Research 2016: 'Hongs' by Lee Ching Veronica by Veronica Lee

HONGS

SD4562 - Capstone Research Final Research Report

Capstone Research Tutor: Susanne Trumpf Capstone Project Tutor: Gerhard Bruyns Lee Ching Veronica 12105614D

Content 1. Introduction

4. Findings

1.0 Research question

4.1 Conglomerate pattern of Hongs

1.1 Background

1.2 Research problem 1.3 Justification

1.4 Research strategy

1. 2. 3.

Garment Hongs . Sham Shui Po Driedseafood & Tonic food Hongs . Sheung Wan Metal Hongs & Car repairing Hongs . Tai Kok Tsui

1. 2. 3. 4.

Arcade in Western countries Des Voeux Road West . Sheung Wan Ka Shin Street & Man On Street . Tai Kwok Tsui Ki Lung Street . Sham Shui Po

4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades

4.3 Spatial interaction

2. Literature Review 2.0 Aim and focus

2.1 Areas of knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

History & background of the origin of Hongs Development of the spatial presentation of Hongs in Hong Kong Background & knowledge of the Thirteen Hongs in Canton Development & knowledge of Arcades in western countries Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

2.2 Conclusion

3. Methodology 3.0 Research strategy 3.1 Research method

3.2 Research schudule 3.3 Method for data collection & analysis (Second hand data) 3.4 Method for data collection & analysis (First hand data) 3.5 Method for data presentation 3.6 Data collection instrument

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Entrance & opening of conglomerated Hongs Entrance & opening of arcades Hongs . Tong Laus . Streets Arcades . Private streets Interior of Hongs at Tong Laus . Streets Tong Laus . Hongs . Past & Present Direction of spatial interaction . Tong Laus . Arcades

4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. 2.

Function of space of each types of Hongs Spatial components & features

4.5 Activities & people's interaction 1. 2. 3.

Ki Lung Street. Sham Shui Po Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street . Sheung Wan Ka Shin Street & Man On Street . Tai Kok Tsui

4.6 Spatial features Interior space to exterior space 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Occupation . pedestrian road . traffic road Canopy Tu Dai Gong Step Gate Signage

5.Discussion 6.Conclusion 7.Reference 8.Appendices

1. Introduction 1.0 Research question 1.1 Background

1.2 Research problem 1.3 Justification

1.4 Research strategy

Introduction 1.0 Research question

Hongs: The Consumption Factories The Configuration & The Spatial Interaction of Hongs in Tong Laus •

To study the configuration and the spatial interaction of Hongs in Tong Laus with reference and in comparison to the arcade in western countries.

•

To what extent do these configurations and spatial interaction contribute in generating the unique spatial typologies of Hong Kong?

•

How do people behave and react within these spatial typologies?

•

How do the spatial typologies and spatial interaction affect the interaction of people?

Introduction 1.1 Background Hong is a Chiense word regarding to a space where trading is established. A Hong refers to an individual units or house where the units gather themselves with related business in a space, forming a group or a conglomeration. Many of the Hongs conglomerated with related business in form of Tong Laus, where the spatial presentation of Hongs changes according to the transformation of economic structure in Hong Kong. Nowadays, the spatial presentation of Hongs possess the features of secondary industry to teritary industry, served as the product under the influences of consumperism. In this research, Hongs has been redefined as the consumption factories. Hongs at Tong Laus condensed the spatial functions of production, trading as well with space for providing services, including after services in a limited space with residential units in the upper storeys . According to Lee (2009), Tong Lau used to describe as the tenement building which is built in late 19th century to the 1960s for both residential and commercial uses. Most of the people lived and worked in the same Tong Laus during the 60s to 80s, formed a community within the same buildings.

1.2 Research problem A c c o rd i n g t o a s u r v e y, a ro u n d 4 0 % o f t h e employees were working in factories during the 1960s in Hong Kong (Gong & Fung 1997). Hongs (consumption factories) used to be presented as a hybird of small factories compacted with residential area, commerical area and space for small production and providing services, including after services. People in Hong Kong lived and worked within the Tong Laus, which this spatial relation enhancing people's interaction within the neighbourhood. However, the transformation of living pattern and economic structure of Hong Kong under the influrences of consumerism changes the spatial typologies and the spatial interactions of Tong Laus. The residential areas of the upper stories no longer spatial related with the hongs at ground floor where the spatial interaction between the residential units and the Hongs has been weakened nowadays and emphasising a strong focus with the Hongs at the ground to the street.

Introduction 1.3 Justification The issue pf consumerism influencing spatial design and people's interaction has been the subject within the architectural community. According to Murialdo (2014), spatial design in consumerist society dress concern on its effect towards the consumption behaviour of people and the way of displaying commodities, rather than dressing focus on enhancing the interaction between people through consumption activities. Hongs served as the a space condensing with various kind of consumption acitivities within a space, it is worth to study its effect on people's interaction through the way of conglomerate and the spatial interaction among the Hongs, Tong Laus and the streets.

1.4 Research strategy Case studies is the most appropriate research strategy for the intended research, in order to get the gerneral knowledge of the present situation of Hongs as well with the background knowledge of arcades in western countries. This helps building the foundation knowledge for referring back to the the next step is to refer the knowledge back real-life context for the observational research carried in real sites later on. Area to focus from Cases studies (second hand): â&#x20AC;˘ general knowledge and background of Hongs & arcades in western countries Area to focus from Cases studies (first hand): â&#x20AC;˘ Picking specific districts and sites in Hong Kong for observation â&#x20AC;˘ Drawing relations with the knowledge generated from the second hand sources for further analyse

2. Literature Review 2.0 Aim and focus

2.1 Areas of knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.2 Conclusion

Literature review 2.0 Aim and focus The aim and focus of the literature review in this research is to build a foundation knowledge which is essential to the research, providing knowledge for further analysis and relate to the findings from sites observations.. It has been divided into 5 sections according to the areas of knowledge: 1. History & background of the origin of Hongs In order to understand the spatial transformation of Hongs, it is important to understand and get familar with the origin and the development of Hongs. This served as the basic knowledge for the further analysis on the spatial development of Hongs in Hong Kong.

2. Development of the spatial presentation of Hongs in Hong Kong

In order to understand the spatial transformation of Hongs, it is important to get an overall pictures of how the various types of Hongs having different spatial presentation within the city.

3. Background & knowledge of the Thirteen Hongs in Canton

As Hongs in Mainland moved to Hong Kong, It is essential to understand the spatial presentation of Hongs in Canton, where the origins of the conglomeration of Hongs. This provide a general knowledge of how Hongs of related business start conglomerate together within a district with relations to streets.

4. Development & knowledge of Arcades in western countries

It is essential to get the foundation knowledge of arcades in western countries for the comparison with the conglomerated Hongs in Tong Laus, in terms of: • Spatail typologies • Configuration • Function of spaces • Human activities & interaction

5. Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

As the focus later then focus in this research is the Hongs conglomerated in Tong Laus, which is essential to have the general knowledge on the spatail development of Tong Laus. This served as the foundation knowledge for the later relations with the spatial development of Hongs and its effect on people's interaction.

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(1) History & background of the origin of Hongs

After reading articles and books about the history and background of Hongs, the background knowledge of the Hongs could be summarised into a mind map according to the 4Ws: What, Where, Who and Why. As shown from the mind map, each of the factors could be linked across which the history and background of the origin of Hongs are relatively complex with relations to the cultural and historical background. What: Hongs refers to a conglomeration of a unit of space where it is conglomerated with related background (i.e. nationalities and related business) Where: Conglomerated in streets with related business at the ground floor of the buildings Who: • Foreign based Hongs • Nam Pei Hongs (Chinese Hongs) Why: • Treaty of Nanking where Hong Kong become to colony of UK, foreign hongs established in Hong Kong • The Taiping Rebellion, where the Nam Pei Hongs in Mianland moved to Hong Kong

Illegal

Time Complexity Cubic space

Factories

Textile wholesales

Residence Production

Reclamation Street

Street stalls

conglomeration

Organised with local characterisitc

Fruit Yau Ma Tei Wholesale Dried Fruit Market Seafood Storage Import transport Export Bonham Strand Street Wing Lok Street Occupying of street Drying Production

Visual features

Display of goods Smell

Routes

Stem Spine Connector

Corridor Seperation

Business district

Enclosed Community

Central Crossing

Linear

Neighourhood

High-rise Complex

Units

Organised

Domination

Nam Pei Hongs 南北行

North (Pei)

Community Compact

北

Location gather

Mainland Chinese medical herbs

Condense

中藥行

South (Nam)

Goods

Electricity Public utilities

Food grains Native goods

Legume

Compact space

Gas

transport

Local Grocer 雜貨行

Networks

Dockyards

Bank Malaysia

Finance

Vietnam Industries

Coastal

Factories

Shipping

Indonesia Rice

Tram / Train

Density

Storage

Singapore

Underground

Urbanisation

Service & Industrial Sectors

Location Gum

Domestic

Industrial

Function of space

南

土特產

Chinese Medical Hongs

after 1872s Import & Export 1860s Opium Trade

Chinese Hongs

Connection Mainland businessmen to HK

taiping rebellion

Main business

Merging

Co-exist

太平天國運動

Foreign Hongs

Dense

Vertical

南京條約

WHY

Thirteen Hongs 十三行

High-rise

Reclamation

Horizontal Parallel

Centre

Boundary

Retun of HK to UK

Treaty of Nanking

Coastal

Food culture

Tea

Colony

Historical background

WHO

Silk

Distinct

Network Sea

HONGS 行

WHERE

textile

Cotton

Geographical

WHAT Definition

Form

Street pattern

Hub / Middlemen

Fine harbour

fashion

Woolen

Export (1864-1904)

Import & Export trade

Multi-National trade house

Street

Spatial organisation

Road in-between

No Seating

Interior landscape

Grouping . room . building forming warehouse . factories

Textile Construction materials

Office

Cultural exchange

Not encourage to dally

Department Stores

Spatial Characteristics

Warehouse

Grouping

Boundary street Nam Cheong Street

Hybridity in a building

Organisation

Street market

Office buildings

Coal

Import (1864-1904)

ironware

Rapid flow

Diversity

skyscraper

Accomodation in work site

Opium

Movement Density

layering

Mixed-use Fabric hawkers

categorise

Units

Family factories

Daily need Kerosene

Mobility Flow

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(1) History & background of the origin of Hongs

Apart from the historical development of Hongs, from the readings it is also shown that the economic activities within the Hongs various according to the economic structures of Hong Kong. Hongs at different ages involve different owner group, where benefit to the later study on the architectural style and the transformation of the spatial presentation of Hongs. Re-export Industry

Spatial function of Hongs: • Trading • Office • Workshop Owner: • British owned Hongs

Manufacturing Industry

Spatial function of Hongs: • small production workshop • Storage Owner: • British owned Hongs • Nam Pak Hong (Chiense Hongs)

Service Industry

Spatial function of Hongs: • Trading • Storage • Office Owner: • Chains • Local Hongs

Transformation of the spatial function of Hongs Primary Industry

Re-export Industry

Established along the harbour focus on the reexport industry for the trading between foreign to Mainland, also contain space for office and workshop.

Secondary Industry

Manufacturing Industry

Focus on handcrafts or small scale production. A small space for trading within a shophouse or street stalls, containing space for workshops and storage.

Teritary Industry

Service Industry

To n e s o f s m a l l h o n g s appears and has been t ra n s f o r m e d a s s p a c e f o r p ro v i d i ng se rvice, conglomerate in malls and streets.

Owners

British Hongs Only the british establish h o n g s i n H o n g Ko n g , taking advantage of treating Hong Kong as an entrepot. Focus on trading between foreign and mainland.

Emerge of Nam Pak Hong Huge number of merchants from mainland moved to Hong Kong with capitals duw to the Taiping Rebellion & Chinese civil war, establishing Nam Pak Hong in Hong Kong for trading of goods mainly between South East Asia and Mainland.

Chains & the small local hongs Under globalisation, the Hongs were not be distinguished according to nationalities but the scales of the H o n g s . W h e re i s a c o m p e t i t i o n between the Chains and local Hongs.

Department stores/ Shopping malls

Literature review

Lane Crawford

Sincere department store

Wing On department store

2.1 Area of knowledge

Street stalls

(2) Development of the spatial presentation of Hongs in Hong Kong

Establish of Nam Pak Hong

Chinese Hongs Shophouse (Small workwhops)

Many Hongs in Maninland moved to HK

Foreign Hongs Arcade (along harbour)

Incidents & Crisis

Foreign Hongs from Canton to HK British Acquisitation

1842

Role of Hong Kong in the production line Focus of the Type of Industry

Bring in capital boosting manufacturing industries

Supplies of daily necessories from Europe cut Chinese Revolution

Taiping Rebellion

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

WW I

1911

1920

Primary Industry

MADE IN Hong Kong (Power, Resources, Labour, Capital, Design, Mana

Re-exportation industry

Handmade goods

Manufactuted goods

Locations for manufacturing

(DOMESTIC NEEDS) - Towels factories - Cigarettes - Biscuits factories

- Textile indust - firecracker fac - torches factor - plastic shoes

Shophouse . Small workshop

Dah Sun Company

Chung Hwa Department Store

Yue Hwa Chinese Products Emporium Limited

Ocean Terminal

The Landmark

Cityplaza

IFC Mall

iSquare

Local Small Hongs

Chains

- Foreign capitalist bring capital to HK - Resume as entrepot

t off

WW II Japan Occupation 1930

Chinese capitalists bring machine & facilities to HK

Chiense civil war

1940

US's embargo of China Korean China's product cannot be shifted war

1950

1960

- Oil crisis - Raise of other industrial cities 1970

1980

Secondary Industry

1990

2000 Teritary Industry MADE BY Hong Kong

agement) Diversification Light industry

Industrialisation of Hong Kong

try ctories ries factories

- High value added industry - Jawellery industry - Domestic exports - textile industry - Shoes-makers (leather)

Industrial relocation - High value added industry - Jawellery industry - Domestic exports - textile industry - Shoes-makers (leather)

- Electronic industry - Watch industry - Toy industry - Textile industry - Clothing industry Factories

Manufacturers focus on building factories Kung Tong Industrial Estate

Family workshops

2010

2015

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(2) Development of the spatial presentation of Hongs in Hong Kong

As shown from the previous section, it is realised that the spatial function of Hongs and the owners of the Hongs changes according to the transformation of economic structure of Hong Kong. Hence, this would also affect the spatial presentation of Hongs. Arcade in western countries

Foreign Hongs conglomerated in Hong Kong in similar arrangement of arcade: â&#x20AC;˘ where the foreign Hongs conglomerated â&#x20AC;˘ hybrid of both residential use and commerical use

Hongs at Tong Laus

By sorting the historical photos in form of timeline abstracted from the books, it is shown that Hongs (mostly Nam Pei Hongs) conglomerated in Tong Laus and gather themselves within the streets, forming a community. People who lived in Tong Laus usually worked at the Hongs downstairs.

Thirteen Hong in Canton

Thirteen Hong located in Canton which its geographical location is very close to Hong Kong, where the foreign Hongs established in a Chinese community. Meanwhile, the architectural features of the Thirteen Hongs are greatly influenced by thr arcade in western countries. It is worth study as for further analysis of the conglomeration of Hongs within the buildings and the relations to streets.

Owners

British Hongs

Emerge of Nam Pak Hong

Chains & the small local hongs

Spatial presentation

British Hongs

Chinese Hongs

Local Hongs

Relation with arcade

Thirteen Hongs in Canton

Shophouse - TongLau

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(3) Background & knowledge of the Thirteen Hongs in Canton

Relation to the Hongs in Hong Kong With the cultural and historical background of Hong Kong, huge number of Nam Pei Hongs moved to Hong Kong after the Taiping Rebellion, which their method of conglomerated were closely related to the Thriteen Hong in Canton. Influence by the arcade in western countries An example of the Hongs being conglomerated in a western arcade in a Chiense society, demonstrating how the Hongs has been conglomerated with relations to the street patterns.

Origin of Hongs since Qing Dynasty: Conglomerate or Grouping of hongs within a space (From the city planning to the interior)

Fig 2

Fig 1

Fig 4

Fig 3

Spatial arrangement of the Thirteen Hongs Shopping streets

A B

Hongs

Fig 5

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(3) Background & knowledge of the Thirteen Hongs in Canton

Spatial interaction and people's interaction The drawing fully demonstrate the relation of spatial interaction with the people's interaction within the space in various direction. 1. Vertical direction

The workspace at the upper storeys spatially interacting and connected with the Hongs at the ground floors.

2. Horizontal direction

Hongs with open entrances connected and interacted with the streets, where people could get access into the Hongs freely from the streets.

3. Across the building blocks

Building blocks at both sides are interacting with each other through the spatial transparency.

Old Canton Hongs: Workspace in upper storey with hong in the ground

Workspace

Conglomeration of hongs

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(3) Background & knowledge of the Thirteen Hongs in Canton

Arcades in a Chinese society Meanwhile, each unit of Hong in the building block condenses the spatial function of living space, office (workspace), production, storage and trading within a building blocks, served like a conglomerated hybird with Hongs at the ground floors. In terms of the spatial means, it is reforming and reorganising a Chinese living pattern into a western style. This spatial arrangement is closely related to the situation of Hongs being conglomerated in Tong Laus, where demonstrating how the living pattern of a Chinese society could be reformed and reorganised within an architectural building.

Interior / Spatial arrangement of a unit

Fig 7

2nd storey

˙Office ˙Studio for painting

1st storey

Fig 8

˙Workshop ˙Storage of paintings

Ground

Fig 6

˙Shop

Fig 9

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(3) Background & knowledge of the Thirteen Hongs in Canton

Formation of shopping streets According to the reading (Conner, 2009), it is shown that the conglomerated Hongs in the Thirteen Hongs generate few main shopping streets, which is a very similar senario to the streets in Hong Kong where the Hongs conglomerated in Tong Laus. This illustrate that the conglomerate of Hongs enhance the conglomerate of people, where the spatial interaction is closely related to the people's interaction within a street.

Generation of the shopping streets

HOG LANE

A sailor approaches stalls.

Display and Storage of goods.

Public selling vegetables & fruits in form of hawkers.

CHINA STREET

Street with signs hanging.

Interior of hong.

Foreign arcade in Chinese style.

OLD CHINA STREET

Selling products on street. Fig 10 - Fig 18

Utilised the roof for hanging fabrics. Hongs conglomerated in form of arcade.

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(4) Development & knowledge of arcade in western countries

From public space to private properties According to Friedrich (1989), Arcade is also means as Passage. It refers to the connection of public street to an inteiror space with larger building blocks through a narrow private street. It is a connection of the public space with the private properties. Spatial characteristics The arcades formed by the connection of two large building blocks with a private streets, where the building blocks lined both side with shops and the upper storeys with offices, living space and workshop.

Fig 19

Fig 20

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(4) Development & knowledge of arcade in western countries

Spatial typology of Arcades - Spatial types Below is an abstracted diagram from a book, illustrated the spatial types of Arcades with relations to the number of entrances and the form of the building blocks and street pattern.

1 Entrance

Spatial types

Street

Street & Central space

Central space

Street & Block

Straight parellel

Straight perpendicular

2 Entrances

Angle

Double angle

Angle / Diagonal

Right angle

This diagram is useful for the understanding of the spatial relation of the building blocks to the street and to the exterior, which is closely related to the spatial interaction. Fig 21

Angle / Diagonal

Right angle

Diagonal

3 Entrances

Y Shape

T Shape

4 Entrances

H Shape

Cross

6 Entrances Double Cross

8 Entrances Quadruple Cross

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(4) Development & knowledge of arcade in western countries

No Facade Building types

Regular

Irregular

Block form

Connection with additional side of block

1 Facade

Straight

2 Fac

Right angle

Spatial typology of Arcades - Building types The diagram by Friedrich (1989), illustrating the various form of building blocks and its relations to the connection to the public streets. This served as a background knowledge, inspiring me on the study of the spatial reation of the building with the public streets. Straight

2 Facades

Right angle

1 Corner

2 Corners

1 Corner

Fig 22

3 Facades 2 Corners

4 Facades

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(4) Development & knowledge of arcade in western countries

Cross section types No setback 1 level

1 setback 2 levels

1 setback balcony 3-4 levels

2 setbacks balcony 3-5 levels

No skylight

1 story

Building same height

Buildings taller Set back

Buildings taller Not set back

2 sto

Spatial typology of Arcades - Cross section type The diagram by Friedrich (1989), illustrating the spatial relations of between the private streets and the two building blocks. This inspire me with the way in looking into the spatial interaction between the Tong Laus as well to the public street. This also demonstrate the spatial intercation of buildings with different storeys. 2 stories

Fig 23

4 stories

5 stories

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(4) Development & knowledge of arcade in western countries

Means-ofMeans-ofaccess access types types

Level, Stairs Level,Stairs Shops, Shops, dwellings dwellings

Level, Stairs Level,Stairs Shops, dwellings Shops, dwellings

StairsStairs accessible through shops accessible

Level,S Shops, dwellin

Upper stories from the

Stairs seperately accessible Stairs seperately

through shops

accessible

bay 11bay

bay 11 bay

bays 22bays

bays 22 bays

bays 33bays

bays 44 bays

1 1 bay bay

2 bays bays 2 bays 66 bays

Many Many bays bays

Spatial typology of Arcades - Mean-of-access The diagram by Friedrich (1989), illustrating the accessibility among each of the floors within the arcade. This greatly helps to understand that the archdes do not only having spatial interaction horizontally among the lined hongs at noth sides, but also spatially connected among floors in different direction. Level, Galleries, Stairs Level,Galleries,Stairs Shops, Shops,dwellings offices

Level, Stairs Level,Stairs Shops, office Shops, dwellings, dwellings, offices Upperstories stories accessible Upper accessible from the rear from the rear

1 bay

Fig 24

Level, Galleries, Stairs, Bridges Level,Galleries,Stairs,Bridges Shops shops

Upperstories stories accessible Upper accessible Only from galleries only from the rear

Combineslengthwise lengthwise & Combines & laternal access laternal access

Many bays bays Many 1setback 1setback

Many bays Many bays Single Single corridor corridor

Many bays Many bays 2setback 2setback

Many bays Double Many bays corridor Double corridor

2 bays

Many Many bays bays 1setback 1setback double double corridor corridor Many bays

Many bays Many bays Triple Triple corridor corridor crossing crossing

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(5) Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

6/F

5/F Residential space Ë&#x2122;hanging clothes 4/F Ë&#x2122;air conditioner

3/F

2/F Office (trading area)

1/F Storage (trading area) G/F Hongs (Storage/production) (Trading/selling)

Section of a typical Tong Laus The drawing illustrating the division of the function of space among floors, where the Hongs conglomerated at the ground floor with space for storafe and production. Meanwhile, upper storeys are for storage, office and residential units.

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(5) Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

Tong Laus built in 1927 The sectional drawing and the photos illustrating a Tong Lau in 1927, where condensing the space for Hongs with residential unit and cockloft at the upper storeys. This reflects that at the year of 1927, people start conglomerating within a Tong Lau, where they run the Hongs at the ground floor and upper storeys for their living. The conglomerate of the Tong Laus hence forming a community, enhancing the people's interaction with this spatial interaction.

Cockloft Residential unit

Hongs

Fig 25

Fig 26

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(5) Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

Tong Laus built before 1903 - Type A The photo and diagram illustrate the configuration of the Hongs and residential units, with each floor having a balustrade. It served as the basic knowledge in understanding the development of the interior configuration of Tong Laus, where the balustrade allowing people at their living units to spatially interact with the exterior.

3 storeys Residential unit with balustrade

Hongs

Fig 27

Fig 28

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(5) Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

Tong Laus built before 1903 - Type B The photo and diagram illustrate the configuration of the Hongs and residential units, meanwhile the upper storeys of this type do not have a balustrade. Yet, there is a backyard for each of the floors including the ground floor, where most of the time Hongs adopt that area for the use of storage.

3 storeys Residential unit

Hongs

Fig 29

Fig 30

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(5) Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

Tong Laus built during 1903 - 1905 The photo and diagram illustrate the configuration of the Hongs and residential units during 1903 1905, where have 2 storeys of residential units with Hongs conglomerated at the ground floor. Meanwhile, Hong at the ground floor could directly getting access to the cockloft for storage of commodities or for production use. Although Tong Laus which built during the 1903-1905 has been demolished, yet Tong Laus built after 1955 posses similar spatial arrangement.

2 storeys Residential unit

Hongs

Fig 31

Fig 32

Cockloft

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(5) Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

Tong Laus built during 1935 - 1955 The photo and diagram illustrate the configuration of the Hongs and residential units during the 1933 - 1955, where having a concrete constructed balustrade. Hongs conglomerated at the ground floors, where the dimension of the Hongs is relatively smaller than those which located at the Tong Laus built before 1905.

3 storeys Residential unit

Hongs

Fig 33

Fig 34

Literature review 2.1 Area of knowledge

(5) Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

Tong Laus built after 1955 The photo and diagram illustrate the configuration of the Hongs and residential units during the after 1955, this kind of Tong Laus used to have maximum 14 storeys with 4 residential units, Hongs conglomerated at the ground floor as usual. Most of this Tong Laus have esculators for the vertical circulation within the Tong Laus.

Hongs

Fig 35

Fig 36

Literature review 2.2 Conclusion Spatial presentation of Hongs changes according to the transformation of economic structure of Hong Kong According to Waters (1990), it is reflected that presentation of Hongs is greatly influenced with the historical background and the economic structure of Hong Kong. Hence, Hongs nowadays posses the spatial features not only with production space, but also with space for storage, small production workshops and trading space. Arcades in western countries and Thirteen Hongs in Canton According to the book 'The Hongs of Canton', it is shown that the Thirteen Hongs in Canton is under the influence of the arcade in western countries, where Hongs conglomerated within the arcade in a Chinese society. Together with the study on the arcade of western countries, this created an important foundation knowledge for the later knowledge to compare with the situation of Hongs conglomerated in Tong Laus. In the situation of arcades and the Thirteen Hongs, it is shown that both served as a hybird with Hongs conglomerated at the ground floor where with upper storeys for workspaces and living spaces. This demonstrate the relations of how the spatial interaction enhancing t h e i n t e ra c t i o n b e t w e e n p e o p l e w i t h i n t h e community.

Spatial development of Hongs with relations to the development of Tong Laus According to Chan (2012) mentioned in the '100 years of architecture in Hong Kong', it is shown that Tong Laus built in different period of time posses different spatial features. Hence, affecting the spatial presentation of of Hongs which conglomerated within the ground floor of the Tong Laus. One of the key finding from the review is the development of the location of cockloft at Tong Laus in different period. Example like location of cocklodt at Tong Laus in 1927 is seperated with the Hongs at the ground floor, with the living space in between. Tong Laus at that period usually for a single unit of family where the family worked and lived together within the same Tong Laus. This greatly enhance the interaction between the families and with the community as Tong Laus conglomerated. Later on with reference to the Tong Laus being built after 1955 the number of storeys increased, yet Hongs at the ground floor continuous to be maintained which served as the space connecting the Tong Laus with the pedestrian road.

3. Methodology 3.0 Research strategy 3.1 Research method

Methodology 3.0 Research strategy Research strategy of case studies has been adopted for the intended research. After gethering the gerneral knowledge of the history and examples of the conglemerate Hongs in Tong Laus as well with the arcades in western countries, the next step is to refer the knowledge back to a real-life context for the observation of the configuration and spatial interaction of Hongs with related business in Tong Laus. Hence, adopting the data for the analysis of the unique spatial typologies of Hong Kong generated and the effect on people's interaction .

Area to focus from Cases studies (second hand): • Arcades in Western countries • Spatial presentation of Hongs at Tong Laus since the 60s Area to focus from Cases studies (first hand): • Conglomerated Tongs Laus with Hongs of related business in the districts • Horizontal spatial interaction of Conglomerated Hongs among Tong Laus with the streets • Vertical spatial interaction of Hongs with upper storeys within Tong Laus • Spatial interaction of the interior space of each Hong with Tong Laus and Streets

Methodology 3.1 Research method Observational Method Non Participant Observation Things to observe: To observe the the spatial arrangement, architectural features and the function of space of the hongs within the neightbourhood. Meanwhile, I have to observe the method and record the configurations of how the hongs conglomerate within the space. Selection of sites: Selecting sites where hongs conglomerated with related business according to the new defined spatial meanings of Hongs, including: • Production • Trading • Services / After services

Sites for observation: Site 1: Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po Where garment hongs conglomerated, providing raw materials for fashion related industry. Site 2: Des Voeux Road West, Ko Shing Street & Wing Lok Street, Sheung Wan Where Dried Seafood & Tonic food hongs conglomerated. Site 3: Ki Lung Street, Tai Kwok Tsui Where Hongs with small production workshop conglomerated. Site 4: Man On Street, Tai Kwok Tsui Where Hongs providing car repairing services conglomerated.

Methodology 3.2 Research schudule 3 Spetember - 7 September: Keyword Research & Intent 8 September - 12 September: Objective writing related to the keywords 13 September - 4 October: Collection and Recording of Data by reading books and articles / drag key information 5 October - 10 October: Organising the data collected (first iteration data) 11 October - 14 October: Collection and Recording of Data 15 October - 19 October: Organising the data collected (Second iteration data) 19 October - 24 October: Conducting first site observations (getting general information of the sites documentation) 25 October - 26 October: Organise & analysis collected data from site observation

27 October - 1 November: Conducting Second site observations (mapping of the conglomerated Hongs in Tong Laus ) 2 November - 3 November: Organising & analysising on the data collected from site observation 4 November - 9 November: Conducting third site observations (focus on the details & inteiror configurations of Hongs) 10 November - 11 November: Organising & analysising on the data collected from site observation 12 November - 16 November: Analyze the data 17 November - 23 November: Preparing visual documentation of the analyzed data 24 Novemeber - 30 November: Preparing for presentation of the research

Methodology 3.3 Method for data collection & analysis (Second hand data) Data collection Consultating books, articles, reports and photos •

History and background of the origin of Hongs in Canton

•

Development of the spatial presentation of Hongs in Hong Kong

•

Development on the spatial presentation of Tong Laus where Hongs conglomerated

•

Street pattern & street studies of Hong Kong

•

Development & background of Arcades in western countries

Data analysis â&#x20AC;˘

Abstract and summarise the informations collected from books, report and articles in form of sketches and diagrams to visualise the ideas for comparison

â&#x20AC;˘

Abstract the photos from the books and reorganised into a timeline to understand the development and transformation of Hongs at Tong Laus

Methodology 3.4 Method for data collection & analysis (First hand data) Data collection Site observation and documentation through mapping and taking photos •

Spatial arrangement, architectural features and the spatial function of Hongs in the Tong Laus

•

Configuration of how the Hongs at Tong Laus conglomerated within the neighbourhood

•

Record the human activities within the Hongs and at the neighbourhood where the hongs conglomerated

•

Details and features (i.e. Canopy, Tu Dai Gong, entrance and stairs etc.) which contribute to the spatial connection of the interior spaces of Hongs to the streets

Data analysis •

• •

• • •

Reorganised the data collected from the mapping of the conglomerated Hongs in Tong Laus to study the configuration of conglomerated Hongs Compare the configurations map of the arcades in western countries to the conglomerated Hongs in plan Sketches in analysising the spatial interaction of the inteiror space of Hongs and to the streets Sortings of photos taken to draw similarities, differences and unique features

Methodology 3.5 Method for data presentation •

Drawing diagrams to illustrate the spatial typologies of Hong Kong

•

Drawing exploded axonometric diagrams to illustrate the configuration of interior spaces of different types of Hongs and the relations to the streets

•

Drafting timeline to illustrate development of the spatial presentation of Hongs

•

Drawing axonometric drawings to illustrate the spatail interaction of the conglomerated hongs at Tong Laus with streets

•

Illustrating the spatial interaction of the conglomeation Tong Laus with Hongs & Arcades in form of sectional perspective and plans

•

Specify the architectural features which influenced the spatial interaction and human interaction on photos

3.6 Data collection instrument General preparation for all sites: •

Camera for taking photos to documents the details, people's interaction and the spatial configurations of the sites

•

Map for the documentation of the location of Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated

Specific focus for each sites: Site 1: Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po • method of displaying the farbic samples • workshop for cutting the fabrics Site 2: Des Voeux Road West, Sheung Wan • method of the production of the dried seafood & tonic food Site 3: Ka Shin Street, Tai Kok Tsui • extention of the metal workshop to the pedestiran road and traffic road Site 4: Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui • extention of the workshop providing car repairing services to the traffic road

4. Findings 4.1 Conglomerate pattern of Hongs 1. 2. 3.

Garment Hongs . Sham Shui Po Driedseafood & Tonic food Hongs . Sheung Wan Metal Hongs & Car repairing Hongs . Tai Kok Tsui

1. 2. 3. 4.

Arcade in Western countries Des Voeux Road West . Sheung Wan Ka Shin Street & Man On Street . Tai Kwok Tsui Ki Lung Street . Sham Shui Po

4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades

4.3 Spatial interaction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. 2.

Function of space of each types of Hongs Spatial components & features

4.5 Activities & people's interaction 1. 2. 3.

Ki Lung Street. Sham Shui Po Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street . Sheung Wan Ka Shin Street & Man On Street . Tai Kok Tsui

4.6 Spatial features Interior space to exterior space 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Occupation . pedestrian road . traffic road Canopy Tu Dai Gong Step Gate Signage

4. Findings 4.1 Conglomerate pattern of Hongs 1. 2. 3.

Garment Hongs . Sham Shui Po Driedseafood & Tonic food Hongs . Sheung Wan Metal Hongs & Car repairing Hongs . Tai Kok Tsui

Findings 4.1 Conglomerate pattern of Hongs It is usually seen that the field of related business usually conglomerated within the same districts, where Hongs in Hong Kong also possess the same feature. As a result, this research start with the summarise of the conglomerated pattern of different types of business. Hence, specifically looking into the conglomerate pattern of Hongs, with further investigation into those Hongs conglomerated in Tong Laus which possess the spatial function of production, trading and space for providing services and after services. Three specific districts has been selected for the in depth research on the conglomerate pattern of the Hongs in Tong Laus: Sham Shui Po

Hongs of fashion related business conglometaed in form of Tong Laus, usually the garment Hongs and those Hongs trading of the raw materials for the fashion industries.

Sheung Wan

Hongs which contain small workshop for the production of the dried seafood and tonic food, as well with the trading of the dried seafood and tonic food. Hongs which trading on the Chinese medical herbs also conglomerated in the district.

Tai Kok Tsui

Used to be an industrial area, where metal Hongs and Hongs which provide car repairing services conglomerated at the Tong Laus in the district.

Sham Shui Po Tai Kok Tsui Sheung Wan

Findings 4.1 Conglomerate pattern of Hongs 1. Garment Hongs . Sham Shui Po Nam Chung Street M a i n s t re e t s w i t h H o n g s o f f a s h i o n re l a t e d b u s i n e s s conglomerated, where mainly about trading of of clothings and fashion products. Yu Chau Street Hongs which focus on the trading of button and raw matierals for the production of cothings. * Ki Lung Street Conglomerated with garment Hongs where containing space for small production of cutting and packing of fabrics, trading of fabrics and well with office space for handling the trading orders from customers. Tai Nan Street Conglomerated with garment Hongs with leather Hongs.

Ki Lung Street

Findings 4.1 Conglomerate pattern of Hongs 2. Driedseafood & Tonic food Hongs . Sheung Wan * Des Voeux Road West Conglomerated with Dried seafood & Tonic food Hongs at both sides along the traffic road and pedestrian road. * Ko Shing Street Conglomerated with Dried seadfood Hongs. Wing Lok Street & Bonham Strand East Conglomerated with Dried seafood Hongs with iconic 4 stairs located at the entrance of each Hongs.

Des Voeux Road West

Findings 4.1 Conglomerate pattern of Hongs 3. Metal Hongs & Car repairing Hongs . Tai Kok Tsui * Man On Street Conglomerated with car repairing Hongs where treating the traffic road as the workshop for providing the car repairing service. * Ki Lung Street Conglomerated with metal Hongs with production space spreading over the Hongs towards the pedestrian road.

Man On Street

Ka Shin Street

4. Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 1. 2. 3. 4.

Arcade in Western countries Des Voeux Road West . Sheung Wan Ka Shin Street & Man On Street . Tai Kwok Tsui Ki Lung Street . Sham Shui Po

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades Arcades in western countries •

Two or more large building blocks which is connected by a narrow private streets, a thoroughfare primarily for pedestiran use

•

Planned conglomerate pattern of the methods of connecting the large building blocks as a private owned property

•

Intention on the spatial arrangement and planned spatial interaction within the buildings blocks and the narrow private streets

•

The building blocks of the arcades articulate within a city block or some even across city blocks, connecting the public streets to the private streets in the interior

Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated •

Multi units of individual Tong Laus with similar spatial activities conglomerate at both sides along the traffic road

•

Non planned spatial interaction of the Hongs with the streets, which the Hongs of related business in Tong Laus conglomerate not in a planned manner

•

Unexpected spatial usage by people and spatial interaction between the Hongs, Tong Laus and the streets

•

Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated articulate with relation to the street pattern and interacting with the pedestrian roads and traffic roads

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 1. Arcades in western countries Configuration type 1a: •

Within a single city block

•

Parellel building blocks

•

Single straight linear narrowed private street connecting the two building blocks

•

With single beginning (entrance) and an end (exit)

•

Connection with 2 public streets

Bath, site of the Comider, 1886 1910

Frankfurt on Main, Site of Kariser Wishelm Passage,ca. 1910

Birmingham, Site of & North Western Arcadethe Great Western Arcade 1889

Fig 37-39

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 1. Arcades in western countries Configuration type 1b: •

Within a single city block

•

multi directional building blocks

•

More than 1 narrowed private streets connecting the two building blocks

•

With single beginning (entrance) and an end (exit)

•

Connection with 2 public streets

The Hague, Site of Areade. Before 1700

Paris, Site of the Passage du Saumon, 1833

Fig 40-41

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 1. Arcades in western countries Configuration type 2a: •

2 city blocks involved

•

Spatial interaction among the arcade groups through the mean of access

•

Parellel building blocks

•

Straight linear narrowed private streets connecting the two building blocks

•

With multi beginnings (entrances) and ends(exits)

•

Connection with 3 public streets

Paris, Site of the Passage deu Grand Cerf & the passage Bourg I Abbe 1932

London, Sites of Burlington Arcade, Royal Arcade, & Picadilly Arcade 1966

Fig 42-43

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 1. Arcades in western countries Configuration type 2b: •

2 city block involved

•

Spatial interaction among the arcade groups through the mean of access

•

Multi directional building blocks

•

More than 1 narrowed private streets connecting the two building blocks

•

With multi beginnings (entrances) and ends (exits)

•

Connection with 3 public streets

Bristol, sites of the Upper Arcade & Lower Arcade 1885

Birmingham, Site of & North Western Arcadethe Great Western Arcade 1889

Brussels, site of the Galeries St. Hubert 1886

Fig 44-46

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 1. Arcades in western countries Configuration type 3a: •

3 city blocks involved

•

Spatial interaction among the arcade groups through the mean of access

•

Multi directional building blocks

•

More than 1 narrowed private streets connecting the two building blocks

•

With multi beginnings (entrances) and ends(exits)

•

Connection with 4 public streets

Paris, Sites of the passage Paris, Sites of the passage Cardiff, Sites of Castle Arcade, The High Street Arcade, and the Queen des lauoramas, du Caire & the Passage du Ponceau Street Arcade Passage Jouffory, 1950 1955 1952

Fig 47-49

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 1. Arcades in western countries Configuration type 3b: •

multi city blocks involved

•

No spatial interaction among the arcade groups

•

Multi directional building blocks

•

More than 1 narrowed private streets connecting the two building blocks

•

With multi beginnings (entrances) and ends(exits)

•

Connection with 4 public streets

Brussels, Sites of the Galerie du Commerce, the Passage du Nord, and the Passage des Postes, 1894

Paris, Site of the Passage Choisoul 1966

Leeds, Sites of Thormton's Arcade, Queen's Arcade, Grand Arcade, Country Arcade, & Cross Arcade 1961

Fig 50-52

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 2. Garment Hongs . Sham Shui Po Lined linear on both sides of the traffic road After the mapping, it is realised that the Garment Hongs conglomerated along the Ki Lung Street linearly with 2 pedestrian roads and a traffic road in between. This configuration is relatively similar to the arcade configuration Type 1a defined in the previous section, where the characteristic of configuration Type 1a of arcade is listed below: • • • • •

Within a single city block Parellel building blocks Single straight linear narrowed private street connecting the two building blocks With single beginning (entrance) and an end (exit) Connection with 2 public streets

The only difference between the configuration of the garment Hongs at Ki Lung Street and the arcade configuration type 1a is that the case of Ki Lung Street involves 2 city blocks, where the two lines of conglomerated Tong laus were conencted with a public traffic road instead of a private street. Yet, both types are connecting the public space to the interior space of the private properties.

focus study area Mapping of garment Hongs in Ki Lung Street

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 3. Driedseafood & Tonic food Hongs . Sheung Wan Lined on both sides of the main traffic road across city blocks After the mapping, it is realised that the Tonic food Hongs and Dried seafood Hongs conglomerated along the Des Voeux Road West at both side of the main traffic road across multi city blocks, with a pathway of tram passway through. This configuration could be analysis with relations to the arcade configuration Type 3b defined in the previous section, where the characteristic of configuration Type 3b of arcade is listed below: • • • • • •

multi city blocks involved No spatial interaction among the arcade groups Multi directional building blocks More than 1 narrowed private streets connecting the two building blocks With multi beginnings (entrances) and ends(exits) Connection with 4 public streets

Both of the configurations involved multi city blocks and the Tong Laus were not linear and being located at multi directioin. Both configuration also connecting more than 1 public street. Yet, Each Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated at the ground floor interacting with each others through the spatial connection with the pedestrian road.

focus study area Mapping of garment Hongs in Des Voeux Road West

Findings 4.2 Configuration of Tong Laus & Arcades 4. Metal Hongs & Car repairing Hongs . Tai Kok Tsui Linear on both sides across 2 city blocks After the mapping, it is realised that the metal Hongs and car repairing Hongs conglomerated along the Ka Shin Street and Man On Street representively, where each of the two cases lining linearly across 2 city blocks with a traffic road in between. This overall configuration of the two Tong laus groups at the district could be analysis with relations to the arcade configuration Type 3b defined in the previous section, where the characteristic of configuration Type 3b of arcade is listed below: • • • • • •

Both of the configurations involved multi city blocks and there were no spatial interaction among the two Tong Laus groups. Yet, the Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated at the ground floor interacting with each others through the spatial connection with the pedestrian road and each side of the conglomerated Tong laus lined linearly along a traffic road.

Mapping of metal Hongs in Ka Shin Street and car repairing Hongs in Man On Street

focus study area

4. Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction Entrance & opening Entrance and opening served as the architecural feature defining the transition of an interior space and exterior space, which the presentation of the entrance and opening greatly influence the spatial interaction between an interior space and an exterior space. Entrance & opening of conglomerated Hongs •

Open entrances without glass display windows and doors

•

Only with gates when Hongs are being closed

•

People could get access into the Hongs freely from the pedestrian road

•

The Hongs make use of the open entrances to extend the space outward to the pedestrian road and traffic road

Entrance & opening of arcades •

Enclosed with glass display windows and doors

•

Clearly define the interior space and exterior space, seperating the shops at ground gloor to the private streets

•

Action of pulling and pushing of the doors by people whenever leaving and entering the Hongs, noticing the people of the transition of interior space to an exterior

•

The shops make use of the display windows for the showcase of commodities served as an introduction of the spatial function of the interior space, bringing connection of the interior space to the exterior

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction Entrance & opening Conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus An overview of the conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus in an elevation view. It is realised that each Hongs are with an open entrances with a huge signage located at the top of the entrances, informing the people of the location of the Hongs. Meanwhile, the open entrances connected with the pedestrian road, where people walking on the pedestrian road could freely enter the Hongs. At the same time, pedestrian could engaging with the space by viewing the commodities which have been displayed outward from the Hongs. This in turn connecting the interior space of the Hongs with the pedestrian road, where the public space of the pedestrian interact freely with the Hongs during the opening hours.

Elevation of the conglomerated Dried seafood & Tonic food Hongs in Des Voeux Road West

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 1. Entrance & opening Conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus Type A It is realised that conglomerated of garment Hongs at Ki Lung streets do not have the display of commodities at the both side of entrance, where starting from the both sides of the entrances into the interior space of Hongs are the space for storage and workplace. The metal gate become the only doors when the Hongs being closed at night. The two storage areas along both the sides of the entrances created a guidence or a pathway which guiding the people to get into the the Hongs through the corridor formed, which unintentionally enhancing the spatial interaction between the pedestrian road and the Hongs.

Elevation of the conglomerated garment Hongs at Ki Lung Street Fig 53

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 1. Entrance & opening Conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus Type B Both sides at the entrances were framed with a glasses wndow where the samples and the piles of the products are being hanged up. It served as a storage of the samples, meanwhile, the transparent glass allowing the customers to select and view the products at the same time. Also, the Hongs would be closed by the metal gate at night time. Although the transparent glass windows allowing people view the interior space of the Hongs. Yet , with the products being filled and hanged up on the glass windows, it becomes the barrier where blocking and seperating the pedestrian road and the interior space of Hongs, which affecting the spatial interaction between the Hongs and the pedestrian road.

Elevation of the conglomerated raw material Hong for fashion related industry at Ki Lung Street

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 1. Entrance & opening Conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus Type C Entrances of the Hongs are open without any doors or windows, where the Hongs extending the space for the display of commodities outward, with a stepping method displaying the goods from the Hongs to the pedestrian road. It is a flexible set up which could be moved back into the interior space when the Hongs is closed at night time. This stepping method of displaying the goods from inteiror space gradually interacting spatially with the exterior (the pedestrian road). This in turn guilding the people moved from the pedestrian road into the Hongs through the gradient of the displaying of goods.

Conglomerated Tonic food Hongs & Dried seafood Hongs in Des Voeux Road & Ko Shing Street

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 2. Entrance & opening Arcades in western countries Type A (1) This types of entrance and opening of shops conglomerated in arcades posses the features of having tall framed glasses windows, with doors being placed aside. Where this arrangement affecting the people of viewing through the interior space of the shop, as well with the door aside which is not directing people getting into the shops from the pedestrian road. The different pattern and grids of the framed glass windows defining the different units of shops, where this differentiation spatially seperating the shops and seperating with the private street, disadvantages to the spatially interaction between the private streets to the shops.

Pa r i s , G a l a r i e Colbert 1826

London, Royal Opera Arcade, 1816

London, Lowther Arcade 1831

Newcastle Royal Arcade, 1832

Fig 54-55

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 2. Entrance & opening Arcades in western countries Type A (2) This types of entrance and opening of shops conglomerated in arcades is similar to the one of Type A (1), which posses the features of having tall framed glasses windows. Yet, placement of the doors is in the centre. Although the framed glass windows affecting the people of viewing through the interior space of the shop, the doors located at the centre creating a sense of welcoming which guiding people to visit the shops. Even though the framed windows affecting the spatial interation between the shops and the private street, the level of spatial interaction of this type of entrance arrangement is better than the one of Type A (1) due to the placement of door in the centre.

Milian Galleria De Cristoforis 1832

Hamburg Sil.lem's Bazar 1845

Brussels, Galeries St. Hubert 1847

Paris, Passage du Saumen 1828

Paris, Galerie Vivienna 1925

Fig 56-57

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 2. Entrance & opening Arcades in western countries Type B (1) This type of entrances consists of elongated glass windows without any frame, where the glass door located aside of each of the shop. The glass windows which are without frame allowing people viewing from the exterior to the interior of shops, where enhancing the spatial interaction between the private street and the shops through vision. However, similar problem with Type A (1) where the door is located aside the shops, where it does not creating a sense of welcoming to guide people get into the shops from the streets.

London,Burling ton Arcade 1819

Bristol, Lower, Arcade 1825

Berlin, Friedrich, Strassen passage, 1908

Fig 58-60

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 2. Entrance & opening Arcades in western countries Type B (2) This type of is similar to the arrangement of Type B(1), where the entrances consists of elongated glass windows without any frame. The difference between the two is the placement of the glass door is at the centre of the shop. Among the four types of the entrance arrangement of arcade, this type is the one which enhancing the spatial interaction between the private street and the shops at the greatest level, where the glass windows which are without frame allowing people viewing from the exterior to the interior of shops. Meanwhile, the central located doors creating a sense of welcoming guiding the people from the private streets entering to the shops.

Pa r i s , G a l e r i e Ve ro Dodat 1827

Berlin, Kaiser-galerier, 1973

Milan, Galeria Vitterio Emanuele 1867

Fig 61-63

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 3. Hongs . Tong Laus . Streets Each of the Tong Lau with Hong conglomerated is an individual unit, where direct spatial interaction do not exists among the Tong Laus. Yet, with the relations to the pedestrian road, interior spaces of Hongs interacting with each others through the pedestrian road. However, sptail interaction within the Tong Laus with Hongs is limited. Spatial Interaction among Hongs through streets (Horizontal direction) â&#x20AC;˘ Hongs with open entrance are spatial connected with the pedestrian road â&#x20AC;˘ The streets served as the common space connecting all the interior space of Hongs which conglomerated at the Ground floor of Tong Laus

Hongs at Ground floor & Cocklofts (Vertical direction) • First floor of the Tong Laus is the cocklofts of the Hongs for production and storage use Hongs at Ground floor & residential units (Vertical direction) • No spatial interaction among the Hongs and the residential units on the upper floors Across the Tong Laus (Opposite sides) • Seperated by the busy traffic road • No galleries at the facade of Tong Laus

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 3. Hongs . Tong Laus . Streets Des Voeux Road West, Sheung Wan Residential units Reseidential units at both sides are seperated without spatial interaction among the both sides and with the Hongs Cocklofts & Dried seafood & Tonic food Hongs The cocklofts and the Hongs are spatially interacting with each others where cocklofts providing for storage and production for hongs Hongs & Pedestrian road The Hongs extending the space for the display of goods outward till the pedestrian road Traffic road Some of the Hongs occupied the nearest sde of the traffic road for loading and unloading of goods Tram Passing through the traffic road along the both sides of the Tong Laus group with conglomerated Hongs

Residential units

Cockloft

Hongs

Cockloft

Hongs

Sections showing the spatial relations of conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus with the Des Voeux Road West

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 3. Hongs . Tong Laus . Streets Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po Residential units Reseidential units at both sides are seperated without spatial interaction among the both sides and with the Hongs Cocklofts & Garment Hongs The cocklofts and the Hongs are spatially interacting with each others where cocklofts providing for storage and production for hongs. In some of the Hongs also used the cockofts space as workshop for the cutting of fabrics Garment Hongs & Pedestrian road The Hongs extending the space for the display of goods and the storage of fabric outward till the pedestrian road Traffic road Cars could past through along the two Tong Laus groups with conglomerated garment Hongs

Residential units

Cockloft Hongs

Sections showing the spatial relations of conglomerated fabric Hongs at Tong Laus with the pedestrian road in Ki Lung Street

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 3. Hongs . Tong Laus . Streets Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui Residential units Reseidential units at both sides are seperated without spatial interaction among the both sides and with the Hongs Cocklofts & Car repairing Street The cocklofts and the Hongs are spatially interacting with each others where cocklofts providing for storage and production for hongs, i,e, the materials for the car repairing service Traffic road & Car repairing Street The Hongs extending outward treating the traffic road as the workshop for the car repairing service

Residential units

Cockloft

Hongs

Section showing the spatial relations of conglomerated car repairing Hongs with the traffic road in Man On street

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 4. Arcades . Private streets Arcade used to be compacted the working space at the upper stories with galleries, where shops conglomerated at the ground floor. Spatial interaction not only among the shops and the private street, yet vertically among the office spaces and the shops. Spatial Interaction of shops with the private streets (Horizontal direction - Ground floor) â&#x20AC;˘ Enclosed entrances with doors and display windows affect the direction spatial interaction of interior space of shops with the private streets â&#x20AC;˘ Placement of coffee tables or commodities for selling enhancing the spatial interaction of the shops with the private streets through expanding the spatial function of interior space outward

Among the upper storeys (Horizontal direction - Upper storeys) • Workspace and space for storage at the upper storeys connected with the galleries where spatial interacting between floors Shops at Ground floor & the upper storeys (Vertically) • Workspace, living space and the space for storage are privately connected with each of the shops where is accessible from the interior space of the shops to the office and living space at the upper storeys Across the building blocks (Opposite sides) • Spatially interacted through the galleries • Spatial transparency among each floor

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 4. Arcade . Private streets Crystal Way Crystal Way is an example of arcade space where containing a metro railway in between the two building blocks, which the situation is similar to the Tong Laus groups with Hongs conglomerated at the both side of the traffic road. Meanwhile, the traffic section of the crystal has been seperated with the thoroughfare, where the traffic component do not affect or blocking the spatial interaction among the building blocks and the thoroughfare. The building blocks also consists of space for workspace, shops and living room, where containing similar spatial component with the Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated. yet, vertical spatial interaction exists within the shops and the other space through the balustrade, where people at different floors could view the situation at different floors.

Room over shops

Shops

Living room

Basement

Sub basement

Section showing of the Crystal Way Fig 64

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 5. Interior of Hongs at Tong Laus . Streets Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui Each of the car repairing Hongs occupying the traffic road as the workshops for providing the car reapairing services, with repeated units of each Hongs doing the same, the whole traffic road is then be occupied and the conglomerated Hongs extended their interior space outward. This in turn enhancing the spatial interaction between the interior spaces of each car repairing Hongs to the public street.

Residential units

Cocklofts

Car rapairing Hongs

Car repairing Hongs at Man On Street

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 5. Interior of Hongs at Tong Laus . Streets Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po Each of the garment Hongs occupying the pedestrian road as the space for the storage of fabrics and displaying of samples. Every Hongs at the street repeating the same habit which created a spatial langauge of extending the interior space outward to the pedestrian road. This in turn enhancing the spatial interaction between the interior spaces of each garment Hongs to the pedestrian road.

Residential units

Cockloft

Garment Hongs

Garment Hongs at Ki Lung Street

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 5. Interior of Hongs at Tong Laus . Streets Des Voeux Road West, Sheung Wan With the context of having the railway fo tram running through the Des Voeux Road West and four traffic lines asides, Hongs makes use of this propoerty by occupying the traffic road nearby for the loading and unloading of the products. Where the workers keep transporting the goods from the Hongs to the traffic road, enhancing the spatial interaction between the Hongs, pedestrian road and the traffic road.

Residential units

Cockloft

Garment Hongs

Dried seafood & Tonic food Hongs at Des Voeux Road West

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 7. Direction of spatial interaction . Tong Laus 1. Reseidential units The resiential units at the upper floors of Tong Laus were 'isolated' and do not have a close spatial relations to the hongs at the ground floor. 2. Cocklofts & Hongs Second storeys are the cocklofts providing to hongs for storage and workshops. 3. Horizontal axis Hongs were being connected to the pedestrians through the entrances.

Diagram illustrating the spatail interaction of Tong Laus with conglomerated Hongs

Findings 4.3 Spatial interaction 7. Direction of spatial interaction . Tong Laus 1. Vertically Each vertical unit of the arcade is connected, where the upper stories providing space for workspace and storage for the hongs. 2. Horizontally The semi-open hallway connecting the units at the upper stories, enhancing the spatial interaction in 3-dimensional way. 3. Across the both side Unlike Tong Lau which arcade is noy an enclosed facade, the spatial arrangement allowing the interaction across the both side.

Diagram illustrating the spatail interaction of Arcades

4. Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. 2.

Function of space of each types of Hongs Selected Hongs for studies

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. Function of space of each type of Hongs Spatial functions of Hongs conglomerated at Tong Laus condense various spatial functions within a limited space, including space for production, workspace (office), trading as well with space for storage. No clear partitions defining the spatial functions Spatial functions arranged in a free plan where people could moved around each function of space freely according to their needs Interior spatial configuration influenced by the people's interaction Component of each function of space is arranged according to the workflow of people which in turn influencing the spatail interaction at the same time Interior spatial configuration affecting the spatail interaction of inteiror space with exterior space Some of the inteior space extending outward towards the exterior space which enhancing the spatial interaction between the Hongs and the pedestrian road and traffic road

Garment Hong Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po • • •

Trading Office / workspace Storage

Metal Hong Ka Shin Street, Tai Kok Tsui • • •

Production Storage Office / workspace

Car repairing Hong Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui • •

Production Storage

Tonic food Hong Des Voeux Road West, Sheung Wan • • • •

Trading Office / workspace Storage Trading

Dried Seafood Hongs, Des Voeux Road West, Sheung Wan • • • •

Trading Office / workspace Storage Trading

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. Function of space of each type of Hongs Garment Hong, Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po The garnent Hongs compose the space for trading, workspace and storage within a limited space, where the arrangment of the spatial function is according to the workflow and the working process of the people working in the garment Hongs. The most featuristic arrangement is the conglomerate of the piles of fabrics alongs the sides of the Hongs, in turns creating a corridor where turning into a space where customers selecting the fabrics.

Trading Office / Workspace Storage

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. Function of space of each type of Hongs Metal Hong, Ka Shin Street, Tai Kok Tsui The most featuristic component of the spatial configuration of the metal Hong would be the rail at the ceiling where transporting the metals from the traffic road to the interior space of the Hongs. This in turn extending the part of transforting path from exterior to interior during the production process. The metal Hongs is like a condensed factories within a limited space with machines and transporting machine ready within the small interior space.

Production / Workshop Storage Office / Workspace

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. Function of space of each type of Hongs Car repairing Hong, Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui The most featurstic component of the cair repairing Hongs would be the self constructed cockloft for the storage of materials, as well with the extension of the workshop to the traffic road, which the Hongs providing the repairing services in the traffic road where the inteior space of the Hongs turned as a storage space.

Production / Workshop Storage

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. Function of space of each type of Hongs Tonic food Hong, Des Voeux Road West, Sheung Wan The most featuristic component of the Tonic food Hongs would be the hanging of the piles of bamboo up the the ceiling, where the Tonic food would then be hanged up during the production process. Unlike the other Hongs where the production process would be seperated in the cockloft or in another area, the Tonic food Hongs used the interior space for the whole production process including the cutting and the packaging part.

Production / Workshop Storage Office / Workspace Trading

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. Function of space of each type of Hongs Dried Seafood Hongs, Des Voeux Road West, Sheung Wan The conglomerated dried seafood Hongs make use of the outer space at the pedestrian road, where they occupied the space for placing the dried seafood on the floor for receiving the sunlight. The Hongs make use of the geographical location as well with the sources of sunlight, turning the pedestrian road as part of the production space.

Production / Workshop Storage Trading

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 1. Function of space of each type of Hongs Dried Seafood Hong, Des Voeux Road West, Sheung Wan It compacted all the four spatial functions within an elongated space, where making use of the railing for hencing of the dried seafood for to receive the antural sunlight for the prodcution process. Also, the elongated space with both side articulated with the display of the goods starting from the entrance, leading people from exterior walked into the Hongs,

Production / Workshop Storage Office / Workspace Trading

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 2. Spatial component & spatial features Tones of Hongs at Tong Laus with related business conglomerated within the districts, which various iconic spatial features of each types of Hongs could be depicted through specific focus on some of the Hongs with representable spatial layout and interior spatial configuration. Apart from the configuration of the spatial function discussed in the previous section, this section would focus more on the spatial features in Hongs which are some essential components contribute to the inteiror spatial configuration of Hongs, generating the unique spatial typologies.

Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po (1) Garment Hong (2) Hong along the staircase Ka Shin Street & Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui (1) Metal Hong (2) Car repairing Hong Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street, Sheung Wan (1) Tonic food Hong (2) Conglomerated dried seafood Hongs (3) Dried seafood Hong

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 2. Spatial component & spatial features (Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po) (1) Garment Hongs â&#x20AC;˘

Placement of the lightings are corelating to the placement of the fabrics

â&#x20AC;˘

Piles of fabrics conglomerated aside the Hongs formed a corridor in between

Shop front

Extend outward

Trading in corridor

Pattern arrangement

Selection of fabric

Floor finish

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 2. Spatial component & spatial features (Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po) (2) Hongs along the stairs •

Fabric samples hanging along the stairs

•

guiding people from the Hongs at ground floor to the upper storey of the Hongs

•

Spatially connected the Hongs at ground floor to the upper floor through the stairs

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 2. Spatial component & spatial features Ka Shin Street & Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui (1) Metal Hong •

railing of track located at the ceiling for the transport of metal

•

machines and tools stored asides the Hongs

•

Carts were placed outside for transfortation

Factory in Hong

Mechines

Small workshop space

Ttransport of metals to interior space

Transfortation

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 2. Spatial component & spatial features Ka Shin Street & Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui (2) Car repairing Hong â&#x20AC;˘

Self-built storey for the storage of materials

â&#x20AC;˘

Small interior space become the storage space while moved the workshop out

Shop front

Self-built storey for storage

Storage of tools

Traffic road as workshop

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 2. Spatial component & spatial features Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street, Sheung Wan (1) Tonic food Hong •

Production wall with piles of bamboo being hanged up for hanging of the tonic food during the production process

•

Flexible shop front for the display of goods

•

Iconic lamps for the lighting of the products

Shop front

Hanging of lights

Huge signage

Filled with bamboo

Display of goods

Production wall

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 2. Spatial component & spatial features Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street, Sheung Wan (2) Conglomerated dried seafood Hongs â&#x20AC;˘

Stepping pattern of displaying the goods

â&#x20AC;˘

Extending interior space with a flexible canopy

Shop front

Stepping

Production of tonic food

Findings 4.4 Interior spatial configuration 2. Spatial component & spatial features Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street, Sheung Wan (3) Dried seafood Hong •

Arrangement of lighting with relations to the display of goods

•

D i s p l a y i n g t h e g o o d s s t a rt i n g f ro m t h e entrances

•

Storage and space for packaging at the inner part of the interior space

Corridor as trading space

Production on fence

Signage

Lighting with placement of goods

Office space

Extend outward

Storage

4. Findings 4.5 Activities & people's interaction 1. 2. 3.

Ki Lung Street . Sham Shui Po Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street . Sheung Wan Ka Shin Street & Man On Street . Tai Kok Tsui

Findings 4.5 Activities & people's interaction After the studies in pervious section on the spatial interaction and configuration of the conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus, It is found that People's interaction could be greatly influenced by the spatial interaction and configuration. Activities and people's interaction within the districts various according to: 1. Spatial interaction between the Hongs at Tong Laus and to the streets 2. Spatial configuration of the conglomerated Hongs along the pedestrian road 3. Spatial functions of the interior space of Hongs and its relation to the exterior

It is going to be illustrated and explained with detail examples in the coming section according to the three districts depicted for study. They are: (1) Ki Lung Street Sham Shui Po (2) Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street . Sheung Wan (3) Ka Shin Street & Man On Street . Tai Kok Tsui

Findings 4.5 Activities & people's interaction (1) Ki Lung Street, Sham Shui Po The conglomerate of products within a Hongs would affect and in relations to the conglomerate of people. The more messy and complex the products being displayed, the more people would conglomerate and interacting with each others by gathering around the conglomerate products.

Selecting the fabrics

finding the goods they want

Selecting the fabrics

looking for goods they want

treating the pile of fabrics as wall and waiting someone

Findings 4.5 Activities & people's interaction (2) Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street, Sheung Wan As mentioned in the previous section where the site of Des Voeux Road West having a main traffic road where benefit for the transort of goods. The diagram showing the analysised pathway of how the workers interact by the transporation of goods from Hongs to the main road.

Findings 4.5 Activities & people's interaction (2) Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street, Sheung Wan Within the districts, people interacting through conglomerate together for the selection of goods, production of the products as well with transporting the goods within the districts.

Trading

Production

Sharing of knowledge

Leisure talk

cutting the products

waiting for work

Production

Selection of products

Sharing of knowledge

Findings 4.5 Activities & people's interaction (2) Des Voeux Road West & Ko Shing Street, Sheung Wan At the interior space of the Hongs, people interacting through working and sharing of knwoledge and opinion with customers through the selection of products.

Packaging

Cutting of products

Waiting for customers

Trading

Sharing of knowledge

Packaging

Findings 4.5 Activities & people's interaction (3) Ka Shin Street & Man On Street, Tai Kok Tsui People focused on their work in terms of production where interacting through the working process instead of real talking. Yet, people interacting within the districts through doing the same or similar work in the space.

cutting of metal

drilling of metal

machine work

Cutting of metal

Car repairing

4. Findings 4.6 Spatial features Inteiror space to exterior space 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Occupation . pedestrian road . traffic road Canopy Tu Dai Gong Step Gate Signage

Findings 4.6 Spatial features Inteiror space to exterior space Redefining the 'boundaries' of interior space and exterior space Apart from the extention of the spatial function from interior to exterior, it is also realised that certains spatial features and architecutural component has contribute in enhancing the spatial interaction between the interior space of Hongs to the exterior. The spatial features found served as a clue giving hints on the defined boundaries for interior space and exterior space. The spatial features and components could be summarised in 6 categories: 1. Occupation Hongs occupy space in the pedestrian road and and traffic road for storage, workshops and production. 2. Canopy A flexible covering extending from interior space to pedestrian road, defining the newly occupied exterior as part of the Hongs.

3. Tu Dai Gong A Buddhism and religion culture of placing a 'Tu Dai Gong' at the entrance of the Hong, an invisible line defining the interior space and exterior. 4. Steps With the open entrance, it is normally seen that Hongs are always with a step at the entrance defining the interior space and exterior. Hongs in Wing Lok Streets are even 3 to 4 steps more to prevent products from damaged when flooding. 5. Gate The only feature straightly defining the interior space of Hongs and exterior when the hongs being closed at night time. 6. Signage Extending outward at the facade of the Tong Laus where the Hongs conglomerated, defining the location of where the Hongs located whih guiding people from exterior into the Hongs.

Findings 4.6 Spatial features Inteiror space to exterior space Redefining the 'boundaries' of interior space and exterior space 1. Occupation Hongs occupy space in the pedestrian road and and traffic road for storage, workshops and production. (1) Hanging of tonic food on fence for the receive of sunlight for production (2) Occupying the space outside the Hongs for the the production of dried seafood by receiving sunlight (3) Occupying of the traffic roads by temporary storage of goods (4) Storage of goods in pedestrian road (5) Storage of goods along the traffic road (6) Traffic road as production space

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Findings 4.6 Spatial features Inteiror space to exterior space Redefining the 'boundaries' of interior space and exterior space 2. Canopy A flexible covering extending from interior space to pedestrian road, defining the newly occupied exterior as part of the Hongs. (1) Extended outward from the Hongs (2) Flexible canopy which can be closed when unwanted (3) Temporary canopy with a canvas tied with the fence (4) Conglomerated canopy extended from the conglomerated Hongs (5) Canopy with the name of the Hongs printed (6) Temporary canopy which could be tied when unwanted

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Findings 4.6 Spatial features Inteiror space to exterior space Redefining the 'boundaries' of interior space and exterior space 3. Tu Dai Gong A Buddhism and religion culture of placing a 'Tu Dai Gong' at the entrance of the Hong, an invisible line defining the interior space and exterior. (1) A pocket space created ofr the Tu Dai Gong (2) Located aside the entrance of Hong (3) Located in between the Hongs

(1)

(2)

(3)

(1)

(2)

Findings 4.6 Spatial features Inteiror space to exterior space Redefining the 'boundaries' of interior space and exterior space 4. Steps With the open entrance, it is normally seen that Hongs are always with a step at the entrance defining the interior space and exterior. Hongs in Wing Lok Streets are even 3 to 4 steps more to prevent products from damaged when flooding.

Findings 4.6 Spatial features Inteiror space to exterior space Redefining the 'boundaries' of interior space and exterior space 5. Gate The only feature straightly defining the interior space of Hongs and exterior when the hongs being closed at night time.

Findings 4.6 Spatial features Inteiror space to exterior space Redefining the 'boundaries' of interior space and exterior space 6. Signage Extending outward at the facade of the Tong Laus where the Hongs conglomerated, defining the location of where the Hongs located whih guiding people from exterior into the Hongs. (1) Extending outward till the traffic road from the facade of the Tong Laus which indicating and direction the location of Hongs (2) Extending from the Hongs till the pedestrian road informing the existing of the Hongs

(1)

(2)

5. Discussion

Discussion Changes of the way of spatial interaction of Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated Strong spatial interaction between the residential units and the Hongs with the Tong Laus in the 60s According to Lee (2009), Tong Lau is a tenement buiilding for both residential and commerical uses. In the 60s, Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated used to be presented as a hybrid of domestic factories where with residential area amd the Hongs for small production and trading. With reference to a survey conducted during the 1960s (Gong & Fung, 1997), around 40 % of the employees worked and lived within the same tenement house (Tong Laus) . This shown that people in the past worked and lived within the same Tong Laus with Hongs conglomerated. Spatial interaction of Hongs in Tong Laus to the streets Nowadays, the focus and the direction of the spatial interaction of Hongs within the Tong Laus changes. With reference to the result shown from the observational study, it is realised that the residential units at the upper storeys served seperately without interaction to the Hongs, where people workings in the Hongs do not lived above. Meanwhile, it is realised that Hongs nowadays showing a strong sense of spatial interacting with the pedestrian road or teh traffic road through various means, inlcuding the extention of interior space towards the exterior or the occupation of space towards the pedestrain road and traffic road.

Spatial configuration of the interior space of Hongs influence the spatial interaction with exterior As shown from the result of the obervational study, it is realised that most Hongs posses the habit of extending the interior spatial function outward, i.e. the Dried seafood Hongs extend the production space outward, while the car repairing Hongs even treated the traffic road as the workshop and maintaining the interior space of Hongs as the space for storage. These result illustrate the ties between both the spatial configuration of the interior space of Hongs, which enhancing the spatial interaction with the exterior space.

Discussion Spatial interaction influencing the people's interaction within the space Changes of the spatial interaction influence the people's hebaviour and way of interaction Besides, as shown from the result of the observatonal study, it is realised that the people's interaction within the space is closely related to the spatial interaction. Example like the extention of the production space towards the traffic road, where people within the Man On Street moved their workshop outward and interacting with each others by doing the same activity within the streets. Conglomeration of the display method of commodities at the entrance would conglomerate people around Another example would be the situation observed from the Dried seafood and Tonic food Hongs. It is observed that when ever the Hongs conglomerated the products at the entrances, people start to conglomerate. The more commodities and with more degree of extending the placement of the commodities outward, the more the peopel conglomerated. Spatial interaction of Hongs to the traffic road influencing the flow of workers transfort of the goods Within the Des Voeux Road West, it is observed that the transportation workers interact with each others through the movement of transporting the goods from the Hongs to the carts near the traffic road. The route of the way on how the workers interact has been recorded and it is observed that it tied closely with relations with the spatial interaction of the Hongs to the traffic road.

Generation of the unique spatial typologies of Hong Kong through the spatial interaction and configuration of Hongs in Tong Laus Last but not least, from the result of the observational study, it is shown that the way of the Hongs at Tong Laus interacting with the streets as well with the spatial configuration of the interior space general the unique spatial typologies of Hong Kong. The typologies could be summarised belows: •

Habit of extending the interior space of Hongs outward

•

Interaction and the integration of pedestrian road with the Hongs

•

No straight definition of the interior space and exterior space of Hongs

•

Apart from doors adopt the use of different spatial features for the defining of the boundaries of Hongs (i.e. the Tu Dau Gong, the canopy etc)

•

Condensing multi spatial functions within a small space without a complex and fixed partitions defining the space

6. Conclusion

Conclusion The aim of this research is to through carrying a first hand o b s e r v at i o n a l s t u d y, t o ex p l o re a n d t o f i g u re o u t t h e configuration and the spatial interaction of the conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus within the districts. Hence to explore if any unique spatial typologies generated, contributed in giving the spaces with the sense of local Hong Kong. This research provides me the change to have an in depth exploration and investigation at the space which we often seen but we have never think of the relation behind these spatial arrangement. In this research, I have been studied the configuration and the spatial interaction of the conglomerated Hongs at Tong Laus in a decending scales. I first looked on how the Hongs with related business conglomerated within a district, hence looking in depth to see how they conglomerate within the Tong laus and their spatial relationship and interaction with the streets and within the Tong Laus. Last but not least, looking into the spatial cinfoguration of each of the Hongs to draw relations to investigate on the spatial relationship between the interior space of Hongs with the exterior space.

To improve, I think I could carry a further study on drawing the relations of each of the hongs with the streets and studied in form of an axonometric drawings, which could investigate even into the direct spatial interaction among the Hongs apart from the spatial interaction through the pedestrian road. In conclusion, this research provides me with an exceptional experience in focusing and studying the environment where I used to think I am very familar with. Yet, after an indepth studies on this environment, many more of the spatial opportunities and spatial relations could be realised after the in depth research on this. This bright me the insight that it is always important for interior designers and architects being curious to the space and environment where we thought we are familar with, trying to experience and to explore the spatial opportunity and the words given by the space.

7. References

Reference Images reference Chan, CY, 2012 The 100 Years of Architecture in Hong Kong, Joint Publishing: Hong Kong Fig 25 - Fig 36 Corner, P, 2009 The Hongs of Canton, English Art Books: London Fig 1 - Fig 18 Friedrich, JG, 1989 Arcades The history of building Type: Prestel-Verlag, Munich Fig 19- Fig 24 , Fig 37 - Fig 52 , Fig 54 - Fig 64 Lung, PY, 2003, Tong Lau: A complication of Measured Drawings of Tenement Buildings in Urban Areas of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong: Hong Kong Fig 53

Reference list Chan, CY, 2012 The 100 Years of Architecture in Hong Kong, Joint Publishing: Hong Kong

G o n g , W. P. , 1 9 9 7 . H o n g Ko n g I n d u s t r i e s 2 0 0 0 , Th e Commerical Press: Hong Kong.

Cheng, P. H., 2012. A Century of Hong Kong roads and streets, Joint Publishing HK: Hong Kong.

Lee, H.Y., 2009. Pre-War Tong Lau: A Hong Kong Typology (Research Disseration). Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong: Hong Kong

Cheng, P. H., 2012. A Century of Kowloon roads and streets, Joint Publishing HK: Hong Kong. Cheng, P. H., 2014. At This Very Moment, Joint Publishing HK: Hong Kong. Cheng, P. H., 2014. The Social Images of Hong Kong in 1950s, Joint Publishing HK: Hong Kong. Chiu, C. H., 1998. Small Family Business in Hong Kong Accumulation and Accommodation, The Chinese University Press: Hong Kong. Corner, P, 2009 The Hongs of Canton, English Art Books: London Ding, S. P. & Wong, S. K., 1994. City of Victoria, Urban Council of Hong Kong: Hong Kong. Fan, SY, 2012. The Thirteen Hong in Canton, Huacheng publishing house: China. Friedrich, JG, 1989 Arcades The history of building Type, Prestel-Verlag, Munich.

Leeming, F. L., 1977. Street Studies in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Oxford University Press: Hong Kong. M i s s a c , P. , 1 9 9 5 . W a l t e r ' s B e n j a m i n ' s Pa s s a g e s , Massachusetts Institute of Technology: France. Murialdo,F., 2014. Practice of Consumption and Spaces for Goods: A Self published work: London Shek, C. W. & Cheng, S. W., 2010. A Sense of Place: Hong Kong West of Potting Street, Joint Publishing HK: Hong Kong. Tiedemamn, R. &, 1999. the Arcade Project Walter Benjamin, MIT.Press: London. Wordie, J., 2012. Streets, exploring Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong University Press: Hong Kong. Wu, P. L., 2012. Sai Ring Pun TongLau Shops, Jockey Club Community Cultural Heritage Programme: Hong Kong.

8. Appendices

Appendices Presentation Panel

Appendices Project proposal SD 4563 Capstone Project: Project Brief Lee Ching Veronica 12105614D Tutor: Dr. ir. Gerhard Bruyns Title: Hongs: The Consumption factories Period: Year 4 Semester 2 Background: Hong is a Chinese word regarding to a space where trading is established. A Hong refers to an individual units or house where the units gather themselves with related business in a space, forming a group or a conglomeration. most of the Hongs in Hong Kong conglomerated in Tong Laus with spatial interaction to the streets and to the district. The spatial presentation of Hongs changes according to the transformation of the economic structure of Hong Kong. Hongs nowadays condenses the spatial function for production, trading as well with space for providing services, including after services. All these spatial functions are the product of consumperism. According to Lee (2009), Tong Lau used to describe as the tenement building which is built in late 19 th century to the 1960s for both residential and commerical uses, where in the past people lived and worked in the same Tong Laus which formed a community within the same buildings, yet this spaial interaction has been disappeared and emphasising a strong focus with the Hongs at the ground to the streets. Aim and Focus: The aim of the project is to treat the local hongs as the consumption factories, redefining and reinterpret the spatial presentation and spatial interaction of hongs with the neighbourhood, with references to the unique spatial typologies of Hong Kong defined in the capstone research project. An important focus of this project would be the emphasis on the replacement of machines by human in the production line, to explore the possibilities to humanised the production process through a spatial means. Meanwhile, breaking the boundaries of defining hongs neither an inteiror space nor an exterior space but exaggerating the co-relations of exterior and interior space through the new defined Hongs.

Schudule: Phase I: Documentation of sites and preliminary design concept During the semester break Phase II: Concept development Week 1 - Week 3 * with production of testing models, sketches, diagrams and documentation of works Phase III: Modification of design concept Week 4 - Week 6 * with production of testing models, sketches, diagrams and documentation of works Phase IV: Technical Issues & Details Week 7 - Week 10 Phase VI: Finalised of all design, preparation for presentation materials & documentations

Approaches and Strategies: ˙ Representation of the Social Cohesion through space ˙ Restructure of the conglomeration of Hongs ˙ Redefining the unique spatial typologies of Hong Kong ˙ Enhancing the interaction between human through the production process of the retail industry Outcome: ˙ Experimental and physical models ˙ Process book ˙ Presentation models ˙ Sketch book

SPATIAL INTERACTION

TU DAI GONG RELIGION

CANOPY

GATE

STEP

OCCUPATION

INTERACTION OF PEOPLE