living in Powys, Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire. The grant was used to employ 5 rural based co-ordinators whose role was to contact and work with older people. The regional co-ordinators job was to encourage, support and where necessary arrange training for people over the age of 50, who were socially and economically inactive. The idea is that by encouraging people to use their skills and experience in voluntary roles, people would became more involved in their community, learn new skills, reducing their feelings of isolation and increasing their self-esteem. The project provided training and support to mentors and ensured that older people who volunteered were properly equipped by participating in the appropriate induction and training. Key project outputs reported to BIG: • • • • •

691 people placed into volunteering roles; Supported 58 people into employment or other forms of economic activity; 54 clients received mentoring support from the Prime Cymru Mentoring Team; Worked with over 140 organisations and charities; 22,927 people informed of the project;

Develop thinking and learning skills: • • • •

“I have done Food Hygiene and a First Aid course.” “People are joining arts and crafts groups.” “Through the content and presentation of the course we all learnt a great deal.” “Definitely, I have had to do planning for lessons again, I am on the committee for the Network and have been on committee training, and I am now secretary for the group and am confident to speak in meetings.”

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For a better community: Newport Chinese Community Centre The project is provision of a drop-in facility to enable the Chinese community to access help, advice, and support as well as to signpost them to appropriate services. It benefits people of all ages from the Chinese community in Newport and surrounding areas; including Torfaen, Monmouthshire, Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil. The Centre is the only one of its kind in South East Wales. Services and activities at the centre include a ‘drop-in’ where people can bring their bills, letters etc for translation; an outreach home-visiting service; accompanying people who do not speak English on visits to GPs, schools, police, jobcentres etc as well as offering courses, workshops and social/community events. When asked if they had learnt any other new skills as a result of being involved with the project, 30 people said they had. The majority of residents involved in the scheme mentioned that they were able to speak and communicate in English more confidently and had better IT skills ,however, other skills mentioned were; • • • •

Increased confidence Cooking skills Team working skills Better geographic knowledge of Wales

Improve training and employment opportunities • • • • • •

“I volunteer here and support some senior people to go to the GP, catch a bus etc.” “I have done 2 IT courses.” “The classes and training provided by the project improve my skill and employable ability, this gives me better opportunities.” “Teaching skills.” “Got a job in local health club.” “With the food hygiene certificate.”

Develop thinking and learning skills • • • •

“I am doing the English classes here and can use the computers.” “Learning the computer here has helped me with my business.” “I have learnt about email and the internet, I now know how to shop on-line and support my kids on-line.” “Volunteering helps develop various skills, including thinking and learning.”

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PRIORITY 1: Tackling the barriers to community learning & effective life skills

4.1.

Introduction

Priority 1 most closely relates to education, learning and skills needs. This encompasses a wide range of issues relating to people’s right to “understand and reason, and to have the skills to participate in society” (see Learning Capacity, Section 3.1). Wales has, in the last 5 years, added Learning and Skills administrative control to the Welsh Government’s long running independence in education policy. Responsibility for Higher Education is divided between Welsh Government and individual universities, who have significant independence. Child Education, Learning and Skills will be specifically explored in relation to Priority 2, with this section focusing on learning and skills in the population beyond school age. Five key needs areas (indicators) have been identified: adult literacy and numeracy, adult learning and training, qualifications, further and higher education and use of the internet.

4.2.

Key Needs Areas and Indicators

4.2.1.

Adult Literacy and Numeracy

Literacy and numeracy represent the most basic of skills needs, one which directly impacts people’s ability to learn and participate in society. The following table, taken from How Fair is Wales? (2011, p.44) and drawn from a number of individual data sources, shows that a quarter of Welsh adults lack functional literacy. This level of functional illiteracy is higher than in England, as is innumeracy.

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Fig. 6: Regional and national differences in basic skills and qualifications for working age population Lack functional numeracy

Lack functional literacy

No qualifications

5 + GCSE grades – A* - C or equivalent

Degree level qualification

England

Eastern

South East

East Midlands

North West

West Midlands

London

Yorks & Humb

North East

Wales

N/A

% of population

Scotland

•

• •

People from ethnic minority backgrounds are nearly twice as likely to fail to achieve functional literacy or numeracy compared to white people (41% compared to 24%. Much of this gap is accounted for by country of birth – those born outside Wales are much less likely to attain basic numeracy and literacy than those born in Wales**. 60% of those in working class occupations lacked functional numeracy compared with 36% of those in managerial and professional occupations*. People with learning disabilities (48%) are more than twice as likely to lack basic literacy and numeracy than the rest of the population (21%)**.

Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? You can search for the latest literacy and numeracy statistics for Wales here or here

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4.2.2.

Adult Learning and Training

Learning and training does not stop at school. Adult learning includes Local Authority Community Learning, work based schemes, and Higher Education/ Further Education Institutions (see Section 4.2.4). Learning and training represents a key pathway into employment and reduces exclusion amongst those most in need.

• • •

The proportion of both men (37%) and women (40%) participating in adult learning in Wales in 2006-2008 was lower than the rest of Britain (41% for both)*. 60% of people in higher managerial and professional groups participated in adult learning, twice as many as those in manual or routine occupations**. The proportion participating in adult learning declines with age in Wales as it does in the rest of Britain. 65% of 18-24 year olds and 50% of 25-44 year olds participate, compared to 35% of 4564 year olds and around 10% of those aged over 60**.

The following chart, taken from How Fair is Wales? (2011, p.47) uses Labour Force Survey data to demonstrate the differences in adult learning by ethnicity. Fig. 7: Participation in Adult Learning by Ethnicity

Original Source: Labour Force Survey

• • •

57,605 learners were engaged in work-based learning (WBL) provision in 2009/10, 1.9% more than in 2008/09***. In relation to work based training, only 3.1% of learners were of a non-white ethnic origin (2.2% in 2004/05), and only 2.2% of learners had a disability affecting learning***. 39,605 learners undertook a Local Authority Community Learning (LA CL) activity in 2009/10 8.9% fewer than in 2008/09 ***.

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Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2010) Further Education, Work-based Learning and Community Learning in Wales Statistics, 2009/10 The latest statistics relating to adult learning in Wales can be found at STATSWALES > Post 16 education and training.

4.2.3.

Qualifications

The lower a person’s qualifications, the more likely they are to be unemployed and the more likely they are to be in low-paid work. Having no qualifications is also associated with feelings of low competence.

• •

People in Wales are more likely to lack qualifications (16%) than people in Scotland (14%) or England (13%). A lower proportion of people in Wales have a degree than in any English region bar the North East of England*. There are large variations of qualifications with age. Younger age groups tend to be more highly qualified, having a larger proportion of graduates and a far lower percentage without any formal qualifications, than older age groups, especially those aged over 50. This pattern is particularly evident for females**. There is a higher proportion of people with no qualifications amongst those who are disabled. 35% of males and 37% of females in this group have no qualifications. Only around 6% of disabled people in Wales have a degree or degree level qualification**. Whilst figures for variations between ethnic groups in Wales are “tentative”***, findings suggest Indian and Chinese males are best qualified while Bangladeshi males and Pakistani and Bangladeshi females have the highest proportion with no qualifications. Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? **EHRC (2011) An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in Wales *** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? The latest statistics relating to qualifications in Wales can be found at STATSWALES > Post 16 education and training.

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4.2.4.

Further and Higher Education

Participation in Further and Higher Education is a key indicator of learning and skills. Participation is an access issue: how are different groups able to access this resource?

• • •

In Wales there are now more women (55%) than men (45%) participating in Higher Education***. Disabled people are half as likely to have a degree as non-disabled people**. Between December 2003 and December 2009 there was a decrease in the total learner numbers at Further Education and Higher Education institutions of 21%. This can be accounted for in learning type: full-time FE learner numbers grew by 7% but part-time numbers fell by 30% over the same period*** Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2010) Further Education, Work-based Learning and Community Learning in Wales Statistics, 2009/10 The latest statistics relating to Higher Education in Wales can be found at STATSWALES > Post 16 education and training.

4.2.5.

Use of the Internet

Access to the internet (and access to a computer at home) directly affects people’s ability to access learning and skills resources. Digital exclusion is an emergent issue becoming more and more significant in recent years as resources are increasingly transferred to digital forms. Furthermore, there is a growing body of literature discussing the advantages of digital inclusion and the implications to individuals of being digitally excluded******.

• • • • • •

67% of households in Wales had access to the internet in 2008, lower than in England but higher than in Scotland** A 2009 study on consumer access to the internet in Wales found 69% of people in Wales to have access to the internet ***. Internet access in Wales falls steadily with social class***. Across Britain as a whole, men were more likely to use the internet than women, and variation by ethnicity was less significant than by age or social class*. The biggest disparity is associated with age: 25% of people aged 65 and over were using the internet in 2009, compared with 89% of younger people (16 to 24) ***. Access to a computer at home falls as income decreases: 97% of households with a households income of over £50,000 had a computer, compared to 38% of households earning less than £10,3999*****.

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These figures are supported by the Bevan Foundation who found that “the ‘digital divide’ closely parallels social divisions. Older people, lower social groups, and disabled people are much less likely to take-up broadband and internet than other people” ****. There are marked geographical variations in Wales with the south Wales Valleys and parts of large towns having the lowest rates of broadband take-up. Rural Wales has amongst the highest levels of take-up in the UK****.

Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** Consumer Focus Wales (2009). Logged in or Locked Out. **** Bevan Foundation (2009) Digital Wales Divided Wales ***** WG (2008) Living in Wales Survey ****** WG (2011) Digital Inclusion Analysis Package The very latest statistics on internet access and usage can be found by searching here

4.3.

Key Policies/ Strategies

This section introduces some of the key policies and strategies related to learning. These are drawn from 2 different governance levels: Welsh (national) and EU. Wales has, in the last 5 years, added Learning and Skills administrative control to the Welsh Government’s long running independence in education policy. As such, no UK strategies have relevance for Wales. Responsibility for Higher Education is divided between WG and individual universities, who have significant independence.

Wales Basic Skills Cymru http://wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskills/allsectorpolicies/basicskillscymru/?lang=en Basic Skills is defined as the ability to read, write and speak in English or Welsh and to use maths, at a level necessary to function and progress both in work and in society. Basic Skills Cymru is the Welsh Government's strategy to help children and adults in Wales who struggle with basic literacy and numeracy. The basic skills strategy has the following fundamental aims:

• • • •

All young children should be prepared for learning when they begin school. The number of children leaving primary school struggling over reading, writing and using numbers should be further reduced. Fewer young people should leave compulsory education still struggling with basic skills. The number of adults with poor basic skills should be diminished significantly.

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Welsh-medium Education Strategy http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dcells/publications/100420welshmediumstrategyen.pdf The Welsh-medium Education Strategy was published in April 2010. It sets out a national policy framework for the development of Welsh-medium and Welsh-language education across all phases of education and training. The strategic aims are: • To improve the planning of Welsh-medium provision in the pre-statutory and statutory phases of education, on the basis of proactive response to informed parental demand. • To improve the planning of Welsh-medium provision in the post-14 phases of education and training, to take account of linguistic progression and continued development of skills. • To ensure that all learners develop their Welsh-language skills to their full potential and encourage sound linguistic progression from one phase of education and training to the next. • To ensure a planned Welsh-medium education workforce that provides sufficient numbers of practitioners for all phases of education and training, with high-quality Welsh language skills and competence in teaching methodologies. • To improve the central support mechanisms for Welsh-medium education and training. • To contribute to the acquisition and reinforcement of Welsh-language skills in families and in the community. National Literacy and Numeracy Framework (Forthcoming) http://wales.gov.uk/publications/accessinfo/decisionreports/educationskills/2011/nlnframework /?lang=en The Framework will provide schools with annual expected outcomes in literacy and numeracy for learners aged 5 to 14. This will help inform teachers of all subjects on how they need to apply literacy and numeracy across the curriculum in order to raise levels of attainment. The National Literacy and Numeracy Framework will be introduced in schools in September 2012 and rolled out across the whole of Wales by 2013.

EU With each EU Member State responsible for its own education and training systems, Union - level policies are designed to support national actions and help address common challenges such as: ageing societies, skills deficits among the workforce, and global competition. These areas demand joint responses and countries can benefit from sharing experiences. The long-term strategic objectives of EU education and training policies are:

• • • •

Making lifelong learning and mobility a reality; Improving the quality and efficiency of education and training; Promoting equality, social cohesion and active citizenship; Enhancing creativity and innovation, including entrepreneurship, at all levels of education and training.

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EU Lifelong Learning Programme http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/doc78_en.htm The European Commissionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lifelong Learning Programme enables people at all stages of their lives to take part in stimulating learning experiences, as well as helping to develop the education and training sector across Europe. European Social Fund (ESF) http://ec.europa.eu/esf/home.jsp?langId=en The ESF aims to help people fulfil their potential by giving them better skills and better job prospects. The ESF is a key part of the EU's strategy for Growth and jobs. It supports the EU's goal of increasing employment by giving unemployed and disadvantaged people the training and support they need to enter jobs. ESF also equips the workforce with the skills needed by business in a competitive global economy. The overall aim of the ESF programmes in Wales is to create a high skill, knowledge driven economy, with full employment, a skilled, adaptable workforce and responsive businesses, at the cutting edge of sustainable development.

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PRIORITY 2: Enabling Children & Young People to fulfil their full potential

5.1.

Introduction

Priority 2 closely relates to children and young peoples’ education, learning and skills needs. This encompasses a wide range of issues relating to the right for children to “understand and reason, and to have the skills to participate in society” (see Learning Capacity). Four key needs areas have been identified: child poverty, early year’s education, school years and NEETs.

5.2.

Key Needs Areas and Indicators

5.2.1. Child Poverty Child poverty is one of the key barriers to achievement and potential, and is the focus of the Welsh Government approach to addressing the needs of children and young people. There is no overall single measure of child poverty, but rather a collection of relevant indicators. The Welsh Government for example identified 32 child poverty indicators. They reported that, between 2006 and 2010, 10 indicators have shown a clear improvement, 12 have shown little or no change, 3 have shown a clear deterioration and 7 do not have sufficient data to monitor progress**. The 3 principal dimensions of child poverty identified by the Welsh Government are Income Poverty, Participation Poverty and Service Poverty*. Income Poverty • Children and young people growing up in low-income households do not enjoy the same opportunities as their peers, and are more likely to experience poor outcomes which will impact on their ability to move out of poverty as adults*. • The chart below, taken from Statswales, shows the proportion of children living in households of below average income in Wales and the UK as a whole. Apart from a few years in the early 2000’s, Wales is seen to have consistently more children in below average income households than the UK.

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Fig. 8: Proportion of children living in households of below average income

Source: WG (Statswales)

• •

The latest available data shows nearly one third (32%) of children were living in relative low income households (below 60% of median income after housing costs) in 2010, up from 28% four years previously**. The number of children living in workless households has also increased in recent years, from 16.9% in 2006 to 19.9% in 2009**.

Participation Poverty • When children and young people describe their experiences of poverty they often refer to the ways in which they feel excluded from the social and cultural activities that their peers enjoy*. Service Poverty • Children and young people living in poor households and their families can experience difficulties in accessing and benefiting from services*. • 26% of poor children live in Communities First (multiply deprived) areas when these areas account for only 12% of all electoral wards in Wales*. Sources * WG (2011) New Child Poverty Strategy ** WG (2010) Eradicating Child Poverty in Wales: Child Poverty Milestones and Targets Update The latest statistics on Child Poverty can be found at Statswales , under: Social Inclusion>Child Poverty Strategy

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5.2.2.

Early Years Education

Despite the importance of early years development and education, pre-secondary education data is scarce and not uniform across the UK. Key attainment data for Wales relates to Key Stage 1, pupils aged 7, whereas England holds data on levels of development at the age of 5. The most important measure is the Core Subject Indicator (CSI), which represents the percentage of pupils achieving the expected level or above in English or Welsh (First Language), Mathematics and Science in combination****.

• • •

18.4% of pupils in Wales did not meet the expected CSI level at Key Stage 1 (age 7) in 2010, slightly less than in 2006 (19.4%) ****. Girls continually outperform boys at this age, with 86% achieving the required CSI level in 2010 compared to 77.4% of boys****. The percentage of pupils achieving the CSI at KS1 (2008-10) varies by main ethnic group****:

Fig. 9 Percentage of Pupils Achieving CSI at KS1 (2008-10)

Source: ONS

• • • • •

Attainment ranges from 88.8% achieving the CSI (pupils from an any other Asian ethnic background) to 32.7% (pupils from a White Gypsy/Gypsy Roma ethnic background) ****. Further to the Welsh data, England has shown considerable variation in the level of development of 5-year olds. A lower proportion of children eligible for free school meals (35%) achieve a “good” level of development than children who are not eligible (55%)*. In England, a higher proportion of pupils from Asian, Indian, Irish, Mixed White and White British ethnic backgrounds achieved a good level of development when compared to pupils from Black and Pakistani ethnic groups*. Just under 400 pupils (0.2%) in Wales had more than 50% absence from primary school in 2009/10***. Primary schools with a higher percentage of pupils entitled to free school meals tend to have higher levels of absenteeism***.

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•

The percentage of half-day sessions missed due to both overall absence and unauthorised absence is higher in Wales compared with England, however the gap between unauthorised absences has narrowed***. Sources. *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2010) Absenteeism from Primary Schools, 2009/10 **** WG (2011) Statistical Bulletin: Academic Achievement by Pupil Characteristics, 2010 The latest datasets on Early Years Education can be found at Statswales, under: Schools and Teachers

5.2.3.

Secondary School Years

There are a number of indicators associated with Secondary School Years. Here we explore attainment at 15, exclusions and bullying.

• •

Educational Attainment at 15 relates to Key Stage 4 – GCSE examinations. Although data is not easily comparable, broadly, Wales has long had lower GCSE attainment than elsewhere in the UK**. Fig. 10, below, shows the percentage of children in Wales achieving Level 1 (equivalent to the volume of 5 GCSEs at grade D-G) and Level 2 (equivalent to the volume of 5 GCSEs at grade A*-C) in examinations aged 15 over the last 10 years of available data.

Fig. 10: Examination Results of Pupils Aged 15 in Wales. Year

Percentage who achieved Level 1

Percentage who achieved Level 2

2000/01

84.5

49.8

2001/02

84.8

50.5

2002/03

85.1

51.1

2003/04

85.3

51.4

2004/05

85.2

52.2

2005/06

86.0

53.8

2006/07

86.0

55.0

2007/08

86.8

58.0

2008/09

88.2

60.7

2009/10

89.7

63.7

Source: ONS Copyright Wavehill Ltd | December 2011

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• • •

The increase in achievement at 15 over the past 10 years of data in Wales mirrors similar increases in the UK as a whole*. When achievement at 15 is broken down by gender, a clear gap emerges with girls outperforming boys. In 2010, 92% of girls achieved the Level 1 threshold compared to just 87.3% of boys, with 68.9% of girls also achieving Level 2, compared to just 58.7% of boys ***. There are also big variations in KS4 achievement by ethnicity***. Fig. 11, below, shows these variations, with Chinese pupils more than twice as likely as Black pupils to achieve the Level 2 threshold at KS4.

Fig. 11: Percentage of pupils achieving the Level 2 threshold including a GCSE grade A*-C in English or Welsh (First Language) and Mathematics at KS4 by main ethnic group, 2008-2010

Source: ONS

• • •

• •

Further to this, pupils in Wales that are not eligible for free school meals are two and a half times more likely to achieve A*-C grades in the core subjects at GCSE than pupils who are eligible (52% of non-eligible pupils compared to 20% of eligible pupils)**. Permanent exclusions: As a proportion of all schoolchildren, the rate of exclusion was lower in Wales (0.7%) than in England (1.1%), but higher than in Scotland (0.4%) for 2008/9**. The latest figures for Wales show that in 2009/10 there were 185 permanent exclusions. This continues the steady decline in numbers over recent years after a large fall in 2006/07. The large fall in the number of permanent exclusions in 2006/07 was largely due to the more widespread use of managed moves****. Of the 185 permanent exclusions in 2009/10, 83% were boys****. The reasons for permanent exclusions in 2009/10 were as follows****:

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Fig.12: Reasons for permanent exclusion, Wales, 2009/10

Source: ONS

•

• •

In 2008/9, where data was available, 93% of permanent exclusions involved pupils from white ethnic backgrounds. Pupils from white ethnic backgrounds make up 95% of all pupils and so this means that pupils from non-white backgrounds are at least a fifth more likely to be excluded than those from white backgrounds**. The Triennial Review for Britain shows that pupils in England eligible for free school meals were over twice as likely to be permanently excluded than the average*. Bullying is harder to measure than achievement or exclusions. Some surveys have been conducted however and How Fair is Britain? reports that, when asked if bullying was a problem in their school, 32% of pupils in Wales said “yes”, a lower proportion than in England (48%) or Scotland (43%). However the same proportion of pupils in Wales as elsewhere reported that they had directly experienced bullying in the previous three months (around 10% everywhere)**.

Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2011) Statistical Bulletin: Academic Achievement by Pupil Characteristics, 2010 **** WG (2011) Statistical Bulletin: Exclusions from Schools in Wales, 2009/10 The latest key datasets on Secondary Years Education can be found at Statswales, under: Schools and Teachers

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5.2.4.

NEETs

NEETs are young people not in education, employment or training. Statistics on NEETs in Wales are primarily collected by the Annual Population Survey.

•

Fig. 13, below, shows that NEET rates for both age groups have remained fairly stable over the last 10 years, however, there has been nearly a 6% rise in NEETs among 19-24 year olds since 2008***.

Fig. 13: Estimates of the proportion of young people not in education, training or employment (NEET) in Wales, by age and year

(r) revised figures Source: ONS (Annual Population Survey)

• •

In 2010, compared with 2009, there was an increase in the proportion of 16 to 18 year olds in education or training and a decrease in those in employment***. Fig. 14 (below) shows Wales (11.5%) has a slightly higher NEET rate than the UK (10.9%) as a whole for 16-18 year olds, with the gap (0.6%) rising to 3.8% for 19 to 24 year olds.

Fig. 14: Estimation of the proportion of young people classified as NEET by age and country, 2009/10

Source: Annual Population Survey

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• • •

Young disabled people are more likely to be NEET than young non-disabled people**. For 16 to 18 year olds, males were more likely to be NEET than females; 14% compared with 8% in 2010, but for 19 to 24 year olds, females were slightly more likely to be NEET than males; 23% compared with 22% in 2010.***. Data from England is available by income and socio-economic group. Children in England who had free school meals when in Year 11 at school are more than twice as likely to be NEET at age 17 than other children. Those from routine or manual backgrounds, or whose parents did not work were up to 4 times more likely to be NEET aged 17 than other children*. Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2011) Participation of young people in education and the labour market, Statistical First Release The latest NEET rates in Wales are available here, simply search for ‘NEET’.

5.3.

Key Policies/ Strategies

The key policies and strategies relating to Priority 2 all emerge from areas where power has been devolved to the Welsh Government. As such, this section draws on Welsh and EU policies.

Wales New Child Poverty Strategy http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dsjlg/policy/110203newchildpovstrategy2en.pdf The Welsh Government aspires to the eradication of child poverty by 2020. A new Child Poverty Strategy for Wales was adopted in early 2011 and sets out Welsh Government’s vision and strategic objectives for reducing child poverty. The 3 new strategic objectives for tackling child poverty are to:

• • •

Reduce the number of families living in workless households; Improve the skills of parents and young people living in low income households so they can secure well-paid employment; and Reduce inequalities that exist in health, education and economic outcomes of children and families by improving the outcomes of the poorest.

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Children’s Commissioner http://www.childcomwales.org.uk/ On 1 March 2001, the Assembly established an independent children’s champion with a wideranging remit covering all children in Wales. The Children’s Commissioner for Wales is an independent human rights institution. The Commissioner’s aims are:

• •

to safeguard and promote the rights and welfare of children and young people in Wales. to monitor progress by Government in implementing children and young people’s human and civil rights.

Children and Families (Wales) Measure 2010 http://wales.gov.uk/topics/childrenyoungpeople/poverty/childrenandfamilies/?lang=en This Measure was introduced on 2 March 2009 by the Minister for Social Justice and Local Government. It was passed by the National Assembly for Wales in November 2009 and approved by Her Majesty in Council in February 2010. The Measure takes forward WG’s commitment to tackling child poverty. It provides greater support to families where children may be at risk and strengthens regulatory enforcement in childcare settings. The Measure covers 3 main subject areas:

• • •

Child poverty, play and participation; Child minding and day care for children; Integrated family support teams.

The Measure aims to improve the lives of vulnerable children and families in Wales and the lives of those disadvantaged by poverty. It will enable support to be provided to those families and children in the greatest need who, without additional support, would be unfairly disadvantaged within our society. Part 2 of the Measure consolidates all existing primary legislation in relation to childminding and daycare in one place, making it more accessible both to lawyers and to those using and providing childminding and daycare services. Education (Wales) Measure 2009 http://wales.gov.uk/legislation/programme/previouslegislation/assemblymeasures/educationwal esmeasure/?lang=en This Measure was introduced in April 2009 by the Minister for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills. It was passed by the National Assembly for Wales in November 2009 and approved by Her Majesty in Council in December 2009. To extend children’s entitlement by providing them with rights to make special educational needs (SEN) appeals and claims of disability discrimination to the Special Educational Needs Tribunal for Wales (the Tribunal). The main elements of the Measure include:

• • •

the introduction of an initial pilot and evaluation phase in 2 local authority areas; subsequently, it will give children across Wales the right to appeal and make claims to the Tribunal; that Local Authorities (LA) must inform children of these rights;

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•

places a new duty on LAs to provide access to independent advocacy services that can listen to and give voice to children’s views and concerns.

Youth Engagement and Employment Action Plan http://wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskills/publications/guidance/yeeap/?lang=en The Youth Engagement and Employment Action Plan 2011-15 was published in January 2011. The plan outlines Welsh Government’s approach to preventing children and young people from disengaging from learning and supporting them with entry to the labour market. The overall aim of the plan is the reduction of the number of young people who are, or at risk of becoming, not in education, employment or training in Wales.

EU United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) http://ec.europa.eu/justice/fundamental-rights/rights-child/index_en.htm The UNCRC underpins many of Welsh Government’s strategies relating to children. It is an international agreement that protects the human rights of children under the age of 18. It was ratified by the UN General Assembly in 1989. Welsh Government’s 7 core aims for children and young people summarise the UNCRC and form the basis for decisions on priorities and objectives nationally. They should also form the basis for decisions on strategy and service provision locally. Children should: • • • • • • •

Have a flying start in life; Have a comprehensive range of education and learning opportunities; Enjoy the best possible health and are free from abuse, victimisation and exploitation; Have access to play, leisure, sporting and cultural activities; Are listened to, treated with respect, and have their race and cultural identity recognised; Have a safe home and a community which supports physical and emotional well-being; Are not disadvantaged by poverty.

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Theme: THE PROMOTION OF COMMUNITY SAFETY AND COHESION

6.1.

Introduction

BIG’s second theme: The Promotion of Community Safety and Cohesion, relates to 2 capability domains: Physical Security and Participation. These domains, developed by the EHRC, Government Equalities Office (GEO), the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and a range of other stakeholders and subject experts, focus directly on those things in life that people say are important for them to actually do and be. They are the central and valuable things in life that people actually achieve - such as enjoying an adequate standard of living, being healthy, having good opportunities for education and learning, enjoying legal security, and being free from crime and the fear of crime 11. Physical Security is the capability to live in physical security including, for example, being able to:

• • • •

Be free from violence including sexual and domestic violence and violence based on who you are; Be free from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Be protected from physical or sexual abuse (especially by those in positions of authority); Go out and to use public spaces safely and securely without fear 12.

Participation is the capability to participate in decision-making, have a voice and influence including, for example, being able to:

• • • • • • •

Participate in decision-making and make decisions affecting your own life independently; Participate in the formulation of government policy, locally and nationally; Participate in non-governmental organisations concerned with public and political life; Participate in democratic free and fair elections; Get together with others, peacefully; Participate in the local community; and Form and join civil organisations and solidarity groups, including trade unions.

For Capabilities, see Equality Measurement Framework EHRC. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/keyprojects/equality-measurement-framework/ 12 12

For Capabilities, see Equality Measurement Framework EHRC.

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Characteristic Strands: Key Reminder. Some areas of need or headline statistics relate specifically to one of the characteristic strands identified in Chapter 2. These are highlighted with colour bullet points:

• Age • Disability • Ethnicity • Gender • Religion/ Belief

6.2.

Case Study

The following case study exemplifies the types of BIG project which can address the theme: The Promotion of Community Safety and Cohesion. The case study is drawn from the People and Places Programme for Wales and demonstrates evidence of community safety and cohesion outcomes.

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People and Places Programme: Neath Port Talbot Children’s Inclusion Project (CHiP) The Children's Inclusion Project (CHIP) was funded for a core team of staff aiming to prevent offending and anti-social behaviour by offering voluntary support to at risk 8-12 year olds and their families. The funding was secured by the Children and Young People’s Partnership Neath Port Talbot which in turn was tendered and secured by Barnados to deliver the project. The main emphasis of the project's work was to ensure that children receive at the earliest opportunity, mainstream public services, together with complementary interventions appropriate to their needs. The grant over three years paid for project worker salaries, staff and volunteer expenses, activities for children and families and running costs. They also have a mentoring scheme; the scheme offers young people up to the age of 18 the opportunity to have a carefully matched mentor to provide individual support. Mentors work together with the young person to encourage change, with the aim of reducing the risk of becoming involved or further involved in offending or anti-social behaviour. Notable Outcomes: Improving relationships and greater participation in the community. Nine of the 16 respondents believed that their participation in the project had improved how satisfied they felt with their neighbourhood as a place to live, 5 of the respondents identifying the change as being significant. • “We are a community school, we can do whatever we can in the 6 hours we have them but they then need to take that outside to become more active citizens.” • “We have had young people involved with activities after their CHiP intervention instead of just being on the streets.” The participants were also asked if the project had an impact on crime and anti-social behaviour in the neighbourhood. Ten of the 16 interviewed believed that the project had helped to reduce crime and anti-social behaviour, 4 people felt unable to answer and 2 believed it had made no impact. • “I have not had the PCSOs phone me about any young people involved in CHiP.” • “I think it has directed some young people away from criminal behaviour.” • “A lot of the young people we see in the project are involved in anti-social behaviour, they are bored/have no boundaries/involved in the wrong crowd. CHiP gives them opportunities to get involved in something else so that they can see what else is out there for them. It teaches them to respect the community and other people more and I believe that once they realise that they are valued they start to value themselves and others.” • “It is helping these young people have positive role models, different peer groups and gain respect for themselves and others, we need more mentors though to help more young people.” • “The shoplifting incident stopped and yet I know despite initially when it was brought to our attention the 2 boys continued to shoplift, it only stopped when CHiP worked with the 2 boys and their families on a one-to-one basis to understand consequences etc.”

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7.1.

PRIORITY 3: Empowering communities to develop and deliver local revitalisation programmes Introduction

Priority 3 relates to 2 broad areas: the revitalisation of communities, and empowerment and involvement of people. Taking the first, the main indicator of need for revitalisation at the community level is the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) 2011. This resource allows us to explore multiple deprivation at the community level (as described below). This data is supplemented by the second area: perceptions of neighbourhood. Empowerment and involvement is a trickier area to address. The most relevant areas identified are perceptions of influence and political activity, and participation in organisations and volunteering.

7.2.

Key Needs Areas and Indicators

7.2.1.

Multiple Deprivation (WIMD)

The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) 2011 is the official measure of relative deprivation for small areas in Wales. The Index was developed by Welsh Government as a tool to identify and understand deprivation in Wales, so that funding, policy, and programmes can be effectively focussed on the most disadvantaged communities. Deprivation is a wider concept than poverty. Poverty is usually considered to be a lack of money, whereas deprivation includes a lack of the opportunities and resources to which we might expect to have access in our society, for example, good health, protection from crime, a clean and safe environment. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Multipleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; deprivation therefore refers to the different types of deprivation that might occur *. Eight types of deprivation, or domains, are included in the Index (these are weighted). They are: employment, income, education, health, community safety, geographical access to services, housing and physical environment. The domains are measured for Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs), each of which encompass approximately 1,000 households **. The following map, available from Statswales, illustrates the total WIMD score by LSOA:

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The WIMD 2011 Summary* identifies key points relating to the results for LSOAs:

• •

Rhyl West 2, Denbighshire, remains the most deprived small area in Wales. Eight of the 10 most deprived areas in WIMD 2008 remain in the most deprived 10 areas in WIMD 2011. Rhyl South West 2, Denbighshire, has moved from rank 5 (WIMD 2008) to rank 12 (WIMD 2011). Butetown 2, Cardiff, has improved its ranking from 4 in WIMD 2008 to 68 in 2011. This change has been driven by absolute improvements in the level of deprivation in the income and employment domains. Castle 2, Swansea (W010000743) was ranked 11th in WIMD 2008. In WIMD 2011, it has a rank of 62. Whilst this is still inside the most deprived 10% of all LSOAs in Wales, this reflects a real improvement in the employment and income domains, with the percentage of working age population in receipt of employment related benefits dropping from 55.8% in WIMD 2008, to 38% in WIMD 2011.

• • •

Also, in the summary of the WIMD 2011, the overall WIMD result is analysed by local authority*. This can give an idea of the Local Authorities with the highest number of communities in the greatest need: the most deprived local authority is defined as the authority with the greatest fraction of its LSOAs in the most deprived 10% of all LSOAs in Wales. This method can be seen as identifying the concentration of the most deprived areas in a local authority, rather than an average level of deprivation. The key findings were:

• • • •

The most deprived local authority is Merthyr Tydfil, with 25.0% of its LSOAs in the most deprived 10% in Wales, followed by Blaenau Gwent (23.4%) and Rhondda Cynon Taff (17.8%). Blaenau Gwent has 87.2%, Merthyr Tydfil 77.8% and Rhondda Cynon Taf 73.7% of their LSOAs in the most deprived 50% in Wales. The least deprived local authorities are Ceredigion and Monmouthshire, with no LSOAs in the most deprived 10% in Wales. In general, the Valleys and urban local authorities tend to be more deprived than those which are largely rural.

Sources *WG (2011) WIMD 2011 Summary Report **WG (2011) WIMD 2011 Guidance on Use Detailed tables for the WIMD 2011 can be found at Statswales.

7.2.2.

Perceptions of Neighbourhood

Problems people identify with their neighbourhood give us some idea of the types of revitalisation that might be needed at community level. Similarly, the things people identify as positives in their neighbourhood give an idea of where revitalisation might make a difference. The 2007 Living in Wales survey asked people about both of these issues*. Respondents were allowed to select more than one category.

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Fig. 14: Respondents’ reasons for why they disliked living in their neighbourhood

Source: Living in Wales 2007

•

After collating the reasons into the 4 main categories, 65% of respondents stated reasons relating to the ‘environment ‘for why they disliked their neighbourhood, 46% stated reasons relating to the ‘facilities’ available, 17% stated ‘other’ reasons and 14% stated reasons relating to the ‘people’ in the neighbourhood*. In Wales, as elsewhere in the UK, households headed by women were more likely to rate their local areas as poor than households headed by men. Younger households were more likely to say their areas were poor than older households were **.

Reasons for liking your neighbourhood*

•

• • • •

The 5 most common reasons people liked their neighbourhood: because the neighbourhood was ‘quiet’ (52%); because the ‘people or neighbours were friendly’ (47%); because the ‘shops were good or they were close to shops’ (35%); because the ‘countryside was nice’ (32%) and because of the ‘location’ (29%). 76% of respondents stated reasons relating to the ‘environment’ for why they liked their neighbourhood; 58% stated reasons relating to ‘people’, 58% stated reasons relating to the ‘facilities’ available and 42% an ‘other’ reason. Just 3% of people could not find any reason for liking their neighbourhood. In ‘rural’ areas, 90% of respondents stated reasons relating to the ‘environment’ for why they liked their neighbourhood, compared with 72% of respondents in ‘urban’ areas. However, only 46% of respondents based in ‘rural’ areas stated reasons related to the ‘facilities’ for why they liked living in their neighbourhood, compared with 61% of respondents in ‘urban’ areas. Sources *WG (2008) Living in Wales Survey ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales?

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7.2.3.

Perceptions of influence and Political Activity

There is little evidence on either how people feel about their level of influence locally or their level of political activity in Wales**. However, data from Britain suggests that peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of influence in their local area has declined since 2001***. Further to this, some of the more traditionally marginalised ethnic minority and religious groups are more likely than average to believe they have influence, possibly due to stronger ties within their own communities. In terms of political activity, voting patterns give the clearest indication of engagement. The Electoral Commission reported that turnout in Welsh Assembly elections was down 1.7% between 2011 and 2007 *: Fig. 15: Turnout in Assembly Elections

Source: Electoral Commission. Looking more long term, electoral turnout in Britain (as in many western democracies) has generally declined since World War II. The highest recorded turnout in a general election in Britain occurred in 1950 at 84% ****. By comparison, domestic elections across Europe between 1999 and 2004 result in an average turnout of 78%.

Sources * Electoral Commission (2011) Report on the National Assembly for Wales general election ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Britain? **** EHRC (2011) CIVIC LIFE: Evidence Base for the Triennial Review

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7.2.4.

Participation in organisations and volunteering

Participation in organisations and the numbers of people volunteering are the best indicators currently available for people’s participation and engagement. Participation in organisations In terms of organisations, the Living in Wales 2007 survey asked 2 questions on respondents’ participation in social and cultural activities with organisations. The interviewer showed respondents a list of organisations and asked whether they had joined in with the activities of any of the listed organisations on a regular basis and whether they were currently a member of any of the organisations.

• •

•

• • •

42% of respondents said that they did join in with the activities of at least one of the organisations listed, while 16% joined in with more than one. Despite the fact that an additional category was added to the list of organisations in 2008, these percentages were lower in 2008 than they were in 2004. In 2004, 45% of respondents joined in with the activities of at least one of the organisations listed, and 18% joined in with more than one. Respondents were more likely to regularly participate in social and cultural activities as they became older. 44% of respondents of pensionable age (i.e. females aged 60 or over and males aged 65 or over) regularly participated in at least one of the organisations listed on the card, compared with 39% of respondents aged 16 to 34. On the whole, men and women were roughly equally likely to participate in social and cultural activities. However, men were marginally more likely than women to participate from their mid thirties to their mid sixties, while women were more likely than men to participate when they were younger (35 and under) or older (over 65). Respondents who stated that they followed a religion were more likely to participate in the activities of organisations, 45%, compared with 34% of respondents who said they had ‘no religion’. Respondents with a limiting long-term illness or disability were also less likely to participate; 34 % compared with 44% of respondents without a limiting long-term illness or disability. 45% of respondents from ‘working households’ participated in at least one of the listed activities, compared with only 32% of respondents from households where no-one of working age worked.

Volunteering There is a lack of consensus about what activities should and should not be regarded as volunteering. There is consensus about the core characteristics of volunteering but it is not clear where the boundaries should be drawn been volunteering and other types of activity. One effect of this is that different surveys across the United Kingdom produce estimates of the prevalence of volunteering in the population (and amongst sub-groups of the population) which are often different and are incomparable.

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In Wales, the most in-depth, up-to-date volunteering estimates are still the Living in Wales Survey results. The survey was discontinued in 2007 and there is currently no official Welsh Government volunteering statistics. The results from the 2007 survey are summarised in the Welsh Government Statistical Bulletin: Volunteering in Wales Results from the Living in Wales survey 2007. Key findings are:

•

• •

There was a gradual decline in the number of respondents from 2005 to 2007 who stated that they had volunteered in the 3 years before the survey. In 2005, 29% stated they had volunteered, in 2006 this had reduced to 28%, and by 2007 only 25% of respondents had volunteered. Overall, a greater percentage of women had volunteered than men, but more 16-29 year old men than women had volunteered (see Fig. 16 below) In terms of age, in 2007, the greatest proportion of volunteers were in the 45-59 age category, for both men and women (see Fig. 16 below)

Fig 16: Percentage of respondents who have given their services or time on a voluntary basis over the last 3 years by age and sex (2007)

Source: WG (2008) Volunteering in Wales Results from the Living in Wales survey 2007

• • •

47% of respondents who volunteered for individuals or organisations over the last 3 years took on responsibilities such as being a committee member, raising funds, organising events or doing some administrative or clerical work. In 2005, 33% said that they would get involved/more involved in volunteering ‘if someone asked me directly to get involved’. 25% and 26% gave this answer in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Around 1 in 5 respondents (21%) stated that they would like to spend more time helping groups, clubs or organisations. Older respondents were less likely to say this - 6% of respondents aged 70 or over compared to 31% of respondents aged under 30. Sources *WG (2008) Volunteering in Wales: Results from the Living in Wales survey 2007

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7.3.

Key Policies/ Strategies

Wales Communities First http://wales.gov.uk/topics/housingandcommunity/regeneration/communitiesfirst/?lang=en&ts= 1 Communities First is the Welsh Government's flagship programme to improve the living conditions and prospects for people in the most disadvantaged communities across Wales. Communities First focuses on working in partnership, enabling and encouraging Public Sector, Third Sector and Private sector organisations to work together to achieve common goals. It seeks environmental and economic regeneration hand in hand with community engagement and action for social justice. The programme was launched in 2001 and there are now over 150 Communities First partnerships across Wales.

UK The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/16/notes/contents The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act provides new powers to deal with many of the problems affecting the quality of local environment in Wales. It forms part of a continuum of measures on anti-social behaviour, vandalism, disorder and levels of crime. The Act provides local authorities and community councils and the Environment Agency Wales with more effective powers and tools to tackle poor environmental quality and anti-social behaviour.

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PRIORITY 4: Developing constructive community responses to disaffection, antisocial behaviour and crime

8.1.

Introduction

Priority 4, developing constructive community responses to disaffection, anti-social behaviour and crime, relates to the Physical Security capability domain 13. Physical Security is the capability to live in physical security including, for example, being able to:

• • • •

Five key areas (indicators) have been identified for this priority: anti-social behaviour, crimes against the person (violent crime, domestic abuse and sexual assault), burglary and theft, targeted crime (hate crime), and fear of crime.

8.2.

Key Needs Areas and Indicators

8.2.1.

Anti-Social Behaviour

Anti-Social behaviour includes any behaviour which adversely affects others and disturbs their quality of life. Examples include: unruly and threatening behaviour, abusive language, dropping litter and graffiti. Drug use and drunkenness can be considered examples of anti-social behaviour and are recorded in UK crime data. Anti-social behaviour is a localised issue: people are concerned about the prevalence of such behaviour in their own neighbourhoods.

• • •

In Wales in 2009/10 the percentage of people seeing anti-social behaviour (16%) as a problem in their area was slightly higher than in England (14%)***. This was also true for drug use (31% compared to 26% in England) and drunkenness (26% compared to 24% in England) ***. There is a clear geographical element to anti-social behaviour in Wales. The percentage of people seeing anti-social behaviour as a problem in their area was 10% in North Wales but over double this in South Wales (21%)***.

These domains, developed by the EHRC, Government Equalities Office (GEO), the Scottish Government, the Welsh Assembly Government, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and a range of other stakeholders and subject experts, focus directly on those things in life that people say are important for them to actually do and be.

14 14

For Capabilities, see Equality Measurement Framework EHRC.

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Fig.17: Total number of Anti-Social Behaviour Orders issued in England and Wales 1999- 2009

Source***: Ministry of Justice Court Service administrative data

• • •

Fig. 17 shows a steady increase in ASBOs issued in Wales between 2000 and 2005, with this trend reversing for the next 5 years. The number of ASBOs issued in Wales and England is relatively similar when population is accounted for. Two out of 3 ASBOs issued in Dyfed-Powys and Gwent between 1999 and 2009 were breached, higher than the England and Wales average; North Wales was about average and South Wales lower than average***.

Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2011) A Statistical Focus on Crime in Wales

8.2.2.

Crimes against the Person

‘Crimes against the person’ refer to crimes which are committed by direct physical harm or force being applied to another person. The category includes violent crime, domestic abuse and sexual assault. All 3 of these areas will now be covered.

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Violent Crime • In Wales the rate of police recorded violent crime in 2010 was the same as in England. Violent crime as a percentage of all crime was also the same in Wales and England*** • In Wales, as in England, young men are at a particularly high risk of becoming a victim of violent crime. In 2009/10, 13% of 16-24 year old men were victims of a violent crime, compared to just over 4% of all men and fewer than 3% of all women* • Ethnic minority groups are more likely than white people to be victims of violent crime. This can largely be explained as a combination of the different age and socio-economic profiles of ethnic minority people compared to the white population* Domestic Abuse • One in 4 women in England and Wales (4.8 million) has experienced some form of domestic abuse since reaching the age of 16**. • Three-quarters of domestic abuse offences are repeat offences**. • The table below, taken from the British Crime Survey for England and Wales 2009/10, shows that women experience a higher level of intimate violence in all categories than men. Fig. 18: Prevalence of intimate violence by category among adults aged 16 to 59 England and Wales, 2010/11 BCS

Percentages

Since the age of 16 Men

Women

In the last year All

Men

Women

All

% victims once or more Any domestic abuse (partner or family nonphysical abuse, threats, force, sexual assault or stalking)

17.0

29.9

23.5

4.8

7.4

6.1

Any partner abuse (non-physical abuse, threats, force, sexual assault or stalking)

14.0

26.6

20.3

3.7

5.8

4.7

Any family abuse (non-physical abuse, threats, force, sexual assault or stalking)

7.3

10.0

8.6

1.7

2.5

2.1

Source: British Crime Survey Sexual Assault

• • •

In Wales, all main categories of police recorded crime fell between 2003 and 2009 apart from sexual offences which went up by 20%***. Women in Wales are twice as likely as men to be victims of sexual violence, or of non-sexual violence by their partner or family**. Women and children are by far the most likely to be victims of rape: 90% of offences were committed against females whilst more than a quarter of reported rapes were committed against children*.

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Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2011) A Statistical Focus on Crime in Wales **** Home Office (2010) British Crime Survey

8.2.3.

Burglary and Theft

Burglary is defined by the Home Office as an incident where someone enters a building as a trespasser and steals or tries to steal something in the building, or inflicts grievous bodily harm on someone during the attempt. Theft is defined as dishonestly taking property belonging to someone else with the intention of permanently depriving them of it. If force is used in a theft from a person then the incident is classed as a robbery. Theft also includes the handling of stolen goods. The main source of information on burglary and theft is provided by the annual Welsh Government Statistical Release on Crime. The key headlines from the 2011 are:

• • • • •

• • •

In 2010 the rates of police recorded burglary and theft crime in Wales (8%) were lower than in England (12%); car crime was the same ***. In 2010 the rates of police recorded burglary and car crime were higher in Gwent (13%) than the averages for Wales (8%), and most other police force areas (theft was about average). Theft and car crime were higher than average in South Wales (burglary was about average). The North Wales rates of theft, car crime and burglary were lower than these averages; and Dyfed-Powys much lower. In 2010 the burglary rates reported in the British Crime Survey for Gwent and South Wales were lower than the averages for England and most areas in England; the rate in North Wales was lower than all areas in England (less than half of most of them); and Dyfed-Powys very much lower (between and a tenth and a quarter). Between 2009 and 2010 the rate of burglary reported in the British Crime Survey for Wales fell by 2% compared with 7% in England; burglary fell by 19% in Dyfed-Powys and by 14% in South Wales; it rose by 2% in North Wales and by 28% in Gwent*. Between 2009 and 2010 the rate of theft reported in Wales fell by 1% per cent compared with 4% in England; theft fell by 1% in Dyfed-Powys and by 5% in South Wales; it rose by 3% in North Wales and by 6% in Gwent. Between 2009 and 2010 the rate of car crime reported in Wales fell by 16%, the same as in England.

Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2011) A Statistical Focus on Crime in Wales

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8.2.4.

Targeted Crime (Hate Crime)

A hate crime is any criminal offence that is motivated by hostility or prejudice based upon the victim’s: • • • • •

disability race religion or belief sexual orientation transgender

The majority of incidents recorded by the police involve harassment, but the majority of cases that are prosecuted are crimes against the person. Incidents targeting different groups take a variety of forms: for example, religiously motivated crime affects community institutions as well as individuals; hate crime targeting LGB people can involve sexual assault; and disability related hate crime often targets people's property *. Incidents targeting people because of who they are (e.g. hate crimes) are under-reported, meaning many victims are unable to access the support they need, or to secure justice*. The latest hate crime statistics are available through the Crown Prosecution Series ***. The following table, drawn from this resource, compares total hate crime convictions for the whole of England and Wales, and the 4 police force areas for Wales. Fig. 19: Conviction rates for hate crime

Source: Crown Prosecution Services

• • •

There were 668 prosecutions for hate crimes in Wales over 2009-10, 82.6% of which resulted in a successful prosecution. The conviction rate in Wales was higher than the average for England and Wales. Conviction rates in Wales varied between South Wales (83.9%) and North Wales (79.1%).

Further to this, prosecutions by hate crime type are comparable over time and by type for the UK as a whole***. Racial and religiously aggravated crimes comprised the largest proportion of the total at 93% in 2006-07 and 87% in 2009-10.

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Fig. 20: Hate crime types, UK, 2006-10

Source: Crown Prosecution Services Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** CPS (2011) A Hate crime and crimes against older people report 2009- 2010

8.2.5.

Fear of Crime

Fear of crime refers to the fear of being a victim of crime as opposed to the actual probability of being a victim of crime.

• • • • •

Evidence from England and Wales suggests women display higher levels of worry than men about violent crime, even though their risk of general violence is much lower than that of men*. Feelings of being unsafe alone at home after dark or walking alone in the local area during the day or after dark rise with age in England and Wales* In 2004/05, fewer people in Wales felt very unsafe when walking alone at night than did so in England**. Across England and Wales as a whole, disabled people are more likely to be worried about violent crime than non-disabled people (16% compared to 12%). They are also more likely to feel unsafe after dark (47% compared to 28%)**. In England and Wales, people from lower socio-economic groups are more likely to be worried about violent crime than average* Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales?

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8.3.

Key Policies/ Strategies

The Welsh Government (WG) has significant influence over how criminal justice is put into practice in Wales, even though the criminal justice system itself is not devolved. There is a complex picture of shared or inter-linked responsibilities and differences in delivery and policy stance between Wales and England. While the criminal justice system is not devolved, WG strongly influences some aspects of how the system works in practice and shares responsibility for its performance. Some of the Welsh Government’s responsibilities are linked with those of the Home Office. Within community safety the main areas of overlap are:

• • • • • • •

crime reduction; youth crime; anti-social behaviour; domestic violence; arrangements for mentally disordered offenders and their social supervisors; criminal law on sex offences and offenders; the development and implementation of a strategy against drugs misuse.

A review of how the Home Office engages with Wales is taking place and the outcome of that review will be known shortly.

Wales: The Right to be Safe (2010) http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dsjlg/publications/commsafety/100325besafefinalenv1.pdf The strategy sets out an integrated, cross government programme of action to tackle all forms for violence against women. The strategy sets out 4 key priorities: • Prevention and Raising Awareness of Violence against Women and Domestic Abuse. • Providing Support for Victims and Children. • Improving the Response of Criminal Justice Agencies. • Improving the Response of Health Services and Other Agencies. Improving Lives and Communities http://wales.gov.uk/docs/desh/publications/100421housingstrategyen.pdf The Welsh Government’s new Housing Strategy, sets out an approach that will improve homes and communities, including the energy efficiency of new and existing homes. The priorities are: • Providing more housing of the right type and offering more choice. • Improving homes and communities, including the energy efficiency of new and existing homes. • Improving housing-related services and support, particularly for vulnerable people and people from minority groups.

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The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/cleanneighbour/?lang=en The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act provide new powers to deal with many of the problems affecting the quality of local environment in Wales. It forms part of a continuum of measures on anti-social behaviour, vandalism, disorder and levels of crime. The Act provides local authorities and community councils and the Environment Agency Wales with more effective powers and tools to tackle poor environmental quality and anti-social behaviour. All Wales Youth Offending Strategy http://wales.gov.uk/dsjlg/publications/commmunitysafety/youthoffendingstrategy/strategye?lang= en&ts=1 The All Wales Youth Offending Strategy is the result of the Welsh Government, the Youth Justice Board and local agencies working together to develop a strategy that provides a national framework for preventing offending and re-offending among children and young people in Wales. All this work is underpinned by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and its requirement for consideration of the rights of the young person. In the long-term, its aim is to make a real and significant reduction in the rates of youth offending in Wales. Key aims of the strategy: • Action must be taken forward to identify children and young people at risk of offending and to provide appropriate programmes to re-engage and divert these children and young people away from offending behaviour. • There should be effective community based sentencing alternatives to custody for children and young people who do offend where this is in the best interests of the child. • Welsh children and young people entering custodial facilities in England must be afforded the same rights as their English counterparts and as other children and young people in Wales. Community Safety Partnerships http://wales.gov.uk/topics/housingandcommunity/safety/partnerships/?lang=en&ts=1 Community Safety Partnerships are groups of local organisations working together to reduce crime and substance misuse. The sorts of organisations involved include: the police, local authorities, the Fire and Rescue Service, the NHS, voluntary organisations, businesses and community groups. The aim is to bring different parts of communities together to help reduce crime. This approach recognises that crime is a complex problem caused by a variety of social and economic factors. There are 22 Community Safety Partnerships in Wales, 1 in each local authority area. Each Partnership is using its understanding of local priorities to reduce crime and substance misuse. This local approach allows each Partnership to address the issues that are important to their community. Every Community Safety Partnership in Wales has an individual responsible for coordinating a response to all reported cases of anti-social behaviour.

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UK The UK Government controls policies relating to the Police, probation, the Courts, the Crown Prosecution Service, imprisonment, and youth justice; but the effect of these policies partly depend on Welsh Government functions. Hate Crime – The Cross-Government Action Plan http://library.npia.police.uk/docs/homeoffice/hate-crime-action-plan.pdf The Cross-Government Hate Crime Action Plan sets out how the UK plans to tackle hate crime and improve support for victims. The plan aims to: • Increase the number of victims and witnesses who come forward to report a hate crime. • Bring more hate crime offenders to justice and obtain more successful outcomes when it is reported. • Improve responses to hate crime and incitement to hatred that occurs on the internet. • Improve local responses to hate crime, particularly where there are high levels of hate crime or a high proportion of hate crime per capita. • Consider how to better respond to hate crimes in the workplace. • Improve access to victim support.

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PRIORITY 5: Enabling older people to live independent lives and to contribute to their community

9.1.

Introduction

Older people are generally defined as those over 65. Many of the needs relating to older people in Wales have been identified in relation to the other 8 Priorities. For example, under Priority 1, a digital inclusion need has been identified: 25% of people aged 65 and over were using the internet in 2009, compared with 89% of younger people (16 to 24). In addition to this, the Welsh population age distribution was discussed in Section 2.4. As such, this section of the report will not repeat these, rather it will seek to summarise the areas of need associated with older people’s ability to live independent lives and contribute to their community.

9.2.

Key Needs and Indicators

In order to summarise the needs of older people that have not already been covered, this profile will draw on the themes identified by the Older People’s Wellbeing Monitor for Wales 200915. The Monitor reports key published data: the most relevant, up-to-date and high quality evidence based on a review by Cardiff University and the voices of older people themselves via a qualitative study undertaken by Glyndŵr University. The older people’s wellbeing indicators reported below are based on the UN Principles for Older Persons and the Welsh Government’s Strategy for Older People in Wales Indicators of Change. Three broad needs areas (themes) based on the Monitor indicators will now be introduced: Social Exclusion; Independence and Material Wellbeing. Health themes, amongst others, have been omitted here as they are covered in detail under BIG Theme 3, Priorities 7, 8 and 9.

WG (2009) Older People’s Wellbeing Monitor for Wales 2009

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9.2.1.

Social Exclusion

Social exclusion “is a term used to describe the experience of individuals who are unable to play a full part in society because of the range of disadvantages they face - be it through a lack of employment, low skills, poor health or discrimination”. Here 3 indicators of social exclusion are highlighted: social networks, isolation and loneliness, and belonging and trust in the community**

•

Social Networks: According to the 1999 PSE survey, pensioners in England, Wales and Scotland are less likely to have at least daily contact with their social network (80%) than non-pensioners (88%). The 2002/03 European Study of Adult Wellbeing (ESAW)l found that older respondents (all of whom were over 50) had fewer social resources than younger respondents, and fewer available family members*. Isolation and loneliness: Feelings of social isolation and loneliness are likely to be central to an older person’s sense of wellbeing. With no relevant Welsh data, the 2004 English Longitudinal Study of Ageing is the closest source. The study found that people aged 80 and over are the most vulnerable to loneliness. While more women than men report feeling lonely, this difference lessens with age*. Belonging and trust in the community: The extent to which older people feel part of their community and trust members of their community (such as neighbours) is another indicator of social inclusion. The 2008 Living in Wales survey collected data from respondents on attitudes to their neighbourhood and how far they agreed or disagreed with a selection of statements regarding their neighbourhood and neighbours. Results show that 85% of respondents over 60 feel that they belong to their neighbourhood. Over 4 in every 5 think that “friendships with their neighbours mean a lot to them”, that they are “willing to work with their neighbours to improve their neighbourhood” and that they are “similar to others in their neighbourhoods”. Belonging to a community is clearly very important to older people*.

Sources *WG (2009) Older People’s Wellbeing Monitor for Wales **JRF (2011) Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 2011

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9.2.2.

Independence

Good health, mobility and being able to live in your own home are commonly associated with being independent. Older people consistently raise these issues as being central to their quality of life. They soon feel a loss of independence if their health declines significantly or their control and choice over housing and transport is restricted*. Health will be explicitly addressed in section 8.2.4, so this section focuses on travel and housing. Travel There is a wealth of literature demonstrating just how important it is for older people to maintain a capacity to travel. It helps to maintain family and social networks, provides leisure and recreational opportunities and gives independent access to essential services - notably shops and doctors’ surgeries*. Key points raised by the well-being monitor in relation to travel were:

• • • •

Analysing travel by older people (50 and over) shows that on average they make more trips for personal purposes (shopping, personal business, leisure, and visiting friends) than younger people. The total number of trips declines as people get older, with the average dropping from over 1,100 trips a year for the 18 to 49 age group to under 800 trips for the 65 and over group. Trips to visit friends decline for those aged 65 and over; and that trips for leisure and just walking are at the same level for the oldest and youngest groups, and highest for those aged 50 to 64. Older people are more likely to use public transport, mostly buses, than younger age groups.

Housing Adequate housing is a basic human need which older people can provide for themselves if they have sufficient income and capacity, or which others (particularly family and friends) can help them with*. The 2008 Living in Wales survey found that for people aged 50 and over with a long term limiting illness, disability or infirmity:

• • • •

34% needed a grab rail; 14.5% needed a shower to replace the bath; 11.4% needed a stair lift; 10.5% needed a toilet on the living floor.

The extent to which these needs have been met suggests something about the adaptability of the home to changing requirements, the availability of money to do the work, and how soon the work gets done. However, if needs are unmet, this indicates unsuitability and, in most cases, quite serious health risks. Numerically, the greatest unmet needs are for ***:

• • •

Grab rails (needed but not available to 21,348 older people); Shower to replace bath (20,899 older people); Stair lifts (19,912 older people).

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Sources * WG (2009) Older People’s Wellbeing Monitor for Wales **JRF (2011) Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 2011 *** WG (2008) Living in Wales Survey

9.2.3.

Material Well-being

Material well-being is closely related to independence. Four aspects are identified in the well-being monitor: employment, income, poverty, and fuel poverty. Employment

• • •

The 2008 Annual Population Survey (APS) estimates that 3.7% of those above state pensionable age (SPA) were working full-time and 6.3% part-time. This compares with 53% and 17% of those of working age. Clearly, therefore, few people continue to do paid work after 60/65. Figures from the Annual Population Survey and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) show that employment at older ages has increased in recent years in Wales. Most of this growth seems to have come from increases in full-time work rather than part-time.

Income For those who do work, the full-time mean gross weekly earnings of employees aged 50 or over are appreciably higher than those of all ages, in part reflecting levels of seniority within firms and organisations* Fig. 21: Full-time mean gross weekly earnings (2004-2008)

Source: WG (2009) (Original: ASHE)

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Poverty

•

The definition and measurement of poverty is complex, but the conventional and pragmatic approach is to focus on relative income, partly because in advanced economies income provides a lot of the capacity for experiencing any particular way of life. The income threshold below which households are commonly viewed as being poor in the UK is below 60% of median household income*.

Fig. 22: The percentage of people in Wales living in households with incomes below 60% of the median (after housing costs)

•

The graph shows a divergence in poverty between pensioners and all individuals since parity in 1998/99. By 2006/07 the poverty rate for pensioner households after housing costs was 19% and around five percentage points lower than for all households. At this date the Welsh pensioner poverty rate was marginally higher than for UK pensioner households as a whole, having been for many years below it. These overall figures are suggested to mask important trends*. Evidence suggests there are 2 distinct pensioner groups in terms of income. Firstly, a ‘better off’ group made up mostly of younger pensioners living in pensioner couple households. Secondly a ‘worse off’ group who are commonly older female pensioners living alone, experiencing much higher levels of poverty and social exclusion. Other evidence suggests that amongst older people the poorest are divorced, separated or widowed women and men who are divorced and who never married. Single pensioners generally are more likely to be in income poverty than pensioner couples, irrespective of age.

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Fuel Poverty **** A household is judged to be ‘fuel poor’ if it would need to spend more than 10% of its income on all fuel - to heat particular rooms within the home to a specified minimum temperature for set periods during the day and night, to provide hot water and to cook. The need for older people to have a higher ‘heating regime’ than other households has been built into the definition. Statutory targets for eradicating fuel poverty in Wales were published in 2003, in the Welsh Government’s A Fuel Poverty Commitment for Wales. This Strategy replaces A Fuel Poverty Commitment for Wales as the Welsh Government’s Fuel Poverty Strategy. The targets set out in A Fuel Poverty Commitment for Wales remain in place and are that, as far as reasonably practicable, fuel poverty will be eradicated:

• • •

Amongst vulnerable households by 2010. In social housing by 2012. By 2018, there would be no-one in Wales living in fuel poverty.

Pensioners were estimated to make up the highest proportion of the fuel poor in 2004 with 41% of fuel poor households being single pensioners and 17% being married couple pensioners. The latest fuel poverty statistics for Wales emerge from the 2008 Living in Wales Survey. Key headlines are *****:

• • • • •

332,000 households were estimated to be fuel poor in Wales in 2008 under the full income definition 16. This is 26% of all households. Nearly 60,000 households (5% of all households) are required to spend more than 20% of their income on fuel. A further 75,000 households (6% of all households) are required to spend between 15-20% of their income on fuel. Those aged over 85 years are particularly prone to being fuel poor with 50% of this group being fuel poor, closely followed by households in which the survey respondent is aged between 75-84 or 16-24 years. Nearly 33% of rural households are fuel poor compared to 22% of urban households. The occurrence of fuel poverty is less in South Wales compared to the Mid and North regions with levels of fuel poverty standing at 23%, 35% and 28% respectively.

Sources * WG (2009) Older People’s Wellbeing Monitor for Wales **JRF (2011) Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 2011 *** WG (2008) Living in Wales Survey **** WG (2010) Fuel Poverty Strategy 2010 ***** WG (2010) Living in Wales 2008 - Fuel Poverty Statistics

Taking into account a households full reported income

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9.3.

Key Policies/ Strategies

Wales: The Strategy for Older People in Wales 2008-2013 http://wales.gov.uk/strategy/strategies/2166490/olderpeopleII.pdf?lang=en The latest Strategy for Older People builds on 2003-8 phase and focuses on economic status, general well-being and independence. Four themes are the focus of the Strategy, each associated with a broad strategic aim. These are: • • •

•

Valuing Older People - Maintaining and Developing Engagement. Promote positive images of ageing and ensure that the over 50s are able to participate as fully as they wish in their communities, giving them a stronger sense of engagement and influence. Changing Society - The Economic Status and Contribution of Older People. Develop policies to increase the capacity of the over 50s to continue to work, learn, volunteer and care, making an active contribution for as long as they wish, and ensure that older people do not live in poverty. Well-being and Independence - Improve the health and well being of older people through initiatives to promote health, as well as high quality, responsive and appropriately regulated health, social care and housing services. These will enable older people to live as actively and independently as possible in a suitable and safe environment of their choice. Making it Happen - The Implementation of the Strategy - Implement the Strategy for Older People in Wales with support funding to ensure that it is a catalyst for change and innovation across all sectors, improving services for older people, providing the basis for effective planning for an ageing population and reflecting the concerns of older people.

The strategic aims within the 4 themes embody the ‘mainstreaming’ of older people’s concerns across all policy areas. Older People's Commissioner http://www.olderpeoplewales.com/en/home.aspx The Commissioner is a champion for older people, in the same way that the Children's Commissioner has been for children and young people. The Commissioner, as an ambassador and authority on older people’s issues, will speak up on behalf of older people. Perhaps most importantly, the Commissioner works to ensure that older people themselves can influence the way in which important public services are managed and delivered in Wales. The Commissioner is a source of information, advocacy and support for older people in Wales and their representatives. As well as looking at the interests of older people as a whole, she can also look at: • • •

The cases of individual older people in certain circumstances, such as where the case raises issues that may have a wider impact on older people; The effect that public bodies, such as the Welsh Government, Local Government and the NHS, have on older people. She may publish reports, making recommendations for change; The providers of regulated services across Wales, issuing guidance on best practice to ensure that they safeguard and promote the interests of older people. She may also help individuals to make a complaint about the services provided;

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•

The way in which a local authority or health body implements the policies and procedures that it has put in place for dealing with elder abuse. If these are not being carried out effectively, she can hold authorities to account.

The Commissioner has been appointed for a term of 4 years, renewable once. Healthy Ageing Action Plan for Wales (2005) http://wales.gov.uk/topics/olderpeople/publications/healthyageingactionplan?lang=en&ts=1 This action plan is part of a range of initiatives to improve the health and lifestyles of people of all ages by encouraging healthy living among those aged 50 and over. It draws together both existing and planned public health initiatives for older people. The purpose of the Action Plan is to:

• • • •

Bring together in one document existing and proposed health promotion initiatives for older people. Provide guidance for use at a local level on key evidence based health promotion interventions with older people. As such, it provides the major implementation tool for the Promoting Health and Well-Being Standard of the National Service Framework for Older People in Wales. Outline responsibilities of the Welsh Assembly Government and its partners. Introduce new Assembly led initiatives as part of the Welsh Assembly Government response to Health Challenge Wales.

Residential care http://wales.gov.uk/topics/olderpeople/care/?lang=en&ts=1 Local councils in Wales are required to provide residential care for those individuals assessed as requiring such care and who meet the council's local eligibility criteria. Depending on an individual's needs, this can be in a residential home (that would provide personal care) or a nursing home (that would provide nursing care, or nursing care and personal care). Homes can be provided by the local authority itself or through independent providers. Local councils are also required to charge for the accommodation and personal care they arrange, whether directly provided or arranged with an independent home. The aim is to recover as much of the cost as possible. It is the responsibility of each local council to determine the level of fees it will charge. Fuel Poverty Strategy 2010 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/desh/publications/100723fuelpovertystrategyen.pdf There are 3 aims:

• •

Social: reduce the impact of fuel poverty on householders in Wales and, as far as reasonably practicable, eradicate fuel poverty. Economic: create green jobs and business opportunities for the people of Wales.

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â&#x20AC;˘

Environmental: reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the domestic sector, contributing to the Welsh Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 3% per year in areas of devolved competence.

EU The United Nations Principles for Older Persons http://www.unescap.org/ageing/res/principl.htm In 1990, the UN General Assembly designated 1st October as the "International Day of Older Persons". In 1991, the Assembly adopted the "United Nations Principles for Older Persons" (resolution 46/91), encouraging governments to incorporate them into national programmes whenever possible. The Principles call for action in many areas, among them: Independence: Older persons should have access to food, water, shelter, clothing, health care, work and other income-generating opportunities, education, training, and a life in safe environments. Participation: Older persons should remain integrated into community life and participate actively in the formulation of policies affecting their well-being. Care: Older persons should have access to social and legal services and to health care so that they can maintain an optimum level of physical, mental and emotional well-being. This should include full respect for dignity, beliefs, needs and privacy. Self-fulfilment: Older persons should have access to educational, cultural, spiritual and recreational resources and be able to develop their full potential. Dignity: Older persons should be able to live in dignity and security, be free of exploitation and physical or mental abuse and be treated fairly regardless of age, gender and racial or ethnic background.

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10. PRIORITY 6: Enabling communities to manage and enhance their local environment and amenities 10.1.

Introduction

Priority 6 refers to both local environment in communities and community amenities. It is difficult to find measures of need in relation to the amenities available to local communities. As such, this section will focus on environmental need, action and concerns. Four key needs areas (indicators) have been identified: The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD), Environment Domain, environmental action and activities, the cleanliness index, and issues of environmental concern. Note: It is useful to think of environment and environmental issues in 2 ways for this section: marco and micro. Macro environmental issues act on large scales and are often beyond the control of local communities: proximity to waste, air quality and global warming are key examples. Micro environmental issues can be considered those that act on a more localised scale - the day-to-day environmental influences on communities and individuals: litter, access to green space, cleanliness and so on.

10.2. Key Needs Areas and Indicators 10.2.1. Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2011: Environment Domain The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) 2011 is the official measure of relative deprivation for small areas in Wales. The Index was developed by Welsh Government as a tool to identify and understand deprivation in Wales, so that funding, policy, and programmes can be effectively focussed on the most disadvantaged communities. Deprivation is a wider concept than poverty. Poverty is usually considered to be a lack of money, whereas deprivation includes a lack of the opportunities and resources to which we might expect to have access in our society, for example, good health, protection from crime, a clean and safe environment. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Multipleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; deprivation therefore refers to the different types of deprivation that might occur *. Eight types of deprivation, or domains, are included in the Index (these are weighted). These are: employment, income, education, health, community safety, geographical access to services, housing and physical environment. The domains are measured for Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs), each of which encompass approximately 1,000 households **. The environment domain score is derived from measures of air emissions, air quality, flood risk and proximity to waste disposal and industrial sites. As such, the environment domain provides a good indicator of community level environmental need across Wales.

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In the summary of the WIMD 2011, the environment domain is analysed by local authority*. This can give an idea of the Local Authorities with the highest number of communities in the greatest environmental need: the most deprived local authority is defined as the authority with the greatest fraction of its LSOAs in the most deprived 10% of all LSOAs in Wales. This method can be seen as identifying the concentration of the most deprived areas in a local authority, rather than an average level of environmental deprivation.

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• • • • •

The most deprived local authority in the physical environment domain is Newport, with 43.6% of its LSOAs in the most deprived 10% in Wales. This is driven by Newport’s poor air quality, and proximity to waste and industrial sites. This is almost twice as high as the next most environmentally deprived local authority, Flintshire, with 23.9% of its LSOAs in the most deprived 10% in Wales. Many Flintshire residents live in proximity to waste or industrial sites. The least deprived local authorities in the physical environment domain are Ceredigion and Merthyr Tydfil, with none of their LSOAs in the most deprived 10% in Wales. Newport also has the highest percentage of its LSOAs in the most deprived 50% of LSOAs in Wales (86.2%), followed by Cardiff (69.0%). The Isle of Anglesey has only 27.3% of its LSOAs in the most deprived half of Welsh LSOAs, and Ceredigion only 29.8%.

Sources *WG (2011) WIMD 2011 Summary Report **WG (2011) WIMD 2011 Guidance on Use Detailed tables for the WIMD 2011 can be found at Statswales.

10.2.2. Environmental Action and Activities Information on the environmental action and activities of adults in Wales is collated by Welsh Government as one of the ‘State of the Environment Indicators’: Indicator 5: Percentage of people taking action to improve the environment*. Data is drawn from the results of the 2005 to 2008 Living in Wales Surveys and the 2009-10 National Survey for Wales. Activities Undertaken* Respondents were asked which environmental activities, if any, they and their household had done in the last 12 months. A summary of this is presented in the table below (the percentages in the table below do not total 100 as multiple answers could be provided):

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Fig. 23: People taking action to improve the environment in Wales: activities undertaken, 2005 to 2009-10 Period 2005 2006 2007 2008 Indicator Percentage of respondents undertaking selected . . . environmental activities in previous year: - Bought goods because made from recycled materials 26.5 31.5 32.6 .. - Bought goods because they use less energy 36.3 45.4 54.3 .. - Cut down on use of a car for short journeys 23.6 27.9 27.2 .. - Cut down the amount of electricity or gas used 46.2 54.1 60.0 .. - Used public transport or walked etc to avoid car use 27.1 30.8 27.6 .. - Done things to encourage wildlife in garden 41.7 49.0 48.3 .. - Done things to reduce use of water 26.6 39.0 39.3 .. - Made compost from kitchen waste 19.1 21.9 24.9 .. - Recycled paper, glass, plastic or cans 72.8 80.4 87.3 .. - Spent money insulating home .. .. .. 10.7 - Installed new, more energy efficient heating .. .. .. 9.3 - Made use of new energy efficient products or technologies .. .. .. 43.3 - Installed any form of renewable energy .. .. .. 1.0 - Deliberately bought goods as they were produced locally .. .. .. 30.7 - Deliberately taken fewer flights .. .. .. 3.7 - Bought a more fuel-efficient vehicle .. .. .. 10.3 - Reused carrier bags when shopping .. .. .. .. - None 6.6 5.4 4.0 37.5

200910 . 23.4 46.7 18.6 .. 14.3 .. .. 20.2 88.4 .. .. .. .. 34.3 3.3 .. 56.3 5.9

Note: The activities asked about have varied in each year, therefore caution should be used when making comparisons to earlier years.

• • • •

The percentage of households undertaking each environmental activity either increased or showed little change between 2005 and 2007. The most common activity undertaken by respondents in 2008 of the activities listed was making use of new energy efficient products or technologies (43.3%). However, 37.5% of respondents undertook none of the listed activities in 2008. The most common activity undertaken by respondents in 2009-10 of the activities listed was recycling paper, glass, plastic or cans (88.4%). However, 5.9% of respondents undertook none of the listed activities in 2009-10.

Behavioural Influences* In the 2005 Living in Wales survey, respondents who stated that they had done at least one of the environmental activities listed above were asked to select 2 or 3 things that had prompted them to do so. This question was not asked in 2006 and 2007. The question was asked in 2008 and 2009-10, but caution should be used when making comparisons because different activities were listed.

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Fig. 24: Environmental Behavioural Influences: Reasons for environmental activity

Period Indicator Percentage of respondents giving selected reasons for environmental activities undertaken: - Actions of friends and family - Availability of products and services - Costs of products and services - Government actions or campaigns - Have always done it - Local authority actions or campaigns - News stories - Other moral or ethical reasons - To be more green - To get fit - To save money - TV and newspaper campaigns - Other - Don't know

2005

200910

7.6 5.6 9.3 5.1 30.6 25.0 6.4 11.6 44.5 15.6 36.7 11.3 0.4 1.2

7.1 6.0 2.5 15.8 25.4 42.4 10.4 7.2 36.4 .. 15.7 14.1 0.2 2.1

Source: WG

• •

In 2005, the most common reason given for undertaking environmental activities was ‘to be more green’ (36.4%). In contrast, in 2009/10, the most common reason was local authority actions or campaigns (42.4%), pushing ‘to be more green’ into second place. Whilst the influence of local authorities has increased, respondents were less than half as likely to identify money saving as a reason for undertaking environmental activity in 2009/10 than in 2005.

Sources *WG (updated 2011) State of the Environment

10.2.3. The Cleanliness Index The cleanliness index 17 is a key indicator identified by WG as one of the ‘State of the Environment Indicators’. Notes on how the indicator is devised can be found at statswales. The key point is that the higher the score, the cleaner the place. The cleanliness index is a key indicator under outcome 28: Environmental nuisances such as litter, fly-tipping, graffiti, dog fouling, fly-posting, noise pollution and light pollution are minimised.

http://www.statswales.wales.gov.uk/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=5869

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The cleanliness index provides a useful source of information on local environmental issues: the dayto-day environmental influences at the street level that impact on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. The index is comparable at local authority level*. Fig. 25: The cleanliness index of Wales, by local authority Indicator

Cleanliness index

Area

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

Wales

66.07

70.13

70.67

The Vale of Glamorgan

69.75

70.58

77.95

Denbighshire

71.6

67.85

77.5

Pembrokeshire

74.5

74.95

Conwy

71.85

76.79

74.68

Rhondda Cynon Taf

70.63

73.15

73.39

Flintshire

71.9

73.35

72.7

Carmarthenshire

74.3

71.5

72.45

Ceredigion

69.1

72.25

Powys

68.43

73.22

71.68

Isle of Anglesey

74.4

75.67

71.4

Wrexham

65.75

67.85

70.9

Gwynedd

69.8

69.65

70.3

69.25

70.05

Merthyr Tydfil

67.05

68.7

69.1

Neath Port Talbot

67.35

66.53

68.9

Newport

60.47

64.97

68.77

Monmouthshire

65.81

69.87

68.45

Bridgend

69.65

67.83

68.37

Caerphilly

70.1

68.2

67.3

Swansea

64.75

65.2

Torfaen

69.95

64.5

Blaenau Gwent

66.1

61.1

64.05

Cardiff

Source: Statistical Directorate, WG

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• •

For 2010, Blaenau Gwent scored the lowest (was the least clean) and Vale of Glamorgan the highest (the cleanest). The 10 lowest scoring authorities in 2010 were all in the south of Wales.

Sources *WG (updated 2011) State of the Environment

10.2.4. Issues of Environmental Concern Information on the environmental concern of adults in Wales is collated by Welsh Government as one of the ‘State of the Environment Indicators’: Indicator 5: Percentage of people taking action to improve the environment*. Data is drawn from the results of the 2005 Living in Wales Survey. Respondents were shown a list of environmental issues and asked to select 2 or 3 of these issues they were most concerned about. The key findings are:

• • •

Of the environmental issues asked about in the survey, those of most concern to respondents in Wales in 2005 were litter and fly-tipping (31.8%), climate change and global warming (27.0%) and losing open land to development (23.4%). Of the environmental issues asked about in the survey, those of least concern to respondents in Wales in 2005 were inner city decay (4.6%), noise (5.6%) and air pollution from factories (7.6%). 10.0% of respondents had equal concern for all the listed environmental issues and 3.3% had no concerns for the listed environmental issues.

Sources *WG (2011) State of the Environment

10.2.5. Climate Change Although climate change is extremely complex and problematic to measure, especially on a local or regional level, attempts have been made by Welsh Government to operationalise key climate change indicators and monitor their change as part of the State of the Environment monitoring. The baseline for monitoring was taken in 1990 and the latest figures are from 2008. Two main areas are explored: greenhouse gases indicators and ecologic footprint.

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Greenhouse gases Increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are leading to enhanced warming of the atmosphere and global climate change. Reduction targets for the basket of emissions were agreed at the Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997. The target for the UK is to achieve a reduction of the global warming potential of the 6 greenhouse gases of 12.5% by 20082012 (based on 1990 base year emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide and 1995 base year emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride).

•

Fig 26 (below) gives the total estimated emissions in million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent for the 'basket' of 6 greenhouse gases (i.e. carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)) in Wales.

Fig. 26: Estimated emissions of greenhouse gases in Wales, million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, 1990, 1995 and 1998 to 2008 (revised figures)

Source: State of the Environment (WG)

• Overall there has been an estimated decrease of 10% emissions of the basket of greenhouse gases from Wales in 2008 compared to base year (1990) emissions. In the UK there has been an estimated decrease of 20% compared to base year emissions. • The estimated emissions in million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in Wales have decreased by 3%, from 43.1(r) in 1990 to 42.0 in 2008. In the UK, estimated emissions have decreased by 10 per cent, from 591.4(r) in 1990 to 531.5 in 2008. • The estimated emissions in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for the total of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases in Wales have decreased by 37 per cent, from 11.9(r) in 1990 to 7.5 in 2008. In the UK, estimated emissions have decreased by 48%, from 183.0(r) in 1990 to 94.5 in 2008.

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• In 2008 the largest source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Wales was from energy industries

• • • •

(including power generation, refineries and solid fuel transformation processes), accounting for an estimated 43% of all carbon dioxide emissions. In the UK, energy industries accounted for an estimated 39% of CO 2 emissions in 2008. It is estimated that emissions from manufacturing industries and construction accounted for 23% of the total CO2 emissions in Wales in 2008. In the UK, emissions from manufacturing industries and construction accounted for an estimated 16% of the total CO2 emissions in 2008. It is estimated that emissions from transport accounted for a further 16% of the total CO2 emissions in Wales in 2008. In the UK, emissions from transport accounted for an estimated 24 of the total CO2 emissions in 2008. TRANSPORT: The estimated emissions in million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent from transport in Wales have increased by 6%, from 6.4(r) in 1990 to 6.8 in 2008. This is similar to the increase seen in the UK. Wales transport emissions accounted for 5% of the UK total in 2008. This increase has been driven by rising emissions from road transport, which account for nearly 90% of all transport emissions in Wales and the UK.

Ecological Footprint The ecological footprint provides a measure of the impact we impose on the natural environment. In our daily lives we consume resources and produce waste. Land is required to produce those resources and to dispose of the waste. The amount of 'productive' land and sea that is required to provide for this current resource consumption and waste production represents the ecological footprint. Fig. 27: Ecological footprint (global hectares per person), Wales and the UK, 1992-2006 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Wales

4.2

4.0

3.8

4.3

4.5

4.4

4.2

4.4

4.5

4.7

4.8

4.7

4.4

United Kingdom

4.3

4.2

4.5

4.6

4.4

4.7

4.8

5.0

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.6

Source: State of the Environment (WG)

• • •

Following several years of variation, the ecological footprint of Wales increased from 4.2 global hectares per person in 1999 to 4.8(r) in 2004. However, it has since fallen to 4.4 in 2006. The Global Footprint Network estimates for 2006 show that the average 'earthshare' was 1.8 global hectares per person and the ecological footprint of the world was 2.6 global hectares per person. This means that there was an ecological deficit of 0.8 global hectares per person. The ecological footprint of Wales was slightly lower than for the UK in 2006, but was more than double the average earthshare*.

Sources *WG (updated 2011) State of the Environment

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10.3.

Key Policies/ Strategies

Wales The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/cleanneighbour/?lang=en The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act enshrined new Welsh Assembly powers to deal with many of the problems affecting the quality of local environments. The act forms part of a continuum of measures on anti-social behaviour, vandalism, disorder and levels of crime. The Act provides local authorities and community councils and the Environment Agency Wales with more effective powers and tools to tackle poor environmental quality and anti-social behaviour. Environment Strategy 2006 http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/envstratforwales/?lang=en The Environment Strategy was launched in May 2006, and sets out the Welsh Government’s vision for the environment over the next 20 years. The Strategy was launched with an accompanying Action Plan to take forward action on its 39 outcomes. A second Environment Strategy Action Plan covering the period 2008-11 was launched in October 2008. One of the main environmental themes has particular relevance to BIG Priority 6:

•

Our local environment – covers the built environment and access to green space, environmental nuisances, walkability in urban areas and access to the countryside and coast, and flood risk management.

Natural Environment Framework: A Living Wales (policy forthcoming) http://wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetstatements/2011/110615nat/?lang=en This new framework, called A Living Wales, will focus on managing environment in Wales as a whole rather than focusing on separate parts. It will help meet future biodiversity targets.

EU Environmental outcomes are cross cutting themes in all Structural Funded programmes: http://wefo.wales.gov.uk/developing/crosscutting/environmental/?lang=en

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11. Theme: THE PROMOTION OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELL-BEING Outcome 3 – Healthier and more physically active people and communities 11.1.

Introduction

BIG’s third theme: The Promotion of Physical and Mental Health relates to the capability domain Health. Capability domains, developed by the EHRC, Government Equalities Office (GEO), the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and a range of other stakeholders and subject experts, focus directly on those things in life that people say are important for them to actually do and be. They are the central and valuable things in life that people actually achieve - such as enjoying an adequate standard of living, being healthy, having good opportunities for education and learning, enjoying legal security, and being free from crime and the fear of crime 18. The capability to be healthy includes, for example, being able to: • • • • • • •

Attain the highest possible standard of physical and mental health, including sexual and reproductive health. Access to timely and impartial information about health and healthcare options, including contraception. Access healthcare, without discrimination and in a culturally sensitive way. Be treated medically, or subject to experiment, only with informed consent. Be assured of patient confidentiality and be free from the stigmatisation associated with some health conditions. Maintain a healthy lifestyle including exercise, sleep and nutrition. Live in a healthy and safe environment including clean air, clean water, and freedom from pollution and other hazards.

EHRC (2009) Equality Measurement Framework. EHRC (2009) Equality Measurement Framework.

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Well-being Well-being – the key concept underpinning this theme - is a difficult concept to define and measure. Both the UK government and Welsh Government 19 are currently consulting on their future definition and use of the concept of ‘well-being’. The Centre for Well-Being at the New Economics Foundation (NEF) has been tasked by the UK to look at how to understand and measure well-being 20. In 2008 NEF developed a conceptual model of well-being based on an amalgamation of the theoretical approaches to understanding well-being which were summarised in a 2006 report to DEFRA (Dept. Of Food and Rural Affairs) by Prof. Dolan. This ‘dynamic model of Well-being’ is shown below:

The model describes how an individual’s external conditions (bottom left) – such as their income, employment status, housing and social context – act together with their personal resources (bottom right) – such as their health, resilience and optimism – to allow them to function well (middle) in their interactions with the world and therefore experience positive emotions (top). The key recommendation emerging from this model is that the ONS will need to include robust indicators for all 4 of these boxes in order to understand human well-being fully. Utilising a model such as this will provide a much clearer understanding of well-being in the UK. At the time of writing however, we are restricted to the indicators described in Section 13.2.2.

19 20

http://wales.gov.uk/hcwsubsite/healthchallenge/publications/wellbeing/?lang=en http://www.neweconomics.org/programmes/well-being

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Welsh Health Statistics Detailed data on health in Wales is collected in 3 main ways. The first is through the Census, for which the latest available data at time of writing was 2001. The second, the Welsh Health Survey (WHS) is annual and provides the most up-to-date in-depth information on the health of adults. The WHS also collected statistics for children. For children aged 0-12 years, parents were asked to complete the questionnaire on behalf of their child (with slightly different questions for children aged 0-3 and those aged 4-12). Young people aged 13-15 years were asked to complete the questionnaire themselves. The third is hospital and health services statistics. These are reported yearly and will also be referenced in this section. Characteristic Strands: Key Reminder Some areas of need or headline statistics relate specifically to one of the vulnerable group strands, identified in Chapter 2. These are highlighted with colour bullet points:

• Age • Disability • Ethnicity • Gender • Religion/ Belief

11.2.

Case Study

The following case study exemplifies the types of BIG project which can address the theme: The Promotion of Mental and Physical Well-being. The case study is drawn from the People and Places Programme for Wales and demonstrates evidence of health outcomes.

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People and Places Programme: Generations Hand in Hand Generations Hand in Hand is an intergenerational project to develop a piece of fallow land in between a residential care home for older people and a Primary School. The land consists of allotment beds, walkways, a grassed amphitheatre and paths allowing older people and children to improve relations by cultivating plants together and providing opportunities for interaction and performances. The grant over three years was for salaries for a new part-time project manager for nine months, existing part-time care assistant / classroom aide, recruitment, staff and volunteer expenses, professional fees including landscaping, building works, fencing, secure store, security equipment and grounds maintenance. Outcomes: Adoption of Healthy behaviours: • “The environmental area is used all the time as an area to play, as an outdoor classroom, for our sports day for loads of things. They are gardening there or people can just sit and enjoy the fresh air and tranquillity.” • “It is excellent, we as a school now have this safe outside space where the children can play, and we are growing veg and cooking and eating it.” • “They (the children) cook and eat things that they have grown; some children have never seen a carrot other than out of a tin before this project!” • “The area is used as an outdoor classroom and being outside is really good for the children.” There is also a very positive impact apparent in terms of improvements to participant’s mental well-being. All six participants interviewed perceived that the project had improved how satisfied children and residents feel with life as a result of being involved in the project; • • • •

“Young people have a bad press and interacting with the children is showing the elderly residents that they are not all bad, it is showing their good side. It cheers the residents up, gives them a new lease of life, their day is brightened by seeing the children.” “The residents are happier as they are able to speak to the children and see them when they visit.” “You can see how much the children enjoy being there” “It gives children confidence and they are better equipped to talk to older people and they also learn the process of getting older.”

The same group of participants also felt that the project had a positive impact on the ‘personal feelings’ of children and residents involved: • • • •

Six said that it had helped them feel better about themselves; Five said that it made them feel more optimistic about the future; Six said that had helped them think more clearly; and Four said that it had helped them deal with problems better

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11. PRIORITY 7: Developing people’s ability to take responsibility for their own health and wellbeing in line with the principles underlying Health Challenge Wales, encouraging individuals and organisations to improve health in Wales 11.3.

Introduction

The Welsh Government’s consultation document ‘Well-Being in Wales’ emphasised that the health of the nation is not just the responsibility of the government and the NHS. It states that everyone has a part to play in improving health in Wales, in short: health is everybody’s business. This idea of organisations and individuals sharing responsibility was reinforced by the 2003 ‘Review of Health and Social Care in Wales’, which showed that the demand for health and care services is unsustainable in the longer term. Health Challenge Wales was developed to help contribute towards this aim of shared responsibility. It signposts members of the public to information or activity to help them improve their own health and engages with organisations to look after the health of their staff and customers. Four key needs areas (indicators) have been identified for Priority 7: limiting long term illness, other illnesses, self reported health, and smoking and drinking. Healthy eating and physical activity will be introduced in relation to Priority 8, whilst mental health and well-being will be explicitly explored in relation to Priority 9.

11.4.

Key Needs Areas/ Indicators

11.4.1. Limiting Long term illness Limiting long-term illness is widely used as a measure of health status and has been shown to be an accurate predictor of early mortality, psychological health and hospital utilisation. The Welsh Health Survey asks if any adult has 'any long-term illness, health problem or disability’ which limits their daily activities or the work they can do. Adults were asked to include problems due to old age and, if responding positively, asked for the main cause of this limitation***.

• •

In 2010, 27% of Welsh adults reported having a long term illness, health problem or disability which limits their daily activities. Half of these reported that a musculoskeletal problem was the main cause of their limitation*** The graph below, drawn from the WHS, shows that there is an increase with age in the percentage reported as having a limiting long-term illness, with little difference between men and women***

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Fig. 27: Percentage who reported having a limiting long-term illness, by age and sex

Source: WHS (2010)

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

In households headed by someone who had never worked or was long-term unemployed 21, 34% of adults reported having a limiting long-term illness, compared with 31% in routine and manual households and 23% in managerial and professional households***. Most ethnic groups had a lower level of limiting long-term illness than the white British group. The younger average age of ethnic minority groups is likely to be a factor in this, as the proportion of people who are disabled or who have a limiting long-term illness rises with age**. A fifth of children were reported as having a long-standing illness, slightly higher for boys than for girls, including around 1 in 20 children with a limiting long-standing illness*. Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2010) Welsh Health Survey The latest health data for Wales is published annually by WG and is drawn largely from the yearly Welsh Health Survey.

(it should be noted that this group includes people unable to work because of long-term sickness or disability)

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11.4.2. Other Serious Illnesses Beyond long-term illness, the Welsh Health Survey [WHS] also asked adults aged 16 years and over whether they were currently being treated for a range of illnesses. Any illness • Any illness includes those who reported having any of the illnesses covered in the WHS (see Glossary). In 2010, 49% of adults reported currently being treated for an illness. • 22% of adults reported being treated for one illness only, and 27% reported being treated for 2 or more illnesses***. • Overall, women (52%) were more likely than men (45%) to report being treated for an illness***. • Levels of ill health increased with area deprivation. In general, those in the most deprived areas reported the worst health***. The chart below, drawn from the 2010 WHS, shows an increase with age in the percentage who reported being treated for an illness, and a increase in the percentage being treated for 2 or more illnesses: Fig. 28: Percentage who reported being treated for one illness, or two or more illnesses, by age

Source: WHS (2010)

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Heart conditions and high blood pressure • In 2010, 20% of adults reported currently being treated for high blood pressure, and 8% reported being treated for any heart condition, excluding high blood pressure ***. • 4% of adults reported ever having been treated for a heart attack, 4% angina and 1% heart failure***. The chart below, drawn from the 2010 WHS, shows exponential increase in heart problems with age. For heart conditions there was also a gender imbalance***. Fig 29: Percentage who reported being treated for any heart condition, excluding high blood pressure, by age and sex

Source: WHS (2010) Respiratory illnesses • In 2010, 14% of adults reported being treated for any respiratory illness, including 11% for asthma, 2% bronchitis, 1% emphysema and 2% other***. • Similar to heart diseases, the percentage of adults who reported being treated for a respiratory illness increased with age***. • But in contrast to heart diseases, slightly higher proportion of women (15%) than men (13%) reported being treated for respiratory illness***. Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2010) Welsh Health Survey The latest health data for Wales is published annually by WG and is drawn largely from the yearly Welsh Health Survey.

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11.4.3. Self-reported health Perception of ones overall health is an important measure. It goes beyond actual illness numbers to consider peoples’ judgement of their health. The Welsh Health Survey includes a question asking respondents to rate their own general health on a five-point scale ranging from excellent to poor.

•

In 2010, 80% of Welsh adults reported their general health as either excellent, very good, or good. The full breakdown is given in the below chart, drawn from the 2010 WHS.

Fig. 30: Self-reported general health status of adults

Source: WHS (2010).

•

The percentage of adults reporting excellent health falls with age, with those reporting poor health rising correspondingly.

Fig. 31: Percentage who reported excellent and poor health, by age

Source: WHS (2010)

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•

68% of children were reported to have very good general health, 26% good, and 5% fair. 1% of children were reported as having bad health and fewer than 1% very bad health*.

Sources *EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2010) Welsh Health Survey The latest health data for Wales is published annually by WG and is drawn largely from the yearly Welsh Health Survey.

11.4.4. Smoking and Drinking Smoking and drinking alcohol are 2 of the key lifestyle choices which have a strong correlation with long term health and life expectancy and are targeted by Health Challenge Wales. Healthy eating and physical activity, 2 of the other key lifestyle choices are explored under Priority 8. Smoking • In 2010, half of adults in Wales reported that they had never smoked. 19% were daily smokers, 4% occasional smokers and 28% were ex-smokers ***. • Overall, a slightly higher proportion of men were smokers (25%) compared with women (22%) ***. • 62% of smokers reported smoking in their own home in the last 7 days, 30% in other people’s homes, 48% whilst travelling by car and 20% in other places indoors (respondents were allowed to record more than one smoking location) ***. • Overall, 21% of adult non-smokers reported being regularly exposed to other people’s tobacco smoke indoors and 33% indoors or outdoors ***. • 14% of adults in managerial and professional households reported that they currently smoked, compared with 30% in routine and manual households, and 44% in households headed by someone who had never worked or was long-term unemployed***. • The following chart, drawn from the WHS (2010) shows that the highest percentage of current smokers was among the 25-34 age group. From this age on, the proportion of smokers dropped ***.

Fig. 32: Percentage of people who reported being a current smoker, by age and sex

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Source: WHS (2010) Drinking Alcohol • In 2010, 13% of adults reported that they were non-drinkers, and a further 35% reported that they drank less than once a week 22 ***. • 29% of adults reported drinking alcohol on average once or twice a week, while 8% of adults reported drinking something almost every day, slightly more common in the older age groups ***. • Overall, men were more likely than women to report drinking above the recommended guidelines on at least one day in the past week (51% of men compared with 37% of women), and to report binge drinking (34% of men, 21% of women)***. • The chart below, taken from the WHS (2010), shows that alcohol consumption in the past week varied with age group ***.

Fig. 33: Percentage who reported drinking above guidelines on at least one day in the past week, by age and sex

Recommendations on sensible drinking relate to regularly drinking above the daily guidelines of 4 units (men) or 3 units (women). The WHS provides some information on volume of alcohol consumption (on a day the previous week) and on drinking regularity, but not on the combination of the two (so it does not identify those who regularly consume large volumes of alcohol).

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Source: WHS (2010)

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11.5.

Key Policies/ Strategies

Wales Our Healthy Future http://wales.gov.uk/docs/phhs/publications/100521healthyfutureen.pdf The strategic framework for public health in Wales, Our Healthy Future sets the foundation for the Government’s ambitions for public health. It focuses on 6 action areas: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Health and well-being throughout life; Healthy sustainable communities; Reduced inequalities in health; Prevention and early intervention; Health as a shared goal; Strengthening evidence and monitoring progress.

These areas are a way to structure thinking and planning. They help government and its partners to deliver the 10 priority outcomes:

• • • • • • • • • •

Reducing inequalities in health; Reducing the level of smoking; Increasing physical activity; Reducing unhealthy eating; Stopping the growing harm from alcohol and drugs; Reducing the number of teenage pregnancies; Improving health in the workplace; Increasing immunisation rates; Improving people’s mental well-being; Reducing the number of accidents and injuries.

Health Challenge Wales http://wales.gov.uk/hcwsubsite/healthchallenge/?lang=en Priority 7 refers specifically to Health Challenge Wales. The Welsh Government’s consultation document ‘Well-Being in Wales’ emphasised that the health of the nation is not just the responsibility of the Welsh Government and the NHS. Everyone has a part to play in improving health in Wales, in short: health is everybody’s business. The importance of general healthy lifestyle messages covering physical activity, nutrition, alcohol and smoking was reinforced by the 2006 Norfolk Study [as part of the 10-nation European Prospective Investigation of Cancer]. This showed that small changes in health behaviour could lead to significant increases in life expectancy. Giving up smoking was shown to add up to 5 years to life expectancy. Taking moderate exercise and eating 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day could add a further 3 years.

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Health Challenge Wales has been developed to help contribute towards this aim. It signposts members of the public to information or activity to help them improve their own health. It also engages with organisations to look after the health of their staff and customers. Together for Health http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dhss/publications/111101togetheren.pdf Together for Health is the 5 year vision for the NHS. It is based around community services with patients at the centre, and places prevention, quality and transparency at the heart of healthcare. The document sets out how the NHS will look in 5 years time, with primary and community services at the centre of delivery. The main commitments in Together for Health are:

• • • • • • •

Service modernisation, including more care provided closer to home and specialist ‘centres of excellence’. Addressing health inequalities. Better IT systems and an information strategy ensuring improved care for patients. Improving quality of care. Workforce development. Instigating a ‘compact with the public’; and A changed financial regime.

Fairer health outcomes for all http://wales.gov.uk/topics/health/ocmo/healthy/?lang=en&ts=1 The Welsh Government launched Fairer Health Outcomes for All (FHOFA) in March 2011. The plan seeks to develop a health aspect to all policies across Government, to improve health and well-being and reduce health inequities. It builds on the action areas by focusing on giving children a healthy start, health assets (factors which improve health and well-being) in communities, improving the health of the working age population, better evidence on interventions and improving levels of health literacy in Wales. Policy areas such as education and skills, transport, housing and economic development are all considered. Healthy Ageing Action Plan for Wales (2005) http://wales.gov.uk/topics/olderpeople/publications/healthyageingactionplan?lang=en&ts=1 This action plan is part of a range of initiatives to improve the health and lifestyles of people of all ages by encouraging healthy living among those aged 50 and over. It draws together both existing and planned public health initiatives for older people. The purpose of the Action Plan is to:

• • • •

Bring together in one document existing and proposed health promotion initiatives for older people. Provide guidance for use at local level on key evidence based health promotion interventions with older people. As such, it provides the major implementation tool for the Promoting Health and Well-Being Standard of the National Service Framework for Older People in Wales. Outline responsibilities of the Welsh Assembly Government and its partners. Introduce new Assembly led initiatives as part of the Welsh Assembly Government response to Health Challenge Wales.

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12. PRIORITY 8: Promoting healthier eating/ increasing physical activity across all age, gender and social groups 12.1.

Introduction

Healthy eating and physical activity are 2 of the key determinants of long term health and the likelihood of being obese. Increasing physical activity and reducing unhealthy eating are 2 of the Welsh Government’s 10 main priorities on public health, as outlined in ‘Our Healthy Future’. Three main needs areas (indicators) have been identified for Priority 8: healthy eating, Obesity and BMI, and physical activity. General health issues are explored under Priority 7, whilst mental health and well-being will be explicitly explored in relation to Priority 9.

12.2. Key Needs Areas and Indicators 12.2.1. Healthy Eating Health Challenge Wales states that a balanced diet is made up of: a third fruit and vegetables; a third starchy food (pasta, bread, potatoes, rice); and the remaining third of meat/fish/nuts, milk/dairy, and fats/sugars23. Statistics on the exact diets of people are not commonly collected, but information on eating fruit and vegetables are. Health Challenge Wales states that individuals should aim to eat as wide a variety of fruit and vegetables as possible, but aim to have at least 5 different portions a day 24.

• •

In 2010, 35% of adults reported eating 5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables the previous day. 8% of adults reported that they ate no fruit and vegetables at all the previous day *. The chart below, taken from the WHS 2010, the proportions of both men and women who reported eating the recommended 5 or more portions a day fluctuated with age *.

http://wales.gov.uk/hcwsubsite/healthchallenge/individuals/health/food/?lang=en

ibid.

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Fig. 34: Percentage who reported eating five or more portions of fruit and vegetables the previous day, by age and sex

Source: WHS (2010)

• •

60% of children were reported as eating fruit every day, and 51% vegetables. 29% of children were reported as eating sweets every day, and 20% crisps *. 10% of children were reported as drinking soft drinks containing sugar every day, 21% low sugar soft drinks, and 66% water *.

12.2.2. Physical Activity Health Challenge Wales 25 states that most people in Wales are not physically active enough to benefit their health. The Department of Health recommended that adults need to do at least 30 minutes of at least moderate intensity physical activity, on 5 or more days a week. Children and young people should aim for 60 minutes. The WHS asks people in Wales about their physical activity in relation to these guidelines.

• • •

In 2010, 30% of adults reported meeting the guidelines for physical activity, i.e. at least 30 minutes of at least moderate intensity physical activity, on five or more days a week*. Overall, a higher proportion of men (37%) than women (24%) met the guidelines. The chart below, drawn from the WHS (2010), demonstrates that physical activity for women and men drops with age:

http://wales.gov.uk/hcwsubsite/healthchallenge/individuals/health/fitness/?lang=en

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Fig. 35: Percentage who reported meeting physical activity guidelines during the past week, by age and sex

Source: WHS (2010)

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

In the WHS (2010), 52% of children were reported as undertaking physical activity for at least an hour on five or more days of the previous week, including 36% who did so every day *. A higher proportion of boys than girls were reported to undertake these levels of physical activity *.

12.2.3. Obesity and BMI In order to define overweight or obesity, a measurement is required which allows for differences in weight due to height. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is the most commonly utilised indicator of obesity, despite not distinguishing between mass due to body fat and mass due to muscular physique, nor taking into account the distribution of fat. The Welsh Health Survey (2010) asked adults to report their height and their weight, and from this, their Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated as weight (kg) divided by squared height. (m2)*. BMI results are classified into the following categories:

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The WHS (2010) also notes that the height and weight of respondents are self-reported. There is evidence to show that some people tend to under-report weight and/or over-report height and as such there can be an underestimation of the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Fig. 36: Body Mass Index (adults)

Source: WHS (2010)

• • • • •

The above chart, drawn from the Welsh Health Survey (2010), shows that a greater percentage of Welsh adults were overweight or obese (58%) than were of a healthy weight (41%)*. Men were more likely to be overweight than women. For obesity there was little difference between men and women*. For men, levels of overweight or obesity were highest in the age range 35-64 and lower for younger and older men. For women, levels were highest in the age range 45-74 and were lower for younger and older women*. Generally, levels of obesity for men and women increased towards middle age before decreasing for the older age groups*. The chart below, drawn from the WHS (2010), shows a continuing trend in rising levels of obesity and people who are overweight in Wales.

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Fig. 37: Percentage of adults overweight or obese, 2003/4 – 2010

Source: WHS (2010)

• • •

In the WHS (2010), 36% of children were classified as overweight or obese, including 19% obese. There was little difference between the levels of those classified as overweight in boys and girls, although boys were slightly more likely to be obese. It is also noted in the WHS that estimates using international cut-off points instead of the UK reference curves suggest that around 28% of children would be classified as overweight or obese, including 8% obese *.

Sources * WG (2010) Welsh Health Survey ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? The latest health data for Wales is published annually by WG and is drawn largely from the yearly Welsh Health Survey.

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12.3. Key Policies/ Strategies Wales Our Healthy Future http://wales.gov.uk/docs/phhs/publications/100521healthyfutureen.pdf The strategic framework for public health in Wales, Our Healthy Future sets the foundation for the Government’s ambitions for public health. It focuses on 6 action areas: 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

These areas are a way to structure thinking and planning. They help government and its partners to deliver the 10 priority outcomes:

• • • • • • • • • •

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Health Challenge Wales has been developed to help contribute towards this aim. It signposts members of the public to information or activity to help them improve their own health. It also engages with organisations to look after the health of their staff and customers. Together for Health http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dhss/publications/111101togetheren.pdf Together for Health is the five year vision for the NHS. It is based around community services with patients at the centre, and places prevention, quality and transparency at the heart of healthcare. The document sets out how the NHS will look in five years time, with primary and community services at the centre of delivery. The main commitments in Together for Health are: • • • • • • •

Fairer health outcomes for all http://wales.gov.uk/topics/health/ocmo/healthy/?lang=en&ts=1 The Welsh Government launched Fairer Health Outcomes for All (FHOFA) in March 2011. The plan seeks to develop a health aspect to all policies across Government, to improve health and well-being and reduce health inequalities. It builds on the action areas by focusing on giving children a healthy start, health assets (factors which improve health and well-being) in communities, improving the health of the working age population, better evidence on interventions and improving levels of health literacy in Wales. Policy areas such as education and skills, transport, housing and economic development are all considered. Healthy Ageing Action Plan for Wales (2005) http://wales.gov.uk/topics/olderpeople/publications/healthyageingactionplan?lang=en&ts=1 This action plan is part of a range of initiatives to improve the health and lifestyles of people of all ages by encouraging healthy living among those aged 50 and over. It draws together both existing and planned public health initiatives for older people. The purpose of the Action Plan is to:

• • •

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Sports Council for Wales (SCW): A Vision for Sport in Wales http://www.sportwales.org.uk/media/506916/sport_wales_english_vision_doc_reprint_all_v3.pdf

The Sports Council for Wales is the leading sports QUANGO in Wales. The strategy is underpinned by 5 priorities: 1. Sporting Innovation: Wales has a sports sector that embraces collaboration, encouraging new ways of delivering opportunities to increase participation and improve elite performance. 2. Skills for a Life in Sport: Every child and young person is provided with the skills and confidence from an early age to be physically literate through high quality, engaging sporting experiences. 3. Sporting Communities: We have communities with sport at the heart of them, offering joined up opportunities for every child and young person to undertake at least 5 hours of safe, high quality sport every week and sustaining their engagement throughout their adult life. 4. Sporting Excellence: We are a nation that excels in nurturing sporting talent and delivers ongoing success on the international stage. 5. Growing a Skilled & Passionate Workforce: All those involved in sport, whether in a professional or voluntary capacity, are supported to pass on their skills and passion for sport to the people of Wales.

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13. PRIORITY 9: Developing new approaches to promoting mental health and well being 13.1. Introduction Priority 9 refers explicitly to mental health and well-being. Mental health in Wales will be explored first, followed by well-being, a much more problematic concept. General health issues are explored under Priority 7, whilst healthy eating, physical activity and obesity are explicitly explored in relation to Priority 8.

13.2.

Key Needs Areas and Indicators

13.2.1. Mental Health Health Challenge Wales 26 provides a simple definition of mental health problems: “Mental health problems and disorders are health conditions that change the way we think, feel or act. About 1 in 4 people in the UK will experience mental health problems at some point in their lives”. In the Welsh Health Survey (2010), adult respondents were classified as having any mental illness if they reported currently being treated for depression, anxiety, or 'another mental illness'. Hospital statistics for people with a mental illness are also reported yearly by Welsh Government in ‘Statistics for Health’.

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In 2010, 10% of adults reported currently being treated for any mental illness. 9% of adults reported currently being treated for depression, 6% for anxiety, and 2% for another mental illness *. The chart below, drawn from the WHS (2010), demonstrates the variations in the proportion of different age groups reporting that they are being treated for a mental illness:

http://wales.gov.uk/hcwsubsite/healthchallenge/individuals/mental/mental-health/?lang=en

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Fig. 38: Percentage who reported being treated for any mental illness, by age and sex

Source: WHS (2010)

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The chart also shows that for all ages groups, a greater proportion of women than men report being treated for a mental illness. Overall, a higher percentage of women (13%) than men (8%) reported being treated for a mental illness*. Disability and long-term illness is also associated with poor mental health: 52% of people with limiting long-term illness/disability have a low score which indicates poor mental health, compared to 24% of those without a limiting long-term illness/disability **. Evidence from England suggests that Pakistani and Bangladeshi men are significantly more likely to have poor mental health than other people. This finding, though, is contested. Some argue that such findings can be explained by cultural and linguistic differences **.

Mental Illness and Hospital Care

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The number of patients resident in hospitals and units for people with a mental illness was 1,820 in 2009-10. This was an increase of 87 (5%) from the previous year ***. 17% of hospital admissions for mental health reasons were for a diagnosis of mood affective disorder and 15% were for schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders ***. Nearly half of the people resident in hospitals and units for people with a mental illness at 31 March 2009 were aged 65 and over ***.

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13.2.2. Well-being Well-being is a difficult concept to define and measure. Both the UK government and Welsh Government 27 are currently consulting on their future definition and use of the concept of ‘wellbeing’. The best approximation to a well-being measure for Wales is currently the Welsh Health Survey ‘Health and Well-being’ score: SF-36. The SF-36 is a standard set of 36 health status questions asking respondents about their own perception of their physical and mental health and the impact it has on their daily lives. Responses can be combined to produce scores for 8 domains of health and wellbeing (physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, roleemotional and mental health) as well as summary scores for both physical and mental health*. Higher scores indicate better health.

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In 2010, the summary of the physical aspects of well-being, the physical component summary score (PCS), showed that physical well-being declined with age *. The distribution for the mental aspects of well-being, the mental component summary score (MCS), was more complex, as shown in the following chart, drawn from the WHS (2010):

Fig. 39: Mean SF-36 mental component summary score (MCS)*, by age and sex

Source: WHS (2010)

•

The mean physical and mental component scores for women were lower than those for men, indicating poorer health and well-being for women *.

http://wales.gov.uk/hcwsubsite/healthchallenge/publications/wellbeing/?lang=en

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Sources * WG (2010) Welsh Health Survey ** EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? *** WG (2011) Health Statistics Wales 2011 The latest health data for Wales is published annually by WG and is drawn largely from the yearly Welsh Health Survey.

13.3.

Key Policies/ Strategies

These areas are a way to structure thinking and planning. They help government and its partners to deliver the 10 priority outcomes:

• • • • • • • • • •

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Together for Health http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dhss/publications/111101togetheren.pdf Together for Health is the 5 year vision for the NHS. It is based around community services with patients at the centre, and places prevention, quality and transparency at the heart of healthcare. The document sets out how the NHS will look in 5 years time, with primary and community services at the centre of delivery. The main commitments in Together for Health are: • • • • • • •

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Healthy Ageing Action Plan for Wales (2005) http://wales.gov.uk/topics/olderpeople/publications/healthyageingactionplan?lang=en&ts=1 This action plan is part of a range of initiatives to improve the health and lifestyles of people of all ages by encouraging healthy living among those aged 50 and over. It draws together both existing and planned public health initiatives for older people. The purpose of the Action Plan is to: • • •

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14. References/ Resources Bevan Foundation (2009) Digital Wales Divided Wales http://www.bevanfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Digital-Wales-Divided-Wales.pdf Consumer Focus Wales (2009). Logged in or Locked Out. http://www.consumerfocus.org.uk/assets/4/files/2009/11/404_20091120112419_e_@@_engrepor t.pdf CPS (2011) A Hate crime and crimes against older people report 2009- 2010 http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/CPS_hate_crime_report_2010.pdf EHRC (2009) Equality Measurement Framework. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/key-projects/equality-measurement-framework/ EHRC (2010) How Fair is Britain? http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/triennial_review/how_fair_is_britain__complete_report.pdf EHRC (2011) An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in Wales (Written by Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods -WISERD) http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/Wales/an_anatomy_of_economic_inequality _in_wales.pdf EHRC (2011) CIVIC LIFE: Evidence Base for the Triennial Review http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/triennial_review/civic_life_evidence_base_fo r_the_triennial_review.pdf EHRC (2011) How Fair is Wales? http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/Wales/how_fair_is_wales.pdf Electoral Commission (2011) Report on the National Assembly for Wales general election http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/141330/Final-NAW-reportweb.pdf Home Office (2010) British Crime Survey http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/science-research/research-statistics/crime/crime-statistics/britishcrime-survey/ JRF (2011) Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 2011 http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/poverty-social-exclusion-assessment-full.pdf ONS (2003) 2001 CENSUS OF POPULATION: FIRST RESULTS ON RELIGION http://wales.gov.uk/cisd/publications/statspopulation/2003/0213religion/en.pdf?lang=en

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ONS (2011) Integrated Household Survey April 2010 to March 2011 : Experimental Statistics http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/integrated-household-survey/integrated-household-survey/april2010-to-march-2011/stb---integrated-household-survey-april-2010-to-march-2011.html#tabReligion WG (2007) A Statistical Focus on Men and Women in Wales http://wales.gov.uk/cisd/publications/statspubs/focusmenwomen2007/e.pdf?lang=en WG (2008) Living in Wales Survey http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2009/091130livingwales2008en.pdf WG (2008) Sources of Disability Statistics in Wales http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2008/081218sb772008en.pdf WG (2008) Volunteering in Wales: Results from the Living in Wales survey 2007 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2008/081125sb652008en.pdf WG (2009) Older Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wellbeing Monitor for Wales 2009 http://wales.gov.uk/topics/olderpeople/research/wellbeingmonitor2009/?lang=en WG (2009) Statistical Bulletin: Sources of Ethnicity, National Identity and Religion Statistics in Wales. http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2009/090310sb1420091en.pdf WG (2010) Absenteeism from Primary Schools, 2009/10 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/111214sdr2312011en.pdf WG (2010) Eradicating Child Poverty in Wales: Child Poverty Milestones and Targets Update http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100413sdr572010en.pdf WG (2010) Fuel Poverty Strategy 2010 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/desh/publications/100723fuelpovertystrategyen.pdf WG (2010) Further Education, Work-based Learning and Community Learning in Wales Statistics, 2009/10 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110427sdr682011en.pdf WG (2010) Walesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Population A Demographic Overview http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/101027walespopulationen.pdf

WG (2010) Welsh Health Survey http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110913sdr1632011en.pdf WG (2011) A Statistical Focus on Crime in Wales http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110705crimeen.pdf WG (2011) Digital Inclusion: Analysis Package http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dsjlg/research/112308digincanaen.pdf

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WG (2011) Health Statistics Wales 2011 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110728hsw2011en.pdf WG (2011) New Child Poverty Strategy http://wales.gov.uk/topics/childrenyoungpeople/poverty/?lang=en WG (2011) Participation of young people in education and the labour market, Statistical First Release http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110727sdr1252011en.pdf WG (2011) Population Estimates by Ethnic Group, 2001-2009 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110518sb422011en.pdf WG (2011) Prevalence of disability in Wales, 2007-2010 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/111206sb1152011en.pdf WG (updated 2011) State of the Environment http://www.statswales.wales.gov.uk/tableviewer/document.aspx?ReportId=5830 WG (2011) Statistical Bulletin: Academic Achievement by Pupil Characteristics, 2010 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110330sb242011en.pdf WG (2011) Statistical Bulletin: Exclusions from Schools in Wales, 2009/10 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110311sdr332011ren.pdf WG (2011) WIMD 2011 Summary Report http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110831wimd11summaryen.pdf WG (2011) WIMD 2011 Guidance on Use http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2011/110922wimd11guidanceen.pdf

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