Cultivating Design Through Environmental Ethics

Cultivating Design Through Environmental Ethics Ilana Judah, Int’l Assoc. AIA, OAQ, LEED AP Director of Sustainability, FXFOWLE March 22 2011

The Role of Architecture and Design

“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.�

“My cabin in Cap-Martin is even smaller than my luxury [ship] cabin.”

“I have a castle on the Riviera,measuring 3.66 by 3.66 meters. It’s extravagantly comfortable and generous.”

Footprint and Boundary It’s not so simple anymore...

Redefining dwelling

Redefining dwelling

Utilitas, Firmitas, Venustas, Sustenare

Creating architecture and a better planet

Architecture as advocacy

Framing Environmental Concerns through Architecture

Utilitas - Ability to function well and efficiently

Single Family Residence: 44,000 lbs CO2

2 Cars: 22,000 lbs CO2

Multi-family Residence: 17,000 lbs CO2

NYC Subway: 7 lbs CO2

2008 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Proportional by Country

Million metric tons of CO2 emitted in 2008: United States 5,833 (19%) China 6,534 (22%) Europe 4,662 (15%) India 1,612 (15.5%) Other 11,936 (28.5%) World Total 30,577

Metric tons of CO2 emitted per capita in 2008: United States 19.2 China 4.9 Europe 7.8 India 1.8 World Average 4.5

Sources: SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan)

0

Source: The World Bank Group 2060

2050

2040

2030

2020

(in Tens of

Billio ns)

6

2010

2000

W orl dG DP

4

1990

1980

)

ns illio B n i n( tio a l u op P d l Wor 1970

1960

1950

1940

1930

1920

1910

1900

2

1800

1500

1000

500

0

World Population vs. World GDP

12

10

8

World 2030 Prediction—Energy Mix

n

60%

se

I

ea ncr

nsu

o yC

rg

ne in E

tio mp

Renewables 14% Oil 34% Coal 22%

Renewables 14% Oil 35%

Coal 23% Gas 25% Gas 21%

Nuclear 7%

2008

Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development

2030

Nuclear 5%

Firmitas - Ability to endure and withstand

Credit: NASA/USGS, www..ocregister.com

Venustas - Delight, Beauty and Joy

Translating Environmental Values into Design

Process, Research and Analysis

Integrated Design

Environmental Impact Studies

10

1. High-performance HIT Photovoltaic Module

11

2. Recycled HPDE Planter Box with Growing Medium, Drainage Layer, Mesh Stabilizer 3. Water-jet Milled Aluminum Brackettruss, Powder Coated 4. Hanger Rod and Hasp Assembly, Stainless Steel 8 5. Triple Insulated Glazed Unit with Low-E Coating 6. Automated Exterior Venetian Blind System, Perforated Stainless Steel 7. Raised Floor

9

8. Displacement Ventilation Diffuser 6

5

9. Gypsum Board Soffit 10. High Efficiency LED Lighting , tied to Daylight Dimming System 11. Lay-in Acoustic Ceiling 12. Corrugated Aluminum Spandrel Panel, Powder Coated 4

13. Spandrel Insulation

7 15

14

13

12

2 3

1

14. Continuous Firestopping 15. Structural Slab

EXPLODED AXONEMETRIC 2010 FXFOWLE ARCHITECTS, LLP

AIA: INNOVATIVE CURTAIN WALL DESIGN EXHIBIT

Environmental Performance Modelling

5

Summer Solstice - Base Case

Summer Solstice - No Solar Shading

Summer Solstice - 50% Solar Shading

Summer Solstice - 100% Solar Shading

ECOTECT CURTAIN WALL STUDY Š 2010 FXFOWLE ARCHITECTS, LLP

Environmental Performance Modelling

AIA: INNOVATIVE CURTAIN WALL DESIGN EXHIBIT

9

Environmental Performance Modelling

BIODIVERSITY AND THE GREEN NETWORK IN THE URBAN AREA

Basic road network

Other types of vegetation

Boundary of Collserola Park

Forest environment

Linear axes and digitations

Farmland

Open construction

Maquis and brushwood

Marshland

Meadows

Proposal of green roofs

Vacant and bare

Current and future urban parks, riverside spaces and artificial reefs

Environmental Mapping

THE CURRENT ENERGY MODEL

GY

SYSTEM: DIFFUSE CITY

s and programmes that have been approved at a f levels affect mainly some aspects of energy manaHowever, they take a sectoral approach, failing to ematically with the management of companies and e failing to modify the reality of energy generation, on and consumption.

cern about the systems focuses mainly on climate The initiatives for reducing the emission of greenWATERonCYCLE asesTHE concentrate the energy cycle rather than on cts that could lead to athe new metabolic based Water is probably most limitingregime factor of the developuction disturbance i.e.regions on entropy mentinofthe Catalonia and of thesystems, semi-arid of Spain. It is consumption mainly renewable therefore aofstrategic liquid for energies.

Barcelona. The policies

far by local, regional andtherefore national governments ngeapplied in thesometabolic regime, and the not been based on the limitation the of water use. n inhave the disturbance of systems-including atmosThey have continued to treatthrough urban development, ystem-can only come about a change inindustry, farming, etc., as if water were not a scarce ulture, whichtourism, involves profound changes in the way resource and Spain planning, had a surplus of it. This is particularly the rstand regional urbanism, architecture, case management, in the regionalwaste, planning policiesi.e. set everyup thirty years water mobility... ago, which andi.e. encourage the spread of singleated to the usepromote of energy, everything.

DIFFUSE URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL INEFFICIENT IN CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES

HEAT TREATMENT

BIOCOMBUSTION

The lack of a conservation and management policy to deal with the demand forproduction water and include it in the general planning poliservices single-family dwellings activity mobility other basins or to desalinate seawater. This is a reckless measure that has cies leads to the urgent need to convey water from refinery serious ecological, economic and/or social impacts. The decision to convey water from the Rhone would also involve an additional risk, because it first goes past five nuclear power plants, one of which reprocesses plutonium. A leak would at least ruin the channelling and therefore the investment.

It does not seem very wise to adopt such solutions, or to continue with the policy of biomass coal wasting such a strategic resource.

The strategy that must be adopted is therefore related to the programmes of conservation and management of demand that take into account at all times the role of water and the fact that it is a scarce resource. energy After the application of the proposals for conservation and management of the demand for water, some of which are presented here, one must ensure the supply of water to oil all the municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. The supply sources (desalination and/or conveyance) would only be energy increased when it has been demonstrated that the initiatives of conservation are insufficient.

ENVIRONMENT

family dwellings with swimming pools and gardens with lawns and water-hungry plants; in the tourism and ecoDE CALOR URBAN MANAGEMENT OFISLA WATER. THE CURRENT MODEL nomic promotion policies that foster the proliferation of THE FUTURE ENERGY MODEL (tendency) golf courses with Scottish turf; in the intensive farming poliHEAT ISLAND cies that have ruined and continue to ruin the aquifers of entire counties; and in the water policies (water conveSYSTEM: CITY SYSTEM: CITY yance, channelling...) that spoil the fishing in large areas of the territory and increase7 the speed of rainwater runoff towards the sea.

EVAPOTRANSP. HEAT BIOCOMBUSTREATMENT TION

COMPACT CITY MODEL TECHNOLOGICALLY EFFICIENT DWELLING

TERTIARY

CONSUMPTIVE USE INCORPORATION IN THE PRODUCT

PURIFICATION PLANT refinery

DRINKING WATER NETWORK housing and mobility

biomass

tertiary

efficient and compatible production activity

services

coal

7 . The La tendencia current tendency actual deof ocupación occupation y artificialización and artificialisation del territorio of the

oth diagrams, the thickness of the arrowsrainfall is proporhace queprogressively territory aumente sinincreases parar la velocidad the rate ofde lluviarunoff caída from en cualany l to the flow of basin energy andsea, pollution. quier point of punto the de la to cuenca the hasta reducing que llega the recharging al mar, haciendo of aquifers que and the provision disminuya la recarga of water de acuíferos for the earth's y la dotación ecosystems. de H2O para los ecosistemas terrestres.

*

In diagrams, the size of the arrows the tubes Enboth ambos esquemas, el tamaño de las and flechas y los is proportional to the water flow tubos es proporcional al flujo de H20.

SEWERS LOSSES

H2O FROM WWTP

SLUDGE

WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

oil

URBAN MANAGEM

.

EVAPOTRANSP

CONSUMPTIVE USE INCORPORATION IN THE PRODUCT

COMPROVAR TEXTS BEN SITUATS EN GRÀFICS

DRINKING W

NON-D

WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

SLUDGE

GROUNDWATER

ENVIRONMENT

CONSERVING AND MANAGING DEMAND FOR WATER IN THE CEN BASINS OF CATALONIA

energy

wells

63

BASIN

EXTERNAL BASINS

H2

O

H2O FROM WWTP

POLLUTION

B A R C E L O N A , A C O M PA C T A N D C O M P L E X M E D I T E R R A N E A N C I T Y. A M O R E S U S TA I N A B L E V I S I O N F O R T H E F U T U R E .

HEAT ISLAND

ED US RE

ENVIRONMENT: HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN

Environmental Mapping

ENVIRONMENT

Analysis of Resources and Materials

Balancing Tradition and Innovation

Ecotopias??

City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/Weave Sustainable Planning Competition

City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/Weave

·· 495 acre/ 200 hectare development in Copenhagen ·· 40,000 residents, 40,000 jobs, 40,000 bicycles ·· 50 year masterplan ·· Net-positive, carbon-neutral development ·· 370 new acres of habitat created ·· Wetland water treatment ·· 57% open space ·· 90% rainwater collection ·· 60% potable water reduction ·· District energy, water treatment and waste recycling systems

City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/Weave Sustainable Design Strategies District Sea Water Thermal Exchange

Compact Development Land Preservation

Mass Transit Wind Turbine Energy

Vertical Farms Rainwater Collection Greywater Treatment

Habitat Creation

Onsite Prefabricated Construction

Urban Networks

Nodes & Neighborhoods

Open Spaces

Building Program

Bicycle Circulation

Water Circulation

Vehicle Circulation

Water Systems

Filtration Ponds

Daily Water Demand

Each low and mid-rise building has 1 or 2 corresponding filtration ponds. Taller towers have larger filtration pools. The larger system allows for containment of stormwater surges.

Tertiary stormwater filtration circles through small pools in interior courtyards.

Gardens, lawns, and walkways are raised above the grade of the water filtration in order to provide for dry occupiable space. Filtration ponds are filled with vegetation. Water is alternately visable at the surface or obscured by plants.

Water Use Types

Non-Potable

Outdoor

The linkage system is a combination of porous and permeable paving, water channels, and lush vegetation. Many of the links align with circulation, allowing for daily pedestrian interaction with the water system.

Potable

Block and Building Water Cycles

Rainwater is first filtered through the building green roofs. It is then pumped to the green tower and undergoes primary and secondary treatment in the DeWaTS (Decentralized Water Treatment Site) before being piped to landscape filtration ponds. There the water undergoes tertiary treatment. This filtered water is then pumped back out for use as treated greywater, with excess water being used for horticulture and agriculture use.

Building

The Water Cycle

Typical (m3/day) Showers & Baths 2048 Bathroom Sinks 188 Kitchen Sinks 423 Dishwasher 0 Other Potable 22 Toilets 2082 Cleaning 176 Laundry 717 Site Irrigation 0 Cooling 0

Efficiency Savings (m3/day) (m3/day) 670 1378 402 210 40 22 790 176 273 0 0

90% of rainfall collected 60% potable water reductions

-40 0 1292 0 444 0 0

Canal Towers

Vertical Community Farms

Water Storage

Sea Water Cooling/District Heating

Intensive local agriculture can be

Treated water from the wetlands and

District plants sitting within the canal will provide heating and

farmed by the community within the

treatment plant will be stored in the

cooling water to the Nordhavnen project by using sea water for

vertical greenhouses of the towers.

top of the towers to produce a grav-

heat rejection. Heat pumps will be used to extract or reject heat

High floor to ceiling distances will

ity pressurized hydraulic system to

to the sea water depending on the conditioning needs of the

provide total solar penetration into

pump water into the neighborhoods

district buildings.

the spaces, allowing for continuous

without electricity. The water will

year-round cultivation of local foods,

be pulled up to the storage tanks on

By utilizing heat pumps to produce district heating and cooling

crops and livestock. Potable water

power from on site turbine energy.

water, the Nordhavnen development will eliminate the need for

for irrigation will come from the

The wind turbines stretching be-

burning fossil fuels for building conditioning.

treatment plant below and wetlands

tween the towers will capture higher

within the neighborhoods. Excess

velocity winds from the vortex effect

water drained from the gardens will

created by the form of the towers.

Heating Mode

be further filtered by the plants. The

Sea Water In

foods and products grown within can be sold below at the farmer’s market

Sea Water Out

deck on the bridge, and distributed further outside the community on barges at the food distribution pier.

Heating Water Return

Heat Pump Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchanger

Heating Water Supply

Cooling Mode Sea Water In Sea Water Out

Heat Exchanger

FARMERS MARKET

PRESSURIZED-TREATED WATER OUT

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

GREYWATER IN BLACKWATER IN

WASTE/RECYCLING COLLECTION POINT

LOCAL HEATING (OUT)

FOOD DISTRIBUTION PIER SYS EXHAUST SYS INTAKE DISTRICT SEA WATER HEATING/ COOLING PLANT

Cooling Water Return

Heat Pump Heat Exchanger

Cooling Water Supply

Integrating Sustainability in the Academic Context

THE SUSTAINABLE INTERFACE POETIC AND PRAGMATIC DYNAMICS OF THE APERTURE

Course project - Overview of Warren Hall auditorium

The Sustainable Interface

Setting Environmental Design Goals

Energy Targets Buro Happ old Consulti ng Engine ers

Defining the Goals of Environmental Design

“That condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the internal environment” s

0RESCRIPTIVE DESIGN CRITERIA – – – – –

Acoustics Lighting Ventilation Heat / Cool Humidity

NC 35 35 Foot Candles 15 cfm/person 72°F ± 4°F 50% RH ± 15%RH

s

%NERGY TARGETS AND #ARBON 2EDUCTIONS ,%%$

s

7ASTE REDUCTION GOALS

s

7ATER MANAGEMENT

The Sustainable Interface

Environmental Analysis Sun Path Diagrams

Shading analysis from roof

3OLAR 3TRESS ON ROOF IN 7ATTS

/04)/. VS /04)/. %XTERNAL SHADING ANALYSIS WITH 6% - 7HOLE BUILDING

/04)/. 4RIPLE 0ANE 'LAZING n #OMFORT ASSESSMENT Patient room only)

81

106.0%

81

80

104.0%

80

79

1 03.3 %

79

78

1 00.0 %

100 .0%

0ROPOSED DESIGN WITH 6% -

98.0% 96.0% 94.0%

9 3.0%

0ROPOSED DESIGN WITH 6% - AND external shading in gym and multipurpose space

4EMP ERATURE —&

100.0%

78

77

Lower U value of triple pane glazing keeps the surface temperature higher in summer, thereby resulting in better comfort

76 75 74 73

73

71

70

70

68 00:00

69

06:00

12:00

18:00

Date: Wed 22/Jan -EAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE 37 PATIENT ROOM VE M.aps) -EAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE 37 PATIENT ROOM TRIPLE pane second.aps)

Chiller Energy

74

72

90.0%

Boiler Energy

75

71

69

86.0%

76

72

92.0%

88.0%

77 4EMP ERA TU RE —&

102.0%

Triple pane glazing loses less heat later during the day, thereby resulting in higher surface temperate in summer

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The Sustainable Interface

Assignments & Course Project Quantitative Thermal Using Ecotect undertake weather analysis, establish comfort criteria, baseline thermal criteria, and design thermal criteria. Test design options for auditorium.

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Ithaca, NY LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality Temperature

+VJCEC

Summer Mid-Day WInds

Cloud Cover

Ithaca, NY Weather Analysis

>);< 5)27:1<A 7. <0- ?16,; ;?--816/ <0:7=/0 <0)+) 7:1/16)<- .:75 <0- ;7=<0?-;< %0- 67:<0?-;< )4;7 +76<:1*=<-; ) +76;1,-:)*4- )57=6< 7. ?16, *=< <0- ?-;<-:6 .)D),- 7. ()::-6 )44 ?144 -6+7=6<-: <0- 5)27:1<A 7. <0- ?16,; <0:7=/0 7=< <0- A-):

Autumn Mid-Day WInds

HOURS

Spring Mid-Day WInds

=:16/ <0- ?16<-: 576<0; <0-:5)4 16;=4)<176 7. ()::-6 )44 =,1<7:1=5 ?144 *- +:1<1+)4 !+<7*-: <0:7=/0 ):+0 <0- <-58-:)<=:- >):1-; +76;1,-:)*4A *=< 1< :7=<16-4A :-;1,-; 8);< <0- .:--B16/ 8716< %01; 476/ ?16<-: 764A 8-:51<; ;-4,75 8-:17,; 16 ?01+0 <0- <-58-:)<=:- :-)+0-; ) +75.7:<)*4- 4->-4 =:16/ =6- <0:7=/0 $-8<-5*-: <0- )>-:)/- <-58-:)<=:- ?144 +76;1;<-6<4A 5--< )6, -@+--, +75.7:< 4->-4; 76;1,-:16/ <0- 4):/- 7++=8)6+A )6, ,1:-+< ;=641/0< 16 <0- )=,1<7:1=5 <01; <15- 8-:17, ->-6 <07=/0 1< 1; 67< 8--3 +4);; 8-:17, ?144 ;-- <0- )=,1<7:1=5 >-:A ?):5 #-4)<1>- 0=51,1<A 16 <0)+) ,7-; 67< ;-:>- ); ) ;->-:- 8:7* 4-5 *=< +7=84-, ?1<0 <0- *7,A 0-)< )6, 4)+3 7. >-6<14)<176 16 <0- )=,1<7:1=5 1< 5)A *-+75- ) 8:7*4-5 =:16/ <0- 51, ,)A 0=51,1<A ;<)A; 5)164A *-47? )6, ?144 .--4 +75.7:<)*4- 7=<;1,- . <0- )=,1<7:1=5 +)6 *- 0):6-;; <0- +)8)*141<1-; 7. 6)<=:)4 >-6<14)<176 <0-6 <0- :775 ;07=4, :-5)16 +75.7:<)*4- 16 <0- ;=55-: 576<0; 6 7++);176)4 07< )6, ;<-)5A +7=84- ,)A; 5)A ):1;- *=< <0- ;<=,-6<; +)6 ;=:>1>-

Relative Humidity -<-:51616/ <0- 47 >)4=-; .7: <0- )=,1<7:1=5 1; 9=1-< ,1C+=4< ;16+- <0-:- ?144 *- ) ?1,- >):1-<A 7. +47<016/ *-16/ ?7:6 16 <0- ;8)+- !6 )6A /1>-6 ,)A <0- :)6/- 7. +47<016/ *A <0- ;<=,-6<; )6, .)+=4<A ?144 :)6/- .:75 ;)6,)4; ;07:<; )6, ) < ;01:< )44 <0- ?)A <7 *77<; 2-)6; )6, ) ;?-)<;01:< 447?16/ .7: >):1-<A <0- :)6/- 7. 47 >)4=-; ?7=4, *- *-< ?--6 )6, 76 ) 67:5)4 ,)A ; ?16<-: )88:7)+0-; <0- >)4=-; ?7=4, :1;- +76;1,-:)*4A ;16+- 57;< 8-784- ?144 *- <:)>-416/ 7=<;1,- <7 /-< <7 <0- )=,1<7:1=5 $16+- <0- ;8)+- 1; 2=;< )6 )=,1<7:1=5 .7: 4-+<=:-; <0- ;8)+- ?7=4, *- ;1514): <7 )6 7C+- ;8)+- ?1<0 8-784- ?:1<16/ ;7 <0- -< >)4=- ?7=4, *-

The Sustainable Interface

MARCH 21

JUNE 21 71.2

SEPTEMBER 21 48.5

18 07

17

DECEMBER 21 24.1

08

13

12

10

11

Summer Solstice

Y

MA

JA

Feb

Mar

r

Spring Equinox

Spr me ing Se ster

Fall S em es te

Nov

NU

Jan Dec

Oct

Apr

Fall Equinox 0

Sep

May

12 24

Aug

Jun Jul

Winter Solstice

21

Y

14

25

Solar Geometry

09

15

AR

16

January 21

May 21

10am-4pm

10am-4pm

September 21

10am-4pm

February 21

June 21

October 21

10am-4pm

10am-4pm

10am-4pm

March

21

July 21

November

10am-4pm

10am-4pm

21

10am-4pm

April 21

10am-4pm

August 21

10am-4pm

December 21

10am-4pm m

Lux

600+ 540 480 420 360 300 241

1 81 1 21 61 1

Skylight Variation Testing

Louver System Daylighting Model The daylighting model was used on November 27, but model the lighting conditions associated with the Equinox (Sept/Mar. 21). The model was tilted 19 degrees in order to simulate the Equinox. The time span of the photography range from 12:00pm - 12:45pm. The model utilizes a variety of different louver systems as well as the fritted glazing units. The Roof portion of the model had a track system that allowed the louvers to be interchangeable. This allowed for quick and simple changes in the louvers and another variation with the aperture opening: sloped or straight walled.

Daylight Model Testing 800 700 600

LUX

500 400 300 200 100

Entry

Screen

Curved Louvers

White Louvers

Reflective Louvers

9:30AM

12:30PM

3:30PM

Existing Lighting Conditions

Louvered Lighting Conditions 9:30AM

12:30PM

3:30PM

Deep Active Learning

Dickinson College Treehouse- The Center for Sustainable Living

3 minute daily showers Cold water clothes wash, air dried

60-degree rooms - supplemented with Bio-fuel Personal goals: buying no new clothes, eating no meat, not driving a car

< 20 kWh/day in warm months < 35 kWh in winter = <1 kWh/ resident Average daily electricity residential consumption in US = 30 kWh.