Pacific Northwest Canola Research Program 2011-12
Jack Brown
8,000,000 gal of Biodiesel per year ~ 55-60,000 acres @ 150 gal per acre
Pacific Coast Canola is building a canola crush facility in Warden, Washington. The plant is designed to crush over 350,000 metric tonnes of canola seed annually, to produce 300,000,000 pounds of canola oil each year. First crush January 2013.
PNW Livestock
Pacific Northwest Canola and Research Program The FY2012 appropriation for the PNWCRP was $130,162. Peer review process selected 3 “New” projects with funded totaling $55,906. The remainder was dedicated to funding four second year projects that were carryover funding obligations from FY2011 totaling $74,256.
Stability of specialty canola oil (HOLL and LLIN) when grown under different environments in the Pacific Northwest
Jack Brown Megan Wingerson & Jim Davis University of Idaho
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Trans fats raise the LDL (‘bad’) cholesterol that increases your risk of coronary heart disease. That is why we use nonhydrogenated zero trans-fat oils for frying Idaho potatoes.
Fatty Acid Synthesis
LLIN Oil Synthesis
HOLL Oil Synthesis
Objectives ďƒźExamine the environmental stability of LLIN and HOLL canola oils when grown under different environmental conditions in the Pacific Northwest. ďƒźIdentify specific LLIN and HOLL spring canola cultivars with environmentally stable oils suitable for non-hydrogenated fry processing in the Pacific Northwest.
Objectives Four LLIN and 4 HOLL lines, plus 2 commodity canola controls. Three Idaho sites (Moscow, Genesee & Craigmont), 1 Washington site (Dusty), 1 Oregon site (Pendleton). Idaho trials (Moscow & Genesee) were planted twice, with 2 weeks apart.
Oleic Acid a b
d
a
a
a c
c
b
b
Linoleneic Acid a b
c
cde de
cd e
cde
cde e
Linoleneic Acid (Range)
Linoleneic Acid
(Range, excluding Craigmont)
Linoleneic Acid
(Range, excluding Craigmont)
1,803
1,830
1,837 1,860
Conclusions Most fatty acids were environmentally stable over different locations. Linolenic acid showed significant Genotype x Environment interactions. No difference between early and late plantings in fatty acid profile. HOLL’s and LLIN’s with good seed yield and fatty acid profiles were identified. All lines will be re-tested in 2013.
Investigating the Timing of Forced Lodging on Yield and Quality of Winter Canola Don Wysocki Oregon State University Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center Pendleton, Oregon 541-278-4396 dwysocki@oregonstate.edu
Background • The preferred method of harvesting winter canola in eastern Oregon is forced lodging “pushing” followed by dry down and combining • Canadian work suggests that pushing can be done as early as the end of flower drop, if this is possible winter canola harvest could be done up to two weeks earlier
Treatments 1.
Push @ end of flower drop (early) 71-72
2.
Push @ between 50-75 (mid)
3.
Push @ first brown seed (1st brown) 80
4.
Swath @ 15 % brown seed (swath) 82
SD 7 SR 8
http://www.canolacouncil.org/crop-production/canola-grower%27s-manualcontents/chapter-3-growth-stages/growth-stages
c
b
ab
a
Conclusions • Pushing early did not hasten harvest delayed combining. • Early pushing and swathing reduced yields compared to pushing at Mid and 1st brown seed. • Seed size increased with later “pushing” and swathing. • Oil content increased with later “pushing” and swathing.
Recommendations Window for “pushing is 50-75% pods @ full size to 1st brown 75 to 82 Pusher width = Header width Push opposite of combine direction lay out field carefully
Developing Biennial, Early Planted, Winter Canola in the Pacific Northwest Jack Brown1, Don Wysocki2 Heather Mason3, Chelsea Walsh1, Megan Wingerson1 Alan Wernsing2, Brooke Brohannon3, and Jim B. Davis1
1 University
of Idaho. 2 Oregon State University. 3 Montana State University
Sept 1
Sept 15
Sept 30
Objectives ďƒźDetermine the yield potential of winter canola cultivars planted into fallow ground in June and early July, compared to being planted in late August. ďƒźCompare soil water use of winter canola to June-planted winter canola planted into fallow ground in June and early July, compared to being planted in late August.
Objectives ďƒźDetermine the effect of fall insecticide application on seed yield and quality of early planted winter canola ďƒźCompare crop nitrogen uptake of Augustplanted winter canola to June-planted winter canola grown on summer fallow at the Columbia Agricultural Research Center at Pendleton Oregon.
Material and Methods • Four winter canola cultivars ‘Athena’, ‘Baldur’ ‘Amanda’ and ‘Salute’. • Sites: Moscow, Genesee, Lewiston (Dusty), Pendleton, and Kalispell. • Planting dates: (May), June, July and August. • Summer fallow and chemical fallow. • Randomized complete block with four replicates. • Seeding rate: 6 lb per acre • Soil moisture recorded (on Amanda) at each planting date.
Soil Moisture (12 & 24� 2011-2012)
Planting Date Moisture recording month
June
July
August
Average
------------ % soil moisture -------------
July
19.30
-
-
19.30
a
August
14.69
19.17
-
16.92
b
October
10.92
16.28
16.47
14.56
c
Average
14.97 b
17.72 a
16.47 a
Seed Yield (2011-2012)
Insect Damage
Insecticide Efficacy 2010-2011
Damage
Insecticide Treatment Helix Capture Helix & only only Capture None ----------------- 1 to 9 --------------------1.21 c 5.31 b 5.69 b 7.68 a
Yield
----------------- kg ha-1 -----------------3,425 3,424 3,451 3,348
Cultivar
Insecticide Efficacy 2011-2012
Damage
Insecticide Treatment Helix Capture Helix & only only Capture None ----------------- 1 to 9 --------------------1.39 c 6.14 b 6.04 b 8.25 a
Yield
----------------- kg ha-1 -----------------4,276ab 4,499 a 4,143ab 3,979 b
Cultivar
This study has already generated great interest from the farming community. Early planting winter canola will offer wheat-fallow growers a much needed alternative crop in their rotation which will reduce effects of mono-culture cropping, diversify farm products and allow more profitable and sustainable farm practices. This group has built a long standing relationship with canola growers in our region and growers will likely be willing to adopt ideas that arise from this research.
Solving spring survival for winter canola in Montana Perry Miller – Cropping Systems Mary Burrows – Plant Pathology
Winter broadleaf crops?? • Early spring is the killer; disease complex? • Optimal stubble? – Cereal is worst.
• Row orientation? – E – W vs N – S??
Experimental Design • 3 stubbles – Pea, short wheat, tall wheat
• 2 row orientations – E-W and N-S
• 2 varieties – DKW 46-15 and HyClass 154W
• 2 N strategies – All at fall seeding (180 lb N) vs starter N (20 lb N)
Plant Stand
Seedling biomass
Spring 2013 • Install iButtons to measure continuous temperature at canola crowns. • Bi-weekly plant counts. • Bi-weekly sampling for disease. • Shoot Biomass measurements.
An Evaluation Scheme to Identify Superior Cultivars of ‌ Canola ... PNW-WVT PNW-CVT Jim Davis, Jack Brown Don Wysocki
Additional Funding Provided By… • • • • • • •
Bayer CropScience Cargill Specialty Canola Oils Winfield DL Seeds, Inc Mycogen Seeds Monsanto Company Technology Crops International
Winter Canola/Rapeseed Variety Trials • 2011 • 8 sites • 24 entries • 2012 • 8 sites • 22 entries
Winter Sites • • • • • • • • •
Hermiston OR Pendleton OR Moses Lake WA Davenport WA Grangeville ID Craigmont ID Moscow ID Moscow ID Genesee ID
Irrigated, Conv. Tillage Conventional Fallow Irrigated, Conv. Tillage No Till Fallow Conventional Fallow No Till Fallow Conventional Fallow No Till Fallow Conventional Fallow
Select Winter Canola Cultivars (lbs. / acre) Cultivar Athena Amanda DKW 44-10 RR HyCLASS 125W RR Baldur Sitro UI.WC.1 UI.05.6.33
2012 3,512 3,542 3,231 3,236 4,070 4,565 3,767 3,967
2011 4,367 4,215 3,493 3,936 4,006 4,203 4,009
Select Winter Canola Cultivars (lbs. / acre) Cultivar Dwarf Essex
2012 2011 -
3,936
Bridger
3,071 2,968
Durola
3,336 4,267
Spring Canola/Rapeseed Variety Trials • 2011 • 8 sites • 32 entries • 2012 • 8 sites • 26 entries
Spring Sites – Bonners Ferry ID – Moscow – Craigmont – Davenport WA – Colfax – Dayton – Pendleton OR – Hermiston
Conventional Conventional Direct Seed Direct Seed Direct Seed Direct Seed Conventional Irrigated, Conventional
Select Spring Canola Cultivars Cultivar Hyola 401 (Control) InVigor L130 Nexera 2012 CL DKL 70-07 RR V2035 RR HyCLASS 955 RR UI 04.SC.28.4.3/Zephyr UI 03.IL.5.6.1/Cara (IMI-R)
2012 2,214 1,782 2,312 2,045 2,273 1,841 1,800
2011 1,991 2,226 1,903 2,096 1,970 2,005 2,048 1,986
http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/ http://webpages.uidaho.edu/jbrown/brassica/
Residue Decomposition and Soil Quality Impacts of Canola Cultivars Tami L. Stubbs, WSU Ann C. Kennedy & Jeremy C. Hansen, USDA-ARS
PROBLEM TO BE ADDRESSED •The effects of canola residue on soil quality are unknown. •Canola residue breaks down faster than wheat, and enough residue must be present to protect soil from wind erosion. •There is a need to characterize crop cultivar decomposition to aid growers in variety selection for conservation farming systems.
C:N
Nr elat ion s
L ig nin he mi , cell cel ulo lul se, ose
Tannins, phenols
Objectives Evaluate winter and spring canola residue for: – Fiber components Neutral detergent fiber (NDF); acid detergent fiber (ADF); acid detergent lignin (ADL) Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
– Nutrient content Carbon and nitrogen
Objectives • Determine variability in canola residue decomposition potential with: – Crop type – Crop cultivar – Growing location – Year
Canola Residue Sampling Locations
Davenport Odessa Colfax
Moscow Genesee
Stubbs & Kennedy, 2013
Methods: Laboratory • Characterize plant structural components. –NDF, ADF, ADL VanSoest
et al., 1991
Ankom
–C, N LECO,
Tru-Spec
• Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). FOSS
XDS WinISI software
Methods:
Soil Quality • Evaluate effect of canola on soil quality. – Winter wheat-canola rotation studies. • Lind and Davenport, WA.
– Soil quality analyses will include: • Bulk density, soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic C and N, aggregate stability. • Microbial biomass, respiration, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity, microbial community structure through phospholipid fatty acid methyl esters (PLFA).
Characterization of 2011 Canola Residue: Cellulose ab
Increasing rainfall P<0.05
a e
percent cellulose
b
SPRING
d
Increasing rainfall
WINTER
c
2011-12 Spring and Winter Canola Residue a
Fiber, C and N Analysis a b a b b a
P<0.05
C/N
b
NDF
ADF
ADL
(%)
(%)
(%)
2011-12 Spring and Winter Canola Residue Fiber, C and N Analysis a b
a
a
b
b
a
C/N P<0.05
b
NDF
ADF
ADL
(%)
(%)
(%)
Comparison of laboratory data and NIRS prediction for canola residue: NDF
NDF
slope = 1.00 R2 = 0.94
NDF
n = 200
SOIL QUALITY • Except for bulk density, soil quality indicators responded to canola in rotation. • Enzyme assays more sensitive than soil organic carbon or microbial communities. • Canola increased soil enzyme activity and decreased soil C. • Effects on microbial community and C substrate utilization were small and inconsistent. • Long-term studies are needed to determine benefits of canola in rotation.
Canola residue characterization • Winter canola residue is lower in NDF, ADF, ADL and C/N than spring canola. • Canola residue traits differ with location. • Canola cultivars differ in their fiber characteristics. • Further study is needed to confirm differences. • NIRS was able to predict canola residue characteristics. • Decomposition studies are ongoing.
Year 2 Projects ď&#x192;ź Management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production. William Schillinger & Paul Paulitze, Washington State University. Second year $13,643. ď&#x192;ź Optimizing productivity of early planted winter canola in the Pacific Northwest. Jack Brown (UI) & Don Wysocki (OSU). Second Year 2 $37,001.
Year 2 Projects ď&#x192;ź Solving spring survival of winter canola in Montana. Perry Miller & Mary Burrows, Montana State University. Second year $7,391. ď&#x192;ź An evaluation scheme to identify superior cultivars of winter and spring canola suitable for production in the Pacific North. Jack Brown, Jim Davis & Don Wysocki. Second Year $11,500.
New Projects • Bob Stougaart & Brooke Bohannon: Evaluation of canola cultivars in Montana environments. One year, $9,973. • Chengci Chen: Evaluating winter canola establishment and survivability by planting into winter cereal forage stubble in central Montana. Two year, $13,718 + $13,718 = 27,436. • Don Wysocki: Investigating the timing of forced lodging on yield and quality of winter canola. One year, $17,143.
New Projects â&#x20AC;˘ Yesuf Mohammad, Chengci Chen & David Wichman: Nutrient management to improve canola production in central Montana. Two year, 11,159 + $11,159 = $22,318. â&#x20AC;˘ Gadi Reddy: Development of integrated control tactics with special reference to biological control of flea beetles in canola. Two year, $16,395 + $17,413 = $33,808.
New Projects â&#x20AC;˘ Jack Brown and Jim B. Davis: Increasing profitability and quality of dual-purpose (forage and seed) winter canola by intercropping with spring wheat. Two year, $18,255 + $18,255 = $36,509. â&#x20AC;˘ Jack Brown and Jim B. Davis: Effect of row spacing, seeding rate and planting date on productivity and rotation effects of early planted winter canola in the Pacific Northwest. Two year, $19,112 + $19,112 = $38,224.
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