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15. Martin Stadelmann et al., Baseline for Trust: Defining “New and Additional” Climate Funding (London: International Institute for Environment and Development [IIED], 2010). This briefing paper lists eight possible ways of defining a baseline and their pros and cons. 16. According to the guidelines for the preparation of national communications, developed countries shall indicate what ‘new and additional’ financial resources they have provided pursuant to article 4.3, and provide information on any financial resources related to the implementation of the convention provided through bilateral, regional and other multilateral channels (UNFCCC guidelines on reporting and review, at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/ cop5/07.pdf). 17. Clare Breidenich and Daniel Bodansky, Measuring, Reporting and Verification in a Post-2012 Climate Agreement (Arlington, VA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2009), p.16. 18. See Adil Najam, section 5.1.2 in this volume. 19. GEF, Progress toward Impact: Fourth Overall Performance Study of the GEF (Washington, DC: GEF, 2010). 20. David Adam, ‘Climate fund “recycled” from existing aid budget, UK government admits’, Guardian (UK), 29 January 2010. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. See www.faststartfinance.org and Guardian (UK), ‘UN debuts website for tracking climate aid’, 3 September 2010. 24. See Adil Najam, section 5.1.2 in this volume. 25. Benito Müller, ‘Under the Authority of the COP’? (Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies [OIES], November 2009). 26. Ibid.; Richard Klein and Annett Möhner, ‘Governance Limits to Effective Global Financial Support for Adaptation’, in W. Neil Adger et al. (eds), Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 465–475. 27. Athena Ballesteros et al., Power, Responsibility, and Accountability: Re-Thinking the Legitimacy of Institutions for Climate Finance, working paper (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute [WRI], 2009). 28. GEF, ‘Governance of Climate Change Funds’ (Washington, DC: GEF, August 2006). 29. Ibid. 30. Ballesteros et al. (2009), p.19. 31. Jan Cedergren, Chair, Adaptation Board, October 2009, quoted on www.climate-l.org. 32. Benito Müller, ‘Nairobi 2006: Trust and the Future of Adaptation Funding’ (Oxford: OIES, January 2007), p. 5. 33. Ballesteros et al. (2009). 34. Müller (January 2007), p. 5. The resource allocation framework has subsequently been replaced by the System for Transparent Allocation of Resources (STAR), which is considered to be a more equitable framework. 35. Ballesteros et al. (2009), p. 24. 36. European Network on Debt and Development (Eurodad), ‘Why the World Bank Is Ill-Fitted for Climate Finance: Key Principles and Recommendations for Equitable Climate Finance Governance’, position paper (Brussels: Eurodad, April 2010), p. 3. See also Rebecca Dobson, section 5.1.1 in this volume. 37. See www.un-documents.net/unfccc.htm.
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