INDEX mapping the climate change and governance challenge 16–20 Markit 158 Marrakesh Accords 32, 221 Matthai, Wangari 280, 288 Mau Forest Complex, Kenya 280–282 measuring and benchmarking performance 78, 93–96, 103–104 adaptation 229–230 manipulation of 125 measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) NAMAs 120–123 offset quality 157 REDD+ programmes 11–12, 332–338 reliability and asset value 339–340 sectoral crediting 163, 164 Mediterranean Area Renewable Generation Estimator (MARGE) model 190–191 Mexico 116, 120, 122, 274 Mexico City 53 micro-electronics 200 migration 271–276 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4–5, 285 minerals and mining 199–202 lithium 9, 200, 207–209 promoting transparency 203 sustainable resource management 204 mismanagement of public resources 11–12 mitigation 103 construction sector 258 EIAs 151 funding for 224–225 impact of corporate policy engagement on 171–172 India 58–59 indices to benchmark and rank action 93–96 urban governance for 50–51, 53–54 see also nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) Montreal (COP 11) 32 Morales, Evo 208 Morocco 187 Mott MacDonald 256, 257 Mozambique 199 Müller, Benito 241 multilateral development banks (MDBs) 121, 234, 236 multinational timber companies 304–305 Nairobi (COP 12, Africa COP) 32 Nairobi Framework on Capacity-Building for the CDM 32 Nairobi Work Programme on Adaptation 32 national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) 229, 247 determining and prioritizing 257–258 focus on water 284–285 migration 273 National Energy Commission (China) 68 nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) addressing corruption 125–126 designing adaptable MRV models 124–125 developing capacity 123–124 measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) 120–123 transparency and predictability in financing 126–127
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natural resources 9, 106 elite capture of 303 forests 8, 297, 312, 327 management of revenues 197, 199 promoting transparency and sustainability 202–204 sustainable management 204 see also minerals and mining Ndung’u, Paul 281 needs, determining and prioritizing 257–258 negotiation process participation in 34–35 usable information 84 Netherlands 226 New Orleans 259–260 New Zealand 130, 131 NGOs (non-governmental organizations) China 69 formal role in international bargaining 98 governance, transparency and accountability 36 lobbying 42–43, 58 participation in UNFCCC subsidiary processes 89–91 tropical forests 304 Nguesso, Denis Sassou 308 Nicaragua 327 Ningbo 69 non-Annex I countries forest-carbon-monitoring capacity 333 increasing GHG emissions 120 quality assurance and verification 115 reporting systems 112–113, 114, 123–124, 126 non-financial corruption 290, 292 non-food biomass 198 North Africa, renewable energy sources 187–191 Norway bilateral agreement with Indonesia 348–349 Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) 131 Obiang, Teodorin 303 Office for Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability (OCCES) (PNG) 345–346 official development assistance (ODA) 224, 225, 241 offset schemes 112, 131 between industrialized countries 7 demonstrating additionality 134–135, 157 demonstrating sustainability 136–137 in developing countries 7 fraud 337 permanence of REDD+ credits 338–339 voluntary 155–160 see also Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Ogiek community 281 oil companies 167, 182 on-site monitoring 292 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) 225, 242 Creditor Reporting System (CRS) 126 Environment Indicators 94 funding mechanism 121 Rio Markers 126, 241 Oriental Timber Company 305 over-the-counter (OTC) trading 155
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