2
Regional and case trends in education quality and youth development
Figure 11. Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) in Georgia and Tajikistan, 1999–2009. Percentage of the population
50 45 40
Percent
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year Georgia
ê
Tajikistan
Source: The World Bank, World databank, World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed July 15, 2011; data not available for years not reported.
Source: World Bank, 2011; data not available for years not reported.
Tajikistan Data on the percentage of Tajikistan’s population living in poverty were found for four years between 1999 and 2009. As shown in Figure 10, in 1999, 92 per cent of the population lived in poverty; this dropped to 47 per cent in 2009, reportedly the highest overall poverty rate in the CIS and Europe in 2009. Poverty rates were higher for families with children than those without children, and families with seven or more members accounted for almost 60 per cent of the total population (World Bank, 2010a, 2011; UNTIP, 2010; Baskakova, 2007). Data for multiple years on the percentage of Tajikistan’s population living in absolute poverty are also sparse. As shown in Figure 11, about 44.5 per cent of people lived on less than $1.25 per day (PPP) in 1999. This fell to 36.3 per cent in 2003, and was 21.5 per cent in 2004 (World Bank, 2011).
Demographics The CEECIS region’s overall population trend is interesting and dramatic compared to other regions of the world. CEECIS is the only region to have registered an overall population decline in the last decade – from 413 million in the mid-1990s to 404 million by 2009, a decrease of about a 2.2 per cent, with few a constituent country exceptions, including Tajikistan.14 The child population dropped from 122 million in 1990 to 96.7 million by 2009, about 21 per cent.15 The main drivers of these rapid and remarkable decreases have been a combination of overall declining birth rates, increases in adult mortality and high migration flows outside of the region (UNICEF CPRP, 2011; UNICEF, 2011). By 2005, the CEECIS region accounted for an estimated more than one third of global international migration. At first, migration reflected returns to ethnic homelands, and since the mid1990s, it has been more economically driven (UNICEF IRC, 2009).
36
14
Figures exclude Kosovo.
15
Figures exclude Kosovo.
Demand for Education Innovation: Adolescent and youth perspectives on education quality in the CEECIS Region