Trader's Dispatch - May 2024

Montana Student Loan Assistance Program

The Montana Department of Agriculture’s (MDA) Student Loan Assistance Program is now accepting applications. Established during the 2019 legislative session, this program provides student loan assistance to Montana’s collegeeducated youth pursuing careers in farming or ranching.

“The Student Loan Assistance Program seeks to relieve the financial stress facing our young producers so that they can focus their energies on raising some of the world’s highest quality commodities and carrying forward Montana’s agricultural traditions,” said MDA Director Christy Clark. “And when we can keep a family ranch in family hands, that is a success for Montana agriculture.”

Qualified farmers and ranchers are eligible for student loan assistance through the program for up to five years. Applicants must be a Montana resident designated as the primary owner, heir, successor or assignee of a farm or ranch in Montana that obtained their associated or baccalaureate degree(s) from a Montana college or university and have agreed to operate their farm or ranch for at least five years. Applications are due June 3rd, 2024, and can be submitted through WebGrants. Full program guidelines are available

AUCTIONS

May 13 - 15, Ascent Auction Service, Spring Equipment & Vehicle, Online A3

May 13 - 20, Dooley Auction, Firearms, Ammo, Coins, Collectibles, Online A2

May 13 - 26, Smith Sales Co, 24th Spring Fever Auction, Online A4 & A5

May 13 - 30, Musser Bros Auctions & Real Estate, Gregory Bradbrook Estate, Online A7

May 13 - June 6, Musser Bros Auctions & Real Estate, Multi-Seller Auction, Online A20

May 18, Shobe Auction, Cabin Fever, Lewistown MT A9

May 18, Weaver Auctions, 11th Annual Spring Consignment, Drummond, MT A10

May 19, RLP Auctions, Cowboy Collectibles, Hamilton MT A12

May 25, Montana Auction Company, Holzworth Estate/Sidney Air Service/VCH Inc. Sidney MT A11

May 25 - 29, ReSource Auction, Sidney Area Equipment & Truck, Online A13

May 27 - June 1, Yellowstone Auction, Equipment Auction, Online A15

June 1, Barnes Auction Service, 24th Annual Farm & Ranch Equipment, Dillon, MT A17

June 1, GSI Auction Service, Pearl Nickels Estate, Fort Peck MT A19

June 1, RK Statewide Auction, Harris Farm, Wolf Point MT A21

June 6, Shobe Auction, Mesaros Ranch Retirement, Cascade MT A23

June 7, Shobe Auction, Eugene Hughes Estate, Sun River MT A23

June 11, Fritz Auction, Croft Petroleum Dissolution, Cut Bank MT A25

June 15, RK Statewide Auction, Richland County & Consignment, Sidney MT A27

Loss prevention grants

Each July Montana’s Livestock Loss Board receives a limited amount of funding for loss prevention grants. Wolf or mountain lion related grants issued by the board require a 50% cost share from the applicant. Grizzly bear related grants issued by the board require a 30% cost share from the applicant. A separate application is needed for grizzly, wolf, or mountain lion related projects. Cost share may be in the form of cash and/or in-king contributions. All cost share information must be documented. Receipts for materials and labor are essential. State law directs funding to grizzly bear and wolf projects over projects related to mountain lions. Applications must be received by the board office by 5:00 pm on May 31.

Grant applications are available on the board’s website www.llb.mt.gov by contacting the board office to request an application via mail or email.

The Nebraska Range Short Course and Grazing School team up

The 2024 Nebraska Range Short Course is teaming up with the Nebraska Grazing Lands Coalition (NGLC) Grazing School on June 25 – 27, 2024 at the Spring Lake Ranch south of Gordon, Nebraska to host an event that will give individuals an opportunity to increase their skills with grazing, rangeland management, and livestock production.

The three-day, in-person course will be taught through classroom and field sessions focused on the underlying principles of grazing and rangeland management. “The goal of this event is to provide up-to-date, applicable information and training for the efficient and sustainable use of rangelands for livestock production and multiple ecosystem services,” said Mitch Stephenson, associate professor and range management specialist with the University of Nebraska – Lincoln.

Course topics include setting appropriate stocking rates, improving grazing returns, rangeland inventory and monitoring, grazing for healthier soils, managing for diversity, and plant identification.

“The Nebraska Grazing Lands Coalition is excited to partner with Nebraska Extension to bring the summer Grazing School and the Range Short Course together in an event for livestock producers, agency representatives, and anyone interested in improving grazing lands,” said Leah Peterson, executive direc-

OTHER DATED

May 17 - 18, Quality

tor of the NGLC. “Healthy grazing lands are essential to all, and this opportunity to improve upon those practices is packaged into a hands-on learning experience in the Nebraska Sandhills.”

Presenters include Bart Carmichael and Pat Guptill of Principled Land Management, LLC, ranchers who have been using diverse grazing management strategies for soil health, NRCS specialists, and Nebraska Extension rangeland specialists.

“A healthy ecosystem benefits livestock, the environment, wildlife, and ultimately, producers’ bottom lines,” Stephenson said. “In this course, we’ll use research and experiences from skilled grazing managers to show that.”

Registration is $200 and includes monitoring tools, meals, and interactive class materials.

The short course can be taken for university credit, which is an additional cost. Applications are due June 1 and enrollment is limited. For more information contact Leah Peterson (director@nebraskagrazinglands. org) or Mitch Stephenson (mstephenson@ unl.edu). Visit the Nebraska Grazing Lands Coalition website (nebraskagrazinglands. org/Events) to enroll in this event.

FFA members in Augusta, Montana, received shirts from MFU to mark their receiving a $2500 MFU FFA New Chapter Sponsorship. Photo courtesy of MFU. Article on page C4 of this issue.

SEMI TRUCK FOR SALE

Montana Farmers Union upcoming camp season

Since the 1930s, Montana Farmers Union has offered youth ag-based summer camps and this summer is again offering an affordable, fun experience at MFU’s Arrowpeak camp facility in the Highwood Mountains.

Participants can expect to learn more about agriculture through the MFU Triangle of education, legislation, and cooperation. They also will take full advantage of the outdoor facilities, including nature hikes and activities featuring the on-site greenhouse.

Some planned activities include roping lessons, low-stress cattle handling, plant identification, arts and crafts, dancing, and running the co-op camp store.

The affordable camps are popular with kids around the state, with nearly 200 kids participating in 2023 camps. This year, building improvements will allow even more kids to attend.

Camp dates are:

Junior 1 Camp (ages 8-11): June 9-13

Mini-Junior Camp (ages 7-9): June 16-18

Junior 2 Camp (ages 8-11): July 7-11

Senior - Teen 1 Camp (ages 14-18): July 14-19

Teen 2 Camp (ages 11-14): July 28-Aug. 2

Cost is $100 for members or $150 for non-members, except for the Mini-Junior camp, which is $75 for members or $125 for non-members.

Learn more and register at https://montanafarmersunion. com/mfu-camp/.

If you are looking for a fun summer job, several seasonal opportunities at Arrowpeak are available, including camp counselors, camp cook, camp nurse, and camp caretaker. Visit www.montanafarmersunion.com for more information.

Montana Student Loan Assistance Program

CONTINUED FROM FRONT PAGE

on the department’s website at agr.mt.gov/Student-LoanAssistance-Program.

The Montana Department of Agriculture is serving Montana Agriculture and growing prosperity under the Big Sky. For more information on department programs and services, visit agr.mt.gov.

You can search through the online pages using the magnifying glass and entering a key word. You can also find a subscription form, information about advertising, and more! Check us out at www.tradersdispatch.com

Deadline for June issue Wednesday, May 29

24th Spring Fever Auction

+ Items, Lots start closing

Unused Items: 14 ft. / 20 ft. decorative iron gates; 15 Unused 9-10 ft. tool boxes; 20– 1 cy –3 cyd Forklift hoppers; 250 Unused 28 inch Traffic cones; unused lifting chains; Electric winch; 150+ - Unused Skid Steer attachments, buckets, mowers, grapple, snow removal, 72 inch Vibratory roller etc.; 2 - 20 x 30 fabric buildings; more expected.

14 - Shipping Containers: 8 ft. - 40 ft.

Generators: Honda 10,000 watt generator, Over 150+ Cars & Trucks

2002 Ford Super Cab: 2013 Ford Expedition; 1998 Ford Ext cab 4x4; GMC 4x4; 2005 Yukon; 2006 Pontiac G6; 2009 P71 Crown Vic: 1962 Chevrolet 4x4; 1983 Ford F250 4x4, 1999 Dodge 2500 4x4 w/ fire bed; 2003 Dodge Dakota; 1990 Toyota Forerunner; 2010 Chevrolet Colorado; 2006 Ford Escape; 2006 Jeep GC; 2004 Jeep GC; 1979 Ford f150 4x4; 1939 Chevrolet hot rod truck; 1952 Chevrolet car; 1954 Chevrolet car; 1953 Ford Sunliner; 1926 Ford Model T; Ford Model A; Ford Model A Tudor; 1935 Chevrolet truck; 1994 Buick roadmaster: 1995 Buick riviera; 2013 Nissan Altima: 2003 Suburban; 1989 Chevrolet CC dually: 1986 Chevrolet 1/2 ton 4x4; Multiple Mid 1990’s 4x4 GM Trucks; 1995 Isuzu Truck; 2005 Ford F150 4x4; Pair of 1989 Ford Econoline Vans: 1952 Willies Jeep; M37 Army Truck: 1997 Ford Taurus; 2005 Frd Excursion: 2003 Tahoe: 2001 Suburban: 2006 CC 1/2 4x4 Chevrolet; Multiple Ford Ranger pickups; 2008 one owner Ford F350 CC disesel: 2001 Ram 2500 4x4; 1970 Datsun truck; 1989 Chevrolet 4x4 Suburban; 1970 Chevrolet NAPCO 4x4 truck 17 + Farm Tractors: CAT Challenger 85C; Massey Ferguson 1805; Allis Chalmers 8550; Allis Chalmers 7850; Versatile 145; JD 3020; JD 4020; JD 4240 w/ loader; Ford 6710 w/ Loader; MF 40 w/ loader; Allis Chalmers WD45 w/ loader; Wagner TR-9; White 2-60 ww/ loader; Farmall Super C, Farmall M; John Deere A; Oliver 1850 & more expected. For details on each see website.

Haying Related: 2 - JD 568; JD 535; JD 510; NH 855; NH 1047 Bale wagon; NH 1047 Self Propelled bale wagon; NH 1033 Stak hand; NH 12 82 hay Cruiser; Farmhand bale grabber; Allis Chalmers Roto baler; Farmhand Hay loader head; Bulher 1500 RB retriever; Vermeer 256 bale buster; NH 166 inverter; Hesston 6650 swather; hesston 6550 Swather; JD 1600A pull tye swather; 2– Stak Wagons; Schulte FX1800 Batwing Mower: Massey Harris Square baler; Owatona Swather; JD 800 Swather; 3 - Vermeer R23A rakes; H&S 51114 high Capacity rake; JD Model 700 Rake; Multiple 9-10 ft. side Delivery rakes; Vermeer BPX900 bale processor; John Deere 630a header; Multiple Seed cleaners; Pipe & Wheel Line 2400 ft. of Wheel line & Supply Feedline & 540 pto pump to power it; located offsite in Mile City, Currently set up; buyer to dismantle & haul away, 100 % operating condition 3 years ago when last used. 25 Sticks of 10 inch pipe; 67 Sticks of 6 inch aluminum pipe, Sprayer’s: Melroe Spray Coupe 103; Skid Steer Attachments Over 150 various new Skid Steer attachments, Buckets, Grapple buckets, Forks; Augers; Brush Hog s; Large quantity of replacement plates; Ag & Truck Tires Pair 15.5-38 tires; Pair 16.938 tires; Duals 4 320/90R50; 14.9 - 38; 25-30 Misc Semi Truck Tires all sizes; 2 - 18.4R38 on rims; Pair 14.9 R46 on rims; pair 18.4-26; Pair of Unused 18.4R42 on new JD rims; pair of 16.9R38 tires; variety of other pickup & semi truck tire & wheel combinations. Combine Tire 30.5L-32

Combine John Deere 9500 w/ multiple headers

Case 1010 header; JD 925 Ridged frame header; 7 - Used Pickup Beds; Chevrolet, Dodge & 2 new 2024 Ford Beds

550 Tons of Corn Silage

Selling 550 Tons of Corn Silage w/ fall delivery if needed, located in Kinsey, MT So much per ton, with a moisture content determined by a John Deere Harvest Lab 3000 System at the time of pickup. Questions: Call Floyd Gabel 406-853-0004

Cattle Related Items

HYD / electric squeeze chute; 50 - 24 ft. Panels 2 1/2 pipe frame, 68 inches tall, feet are 40 inches long. Top & bottom chains, 6 rows of sucker rod, Multiple Freestanding panels w/ 10 ft. gates; 3Freestanding panels w/ feed bunks, 5 - 48 inch x 100 ft. rolls of conveyor belting; 10 Cattle Guards & ends; 4 - Feed Mixer Trucks 2 w/ Harsh 810 beds; Large Selection: of Bridge timbers, Round Pole butts, Square Posts & more; Several older Squeeze Chutes; various panels & more.

Heavy Equipment 2008 Cat D6N XL w/ 6 way blade & ripper; BobCat 2410 loader; 2002 Komatsu WA180 tool carrier w/ bucket & grapple; Allied Pltae compactor; Hammer for Excavator; CAT D6b; CAT D4 dozer; Bombardier 275 Sno Cat; Dresser 400 Motorgrader; Snorklelift 60; Gehl DL-40H Telehandler; Ray Go Roller; NH 775 Skid Steer: Large Pro Tec Trench Box; AC Wheel loader; BobCat 753 skid steer, Ditch Witch FX30 Hydro Vac Trailer, good shape; 1993 Trail King Reel Trailer; 2016 Roose Reel Trailer; CAT 303 Excavator; John Deere 310G backhoe; 30+ Heavy Trucks 1981 GMC Fire Truck; 1965 Ford Fire Truck; IH S/A flatbed; 1990 IH S/A Dump Truck w/ plow; Near Perfect IH S1800 Grain truck; 1999 IH 4700 crew transport; 1977 KW900 w/ wet kit; 1994 Ford L9000; 2007 Freightliner; 1990 IH 9400 w/ wet kit; 4 axle Freightliner Dump truck; Outstanding 1976 Ford LN9000 Farm Truck; Dodge 900 w/ grain bed; 2006 IC School bus, 1999 Chevrolet School bus; 1972 C/O Ford S/A dump; 2013 Freight Liner w/ Dry Box; C/60 Fuel Truck; 1994 GMC Topkick Fuel / Lube Truck; 2 - Old IH Cab Over Semi’s; 1975 C/65 Sprayer truck; Several Drop axles; S/A gas Ford dump truck; Outstanding 1999 IH S/A semi; expect others 12+ ATV’s Multiple 4 wheelers; Multiple Side by Sides; Dirt Bikes; etc

Hundreds of Misc. Items: We have hundreds of items, meat cutting items; welders; raiding mowers,; push mowers; 30+ Unused Forklift hoppers; 50+ 14 ft. 20 ft. Bi parting gates; 3– Unused 4000 psi self contained washers; Lowe Tree plating auger bit; ACS loader forks to fit JRB quick connect; Dew EZE Bale bed for 1st gen Dodge; 25-30 various panels; 20+ bridge timbers; Seed Tender; 14 ft; Land plane; JD 740 loader mounts: Water Tank for 2 ton truck: Ingersoll Rand 125 cfm compressor; Multiple culverts, concrete, plastic, steel, HDPE; 1000 gallon fuel tank; Pettibone Forklift; 2 - Semi Trailer rear suspensions; Windmill stand;; Buhler 795 Loader w/ Grapple ; John Deere 260 Loader; 30+ Trailers 2 - Appco 4000 cu ft. Mobile storage for dry goods, hyd belt; 4 hoppers; excellent for ag use; Multiple GN Flatbed Trailers; 2016 Roose Reel trailer; Multiple GN Stock trailers; 1993 Trail King Reel Trailer; 2 - Jobsite office / Storage trailers; 2 - Muvall Hyd equipment trailers; 45 ft. Benson Aluminum End Dump; 2 - East Aluminum triple axle end dump trailers; 1983 High Boy 45 ft. trailer; 1993 Dually GN W. HYD tail good shape; 2016 ABU Dually Trailer ; Felling Sprayer Trailer; 3 Older car trailers; multiple farm trailers; Welders trailer; 2 - Older Wilson & Merritt Cattle pots; Nice Classic 27 ft. 3 horse slant; Newer Horse trailer w/ living quarters, more. 50+ Farm Implements, Planting Etc. Case IH 730B Disk Ripper; 4 - John Deere 9350’s w/ 7 inch spacing drills, nice package; 2 - 8 ft. JD 9350’s w/ DD 7 inch spacing; 8R Monosem air planter, well cared for; Multiple 3 pt. spring tine harrows; IH 10 Seed Drill; Ezee On 4490 Disk; 33 ft. JD toolbar; Kirchner 3 pt. Ridger; parma 3 point folding land plane; Multiple V– Ditchers; Near New Great Plains No till 1006NT; Multiple Allis Chalmers plows; Case 8500 Air Drill; Big 3 point Ripper; 16 ft; Heavy Tandem Disk; Melroe 242 DD drill; 8 ft. & 11 ft. Disks, Multiple older John Deere hoe drills; Jeffery Chisel Plow; etc; 12+ Campers / RV’s 2013 Aspen 25 ft; 1990 Snow Bird: 1994 Nuwa; 2009 Weekend Warrior toy hauler; 2003 Key Stone; 2006 Jayco (Super clean); 1997 Terry; 1969 Aristo Crat S/A details online for all these

7+ Boats Lund Aluminum Lake boat, very nice, 2013 Flat Bottom Boat & multiple others

Truck's, Plow Trucks, Dump Trucks, Trailers, etc. Massive selection!

Allis Chalmers Collectors Multiple Vintage AC items in this auction.

Our Advertising Deadline for the June 2024 issue of the Trader's Dispatch will be May 29th. Phone us at (406) 271-5533.

Maloney Angus + Simmental Turner, Montana

Maximize wean weights and extend cow productivity. Maloney Angus and Simmental bulls harness hybrid vigor for superior results.

Phone (406) 654-7115 for more information or visit www.maloneyangussimmental.com to view our sale catalog.

Scott Schmiedeke (406) 240-2572

Victor, MT

Henry Kallis (605) 639-1904

Spearfish, SD

See us on the web: www.tte-inc.com

2013 Gehl RS8-42 3120 hours, Open ROPS, 3-way steering, frame tilt, 60” carriage, 48” forks, new foam filled tires, auxiliary hydraulics, 8000 lb lift, 42-ft. reach, just serviced, jobsite ready, extremely nice condition. Located in Spearfish, SD. $59,900

2014 SkyTrak 8042 2670 hours, enclosed cab with heat, 3-way steering, frame tilt, nice foam filled tires, 48” carriage, 60” forks, 8000 lb lift, 42-ft. reach, just serviced, very clean, low hour telehandler. Located in Spearfish, SD. $52,900

2021 Bobcat E60 Mini Excavator, 1280+/- hours, enclosed cab with heat and AC, cloth suspension seat, control pattern changer, blade, hydraulic thumb, auxiliary hydraulics, 12”, 24” and 36” ditching bucket, extremely nice condition, current service. Located in Spearfish, SD $73,900

2019 Kubota SVL75-2, 995 hours, enclosed cab heat and AC, hydraulic coupler, 78” bucket with bolt on edge, 75 hp, 6570 pound tip load. Very nice condition. Located in Spearfish, SD $64,500

2005 Cat TH210 1955 hours, preemission machine, enclosed cab with heat and A/C, auxiliary hydraulics, joystick controls, skid steer quick attach, weighs approximately 12,500 lbs, 5000 lb lift, 18-ft. reach, has been through the shop, just serviced, excellent condition. Located in Spearfish, SD.. $59,900

How does soil life contribute to soil health?

By Katja Koehler-Cole - Extension Educator and Carolina Córdova, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture Assistant Professor and Statewide Soil Health Specialist, UNL

What is healthy soil? Most of us can probably look at a freshly dug chunk of soil and intuitively make some assumptions about it. Cues such as a dark color, good earthy smell, crumbly structure, and living roots or organisms like earthworms are simple, informal assessments of a good and healthy soil (Figure 1). But how is healthy soil created? In this article, we explain how plants and soil organisms interact to compose and decompose organic matter, cycle nutrients, and build the structure of soils.

The importance of soils in providing plant nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) has long been recognized, but in terms of soil health, it is also critical to think about what feeds soil microorganisms. During photosynthesis, plants take up atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to produce glucose. In subsequent chemical reactions, plants synthesize organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats from glucose, N, P, K, and other nutrients. While this may seem like basic knowledge, it is important to remember that most other organisms in the soil ecosystem (and other ecosystems), whether microbes, earthworms, cattle, or humans, depend on these plant-derived organic molecules as their food source.

Soils contain thousands of species of organisms, and they all play a role in decomposing plant-made organic molecules. Roots and their exudates, decomposing plant materials, and living and dead organisms in the soil collectively form what we call soil organic matter. The carbon in soil organic matter gives it a rich, dark color. Soil organisms continuously break down organic matter, releasing some nutrients along with CO2 and using some for their own growth.

What specific roles do soil organisms have? Larger ones play roles as grazers and shredders, feeding on and breaking apart plant residues. Some dig and mix soil, or as in the case of earthworms, tunnel through the soil, leaving pores that allow for better air and water flow.

Fungi and bacteria feed on living plants, residues and root exudates, which contain sugars and amino acids and constantly leach out of living roots. Root exudates are a high-quality food for bacteria and fungi, and plants are thought to excrete them to attract microbes, possibly to benefit from their nutrient cycling abilities. In fact, most plants, including crops, have beneficial relationships with fungi that live on or inside their roots.

2019 Case 850M WT 810 hours, enclosed cab with heat and AC, cloth air ride seat, AM/FM radio, cab sweeps, 5 shank ripper, 124” PAT blade, Leica iCONgrade iCP32 machine control system, like new condition, just serviced, needs nothing, very clean dozer. Located in Spearfish, SD. $139,900 2017 Bobcat S740 2370+- hours, enclosed cab with heat and A/C, joy stick controls with pattern changer, nice solid deal tires, HiFlow auxiliary hydraulics, auxiliary electrics, 3100 lbs operating capacity, 6200 lbs tip load, has been through the shop, all repairs have been done, just serviced, very clean and tight machine. Located in Spearfish, SD. $43,500

A well-known example are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which penetrate plant roots (Figure 2). Their long, threadlike fungi hyphae grow into the soil, and because they are thinner than plant roots, they can access nutrients (especially P) and water in areas that plant roots cannot reach. They transport P and water back to plant roots in exchange for sugars from the plants. This beneficial relationship improves plant nutrition and drought tolerance. Having living roots in the ground year-round that can serve as hosts to AMF increases AMF survival and abundance.

Bacteria are the smallest but most numerous soil organisms. They concentrate around plant roots to feed off exudates, but they also break down other organic matter, usually simpler carbohydrates such as those found in fresh residue. Although the more complex, tough to decompose organic mol-

ecules such as lignin from woody plants are decomposed by fungi, some bacteria such as actinomycetes can digest cellulose and chitin — the carbohydrates that make up the cell walls of plants and fungi, respectively. Actinomycetes release an earthy scent that we associate with “good soil”. Some bacteria can fix N from the atmosphere, including Rhizobium species that live in the roots of leguminous plants and free-living ones, such as Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Predatory microorganisms preying on bacteria and fungi also contribute to nutrient cycling. When protozoa eat other microbes, they release ammonium as a waste product. Nitrifying bacteria — for example, Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter species — further convert ammonium into nitrite and then nitrate, which can be taken up by plants.

In the process of searching for food, water and habitat, plants and microbes provide structure to the soil. Fungi hyphae and plant roots stabilize soil particles by binding them into aggregates. A mucus-like exudate by AM fungi called glomalin is instrumental in forming aggregates, but many other microbial exudates also function as a sort of glue for soil particles.

Well-aggregated soils have more pores, allowing better air and gas exchange, water infiltration, and water storage. Spaces within aggregates are habitats for bacteria and other microbes. Aggregation can also increase the amount of organic matter in the soil, as organic matter that is bound inside of aggregates is less accessible to microbes and slower to be decomposed.

Having an active, abundant and diverse community of soil microbes will lead to soils where plant residues are decomposed faster, soil structure is improved, and plants are supported by beneficial relationships with microbes. The health of our soils reflects the health of the ecosystem within it.

Figure 1. A telltale sign of a healthy soil is dark color, structure in the form of aggregates and living plant roots.

Figure 2. Stained wheat root showing AMF fungal structures (blue) (image from Soilquality.org.au).

~ ~ Private Treaty ~

~

Black and Red Angus Bulls - Yearling and 2-year-olds

These cattle are bred for long lasting maternal traits and moderate birth weights since 1981.

Fertility tested and delivered.

Contact Browning Angus (406) 486-5040 or (406) 429-7371, Fallon, MT

Red Iron Air offers aerial and ground spraying.

Get on our summer list, or if you are interested in getting a drone. Please contact us at (406) 296-7289 or twoods@redironair.com for any questions or concerns

Recommendations on alfalfa weevil management

To address growing concerns about insecticide resistance across the West, the University of Wyoming Extension has released new recommendations for alfalfa weevil management.

In a free digital publication, university researchers share results from a study conducted in Sheridan and provide suggestions on how to maximize alfalfa weevil control while minimizing the risk of developing insecticide-resistant populations.

The report, titled “Considerations for Managing Alfalfa Hay in the Face of Insecticide Resistance,” assesses the effectiveness of different weevil control strategies, including early harvest and various pyrethroid insecticides. The authors also discuss monitoring techniques and treatment costs.

“Insecticide resistance is when insecticide products of a defined mode of action—how it kills—no longer provides economic control of the targeted pest,” explains Scott Schell, UW Extension entomologist and co-author of the new publication. To keep low-cost insecticides effective going forward, it may be necessary to switch modes of actions annually or consider using cultural control methods, such as early harvest.

Even within the same chemical grouping, populations can be resistant to one active ingredient and not others. “It is important for alfalfa growers to be aware that if they apply an insecticide to pests that are already highly resistant to it, they have wasted their money and increased resistance in that population,” Schell notes.

Before choosing a control method, the researchers recommend using sweep nets and visual assessment to monitor weevil populations. In addition to considering population size and previous control methods, different approaches may be required in irrigated versus dryland settings.

The researchers recommend tracking harvest quality as well as quantity. Economic analysis suggests that higher quality forage may offset lower yield in some cases—but only if quality is tracked and the product is marketed accordingly.

As a final note of caution, Schell points out that although new products may become available, continual use of any one mode of action will ultimately result in resistance. “To manage alfalfa weevil, we need to only treat when pest populations warrant it, alternate insecticide modes of action and/or use the cultural control of early harvest when possible,” he says.

To view the publication, visit https://bit.ly/alfalfa-weevilcontrol-wy. Contact Schell at sschell@uwyo.edu or (307) 766-2508 with questions.

Tractor safety course to be held in Nebraska

By Nebraska Extension

The annual Nebraska Tractor and Equipment safety certification course with hands-on safety will be held in June at Gordon and Gering. The courses are hosted by Nebraska Extension and Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health.

The two-day certification includes a Hands-On Safety Day with a written test and Tractor and Equipment Safety Training with a driving exam. Successful completion of Certification Days 1 and 2 will result in certification for 14-and 15-year-olds to be employed on farms and ranches

The course costs $40 and includes educational materials, the online learning link (if applicable), supplies, and lunch and snacks at in-person training. Payment is by credit card online.

Youth under 14 can register for and attend Certification Day 1 only if accompanied by an adult. Students under 14 must still register but will not be charged the registration fee. Both parts of Certification 1 and 2 will be offered in Gordon. A hands-on safety day with a written test will be offered on Wednesday, June 5, at 613 E 3rd Street, and the second part a driving exam will be held on Thursday, June 6.

In Gering, only Certification Day 2, a tractor and equipment safety training with a driving exam, will be offered on Tuesday, June 4, at Legacy of the Plains Museum. Attendees must complete the written test online before taking the driving exam.

To register, visit: go.unmc.edu/tractor-safety-training. For more information, contact your local extension.

Montana State Hail Insurance available for purchase

Applications for the State Hail Insurance Program are now available through the Montana Department of Agriculture (MDA).

Producers can insure crops against hail damage at the maximum coverage rate of $75 per acre for dryland and $114 per acre for irrigated land. Rates charged are a percentage of the insured amount and vary by county. A detailed list of rates by county and crop can be found online by visiting the MDA website. State policies are available for purchase until August 15, 2024.

Producers who previously purchased state hail insurance will receive applications in the mail. Application forms are also available online or by calling the MDA office. Staff are available to process policies, file claims, and help answer any questions producers may have regarding coverage options. Completed forms can be emailed, mailed, faxed, or used as a reference when contacting the office by phone.

Contact Information:

Montana State Hail Insurance Program

P.O. Box 200201

Helena, MT 59620

Phone: (406) 444-5429

Email: agrhail@mt.gov

Toll Free: 1 (844) 515-1571

Fax: (406) 444-9442

Loss claims are due to the office by October 1, 2024, and must be submitted within two weeks of the hail damage occurrence. Forms are available online or by request.

The Montana Department of Agriculture is serving Montana Agriculture and growing prosperity under the Big Sky. For more information on department programs and services, visit agr.mt.gov.

#####

I just dumped six of my own books into the library return slot before I realized it. Lord, I’m praying there’s a way to get them back. I’ll stop by the desk as soon as the library opens tomorrow.

#####

Did you hear about the actor who fell through the floorboards? He was just going through a stage.

and truck beds that you have come to rely on, and are adding Hotsy pressure washers, Grasshopper lawn mowers, and Massey Ferguson compact tractors. Churchill Equipment is privileged to continue in the tradition of Valley Trailer Sales supplying sales, service and parts.

POLLED HEREFORD YEARLING BULLS

Best practices for calf processing and branding

By Jesse Fulton, Extension Educator, Director of Nebraska Beef Quality Assurance

Calving is just underway across the country, which means calf processing and branding (if applicable in your area) is just around the corner.

For those who may not be calving already or those looking for good calving reading material, it is good to revisit some calving best management practices. Previous articles listed in BeefWatch do a great job highlighting specifics related to calving.

As we move into branding time, it is a good time to discuss some calf processing and branding best management practices.

First things first: Establish a Veterinary Client Patient Relationship (VCPR) with a veterinarian. The purpose of the VCPR is for a vet to know the cattle, and the situation, and present health/disease challenges.

Relevant information to examine prior to processing young calves includes current health status of the herd, previous health challenges within the same management and environmental constraints, and operation goals for the vaccination protocol. Your veterinarian has the potential to be your best resource when developing these protocols.

Calf processing, and specifically branding time, can hold great traditions of family and community. It can also be leveraged as an opportunity for giving those not directly involved in cattle production a glimpse into the science and work that goes into our businesses. With the increased amount of labor present that represents a wide cross-section of experience levels, priorities and expectations should be communicated regularly in an effective way.

TRACTORS & EQUIPMENT

 ‘19 NH Powerstar 75 w/loader, 503h

 ‘09 JD 7220 w/741 loader

 Ford 5610 w/loader, 2511h

 Ford 801, diesel

 ‘19 JD 324G skidsteer, 1350h

 ‘78 Bobcat skidsteer, 2342h

 JD 350 Dozer; Land leveler

 JD loader, 2030 series

 3pt. MF backhoe attachments

 6’ back blades

 Grapple buckets

FARM /HAYING EQUIPMENT

 ‘18 NH H7220 12’ Discbine

 ‘14 NH 340, 3x4 sq. baler, 14k bales

 NH BC5070 baler

 JD 535 round baler

 Hesston 565A round baler

 JD 635 Moco discbine

 JD 820 Moco 9’ sickle cut

 NH 1495 Haybine Swather

 NH 1032 Stackliner

 12’ Flex harrow, LIKE NEW

 3pt. Woods DHS80 6’ disc

 3pt. 6.5’ disc, McCormick 6’ disc

 V-Ditchers

 10-pack bale head

 Farmhand manure spreader

 JD #5 sickle mower

 3pt. NH 463 6-disc mower

 3pt. 2 bottom roll over plow

 3pt. 2 wheel hay turner

 3pt. 6’ Rotary harrow

 3pt. Howard 72” rototiller

 3pt. Shaver post pounder #8

 3pt. Post auger, 12”

 3pt. 12” post auger

 Quadivator tiller

 Rd. bale feeders

 Calf/sheep alley

 Calf tables

VEHICLES /TRA ILERS/ATVs

 ‘12 Kawasaki 85, NICE

 ‘09 Dodge 4x4, 160k m

 ‘90 Lance 10.5’ Slide-in camper

 ‘92 Peterbilt w/3500gal, 818k m

 ‘87 Western 53’ flatbed, quad w/lift

 ‘88 Jeep Cherokee780m, new engine

 ‘94 Diamond D 20’ stock trailer

 White truck w/rollback

 Hmde tilt bed trailer

TOOLS/SHOP

 Honeywell generator 2000I

 Autoslide 5th wheel hitch

 Hitchhiker 5th wheel

 Aluminum planks

 Tweco 3-in-1 welder

 Lincoln welder

 Grizzly dust collector

 Delta 10” table saw

 Ridgid saws

 DeWalt tools

 Craftsman belt disc/sander

 Bosch hand sander

 PC belt sander, air stapler

 Makita 1/4” drill, electric

 Milwaukee tools

 Senco air nailer, 702xp

 Jack hammer chisel bits

 Walking packer

 Fuel tank w/stand

 Fimco 25g weed sprayer

 Variety traps

A common area of focus would be the expectation of effective (low-stress) cattle handling. This includes set up and design for both permanent and temporary facilities (i.e., how cattle will flow, pen size, distance from branding fire, etc.). You should visit with your help to refresh them on basic cattle handing do’s and don’ts on your operation. Additionally, briefing on expectations of cattle gathering, sorting, and the steps to follow at processing is a good way to ensure everyone is on the same page. Depending on branding methods, discussing the expected branding etiquette can improve the efficiency of the day.

One major issue typically observed during calf processing and branding, is mishandling of animal health products, especially vaccines. Best management practices to ensure vaccines work include:

When products require mixing, only mix them as needed and not more than one hour prior to administration. The efficacy of the product deteriorates outside of that time frame. When mixing vaccines, do not over shake. Simply swirling the vaccine in the bottle is enough to ensure a good mix. When products are over shaken, they can be destroyed and release endotoxins, which could be harmful to your animals. Keep vaccines protected from the elements. Store them according to the temperature range on the manufacturer label and do not allow them to be exposed to sunlight.

Label syringes and do not allow them to get mixed up. If modified live vaccine is placed into a syringe that previously held killed vaccine and a residue of the killed vaccine is present, it may damage or destroy the modified live vaccine.

Change your needles every time a syringe is refilled. It is recommended to replace needles every 10 – 15 head. Additionally, by replacing your needle each refill, you ensure you’re not contaminating the remainder of the product left in the bottle with a dirty needle.

Give all injections in front of the shoulder in the neck region unless the label specifically advises to administer in a different location.

Try to utilize products that are labeled for subcutaneous administration.

When branding, ensure those who are overseeing the placement of the brand are properly trained and competent in the procedure and know what issues or complications to look for when branding. For example, does the person branding understand how long to hold the brand on, how much pressure to use, how to identify a branding iron that is too hot or not hot enough.

Research has shown that the stress related to processing and branding for calves was correlated more with the amount of time separated from the dam than the actual processing method. The more efficiently we can get calves back with their dams, the less stress those calves will experience. Sufficient communication between all individuals present will lead to prevention of stress in all areas.

AUCTION

~ Saturday, May 25th, 2024 ~ 10

am MT ~ Richland County Airport, Sidney, MT ~

Airplane Hangers

• Hangar 6C: 60’x75’ (5100 sq ft) hangar with bifold door, heat, running water, plumbing with attached 20’x30’ of f ice. Hangar has an underground fuel system with double lined 10,000 gallon tank installed in 1998 with spill protection and interstitial monitoring. Fuel system inspected in 2021, inspection repor t available upon request.

• Hangar 7E: 54’x65’ hangar with bifold door, 3510 sq ft.

• Hangar 6W: 33’x41’ hangar, fold up door, 1353 sq ft

TERMS & CONDITIONS: Potential buyers are bidding to own each hangar and improvements only. The lots on which the hangars are situated belong solely to the Richland County Airpor t. Highest accepted bidder on hangars will enter into a lease agreement with the Richland County Airpor t for the lot on which the hangar is located. Highest bidder will sign a buy/sell agreement for the hangar and improvements with 5% of highest bid down the day of auction with balance due on day of lot lease transfer to new owner. Richland County Airpor t has f inal approval on new lessees of airpor t lots. A copy of the inspection of the underground fuel system is available upon request. Any and all announcements made on day of auction take precedence over any and all printed or digital adver tising. Montana Auction Company are acting solely as auctioneers.

Shop Supplies & Miscellaneous

• Parts washer

• Engine stand

• Printer/copier

• Rubbermaid yard cart

• Wolfcraft saw bench

• Extension ladder

• Portable eye wash station

• 126 PSI sand blast pot

• 24 gun Liberty safe

• Landa Platinum 3-1100 pressure washer

• Skat blast dry blast system

• Sand blasting cabinet 3'x5'x4'

• AFF 6" grinder

• Miscellaneous hand tools

• 12/24 volt battery charger

• Work lights

• Large hydraulic jack

• Work bench with rollers

• 111 Cub Cadet garden tractor for parts

• 382 Cub Cadet garden tractor for parts

• (2) Heavy bags

• ATV sprayer

• (2) Cub Cadet tractor mount snow blowers

• 268 Cub Cadet walk behind snow blower

• Engine hoist

• 30 ton Hi Qual shop press

• Rockford drill press, 3/4 hp

• 175lb anvil

• MMA ring

• Reclining couch

• Tv stand

• Many more Miscellaneous items

Vehicles & Forklifts

• 1967 Chevy Impala, 396ci engine, auto on the column, 2 door, restored, starts and runs great, shows 59820 miles

• 1967 Chevy El Camino, 427ci engine, 4 speed manual, restored, digital gauges, starts and runs great, shows 50200 miles

• 2015 Chevy 2500 HD, 4x4, 6.0 gas, auto, 4x4, crew cab, long box, 105,000 miles

• 2000 GMC 3500 crew cab, long box, 4x4, 454, auto, power locks/windows, shows 117,531 miles

• 1992 Chevy 3500 extended cab, long box, 350, 4x4, newer Snow Way snow plow, manual transmission, shows 321996 miles

• 1996 Freightliner, FL70, Allison auto, 5.9 Cummins Diesel, Van body with roll up for and rear lift gate, shows 222,000 miles

• Baker forklift, LP, 134 hours, 5,000lb capacity

• TCM Pro-25 forklift, Diesel, 189” lift height, 1921 hours, 3,700lb capacity, runs great

• Misc. airplane parts (list will be on website)

Sunday, May 19, 2024 at 10 am at RLP Sale Barn, Hamilton, MT 31/2 miles north of Hamilton on Hwy 93 Preview: Saturday, May 18th - 12:00 - 5:00 pm

These items are being auctioned through I Collector. You may bid in-house or online. Go to rplauctions.net to register for online bidding. COWBOY COLLECTIBLES

HOMEMADE CINNAMON

Given the lack of precipitation from November through most of January in Montana, above normal precipitation was needed over the last couple of months. “February did provide well above normal precipitation to nearly all of Montana and those weather patterns continued into the first week of March across the state,” said Eric Larson, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Water Supply Specialist. What seemed to be the beginning of a potential recovery only tapered off in many basins. Overall, precipitation during March was above normal in southwest and southern Montana, but below normal elsewhere.

“The good news is the southern Absaroka and Wind River region has received near normal precipitation this season, as a result the Bighorn River basin snowpack is 95% of normal,” said Larson. In contrast, snowpack percentages are currently about 55-65% of normal in the Sun-Teton-Marias, SmithJudith-Musselshell, Upper Clark Fork, and Powder River basins. All other river basins in Montana have about a 70-85% of normal snowpack. “Keep in mind that the lowest April 1 snowpack percentages since 1991 are

about 50-70% of normal. One example is the Gallatin which currently has a 76% of normal snowpack. The lowest April 1 snowpack percentage since 1991 was 73% in 2001, which is not too far off from this year and also 2022,” said Larson.

Ideally the mountain snowpack in Montana reaches its peak level some time from midApril to early-May. Several lower elevation SNOTEL stations experienced melt over the last couple weeks indicating that portion of the snowpack has potentially peaked for the season. Additional accumulation in the coming months could bring a higher peak, but the given the low snow year it has been, loss of snowpack this early is not ideal. Furthermore, the snow water equivalent deficit at the highest elevations is 10-13 inches behind normal for April 1. “It is not likely those deficits will be recovered this season, and without a significant shift in weather patterns, Montanans should prepare for below normal snowmelt driven runoff this season,” said Larson.

April 1 water supply forecasts currently trend with water year precipitation and the resulting snowpack. Given both are currently below normal at most locations, so are most forecasts. “In general, April through July streamflows are forecasted to be about 7085% of normal in Montana. There are some exceptions including a couple pockets of northwest, southwest, and southern Montana. In those locations water year precipitation has been closer to normal, and as a result water supply is forecasted to be closer to normal,” said Larson. Locations of greatest concern include the Teton, Shields, Nevada Creek, Bighole, Musselshell, Little Bighorn, Blackfoot, Smith, Sun, Clark Fork and Tongue River, which are forecasted to have less than 65% of normal total runoff volume during the April through July time period.

“Given the widespread lack of snow and less than ideal water supply forecasts, above normal precipitation over the next couple of months and a slow release of the snowpack is needed for the upcoming runoff season,” said Larson. A wet summer could also help to sustain closer to normal streamflows later in the summer. Currently NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center weather outlook indicates near normal precipitation is likely over the next 8-14 days, but there are equal chances of either below normal or above normal precipitation over the next month.

A full report of conditions on April 1 can be found in the monthly Water Supply Outlook Report available on the Montana Snow Survey website. In addition, realtime snow survey data can be found at nrcs.usda.gov/ montana/snow-survey.

Controlling winter annual weeds

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Now is the time to control winter annual weeds in alfalfa. Thinned alfalfa stands combined with open soil and adequate moisture can result in weed pressure. So, prior to alfalfa dormancy break and early green-up, assess winter annual weeds populations such as: pennycress, downy brome, mustards, cheatgrass, and shepherd’s purse. Left unchecked, these weeds can lower first cutting hay quality and palatability. Excessive weeds can also extend dry-down time and lengthen harvest time.

However, before applying any herbicide, scout fields and determine current and potential weed pressure. Verify that fields have enough weeds to justify herbicide spray applications and then determine the best management options.

If alfalfa fields are still dormant, MCPA Amine; Metribuzin®; and Gramoxone® herbicides can still be applied. Pre-emergent herbicides such as Warrant®; Chateau®; and Prowl H2O® can be applied soon after green-up, but these chemicals will not control weeds which have already germinated. Aim® herbicide will control early growing broadleaf weeds, but it will not control grassy weeds. Poast® herbicide will control most growing weedy grasses but not downy brome. Pursuit® and Raptor® herbicides will control growing weeds during early alfalfa green-up, but control weeds best when air temperatures are warmer. Glyphosate (Roundup Weathermax®/Powermax®) will control growing weeds too but must be used with Roundup-Tolerant varieties.

Other labelled products for new alfalfa include: Arrow®; Select Max®; Velpar; Karmex®; Sinbar®; Pursuit; Butyrac® and Raptor®. Our UNL Extension publication, EC 130, ‘Guide for Weed, Disease, and Insect Management in Nebraska’ may provide additional options.

Winter annuals can quickly establish in hay fields, so early season weed control is important for quality hay production. Since timing is essential, control winter annuals before alfalfa breaks dormancy and before weeds render economic losses.

By Javed Iqbal - Extension Nutrient Management and Water Quality Specialist | Laura Thompson - Former Extension Educator, UNL

As planting season begins, farmers often question if starter fertilizer is providing yield and economic benefits. Starter fertilizer is defined as fertilizer applied with the specific purpose of helping the plants acquire more nutrients early in the season. This is in addition to the fertilizer used in the nutrient management program that is based on deficiency correction/sufficiency approaches.

There are two main reasons to use a starter:

The best reason is when soil tests indicate the field is deficient in one or more nutrients, and these nutrients are relatively easy to apply with the planter.

The field to be planted is covered with more than 70% residue and you expect the soil to be cool and wet.

Additionally, back when most growers cultivated, starter made the young corn plants taller and greener quicker, which allowed cultivation to occur earlier in the season, and resulted in better weed control. Also, phosphorus applied with the planter helps the plants mature earlier which can also result in drier corn.

If starter is going to be placed near the seed, be sure the dose will not hurt germination and stand establishment. If the soil test levels for the starter nutrients are greater than the critical value for these nutrients, starter will probably not help yields, especially on fine-textured soils (Wortmann et al., 2005). Spending time loading the starter material and making sure all the equipment is working may take valuable time during planting.

Grower Research with Starter Fertilizer in Corn

From 1995 to 2019, farmers working with the Nebraska On-Farm Research Network conducted 35 studies looking at starter fertilizer on corn. The results of these studies can be found in the Results Finder database. Some were in the same field for a number of years, others moved around. Various starter materials were evaluated, and not all studies reported soil test P levels.

Eighteen of the studies compared a 10-34-0 starter fertilizer in the range of 4-6 gal/ac to a no starter check (Figure 1). Soil P levels were between 4 and 35 ppm; not all studies reported the specific P extractants used. Here we report crop yield response across range of soil P levels:

For soils with P soil tests at or below 10 ppm there was an average yield increase of 14.3 bu/ac due to the starter (four sites).

For soils with P soil tests of 10-20 ppm there was an average increase of 2.6 bu/ac (five sites).

For soils with P soil tests of 20-35 ppm, there was an average increase of 0.3 bu/ac (nine sites).

When all the data were combined, regardless of soil test values, there was an average increase of 4 bu/ac.

This analysis disregards statistical analysis. Of the 18 studies, only five had statistically significant differences. Of these five, the average yield increase was 12 bu/acre and the average soil test P level was 9 ppm.

Grower Research with Starter Fertilizer in Soybean

A similar analysis of the soybean on-farm research found six starter studies between 1992 and 2015, with only three sites reporting soil test P, all of which were greater than 17 ppm. Average yields for the no-starter studies were 61.2 bu/ ac and for soybeans with starter, 61.3 bu/ac.

Review and Conclusions

Using corn as an example: Results are mostly consistent

Figure 1. The effect of starter fertilizer on corn yield in Nebraska counties. The yield difference is between the average of the starter treatments and the no-starter treatment.

Most Inspirational FFA member

During the Montana State FFA convention held in Billings, the first part of April, Cole Waldusky of the Conrad FFA chapter was selected as The Most Inspirational FFA member. Cole won the contest by writing an essay on what he considered to be the greatest invention of all time to benefit agriculture and by his clear enthusiastic responses to interview questions. During the interview Cole stated that he believed the best way to inspire others is to lead by doing. He is very passionate about a mechanics and helped younger member of his chapter prepare for the contests. Cole has, through his SAE (supervised ag experience) of raising sheep, learned everything from attention to detail to professional communication.

Cole was awarded a trophy, an engraved wooden keepsake box and $1250. Congratulations Cole!

Emma Lou Slivka of the Winifred FFA chapter won the essay part of the competition. She was awarded a trophy and $250 in her keepsake box. Emma Lou comes from an ag family of high achievers in FFA. She is one of the new state officers. Way to go Emma Lou!

Other finalists in the Most Inspirational contest each receiving an FFA keepsake box and $250 included:

Trey Kinamon of the Conrad FFA chapter. Trey had very polished interview skills and will be an excellent communicator in the future. Trey credited his advisor, Mr. Devin McClayland and other members of his chapter including Jordan Leach who previously held the Most Inspirational title and is not the new elected State FFA President as some of those who inspire him.

Brilynn Olstad of Shepherd FFA chapter. Brilynn enjoys showing all animals from cats and rabbits to hogs and cattle. Her SAE has taught her to be responsible. She believes that the best way to inspire others not involved in the ag industry is to give them hands on agricultural experience.

Rylee Glimm of Kalispell FFA. Rylee especially enjoys encouraging younger FFA members. Her SAE of raising steers to show at the county fair has helped her with time management and record keeping.

Joel Warneke of Winifred FFA. Joel’s dream job would be to design agricultural equipment. His inspiration comes from his grandfathers as they survived when times were hard. Joel works on the family beef cattle operation.

Congratulations to all the top notch contestants this year. The contest is open to all Montana FFA members.

Coleen Barnard, Montana’s First FFA Sweetheart from Saco and Malta is the sponsor of the Most Inspirational contest.

For more information contact Jay Meyer, Stevensville, MT, Montana FFA Foundation (406) 777-3926 or Coleen at (406) 654-2835.

Starter fertilizer

When is it needed?

with our recommendations. (See Nutrient Management Suggestions for Corn.) The University recommends phosphorus based on the following formula for corn following corn or crops other than soybean:

Pounds of P2O5/ac = (25 - Bray-1 P) x 4

For soils in the 15 to 20 ppm Bray 1P range, the recommendation would be for 20 to 40 pounds of P2O5. Applying five gallons of 10-34-0 would provide about 20 pounds of P2O5 and would be economic most of the time. For other recommendation options, see NebGuide: Nutrient Management Suggestions for Corn.

To summarize, when fertilizer is used as a starter (as defined above with soil test levels above the critical value), the data shows that it is largely not effective in terms of yield or economical response; however, if the fertilizer is added to a soil that tests low for soil test P (less than the critical value), a response to that fertilizer is expected.

Test it Yourself

Curious if starter fertilizer is paying for itself on your farm? Consider conducting an on-farm research trial. The Nebraska On-Farm Research Network provides a simple protocol to allow you to evaluate the yield and economics of adding starter fertilizer to corn or soybeans. To get started, contact a member of the Nebraska On-Farm Research Network team or your local cropping systems extension educator.

MFBFo speech contest winners

Naomi Cass, a student with the Billings FFA Chapter, scored first place in the Montana Farm Bureau Foundation (MFBFo)

Speech Contest held April 5 during the 2024 FFA State Convention at the First Interstate Arena in Billings.

Cass tackled the challenging topic regarding whether agriculture or tourism is really Montana’s cash crop. The student had impressive figures for both industries and went on to cover what the Montana agriculture industry needs to do to remain competitive and sustainable and what the future looks like for both tourism and agriculture.

The Speech Contest was open to students in the 7th, 8th and 9th grades and needed to be between 2.5 and 4 minutes in length.

Cass won $400 and bragging rights for winning the tough competition. The MFBFo awarded more than $1000 in prize money to first place through fifth place.

The runners up included Eli Huckeby, Missoula FFA, second place; Johnnie Schultz, Winnett Shamrocks, third place; Chelise Stone, Geraldine FFA, fourth place, and Justin Aye, Broadus FFA, fifth place.

“The number of kids wanting to go into agricultural pursuits is small, so it is important to have agriculture’s story told. What better way to hone those skills than our Foundation Speech Contest?” said MFBF Vice Gary Heibertshausen who served as one of the speech contest judges. “These students all understood that ag touches

#####

Americans: very generous people that will forgive almost any weakness, with the possible exception of stupidity. – Will Rogers

#####

The fastest way to move cattle is “slow.”

– Beryl Deranged

everyone and it was rewarding seeing the work that went into developing the speech they presented to us.”

Fraser’s Oil Inc.

✔ Repair Shop ✔ Tire Repairs ✔ Wheel Balance

• Increased early season vigor

• Phosphorus and Zinc to drive rooting & cold start the crop.

• Zinc to help with early season hormone production, ie. Auxin for root and shoot growth.

• Convey Technology to help with early season stresses, such as cool soils and excess moisture. It also improves nutrient use efficiency.

• Other essential nutrients target at each specific crop, ie. Boron for cell wall strength; Manganese for efficient photosynthesis.

• Second chance for a starter fertilizer

• Formulations are targeted at early season root growth (more root = more efficient moisture and nutrient uptake).

• Proactive way of managing the crops nutritional requirement.

• Convey Technology helps with early season stresses such as cool soils, excess moisture, and drought. Also improves nutrient use efficiency.

• Speeds up recovery from herbicide hangover - the correct supply of nutrients helps the crop metabolize the herbicide more quickly.

• Contains novel Phosphorus nutrition, providing increased nutrient uptake and movement within the plant.

• Targeted at the reproductive phse of the plant.

• Proactive way of managing the crops utritional requirement

• Contains other essential nutrients targeted for each specific crop, ie. Boron to aid pollen tube growth, Zinc to help produce Auxin, to ensure healthy pollen tube growth.

Ideas for estate and transition planning: Gifting

By Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension Agricultural Economist

For many farm and ranch families, bringing children or grandchildren into the operation is the ultimate goal. Successfully bringing additional family members into the operation may require some creativity as all parties need to maintain a viable standard of living. This series of articles will highlight ideas and tactics for bringing another family member into the operation. If this is the first article you are seeing in this series, I would encourage you to go back to the previous article for background and additional guidance.

The second tactic to transfer wealth between generations is gifting. The US tax code has two main laws that apply to gifting. The first is the “Annual Gift Tax Exclusion”, and the second is the “Gift and Estate Tax Basic Exclusion Amount”. In this article, the person gifting assets is going to be called the donor, and the person receiving the gift is going to be called the donee.

Each year the IRS releases the annual gift tax exclusion amount. The annual gift tax exclusion is the amount of assets that can be gifted from the donor to a donee, without reporting the gift to the IRS. The annual gift tax exclusion applies to anyone, the parties do not have to be related. In 2024, a donor can gift $18,000 to a donee. The limit is per donee. In other words, the donor can gift up to $18,000 per year to as many donees as they want.

The second law is the lifetime gift and estate tax basic exemption amount. Any gift over the annual gift tax exemption, of $18,000, must be reported to the IRS and is then accumulated toward the donor’s lifetime gift and estate tax basic exemption amount. In 2024, this limit is $13.61 million. This means that a donor could gift more than the annual exemption to a donee in a single year, without paying gift tax. Estate or gift tax applies when the cumulative lifetime gifts to all donees and taxable assets passed through the estate are above estate tax basic exclusion amount.

There are some exceptions to these gifting rules. First spouses can gift each other an unlimited amount, as long as they are US citizens. The second exception is that a donor can pay qualified medical or education expenses to an institution on a donee’s behalf, without it counting toward these amounts.

If you are thinking of gifting as a strategy to provide a viable standard of living for a family member, consider the following points.

What is a gift: These gifts must be true gifts. According to the IRS, “You make a gift if you give property (including money), or the use of or income from property, without expecting to receive something of at least equal value in return. If you sell something at less than its full value or if you make an interest-free or reduced-interest loan, you may be making a gift.”

No Step up in Basis: Many families debate gifting assets during life versus waiting to pass an asset until after death. A key consideration is the basis the donee will have in the asset. If the asset is passed as a gift while the donor is alive, the donee retains the donor’s basis. This loss of the step up in basis means that if the donee eventually sells that asset, they may pay more in capital gains tax.

Gifting Assets Rather Than Cash: Often we think of gifting cash. However, the gift tax applies to other assets including, but not limited to, equipment, livestock, land, or shares of an entity. Gifting assets rather than cash can be tricky. Work with your financial team to determine the asset basis and value.

Losing Control: When assets are gifted during life, there is the risk that they could be “lost” by the operation. For example, if a donee receives a piece of equipment using the annual gift tax exclusion, the donee could sell that asset without the consent of the donor. Additional agreements, such as a buy-sell agreements or lease agreements may be needed to mitigate some of this risk.

Look Back Period: Gifting is often discussed when the donor needs to reduce their estate tax liability or protect assets from long-term care. When using gifting for these purposes it must be done well in advance. Both of these situations have “look-back periods.” For long-term care the look back is five years, for estate taxes it’s three years.

Gifting assets during life is not the only way to compensate family members. When developing a strategy to bring the next generation back into the operation, consider the viable standard of living for both the owners and the heirs. Gifting too much while owners are alive can be problematic. Look for future articles outlining other strategies on the Center for Ag Profitability website at cap.unl.edu.

Pearl Nickels Ranch

SWATHER & PUP TRAILER FOR SALE

Can cover crops help with weed control?

By Nevin Lawrence

Integrated Weed Management Specialist

A review of all the literature by Osipitan et al. 2018 found that the more biomass a cover crop produces, the better the weed control will be. Small grains are the clear winner for both suppressing weed growth and generating biomass: barley, rye, triticale, wheat and oats are all good options. What is best for you comes down to seed availability and your rotation. If you grow wheat, planting barley, rye or triticale might not be a good idea, but using wheat as a cover crop can help. Using mixes is not recommended when weed control is the goal, as the various species will compete against each other. The Weed Science Program at the Panhandle Research, Extension and Education Center has been working with cover crops for weed control since 2019. For all our field trials, we have used winter wheat, planted at 100 pounds an acre. A higher seeding rate might help with weed control, but it isn’t something we have investigated yet. With all the trials discussed below, the cover crop was terminated within three days of planting dry bean, through an application of glyphosate.

Study One: Winter Seeded Cover Crops Before Dry Bean

In 2019-2021, winter wheat was seeded in October, and dry bean was planted in the last week of May. There were two treatments — those plots which had a cover crop and those that didn’t. For both treatments, the same herbicides were applied: glyphosate + Prowl® H20 + Outlook® applied pre-crop emergence (PRE), followed by Raptor® plus Basagran® at the third trifoliate. Palmer amaranth was not controlled where cover crops were not used, while seasonlong weed control was observed when a cover crop was planted (Figure 1).

While a fall-planted cover crop can provide great weed control benefits, most dry bean growers are preceding their dry bean crop with corn and a fall seeded cover crop just isn’t possible due to the timing of corn harvest. What happens if the cover crop is planted in the spring?

Snowmelt runoff estimates for North Platte River basin

By Gary Stone, Nebraska Extension Educator

The 2024 Yonts Water Conference was held on April 10 at the Panhandle Research, Extension, and Education Center in Scottsbluff. It is named in honor of Dean Yonts, who was the center’s irrigation specialist for many years.

Welcome news at the conference included the snowpack/snowmelt runoff estimates delivered by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in Mills, Wyoming, for the upper North Platte River basin. The forecasted runoff above Seminoe Reservoir is currently 800,000 acre-feet. The forecasted total supply for all reservoirs on the North Platte River System is forecasted to be 1,757,885 acre-feet. No water allocations are expected for the 2024 growing season in part due to the carry-over from the 2023 season. The North Platte project (Pathfinder and Gurnsey reservoirs) had a carryover of 591,325 acre-feet. The Kendrick project (Seminoe and Alcova) had a carry-over of 917,557 acre-feet. Glendo reservoir (irrigation) had a carry-over of 83,387 acre-feet.

As of April 15, 2024, Seminoe Reservoir is at 63 percent capacity or 645,073 acre-feet. Pathfinder reservoir is at 67 percent capacity or 718,953 acre-feet. Glendo reservoir is at 83 percent capacity or 410,108 acre-feet.

Figure 1. Photo of Palmer amaranth abundance in the dry bean only (left) and cover crop (right) plot.

HORSE FOR SALE

J & K Log Homes & Hunting Cabins

$35,000 (as pictured)

Phone (406) 281-4145

• NON BLOAT

Crackers are worse for your teeth than sugar. Acid is the biggest cause of tooth decay, not sugar! Crackers tend to stick to your teeth which ends up being a breeding ground for bacteria.

NATURALLY GLYPHOSATE TOLERANT APHID & WEEVIL RESISTANT

Can cover crops help with weed control?

CONTINUED FROM PAGE A20

Study Two: Spring Seeded Cover Crops Before Dry Bean

Between 2020 and 2023, the same herbicide treatments described in study one were applied. However, three cover crop treatments were used: no cover crop, winter wheat planted on March 15, and winter wheat planted on April 15. A March 15 cover crop appears to bring almost the same amount of weed suppression in years where there is good winter and spring moisture as a fall planted cover crop (Figure 2). However, the April planted cover crop did not provide much benefit. There simply were too few days to get enough biomass established between April 15 and dry bean planting.

n And Pin

Go Green And Pink “Healthy, Wholesome Fodder”

y, Wholesome

Livestock, wildlife, and even honey bees prefer Sainfoin over other forages. Alfalfa dealers are despartely trying to get the condensed tannins in their Alfalfa and use high pressure sales to convince you to grow Alfalfa.

Sainfoin leaves naturally contain tannins, allowing the protein to be digested instead of excreted.

Livestock, wildlife, and even honey bees prefer Sainfoin over other forages. Highly digestible and a higher sugar content gives Sainfoin the edge over Alfalfa.

Sanfoin’s palability and digestibility provides more return per ton compared to Alfalfa. Sanfoin’s ability to be grazed or hayed gives producers options to best utilize it’s benefits in your operation.

Growing best practices:

& Aphid Resistant

•

•

•

•

•

• Legume • Bloat

Livestock, wildlife, and even honey bees prefer Sainfoin Alfalfa dealers are despartely trying to get the condensed Alfalfa and use high pressure sales to convince you

Sainfoin leaves naturally contain tannins, allowing ed instead of excreted.

Sainfoin leaves naturally contain condensed tannins, allowing the protein to be digested instead of excreted.

Conclusions

Sanfoin’s palability and digestibility provides more to Alfalfa. Sanfoin’s ability to be grazed or hayed to best utilize it’s benefits in your operation.

Growing best practices:

• Weevil Problem

• Sainfoin establishes itself without a cover crop.

• Best if not mixed with other plants such as barley or wheat. 30 pounds per acre for dryland or 1 cutting, 40 pounds per acre for irrigated or multi-cuts.

• Losses of 1/4-1/3 of Digestible Protein

• Hefty Fertilizer Expense

Sainfoin is worth 25 to 50 percent more per ton than Alfalfa as graze or hay. Without condensed tannins, 1/4 to 1/3 of Alfalfa protein will pass through the animal undigested.

• Expensive Weed Control

Growing best practices:

• Seed in fall or spring when moisture will be held to the seed.

• Seed 3/4 of an inch deep or less.

• Methane Gas (Bloat)

• Hay/graze when near full bloom.

• Complicated Production

• Sainfoin establishes itself without a cover crop.

• High Seed Cost

• Combine with cover crops under highter moisture areas and irrigation.

• Expensive Stand Replacement

MONTANA SEEDS

For more information, call

• Less Palatability

Rollie Schlepp

• Less Pollen Production

• Seeding rate: 30 pounds per acre for dryland or 1 cutting, 40 pounds per acre for irrigated or multi-cuts.

• Nectar Produced at 90° F

• Less Honey Production

406-788-9556 or Montana Seeds Inc. office 406-278-9951

• Seed in fall or spring when moisture will be held to the seed.

• Short Harvest Window

• Seed 3/4 of an inch deep or less

• Short Term Productivity

A similar trial was conducted in sugarbeet, with a cover crop planted March 15, and the weed control benefits were simply not there. Between March 15 and sugarbeet planting in April, there wasn’t enough time to establish a vigorous cover crop. Dry bean may be able to uniquely benefit from a cover crop, either planted in the fall or late winter/early spring, because they are planted so late in the season.

• Hay when near full bloom, graze anytime. For more information, call Rollie Schlepp 406-788-9556

• Sainfoin establishes itself without a cover

A cover crop can work for suppressing weeds in dry bean, but you need to pick the right cover crop, plant the cover crop at the right time, and hope there is enough moisture after cover crop planting to get adequate biomass.

• Best if not mixed with other plants such as 30 pounds per acre for dryland or 1 cutting, for irrigated or multi-cuts.

• Seed in fall or spring when moisture will

• Seed 3/4 of an inch deep or less.

• Hay/graze when near full bloom.

National Macaroon Day

This holiday is always celebrated on May 31 National Macaroon Day is today. This holiday honors the Macaroon, a flourless cookie. It is popular among the Jewish community, especially during Passover, when Jews can not cook with flour. But the popularity of the Macaroon doesn’t stop there. It is also enjoyed around the world.

For more

Reasons: Rollie 406-788-955 or Montana 406-278-995

Macaroons are made from ground nuts and leavened egg whites. Coconut and potato starch is common in Macaroon recipes. Macaroons were believed to have been first made in an Italian monastery in 1792. While monks are well known for their vows of silence, they just couldn’t keep quiet about this tasty treat. There are many recipes online for different types of Macaroons. Try one today!

Shoshone

1993

1993 Case 5240 Maxxum w/ 520 loader, MFWD, 5.9L diesel,

hp, 14000 hrs., engine overhaul at 10000 hrs., 16 spd 4-spd. pwr shift, CAH, dual pto, 4 hyd., 3 pt., 7’ grapple bucket, s#JJF1028835 Farmall 656, 2x4, 4-cyl. Gas, 60 hp, 540 pto, 3 pt., 1 hyd. EZ Steer Auto-Steer unit

TRUCKS & PICKUPS

1978 Chevrolet C65 2-ton, 366 gas, 5/2 spd., Standard 16.5’ box, wood bed, 2-way hoist, grain sides/stock fold-down, 46135 mi.

1972 Chevrolet C/60 Custom 2-ton, gas, 4/2 spd., Omaha 16’ box, steel bed, grain sides, dual cyl. 2-way hoist. One owner outfit!

1967 Chevrolet 50 2-ton, gas, 4/2 spd, 15’ box, steel bed

1995 Ford F250, gas, 4x4, 5 spd., single cab, long box, 140150 mi.

1992 Toyota T100, gas, 4x4, 5 spd., 115800 mi.

1982 Ford F250, gas, 4x4, 4 spd., single cab, flatbed, gn ball, 138700 mi.

1983 Chevrolet ½-ton, gas, 4x4, auto, long box

1977 Chevrolet Special Edition 1-ton service truck, dually, gas, 4 spd., service body includes compartments, air compressor, (2) fuel tanks

– 275 gal. w/ elec. pump, 175 gal. w/ manual pump, anvil, vise, etc.

ATV’S

2013 Polaris Ranger 6x6, 1800 miles on new engine, tool box

2011 Polaris Ranger 600EFI 6x6, 11092 mi., tool box, new rubber!

2002 Honda Rancher 4-wheeler, 4x4, manual, front & rear racks

TRAILERS

1993 Wilray flatbed, gn, 24’, stowaway ramps, 98” wood deck, pipe bale bumpers, 8000# tandem axles

1989 Wilray stock trailer, gn, 18’ x 7’w x 80”h, rear & center sliding gates, wood floor w/ mats, front escape, 7000# tandem axles

HAYING EQUIPMENT

(3) NH 688 round balers, net/twine, ready to roll!

NH 281 square baler, 16” x 18”

Vermeer R23 twin rake

Inland Hayliner 1000 bale picker, 36’, tilt/push

2015 Haybuster 2650, w/ scales

TILLAGE & FARM EQUIPMENT

Flexi-coil 67XL sprayer, pull-type, 90’, 1500 gal.

IH tandem disk, 20’, 19-20” disks, wing lift, hyd.

Gysler tool bar, 36’, shovels, cable wing lift, mtd. harrows, shank units

recently rebuilt

Renn Melroe tool bar, 36’, spikes, cable wing lift, mtd. harrows

Land roller, 14’, water filled

Brandt 740 auger, pto

Anderson rock picker, 5’, 540 pto, hyd. lift

PTO generator, on cart

RANCH & LIVESTOCK EQUIPMENT

(2) Mountain View Metal Works hopper bins, appx 750 bu., 12’ x 12’ base

T & S Model P-856 slide-in cake feeder, trip hopper, conveyor

T & S Model P-1646 slide-in cake feeder, 6’L x 48”h, rear discharge

ATTACHMENTS

HLA tractor bucket, 7’, brand new

Bradco Postslab Mater hyd. post pounder, loader mount

Danuser post pounder, 3 pt., PTO, older

SHOP & OTHER EQUIPMENT

BlackMax 8450 generator, Honda engine

Good inventory of shop tools, hand tools, wrenches, pliers, hammers, etc.

Sale Order: 10 A.M. – Shop Tools 12 Noon – Livestock Equipment, ATV’s, Trailers

1 P.M. – Tractors, Trucks, Haying Equipment

2 P.M. - Tillage, Farm Equipment, Iron Terms: Cash or Check day of Auction.

EUGENE HUGHES ESTATE AUCTION

Friday, June 7, 2024 – 10 a.m. Location:

SKID STEER & TRACTORS

Kubota SVL 65-2 skid steer, diesel, tracks, CAH, AM/FM, 68” bucket,

elec. lift. Like new Ranger with all the extras!!!

2006 Chevrolet Impala, 3900 V6, auto, CD/AM/FM, upholstered interior, EXCEPTIONALLY CLEAN!

2002 Chevrolet 2500 LS, Vortec 8100, auto, ext. cab, long box, gn ball, trailer brake, CD/AM/FM

1972 Ford ¾-ton, 4x4, 390 gas, 4 spd., long box

2015 Honda Rubicon TRX 500FA, 4x4, elec. shift, winch, grill guard, IRS, excellent condition!

2003 Honda Rancher, 4x4, elec. shift 1991 Starcraft boat, 115 hp outboard motor, trailer

TRAILERS

Load Trail flatbed trailer, 22’, 17’ tilt deck, tandem torsion, 2 5/16” hitch, LIKE NEW!

2016 Trails West Adventure horse trailer, bp, tack comp., 3H slant,, tandem torsion, 15” wheels, LIKE NEW!

2012 Titan stock/combo, 22’, front tack, matted floor, front slant divider, slam latch, 7’w x 7’2”h, LIKE NEW!

2012 Titan flatbed, gn, 25’ w/ 5’ beavertail, 7000# tandem axle, wood deck, excellent condition! 1996 DCT car trailer, 18’, stow-away ramps, 16” tires

HAYING & RANCH EQUIPMENT

JD 535 round baler

JD 468 square baler

NH 57 Rolobar side delivery rake

ATTACHMENTS Kubota SM1572 skid steer grapple attachment, new

Pride 3-pt. blade, 8’, new

Pride 3-pt. mower, 6’ Land Pride pallet forks, skid steer King Kutter TYR-96 landscape rake, 3-pt., 8’,

King Kutter 3-pt. disk, 6’ Danuser post auger, tractor loader attachment, hyd. OTHER EQUIPMENT

Allis-Chalmers 2-bottom rollover plow, 3 pt. 3-pt. ditcher

ditcher, 5’, hyd.

Diamond log splitter SHOP TOOLS & EQUIPMENT Miller Millermatic 180 wire welder, 230V, on cart

Local Montana retiree looking for a clean old vintage 4x4 truck or Jeep/Scout/Bronco/Blazer to putt around in. 1950’s60’s-70s, any brand or make. Serious buyer with funds. The more original the better, not looking for a huge project. If you’ve got one sitting up on the ranch or in the garage, and are thinking about selling, but don’t want a parade of tire kickers, give me a call or text on 4O6-465-71O2. Thanks.

##### May used to have a very different name in Old English. Back then, the month was referred to as the “month of three milkings.” Unsurprisingly, this meant that during this month, you could milk your cows up to three times per day!

Montana Hereford Breeders

Anchor Polled Herefords 406-467-2880, Vaughn, MT

Beery’s Land & Livestock Co 406-979-5720, Vida, MT www.beeryherefords.com

Herefords 406-439-4311, Townsend, MT www.ehlkeherefords.com Brownell Polled Herefords 406-788-3242, Pendroy, MT dave.brownell51@gmail.com

Feddes Herefords Dan 406-570-1602, Manhattan, MT www.feddes.com

Early season alfalfa irrigation

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Alfalfa is a tough perennial with established rooting depths down eight feet or more. Depending on deep soil profile moisture, some varieties can extend Spring dormancy and survive up to 45 days without rainfall. However, forage yields drop dramatically; since alfalfa requires about 6 inches of root available water to produce 1 ton of forage per acre. So, what irrigation strategy is recommended for alfalfa during the early Spring season prior to the first cutting? Remember that once perennial alfalfa plants experience moisture deficiency, soil moisture storage catch up through irrigation is difficult especially during the hot summer season due to high ET (evapotranspiration) water needs. Also, stressed plants may drop leaves prematurely; even if the alfalfa cutting is harvested before the recommended onetenth bloom alfalfa development stage to salvage yield. This timing disruption may impact target irrigation just prior to the first cutting to increase regrowth tonnage for the succeeding crop.

Early season irrigation linked with first cutting alfalfa can potentially lower water use sharply; because transpiration is lower when the leaf foliage is removed. Following first cutting, irrigation might be delayed slightly in fields where weeds could respond quicker to the moisture than alfalfa regrowth.

Otherwise, full water irrigation or rainfall target amounts will be typically six to seven inches of water for each subsequent cutting. Spring water usage may only be one-fourth inch per day but will rapidly increase as summer temperatures rise. Peak water alfalfa usage in July and August can extend beyond the normal one-third inch per day (or two inches per week) to half inch per day during extreme stress times.

McMurry Cattle 406-254-1247, Billings, MT www.mcmurrycattle.com

K & C Herefords 406-240-9301, Deer Lodge, MT Sparks Herefords 406-778-2320, Plevna, MT www.sparksherefords.com

J Bar E Ranch

406-765-7068, Plentywood, MT

K.L. Slagsvold Herefords 406-584-7571, Lindsay, MT

Herefords 406-544-1536, Gold Creek, MT

Wichman Herefords 406-350-3123, Moore, MT www.wichmanherefords.com L Bar W Cattle Company 406-425-2484, Absarokee, MT www.lbarw.com

CROFT PETROLEUM CO DISSOLUTION

TUESDAY, JUNE 11, 2024

114 HWY 213, CUT BANK MT (1 mile N of Cut Bank on Hwy 213) WATCH FOR SIGNS

Live Onsite and Online • Register at 9:30 am • Sale and Simulcast at 10:30am MST

To view and bid online go to: www.equipmentfacts.com/listings/auctions/online/event/231886561/list?npp=100 LUNCH AVAILABLE

PROPERTY-To

sell at 1:00pm MST

Cut Bank Montana is less than an hour from the Rocky Mountains and the front door of Glacier National Park. Cut Bank is served by Amtrak, is 1.5 hours to the Great Falls International Airport and only 30 miles to Canada. It is surrounded by good hunting and fishing. Public schools have a 14:1 student to teacher ratio while the town of Cut Bank offers banks, restaurants, bars, a brewery, history, art and walking trails. The community comes together for farmers’ markets, Shakespeare in the Park, Lewis & Clark Festival, Parade of Lights, Christmas Bizarre and more. You can also catch a movie or play a round of golf.

1930 2 bedroom/1 bath house, 1236 sq. ft., 1 story, 2010 remodel, porch, 2 decks, fenced yard, includes refrigerator, stove/oven, dishwasher, 1.248 acres, water/sewer/garbage districts, electric heat, gas hot water heater. 114 Hwy 213, Story Tracts A-L, S31, T34N, R05W, Lot F-1 1940s Quonset, 40x100, 1/3-2/3 shop/storage split, heated shop: work benches, parts bins, 16x12.25 electric LIFT-

MASTER 3” roller garage door. Heated storage area: 14x14 manual garage door. Additional 7.5’x14’ steel shed. 1 acre. US Hwy 213 N, Story Tracts A-L, S31, T34N, R05W, Lot 00E

1962 Office, 14,000 sq. ft., 8 rooms, central conference room, breakroom, 2 bathrooms with showers, 2 utility rooms, natural gas heat/AC, electric water heater, city water/sewer/garbage, no basement, attic. Zoned Commercial, can be used as Residential, S01, T33N, R06W, BLK 061, LOT 014 & 015 and vacant lot 013 to south, .482ac Vacant lot.161 ac, S01, T33N, R06W, BLK 061, LOT 016

TRUCKS/TRACTORS/TRAILERS

WHITE MOTOR CO truck, CUMMINS Turbo charger diesel power, new 6v batteries, 4s/4r, currently not running (wiring?), winch

WHITE MOTOR CO truck, no engine, duals, TUSLA BRAIDEN winch

2006 JOHN DEERE TLB-110 4x4 tractor, 6’ loader, 43HP Yanmar diesel, hydrostatic drive, 540 PTO, 3 pt, 4WD

JOHN DEERE 110 mini backhoe attachment

VERSATILE loader bucket, 7”, 32” mount

DANUSER pallet fork attachment

PJ trailer, 6’10”x14’ deck, 4’ ramp, 10” side rail with sideload ramps, mud guard, spare

2008 DCT EZ-LOAD-14 tilt deck trailer, ball hitch, wood deck, tandem, spare

Tilt deck trailer, 8’x10’ Trailer, 20’, bumper pull, tandem

NORTH STAR power washer trailer, 200 gallon tank, hose and reel, HONDA GX630, kerosine/gas, storage box

200 gallon poly tank on 8’ skids, Briggs & Stratton 900 engine, COX hose reel

Headache rack

2015 CHEVROLET SILVERADO pickup box, 8’, lined, chrome bumper, front bumper

ATV

2014 JOHN DEERE 825i gator, power steering, XUV 4x4, large doors, independent rear suspension, front/rear receiver hitches

CAMSO UTV 4SI ATV tracks, 12”

HONDA RANCHER TRV420 4 wheeler, AT fuel injection, 4x4, wind shield, front storage box, flat tongue hitch, 2423 miles, stored inside

HONDA FOURTRAX TRX300 4 wheeler, 4x4, receiver hitch with 2” ball, CYCLE COUNTRY blade, 3’, new tires

PUMP JACKS/MOTORS

NATIONAL 25D pump jack with cage, 7.5 Hp, 3 phase motor (blue)

CHURCHILL pump jack with cage, AJAX 7.5 Hp, 3 phase motor (blk/o)

BETHLEHEM pump jack, 7.5 Hp, 3 phase motor (blk/y)

CONTINENTAL SUPPLY CO pump jack (green)

OILWELL pump jack, skids, electric & gas motors

OILWELL pump jack (blk/o)

OILWELL D6 pump jack (disass)

FAIRFIELD pump jack

EMSCO pump jack (green)

IDECO pump jack

1939 IDECO pump jack

3 phase motor (blk) 3 phase motor (g)

FAIRBANKS/MORRIS engine, “1 lunger” (b)

3 phase motor, 3Hp 3 phase motor, 5Hp (3) BARTON gas meters

UNION duplex injection pump, WESTING HOUSE motor (blk)

UNION duplex injection pump, SIMMONS motor (w)

MISCELLANEOUS

KING KUTTER rotary mower, 6’, 540 PTO, 3pt

HUSQVARNA riding mower, 4’ deck

70 gallon poly tank with 12v, 15gpm FILLRITE pump in rack with tool slots (without tools)

Pipe fittings

HOBART RC-250 welder, 220/gas, with wire cart

NORTH AMERICA TOOL CO press

DEWALT crop saw, 14”

Work bench, 3’8”x5’, wood top, metal frame, casters, 9” WILTON vise, TOLEDO pipe vise

Misc tools Electric drills Pipe Wrenches

House jacks Boomers Chains

HUSQVARNA 625E wheeled trimmer

WERNER extension ladder, 24’, 300#

AUCTIONEERS NOTE: After over 50 years in the oil and gas business, Croft Petroleum has decided to sell its assets and distribute to shareholders. They will be offering properties that will sell at 1:00pm MST. Contact Jerry, 406-949-5547 with questions about auctions items. Register early for online bidding. Everything sells where is, as is, without reserve. See you June 11. Jim, Dena, Jake, Jimi and crew

PIPE/ROD/TANKS

Pipe, 2 3/8”x30’ male/female treaded

Pipe, 2 7/8”x30’ male/female threaded with rack

Sucker rod, 3/4”x25’ male/female treaded

Pipe, 5-6.5”x24’ (red) Steel tubing, over 200’ Poly pipe black hose, 400x.263HDPE, appx 150’ Pipe rack saw horses, 28’ Culvert, 18.5”x17’ Casing stubs Scrap metal Post markers, yellow plastic (2) oil well production storage tanks, 400 bbl/16,000 gallon, 12’x20’, spray insulation, cone bottom, fire tubes, one gunbarrel heater plumbed

Elevated walk-way

Fritz auction

LOOKING FOR: • •

How can a warm winter and spring affect nitrogen availability for the upcoming crop?

By Javed Iqbal - Extension Nutrient Management and Water Quality Specialist | Richard Ferguson - Extension Soil Fertility Specialist | Bijesh Maharjan - Extension Soil and Nutrient Management Specialist, UNL

From fall 2023 to spring 2024, temperature and precipitation have been above normal for much of Nebraska (Figure 1), providing moisture for the 2024 crop. At the same time, higher-than-normal temperatures and moisture might result in more nitrogen availability by facilitating soil organic matter decomposition. It might be worth taking advantage of “free” soil nitrogen and saving fertilizer costs for the upcoming crop.

Many farmers are applying nitrogen before planting, while others are considering applying more of their fertilizer N in season. It is best practice to use a base rate of nitrogen fertilizer before planting the crop, then applying nitrogen during the growing season based on crop need. In-season N application improves nitrogen use efficiency and reduces potential nitrogen losses.

With the warmer winter and spring, more nitrogen could be available in the soil, leading to less need for nitrogen fertilizer during the growing season. The amount of fertilizer N to be applied in-season can be estimated with the late spring soil nitrate test (LSNT, also called the pre-sidedress soil nitrate test or PSNT) or crop canopy reflectance sensing. This article addresses these options, as well as fertigation and variable rate applications. In addition to LSNT and crop canopy reflectance sensing, there are crop growth models to predict N need during the growing season, but these are not addressed in this article.

Late Spring Soil Nitrate Test (LSNT)

The LSNT has been available for over 30 years and is used for corn production to assess the need for in-season N application. It has been less studied and used in Nebraska than in Iowa and we advise use of the Iowa State University guidelines for eastern Nebraska: Use of the Late Spring Soil Nitrate Test in Iowa Corn Production. The LSNT has been well-validated for medium and fine texture soils, but it is not expected to work well for sandy soil. Use this test as follows.

Collect a representative soil sample from the zero to 12-inch depth when the height from the ground to the top of the corn plant whorl is six to 12 inches. The area represented by a sample should not be more than 40 acres with sampling zones defined according to soil properties likely to affect N availability or loss. Each sample should be made from at least 15 cores and more in cases of past manure application. Avoid sampling in bands of fertilizer N application. Samples should be collected at varying distances from corn rows. For example, three samples of varying distance from the row might be sampled at five sites for the management zone.

Refrigerate the samples or air-dry them in a thin layer on sheets of paper, or with the assistance of a fan. Alternatively, submit the sample so the analysis can be done within three days.

The laboratory analysis needs to be for nitrate N only.

The critical value for a normal spring, as assumed in 2024, is 25 ppm nitrate N.

If nitrate N is above the critical level, for example 27 ppm in 2024, do not apply in-season fertilizer N.

If nitrate N is below the critical level, apply eight pounds of N for each ppm below the critical level.

For example, if LSNT results are 15 ppm nitrate N, the N rate = (25 - 15) x 8 = 80 lb/ac N.

Sensor-Guided

In-Season N Applica-

tion

Remote sensing of the crop canopy reflectance is the best option to quantify the need for in-season N if the plants are large enough. Crop canopy sensing can be: with a handheld sensor such as the Rapid Scan, with aerial sensing (drones, planes, satellite), or with sensors fitted on high-clearance N application equipment.

Such remote sensing requires good canopy development, beginning with the eighth leaf stage (V8; or with 10 horizontal/droopy leaves) or later. Crop canopy sensing is best done with a reflectance index such as NDVI (normalized difference vegetative index); however, with corn, the NDRE index (normalized difference red edge) is preferred.

The crop N status for any given part of the field is determined by relating the NDRE for that part of the field with high NDRE readings from the field. High NDRE readings are often from established “high N reference” areas or strips in the field. These areas can be small, such as 20 by 20 feet, with hand application of extra fertilizer N, for example at a rate of one pound of urea per 100 sq. ft. Data from sensor readings for other parts of the field are then compared to the high N reference with the ratio of the sensor reading from the field divided by the sensor reading from the high N reference equal to a “sufficiency index.”

Sufficiency Index (SI) = (target area NDRE / reference NDRE)

Mathematical algorithms developed for corn in Nebraska are used to convert the SI value to an N rate.

The Solari algorithm is relatively simple and requires only the SI value:

In-season N rate = 317 x the square root (0.97 – SI)

The Holland-Schepers algorithm requires additional information and determines the N rate from the shape of a typical yield response function and the optimum N rate for the yield goal established by the producer. Producers provide this “optimum N rate” unless the economic optimum N rate is available. The Holland-Schepers algorithm also accounts for N credits such as due to the previous crop, manure application, and nitrate N applied in irrigation water.

Sensor-directed in-season N application is commonly done near the 12-leaf stage (V12 or with 13.5 horizontal or droopy leaves) of corn to correspond to a high rate of N uptake. The algorithms for calculation

Figure 1. Departure from normal precipitation and temperature in Nebraska (Oct. 1, 2023 to March 29, 2024.

How can a warm winter and spring affect nitrogen availability for the upcoming crop?

CONTINUED FROM PAGE A26

of in-season N rate are best calibrated for this growth stage. Early use is more likely to underestimate N need.

Fertigation

Fertigation is a common and cost-effective means of in-season N fertilization in Nebraska. As above, the use of LSNT, spotchecking of a field with a handheld sensor, or use of imagery (from drones, aircraft or satellites) can help determine if N should be applied by fertigation — that is, if the sufficiency index (SI) is less than 0.95. If needed, 30 to 40 lb/ac N can be uniformly applied. The N need can be reassessed two

could result in substantial fertilizer N cost savings for the 2024 crop. It is best practice to use some base rate before planting the crop while adjusting in-season fertilization based on crop nitrogen need during the growing season. The in-season fertilizer N rate can be determined using LSNT soil sample analysis for younger corn. Remote sensing can be used after V8 to determine N need. The remote sensing information can also be used for both uniform and variable rate applications. Remote sensing can be used to determine if additional fertigation of N is needed. weeks later using sensor information to determine whether an additional application of 30 to 40 lb/ac N is needed. This procedure can be repeated with the last application no later than the R3 (milk) growth stage. Should In-season N be Applied and is Variable Rate Application Justified?

As above, LSNT or canopy sensing, with calculation of the SI, is used to determine if and how much in-season N application is needed. If the results indicate much variation in N need across the field, the N rate might be varied. Three options can be considered for variable rate application. This is most easily done on a management zone basis using LSNT or remote sensing.

Aerial imagery can be used to develop a prescription map for application with high-clearance variable rate equipment.

The crop canopy reflection can be sensed and the N rate determined on-the-go, with continuous adjustment of the N rate with properlyequipped high-clearance equipment.

Summary

Given above normal fall 2023 to spring 2024 precipitation and temperature, most areas in Nebraska are likely to have more nitrogen availability in soil from soil organic matter mineralization. This “free” nitrogen

#####

It is said that those born in May have a greater chance of being more successful in life and experience more love. While this may not be scientifically factual, it has been noticed that people born in May understand the importance of love and success more than others.

#####

When early explorers saw pineapples for the first time, they thought they looked like pine cones, which is how the fruit got its name!

##### Wyoming is the largest producer of coal in the US.

RICHLAND COUNTY & CONSIGNMENT

SATURDAY, JUNE 15, 2024 10:00 A.M. LOCATION: SIDNEY, MT--RICHLAND COUNTY

HAYING & LIVESTOCK EQUIPMENT

John Deere 569 Mega Wide big round bale, nice shape (Butch 406939-7467)

John Deere 530 big round baler, always shedded (Steve 406-5253472)

Swather trailer (Steve 406-5253472)

+/-(50) 24-ft. free standing corral panels, NEW (Rick 406-939-1632) (4) 24-ft. free standing corral panels w/10-ft. gates. NEW (Rick 406-939-1632) (20) 20-ft. feeder panels (Keith 406-489-1994) (27) 24-ft. feeder panels (Keith 406-489-1994)

TRAILERS, CAR

Titan Classic 24-ft. gooseneck stock trailer with floor mats, nice (Rick 406-939-1632)

Load Trail 34-ft. gooseneck flatbed trailer with beavertail, fold over ramps (Rick 406-939-1632)

Load Trail bumper-pull car trailer, 5200# axles, slide-out ramps, new (Rick 406-939-1632)

Load Trail 12-ft. bumper-pull utility trailer with fold-up ramp, new (Rick 406-939-1632)

2007 Ford Fusion car, 4-cylinder, 5-speed, 120,000 miles (Lee 406489-1631)

TRACTOR, SEA DOO’S, SIDE-BY-SIDE, ATV (Vic 406-939-3396)

John Deere 5085E diesel tractor, power shift, front weights, PTO, 3-point, I match hitch, loader brackets & joy stick, 204 hours, like new (no loader)

John Deere MX15 batwing mower, like new

Razor DOHC 900, 4-seater sideby-side, 2385 miles

Honda Rincon ATV, auto transmission, power winch & (4) stock tires w/chains, 3700 miles

(2) Sea Doo’s (1-GTI 155 Limited, 1- GTI SF130) nearly new double trailer to haul Sea Doo’s

Consigned by Greg 406-480-5658

Schulte snow blower, 3 pt. 14-ft. rig bed w/2-ft. step-on back

Bradford flatbed, fits dually long bed, came off Dodge pickup 1991 Chevy ½ ton pickup, 4x4, auto, 350 engine

TRACTORS, SKID STEER, SCRAPER, CAMPER, SIDE-BY-SIDE

John Deere 4430 tractor, PTO, 3pt., 9700 hours (Rick 406-9391632)

John Deere 320 diesel skid steer, 271 hours, like new (Rick 406-9391632)

4-yard pull-type scraper (Rick 406939-1632)

Forest River Hemisphere 356

QBQ 5th wheel camper, 3-slide-outs (Felix 406-783-7735)

Polaris XP1000 side-by-side, hard cab, 7125 miles (Felix 406783-7735)

New Holland TV 140 bidirectional tractor with loader, bucket and grapple, 3996 hours. (Felix 406783-7735)

PLOW FOR SALE

#####

“I would like to be allowed to admire a man’s opinion as I would his dog - without being expected to take it home with me. -

Frank A. Clark

#####

According to race car drivers, peanuts and the color green are unlucky.

#####

Feeding dyes to hens will change the color of their eggs’ yolks.

Thin stand alfalfa options

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Alfalfa fields usually are fully productive for at least 4- or 5-years after seeding before fields need converted to another crop. So, what should producers do when their alfalfa stands fall below 10 plants per square foot; heavy weed populations emerge; or the annual forage yields drop off below half?

For thin stands, the temptation may be to drill or broadcast more alfalfa seeds to fill open spaces between plants. However, if alfalfa plants have been growing in the same field for more than one year; this practice is NOT recommended, since live alfalfa roots emit an ethylene chemical toxin into soil impeding growth of new alfalfa. This allelopathy effect also called ‘autotoxicity’ weakens or kills any new emerging alfalfa. Autotoxicity also accumulates more in soil over time; meaning older alfalfa stands have increased toxin levels compared to newer stands. Therefore, usually it would be better to find a new replacement field than seed into an existing thin stand.

The next option for thin fields may be delaying mowing of the alfalfa to increase harvest tonnage. Then, follow your weed control herbicide label for carryover rotation restrictions. Finally, consider inter-seeding with perennial grasses such as brome, fescue, orchard grass or native grasses to increase forage production for the next growing season.

Bottom line management for thin established alfalfa fields is to wait at least 4 weeks to over a year after established plants have been killed; before drilling new alfalfa into the same field(s).

National Escargot Day

This holiday is always celebrated on May 24

It’s National Escargot Day. On this holiday, let’s go out and eat some snails. It’s considered a delicacy by some. For many others, the thought of feasting on snails is just too yucky. So, you might satisfy your urge to participate in this day by learning more about them.

Escargot Trivia and Fun Facts:

• Snails race around at 0.0004 miles an hour.

• Eating them is good for you. Snails are high in protein and low in fat.

• Growing snails as a food source is called “Heliculture”.

• France is the largest consumers of escargot. They consume over 40,000 metric tons a year.

• The escargot snails we eat are not native to North America. They were brought into the United States in the 1850s.

• Snails are almost blind and do not have hearing organs. Did You Know? Snails are technically considered mollusks. Therefore, they are classified as seafood.

#####

I took our 4-year-old granddaughter to the corral on pregnancy testing day to watch as the veterinarian did ultrasounds on our cows. After a positive test, the vet shouted out, “Call it good!” I explained to her this meant there was a baby in the cow’s tummy. She replied, “I don’t want to call the baby Good; I want to call it Queen Elsa.”

#####

My sister is a teacher in our rural district. During afternoon class, she had a flyswatter hanging out of her back pocket. One of her students said “she looked like she was fixin’ to show a hog”!

#####

While carrying my 3-year-old grandson up the stairs, I told him, “Just think, when you get older you can carry me up the stairs.”

#####

Studies show: The aroma of fresh-baked goods makes customers spend more money.

Fund to increase equitable access to healthy foods in Montana

USDA Rural Development Montana State Director Kathleen Williams announced USDA is partnering with Reinvestment Fund to help organizations strengthen local food financing programs and improve access to healthy foods in underserved communities in Montana.

“Everyone deserves access to healthy, affordable, locally grown food, no matter where they live,” said Williams. “We at USDA are proud to again partner with Mission West, Montana Department of Agriculture, and Hopa Mountain to help build the networks and capabilities of food hubs and food enterprises across Montana, especially in underserved areas. This project’s integration of credit enhancement services, business coaching, and capacity-building is testament to how Montana organizations truly understand needs and are strategizing on how to best meet them. We look forward to celebrating the many successes for local communities, health, and businesses this partnership will bring.”

Mission West Community Development Partners (MW), as a qualified lender, will leverage longstanding collaborative rela-

other food retailers.

The 16 partnerships announced represent 75 local organizations across the country. They will create or expand food financing programs and increase access to healthy food for people living in Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Washington, West Virginia and Washington, D.C.

A full description of the partner organizations, their respective missions, and the communities they serve is available online.

USDA Rural Development provides loans and grants to help expand economic opportunities, create jobs, and improve the quality of life for millions of Americans in rural areas. This assistance supports infrastructure improvements; business development; housing; community facilities such as schools, public safety, and health care; and high-speed internet access in rural, Tribal, and high-poverty areas. For more information, visit www. rd.usda.gov/mt. If you’d like to subscribe to USDA Rural Development updates, visit the GovDelivery subscriber page. tionships with the Montana Department of Agriculture (MDOA) and Hopa Mountain to launch the Montana Local Food Financing Fund Partnership (MLFFFP). A key focus of the partnership is to address financial gaps and barriers for food hubs and related food enterprises in Montana. These businesses create economic opportunity in agricultural communities and expand food access for rural and underserved areas through the aggregation, processing, and distribution of local food. The partnership’s activities will enhance existing grant, loan, and capacity-building programs for food enterprises in Montana, including USDA’s Rural Microentrepreneur Assistance Program. Credit enhancement services will target HFFI-eligible areas and projects led by local food hubs and food enterprises that supply fresh, healthy food to retail outlets, institutions, and food access programs across Montana. In addition, the MLFFFP will deliver capacity-building services such as business planning and technical assistance to clients applying for grants and loans to launch or expand their businesses. Reinvestment Fund has selected 16 public-private partnerships to receive $40.3 million in grants under the Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) Local & Regional Healthy Food Financing Partnerships Program to expand access to nutritious and affordable foods in 20 states and Washington, D.C. The Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) provides grants and loans to entities that offer healthy foods in communities that are underserved by grocery stores and

MFU floats forming co-op to keep Pyramid Lumber open

Pyramid Mountain Lumber plays a vital role for Montana by processing lumber that keeps our forests and economy healthy. When Pyramid Mountain announced its closure, the bad news rippled through the state.

But where others see loss, Montana Farmers Union sees opportunity to support its members and rural communities by helping to form a cooperative and keep the mill open.

“Our members and our communities are being adversely impacted by the closure of Pyramid and a cooperative could keep it alive and thriving,” said Montana Farmers Union President Walter Schweitzer. “Employees, loggers, and timberland owners could join forces to take control of their own destiny.”

MFU has a strong track record of helping start cooperatives across Montana from electrical, phone, and Internet services to fuel to farm supplies. Within the past five years, MFU has helped start two meat processing cooperatives, one in Havre and the other in Columbia Falls. The grassroots organization’s work with co-ops is part of MFU’s commitment to supporting family farmers and ranchers and rural communities through education, legislation, and cooperation.

MFU members depend on Pyramid to process their timber and for off farm jobs. Pyramid could be a natural fit for an employee, logger, and timberland-owner cooperative.

Individuals and groups interested in keeping a healthy forest could also invest in the cooperative with non-voting shares to keep the mill thriving for generations to come.

If you are interested in helping to create a cooperative to save Pyramid Mountain Lumber, contact Montana Farmers Union at 406-452-6406 or info@montanafarmersunion.com.

Russian thistle

Written

by Catherine Wissner, retired University of Wyoming Laramie County Extension Horticulturist

A native of Russia, thistle seed was mixed in with flax seed brought into and planted in South Dakota in the 1870s. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L or Salsola iberica) starts to germinate when the soil temperatures slightly warm around 36°F the seedling can withstand a frost. In a field study, germination peaked when soil temperatures were 59–77°F during the day and 32–41°F at night. Making this a cool season weed with a capability to germinate extremely fast. Fortunately, seeds are short lived one to two years on the soil.

Once germinated it looks just like thick leathery green blades of grass.

Flowering begins in mid-June are inconspicuous and pollinated by the wind. Seed production starts in August. Once germinated control can still be achieved while the plant looks like leathery grass with 2-4-D in May. A preemergent like Plateau can be used in late March to early April. While not a huge advocate of mowing you can cut this down before it’s 6 inches or less tall and achieve some control.

While young and before branching and thorns form, Russian-thistle can be a forage source for livestock and native animals. However, oxalates and nitrates in the tissue of Russian-thistle can poison sheep.

There are some early research stage non-chemical biological controls for Russian-thistle. One; native caterpillars Coleophora parthenica and C. klimeschiella. Both caused sufficient damage to Russian-thistle where they were released in Canada. Coleophora parthenica also was released in the Coachella Valley of southern California, the larvae infested most Russian-thistle plants, however, there it had little effect on growth or thistle population levels. Another control method being researched are rust fungus; Uromyces salsolae, the anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and the bare spot fungus Rhizoctonia solani, all have shown potential to suppress growth under controlled conditions.

Russian-thistle pollen is a contributor to summer hay fever problems, another reason to control it when it looks like grass.

So prevalent were tumbleweeds, a song was written in 1930 by Bob Nolan, then made famous by Sons of the Pioneers, “Tumbling Tumbleweeds”.

“See them tumbling down

Pledging their love to the ground

Lonely but free I’ll be found

Drifting along with the tumblin’ tumbleweeds”

Chop Suey

2 Tbsp vegetable oil

1 Lb boneless, skinless chicken thighs, cut into 1 1/2-inch pieces

1/2 medium white onion, chopped

2 medium carrots, cut into 1/4-inch coins

1/3 cup low-sodium chicken broth

2 Tbsp oyster sauce

1 Tbsp soy sauce

2 tsp sugar

2 tsp sesame oil

8 to 10 shiitake mushrooms, stemmed

1 red bell pepper, cut into 1-inch pieces

2 ribs celery, cut into 1-inch pieces

4 ounces snow peas, trimmed

2 green onions, sliced into 1 1/2-inch pieces

3 ounces mung bean sprouts

1 1/2 tsp cornstarch

1 1/2 tsp water, to dissolve cornstarch

Salt, to taste

3 cups steamed rice, for serving

Add the oil to a wok or a large, deep non-stick skillet over medium-high heat. Heat the oil just until it starts to smoke, about 1 minute. Add the chicken thighs. Stir fry until the chicken is no longer pink, about 5 minutes. Add the onion, carrots, chicken broth, oyster sauce, soy sauce, sugar, and sesame oil. Stir fry over high heat for 5 minutes. The sauce should be bubbling. Add mushrooms, bell pepper, and celery. Stir fry until the celery has softened to crisp-tender, about 5 minutes. Add the peas, green onions, and bean sprouts. Stir fry until well-mixed and heated through, about 2 minutes. Add the cornstarch and water to a small bowl and stir to dissolve. Add the cornstarch slurry to the pan and stir fry until the sauce has thickened to your liking, 1 to 2 minutes. Taste and add salt, if needed. Serve with rice.

Rainbow Gelatin Cubes

4 packages (3 ounces each) assorted flavored gelatin, divided 6 envelopes unflavored gelatin, divided 5-3/4 cups boiling water, divided 1 can (14 ounces) sweetened condensed milk

1/4 cup cold water

In a small bowl, combine 1 package flavored gelatin and 1 envelope unflavored gelatin. Stir in 1 cup boiling water until dissolved. Pour into a 13x9-in. dish coated with cooking spray; refrigerate until set but not firm, about 20 minutes.

In small bowl, combine the condensed milk and 1 cup boiling water. In another bowl, sprinkle 2 envelopes unflavored gelatin over cold water; let stand for 1 minute. Stir in 3/4 cup boiling water. Add to milk mixture. Spoon 1 cup creamy gelatin mixture over the first flavored gelatin layer. Refrigerate until set but not firm, about 25 minutes.

Repeat from beginning of recipe twice, alternating flavored gelatin with creamy gelatin layers. Chill each layer until set but not firm before spooning next layer on top. Make final flavored gelatin layer; spoon over top. Refrigerate at least 1 hour after completing last layer before cutting into 1-in. squares.

Chocolate Bacon Bark

1 package (10 to 12 ounces) dark chocolate chips

12 bacon strips, cooked and crumbled, divided Line a 15x10x1-in. pan with parchment; set aside.

In a double boiler or metal bowl over hot water, melt chips until two-thirds are melted. Remove from heat; stir until smooth. Stir in three-fourths of the bacon. Spread into prepared pan; top with remaining bacon (pan will not be full). Refrigerate until firm, 15-20 minutes. Break or cut into pieces. Store in an airtight container; refrigerate until serving.

Pesto-Parmesan Tomatoes

4 medium tomatoes, halved

4 teaspoons basil pesto, store bought or homemade

5 tbsp shredded Parmesan cheese

Preheat the oven to 400°F.

Arrange the tomatoes on a baking tray and top each with 1/2 teaspoon pesto and 1/2 tablespoon of Parmesan cheese. Roast the tomatoes until the Parmesan cheese is slightly browned and melted, about 18-20 minutes. Remove from the oven and serve immediately.

Baked Mushrooms

1 pound white button mushrooms

2 tablespoons water

1 ⁄4 cup dried Italian-style breadcrumbs

2 tablespoons Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, grated

2 tablespoons Italian parsley, minced

1 ⁄4 teaspoon thyme, fresh or dried

1 clove garlic, minced

1/4 teaspoon kosher salt

black pepper to taste

2 tbsp olive oil to drizzle

olive oil spray

Preheat oven to 350 degrees.

Slice off the bottom of the stems; then, use a moist paper towel to gently remove any dirt from mushrooms. Quarter or halve the mushrooms, depending on the size. Sprinkle water in the bottom of a 13 x 9 baking dish then place mushrooms in a single layer on top of the water. In a small bowl combine next six ingredients: breadcrumbs through salt/pepper. Sprinkle mixture evenly on top of the mushrooms.

Drizzle evenly with olive oil then spray the top with olive oil spray so it’s evenly coated. Bake uncovered until the mushrooms are golden, about 20 minutes. Serve hot or warm.

Does it pay to fertilize cool season pasture?

By Shannon Sand, UNL

Does it pay to fertilize cool season pastures? That is a question that has been recently asked. The answer is it depends. Depending on the cool season mixture, things like bromegrass, or western wheatgrass may all have somewhat different responses to fertilizer.

According to university research on sub-irrigated grazed hay meadows, a suggested fertilizer application of 70 lbs. of N, 25 lbs. of P and 20 lbs. of S per acre resulted in an average grass increase of about three quarters of a ton per acre. So, a $150 potential hay value increase only requires $56 per acre of fertilizer investment plus application costs. Thus, this would be a 3:1 ROI ratio (return on investment).

Nebraska grazing research has shown that in general you get one pound of additional calf or yearling gain for every pound of nitrogen fertilizer applied provided that the amount applied is within UN-L general recommendations which are based on the potential amount of extra grass growth expected. This is affected mostly by moisture.

Some things to look at before deciding:

• Cost of fertilizer for your pasture.

• Pasture production and how much it can support.

• Expected cattle prices.

• Your own historical margins.

Knowing these things can help producers to make an informed decision on whether fertilizing is worth it. In some parts of the state where they have received a fair amount of moisture and given the current futures market and basis, as well as the other factors previously mentioned, it might be a very effective strategy to invest in and help producers capture some additional gains. For others, it just may not be feasible for their current situation.

Death Customs

Inuit people constructed small igloos around a corpse (like an “ice tomb”). The cold protected and preserved the body (unless a polar bear found its way in).

for Sales please call Chad Becker

Contact us at www.musselshellvalley.com or www.caseih.com/dealers/musselshellvalley

ABI-Voyager, ABI Eagle, Moravian 165, Bill Coors 100 (contract varieties available here), AAC Synergy, Hockett, AC Metcalfe, Haymaker, Stockford and MT Cowgirl

7 wet & L-442RR. Montech variety: Resolute ST. HayPro, Big Sky Ladak, & others SPRING WHEAT: WB9724CLP*, WB9879CLP*, WB9668, Dagmar, Fortuna, Duclair and others *(PVP) Varieties CLP - Clearfield Plus DURUM: Alzada, SNR-Valier

PULSE CROPS: Forage Peas, Lentils, 4152, 4193 & Early Star Yellow Peas FORAGE BLEND

Custom blended or stock blend of 1/3 hay barley, 1/3 forage peas, and 1/3 oats

Alforex varieties: Rugged and AFX 457, AFX 439. Magnum 7,

FARM EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

Winners of Montana Ag in Color drawing

The Montana Farm Bureau Federation (MFBF) has announced the winners of the Montana Youth Agriculture Literacy program drawing contest. “Montana Ag in Color” was developed in recognition of National Ag Week, March 17-23, as a creative competition for elementary school children. Each grade was given a different agricultural theme ranging from “Grains of Montana” and “Cattle in Montana” to noxious weeds, farm safety and ag-related careers. One winner was selected from each grade with judges selecting one drawing from the winners to receive the “Farm Bureau Proud” designation.

Kindergarten – Kinsley Lawson, Choteau Elementary, Teton County

Third Grade – Vivienne Mallo, Lavina Elementary, Golden Valley County

Fourth Grade – Demi Math, Malta Elementary, Phillips County

Fifth Grade – Mesa Scalese, Geyser Elementary, Judith Basin County

Sixth Grade – Lexie Carter, Fromberg School, Carbon County

Kayson Amsbaugh received the Farm Bureau Proud award.

Entries were judged by the Montana Farm Bureau Women’s Leadership Committee (WLC) on agricultural content, originality, neatness and reproducibility.

APRIL 2024

Vol. XXV No. 3

P.O. Box 997

Conrad, MT 59425-0997

Phone 406-271-5533 Fax 406-271-5727

website: tradersdispatch.com

First Grade – Zoey Hansen, Ekalaka Elementary, Carter County

E-MAIL: advertising @ tradersdispatch.com

Second Grade – Kayson Amsbaugh, Terry Bolin School, Prairie County

“The annual Ag in Color drawing contest is another great opportunity for getting agriculture into the classrooms for grades K-6. The students learn more about rural life on a farm and ranch, while having fun drawing pictures and showcasing their talents. This

Free website to post pasture needs or wants

The Mountain West Grazing Connection has a new home! This free platform is for landowners to advertise leasing opportunities or for livestock owners to post leasing wants in Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah.

After several months of being offline, the platform’s founders, Montana State University and NCAT, approached Western Sustainability Exchange (WSE), a nonprofit based in Livingston, Montana, to take the reins. WSE agreed the site was too important to let go, and they are now the owners of

“We were grateful for the opportunity to add this to our various program offerings,” Chris Mehus, Executive Director of WSE, said. “This platform aligns well with our mission of providing resources to ranchers for creating greater opportunities and flexibility for improved stewardship and sustainability.”

After some minor updates, the site is up and running again - just in time for the summer grazing season! Check it out at www.mountainwestgrazing.com

AUCTIONS

Ram test field day

The University of Wyoming’s annual ram test will conclude with a public field day Saturday, April 13, at the Laramie Research and Extension Center.

The event, which begins at 11 a.m., will present results from the 140-day performance test and discuss how test results can be used to make selection decisions. Lunch, provided by Wyoming Wool Initiative, will be served at noon.

Starting at 1 p.m., attendees will have the opportunity to view

Montana Nutrition Conference and Livestock Forum

From the MSU News Service

Montana State University Extension and the Montana Feed Association will co-host the annual Montana Nutrition Conference and Livestock Forum on Tuesday and Wednesday, April 16 and 17, at the Best Western Plus GranTree Inn in Bozeman, 1325 N. Seventh Ave.

The theme for this year’s conference is “Owning the Outcome: Proactive Management in Challenging Environments.” Experts from MSU and other institutions will share their expertise on the market dynamics shaping the cattle outlook, parasite effects on profitability, diseases affecting Montana cattle and the long-term effects of drought, among other topics. Graduate students in the MSU Department of Animal and Range Sciences will also be on hand to share their livestock research and other agriculture-

related research during a networking social and poster contest.

“This is a great opportunity for beef cattle producers and industry professionals, as well as MSU students and researchers, to come together to discuss current issues facing Montana beef production and learn about potential management strategies to combat them,” said Sam Wyffels, MSU Extension beef cattle specialist and co-host of the event.

New this year is an expanded trade show for top-tier conference sponsors and a live auction hosted by the Montana Feed Association that will offer attendees the chance to bid on donated items to benefit the association’s scholarship fund. The keynote dinner will feature several past scholarship recipients who will share how receiving an MFA scholarship helped pave the path toward their education and careers.

Kinsley Lawson, Choteau Elementary, Teton County, was the winner in the Kindergarten group of the coloring contest sponsored by the Montana Farm Bureau Federation.

Kayson Amsbaugh, Terry Bolin School, Prairie County, was the winner in the

Zoey Hansen who is in the First Grade at Ekalaka Elementary in Carter County Montana. created this drawing for the Montana Ag in Color drawing contest. She received a “Farm Bureau Proud” designation for her first place drawing in her ag group. More winner pictures will be published in the May issue.

Zoey Hansen who is in the First Grade at Ekalaka Elementary in Carter County Montana created this drawing for the Montana Ag in Color drawing contest.

Another tough tree to plant

Written by Catherine Wissner, retired University of Wyoming Laramie County Extension Horticulturist.

The Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis,a shade tree native to North America is a very tough, durable tree able to withstand drought, wind, floods and still flourish. It’s not picky about soil and will grow in just about anything from a pH of 6 to 8.5 to sandy to clay, wet to dry. With regular watering and care this tree

225 hours on this Like New Tractor. Equipped with 16X8 Power Shuttle Transmission, 98” Bar Axle, Rear Weights & Rimguard, Instructor Seat, Front Fenders, Block Heater, Michelin Tires, & Fully Serviced. Factory Warranty to 10/30/2026 & PPP Premiere Warranty to 10/30/2027. Books for $137,103.. MVE Price $127,910

Another tough tree to plant

CONTINUED FROM

will grow 2 to 3 feet a year. This shade tree will get 40 to 50 feet tall and 30 feet wide on the prairie. It is hardy to minus 40 degrees or USDA zone 3. Prefers a full sun location, needs little care other than standard pruning and regular watering. Leaf fall color is yellow.

The tree produces a small creamy yellow flower in May which produces a very small, black, fruit that typically feeds a variety of birds over the winter and isn’t messy. In the summer this tree will attract butterflies including; the mourning cloak and the tawny emperor and serves as a host to their larvae. The tree’s pea-sized berries are edible, ripening in early September. Native Americans ate the berries typically seed and all, they used the fruit as a flavoring for meat or mixed them with corn. The fruit of the hackberry is described as sweet and date like, high in carbohydrates and protein.

The tree also has a leaf nipple gall typically noticed in late summer, do not spray the tree. The nipple gall causes no harm to the tree. The tree and small insect that causes the gall have evolved together. Spraying the tree will only kill off the butterflies.

As a landscape tree its history goes back to the 1636 where it was first documented as a cultivated tree. It is a long lived tree, 150 years or more depending on its care. It’s wood has been used for barrel hoops, flooring, and non-weight bearing furniture.

2016 John Deere W235 windrower with 16ft. rotary 995 head, Impeller conditioner, bar tires - 520/85R38 front, 15.5L-16.1 rear, 1166 hours, auxiliary lighting, no GPS. Stock #87286 $147,500 (11)

2019 John Deere W235 windrower with diamond tread tires, no GPS components, includes premium operator’s station, 500R, 16-ft. rotary head with V-10 steel on steel conditioner. Stock #89575 $145,000 (16)

2015 John Deere W235 windrower with Ultimate cab, less display, SF 6000 receiver included, SF1 activation included, Pivot Pro activation included, bar tires, tool box, flex step, 500R rotary head SN 1E0500RSPFF412499, V10 steel conditioner. Stock #89151 $102,500 (16)

LARGE SQUARE BALERS

2021 John Deere L341, 3x4 large square baler with wide pickup, moisture sensor, roller chute, tandem axle, silage kit, 1 3/4 1000 RPM PTO, auto grease bank. Stock #88783 $252,500 (15)

2017 John Deere L340, 3x4 bale, gauge wheel, roller chute, no precutter, tandem axles with 550/45/22.5 tires, large 1000 PTO, no brakes, LED lights, auto grease bank. Stock #90176. $60,000 (4)

2007 New Holland BB960A, 3x4 large square baler, single axle, 7.5-ft. pickup. Stock #89068 $35,000 (14)

2013 John Deere W150 windrower with 16-ft. auger platform, steel conditioner, cab with A/C, button tires. Stock #86133 $89,000 (3)

2001 Massey-Ferguson 9452 draper, pull type windrower for grain, PTO drive, batt reel, transport wheels. Stock #90322 $7000 (1)

1994 MacDon 9000 hydrostatic windrower with 14-ft. auger head, steel conditioner, cab. Stock #89077 $23,500 (14) 1984 Versatile 4400 windrower with 19-ft. draper header, single delivery, batt reel, gas engine, hydro transmission, cab with cooler. Stock #88162 $6000 (1)

2013 Massey-Ferguson WR9770 windrower with 16-ft. TwinMax rotary header, steel conditioner, 23.1R26 front tires, auto climate control, AutoSteer kit. Stock #89813

$110,000 (3)

2016 MacDon M205 windrower with 16-ft. R85 head, steel conditioner, dual direction, 653 header hours. Stock #89077 $105,000 (14)

new 8R tractors Several in stock!!

2022 John Deere 560M round baler with 1000 PTO, 21.5-16.1 tires, MegaWide pickup, pushbar, surface wrap and twine, hydraulic pickup lift. Stock #88053

$59,000 (4)

2019 John Deere 560M round baler with surface wrap only, 1000 PTO, 5-ft. bale, 21.5L-16.1 10 ply tires, MegaWide Plus pickup, bale push bar. Stock #90297 $37,700 (12)

2015 John Deere 569 round baler with surface wrap only, 1000 PTO, 5-ft. bale, 21.5L-16.1 10 ply tires, MegaWide Plus pickup, bale push bar. Stock #90297 $23,750 (12)

2010 John Deere 568 round baler, 5-ft.x6ft. bales, 1000 RPM PTO, MegaWide pickup, push bar, twine and wrap, hydraulic pickup ift. Stock #90270 $13,500 (16)

2018 John Deere 560M round baler with precutter, 1000 PTO, 21.5L-16.1 tires, twine/net, MegaWide pickup, pickup gauge wheels, bale accumulator. Stock #81836 $54,000 (4)

2022 John Deere 560M round baler with 1000 PTO, large tires, MegaWide pickup, push bar, surface wrap, hydraulic pickup lift, grease bank. Stock #89537 $60,000 (12)

1995 John Deere 535 round baler with twine only, 540 PTO, push bar, converging wheels, gauge wheels, 11L-14 tires. Stock #84420 $5000 (1)

Case IH RB564 round baler, 25,000 bales, 1000 PTO, twine/net wrap, 14L16.1 tires. Stock #89402 $13,000 (3)

#88053

#87286

#86133

#89813

4WD, ROW CROP AND UTILITY TRACTORS

Spring is here! Check out our selection of good used tractors for your farming and ranching needs this coming spring and summer!

2022 John Deere 9RX640 with 36” Camso track, E18 transmission, Ultimate comfort cab, Air Seat Plus suspension, Active Command steering, 110 GPM dual hydraulic pump, 6 SCVS, 1000 PTO, polyurethane mid rollers, fixed 87” track spacing, tow cable, Intelligent power mgmt, hydraulic trailer brake, 20 front weights with bracket, extended warranty until Dec 2025/1500 hours. Stock #88081 $725,000 (1)

2018 John Deere 9520RX with 520/362 hp, 4WD, cab, 18/6 PowerShift, 30” DuraBuilt 6500 (with poly mid rollers), 5 SCVs, no 3-point, 1000 PTO, premium radio, premium CVIII cab with suspension, no ACS, Hi-Flo hydraulics, Cat 5 drawbar, electric mirrors, premium lighting, 4600 command center with activation, no SF6000. Stock #89082 $440,000 (1)

2021 John Deere 6130R tractor with premium cab, 620R loader, bucket, grapple, 24 speed AutoQuad, MFWD with TLS, 3 electric SCV’s, 540/1000 PTO, 4200 display, front fenders, 460/85R38 rear tires, 340/85R28 front tires, rear wheel weights. Stock #88926 $170,000 (11

2002 John Deere 9420 4WD with 24x6 manual shift transmission, 800/70R38 tires with duals, No PTO, weights, receiver and display. Stock #90122

$95,000 (12)

2008 John Deere 7630 with cab, MFWD, IVT, guidance ready, 540/1000 PTO, singles, deluxe Command View cab and Command ARM with John Deere Active seat, AutoTrac ready, left hand reverser, control and field cruise, deluxe comfort package, 3 deluxe rear remote cylinder control valves with electro-hydraulic controls, 480/80R46 rear tires, JD loader with bucket and grapple. Stock #90104

#88835

2023 John Deere 6R 145 with 20 speed AQ, front suspension, 4200 display with AutoTrac activation, no receiver, AutoTrac ready, 640 R loader with grapple and lights, cab suspension, Panorama glass roof with premium light package, heated rear window, 3 rear E-SCV 540E/1000/1000E PTO, dual 480/80R42 rear with fender extension (1800 lbs wheel weights) 420/85R28 front with turntable fenders, Cold Start II fuel heater, 3 pt quick coupler. Stock #88833 $219,000 (14)

$89,000 (12)

2005 John Deere 7820 with SGB, MFWD, IVT, 3 SCVs, dual speed PTO, front fenders, rear weights, 480/80R42 rear tires, JD loader with bucket and grapple. Stock #90105

$95,000 (12)

2023 John Deere 6155M with PowerQuad+ 20F/20R transmission, AutoTrac ready less display and receiver, 3 SCVs, 540/1000 PTO, front suspension, 480/80R42 rear and 420/85R28 front tires, beacon, work light package, loader ready with JD 640 loader-bucket and grapple. Stock #89860 $198,000 (4)

2022 John Deere 6145R with 480/80R42 duals, 420/85R28 fronts, 20 speed AQ transmission, 640R loader with grapple, AutoTrac ready, 4200 processor with AutoTrac activation, no receiver, premium cab with suspension, premium lights with sunroof, heated rear window, Cold Start II, fuel heating, fuel tank bottom guard, 3 remotes, 1800 lbs. rear weights. Stock #85398 $202,500 (14)

DRILLS & SEEDERS

Spring seeding is upon us. See our lineup of good used seeders to get that crop seeded quickly.

2023 John Deere 6R 155 with 20 speed AQ, front suspension, AutoTrac ready, 4200 display with AutoTrac activation, no receiver, cab suspension, heated rear window, Panorama glass roof with premium lights, 3 E-SCVs, 540E/1000/1000R PTO, 480/80R42 rear with fender extension (1800 lbs weights) 420/85R28 with front turntable fender, Cold Start II, fuel heater, 3-point quick coupler, 640R loader with bucket grapple. Stock #88835 $227,500 (14)

2008 John Deere 6330 with MFWD, 105 hp, 16/16 PowrQuad+ with LHR, 540/1000 PTO, 3-point hith, vertical exhause, loader, 2 SCVs, 18.4x34 rear. Stock #90034 $57,500 (14)

1989 John Deere 4455 with cab, MFWD, PowerShift, 540/1000, single tires, 3 hydraulics, 12 front weights, 7117 hours. Stock #90169 $60,000 (12)

8R

SELF PROPELLED SPREADERS & SPRAYERS

Several used John Deere and competitive self-propelled sprayers and applicators in stock! Variety of boom and widths available. Several units are ready to roll with turnkey GPS!

2023 John Deere 616R with 132-ft. carbon fiber, 20”, CVIII cab, Exact Apply, premium radio, auto solution control, hiflow pump, 5 sensor boom level, boom air purge, ultimate vis lights, eductor, ultimate comfort package, Cat I cab filtration, fence row nozzles, skinny tires. Includes 4.0 AT activation, 4600 armrest display, section control, SF6000. Stock #89331

$585,000 (12)

2019 John Deere R4045 with 132-ft. carbon fiber, 20” CVIII cab, premium radio, auto solution control, Exact apply, 5 sensor boom level, boom air purge, LED lights, eductor, leather, fence row nozzles, LSW580/75R46 tires (75%) Includes SF6000, SF1 activation, armrest 2630 display, section control. Stock #89330 $387,500 (12)

2023 John Deere N560 no till drill, 60-ft. 10” spacing, double shoot, All Run Blockage, cast serrated closing wheels, spoked narrow gauge wheels, C850 tow behind cart. Stock #88700

2015 John Deere 1890 60-ft. with 10” spacing, 90 Series openers, mix of spoked and unspoked gauge wheels, mix of smooth and serrated closing wheels, All Run Blockage (JD), 430 tow between cart with Intelligent Ag section control, 12” conveyor with standard hopper. Stock #88790 $217,500 (14)

$780,000 (1)

2023 John Deere N560 no till drill with 60-ft., 10” spacing, single shoot, All Run Blockage, 90 Series opener with narrow spoked gauge wheel, 650 bu. tow between cart, 12” conveyor with KSI, tank scales, hydraulic drive with section command. Stock #89143

2012 John Deere 1890 60-ft. no till drill, 10” spacing, single shoot air package for tow between cart, All Run Blockage system for seed, 430 bushel cart, Uniforce down pressure system. Stock #86592..$192,500 (12)

$609,000 (1)

2018 John Deere R4045 with 132-ft. carbon fiber, 20” CVIII cab, premium radio, AutoSolution control, Exact Apply, front fill, 5 sensor boom level, boom air purge, LED lights, eductor, leather, fence row nozzles, 800 float tires (75%) and VF480/80R50s (75%) includes 4600 with Command Center premium activation, SF6000. Stock #86870

$369,500 (1)

2015 John Deere R4045 with Command View II Plus cab, guidance, section control, 120-ft. boom with auto boom leveling, stainless steel tank, foam markers, RH and LH fence row nozzles, no eductor, 420/95R50 tires. Stock #86591 $169,000 (12)

2021 John Deere 542C 42-ft. air drill, 7.5” spacing, single shoot, Pro Series spoked gauge wheels, All Run Blockage, 340/60R15 single wing tires, tow behind 1910 cart, SN1A81910HCNF795479. Stock #87427

2011 John Deere 1890 60-ft. drill with 7.5” spacing, single shoot, 6 run double shoot system, single shoot air package for tow behind cart, All Run Blockage warning system. Stock #83118 $149,000 (1)

$265,000 (4)

2017 John Deere 1890 no till drill, 60-ft with 7.5” spacing, 550 bushel 1910 tow behind hydraulic drive cart with section control, spoked gauge wheels, All Run Blockage, 12” conveyor with KSI hopper and wireless control, duals on cart, new disks just installed. Stock #82629

2019 John Deere 1830 60-ft. air drill, 10” spacing, SS, 4” steel press wheels, All Run Blockage, 430 tow between cart, hydraulic drive, 8 run, 8” auger, variable rate. Stock 90019 $194,500 (1)

$267,500 (1)

2018 John Deere 1890 60-ft. with 10” spacing, spoked narrow gauge wheels, Needham flexible firming wheel (similar to pro series), Crumbler closing wheels, All Run Blockage, SS air package and 430 tow between with section control, 2 green and 1 blue meter roller, 10” poly auger (new in 2022), dual cart tires. Stock #88741

$247,000 (14)

2010 John Deere 1835 50-ft. drill with 12.5” spacing, 550# trips, 3” rubber press wheels, DBL shoot, drill with mid-row banders, rock guards and scrapers, dual wing wheels, primary blockage on seed, no blockage on fertilizer, 430 bushel tow between cart, double shoot, 6 runs, 10” auger, 710/70R38, SN A01910T735486. Stock #89162 $59,000 (14)

2012 John Deere 4940 with 120-ft. steel boom, 20” spacing, 480/80R50 tires, boom level, stainless tank, hydraulic tread adjust, no GPS, but guidance ready, traction control, high flow pump, eductor, SS plumbing, RH and LH fence row nozzles. Stock #86160.$137,500 (1)

2012 John Deere 4940 with 120-ft. boom, 15” spacing, 380/105R50 tires, Hi-Flo solution pump, stainless steel plumbing, BoomTrac Pro 5 leveling, SF3000 receiver, AutoTrac and section control activations. Stock #88812......$137,500 (1)

#89143

#86870

#86160

#89082

#88790

Winners of Montana Ag in Color drawing

This contest holds significant importance because agriculture is the number-one industry in Montana,” said MFB-WLC Chair Carla Lawrence.

Winners and classroom teachers recee-

ived a cash prize and goodies from Montana Farm Bureau during Ag Week. Winning entries will be printed and distributed on usable items and educational materials. They will be posted on the Montana Farm Bureau website and Facebook page.

Vivienne Mallo, Lavina Elementary, Golden Valley County, was the winner in the Third Grade group of the coloring contest sponsored by the Montana Farm Bureau Federation.

Demi Math, Malta Elementary County, was the winner in the Fourth Grade group of the coloring contest sponsored by the Montana Farm Bureau Federation.

Mesa Scalese Geyser Elementary, Judith Basin County, was the winner in the Fifth Grade group of the coloring contest sponsored by the Montana Farm Bureau Federation.

Lexie Carter, Fromberg School, Carbon County, was the winner in the Sixth Grade group of the coloring contest sponsored by the Montana Farm Bureau Federation.

TRACTORS

2023 John Deere 8R 340 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, full GPS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 rear tires with duals, 420/85R34 front tires with duals, 630 hours. 6 year/4000 hour extended PowrGard Warranty. Stock #90253 $515,000

2023 John Deere 8R 340 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, full GPS, 6 SCVs, 380/90R54 rear tires with duals, 380/80R38 front tires with duals, 270 hours. 6 year/4000 hour extended PowrGard Warranty. Stock #90254 $495,000

(4)

2023 John Deere 6155M cab, MFWD, 20 speed PowrQuad with left hand reverser, AutoTrac Ready less receiver and display, 3 selective control valves, 640R loader & grapple, (2) 450# weights each side & ballast, TLS approximately 500 hours. PowerGard Warranty till 5-2029 or 4000 hours

$205,000

$410,000

2022 John Deere 8R 340 IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 480/70R34 front duals, full GPS, 450 hours. Extended warranty til 8-2028

2023 John Deere 8R 310 MFWD, IVT, air seat, cab suspension, right hand reverser, 60 gallon per minute hydraulic pump, 6 selective control valves, 480/80R 50 rear duals, 420/85R 34 front duals, 22 front weights, 1500 lb. rear weights, 352 hours. PowrQuad Warranty till 3-2029 or 4000 hours. Stock #89857. $481,000

2022 John Deere 8R 310 IVT with RHR, ILS, full GPS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 rear tires with duals, 420/85R34 front tire with duals, 820 hours. 6 year/4000 hour extended PowrGard Warranty. Stock #90255.

$475,000

2022 John Deere 8R 250 cab, MFWD, IVT, air seat & cab suspension and ILS, rear duals, front & rear weights. Stock #87968. PowrGard Warranty till 8-2028 or 4000 hours

$335,000

2021 John Deere 8R 230 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 380/90R54 duals, 320/80R42 front singles, full GPS, 1050 hours. Extended warranty till 7-2027 $290,000

2021 John Deere 8R 230 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 380/90R54 duals, 320/89R42 front singles, full GPS, 1350 hours. Extended warranty till 7-2027 $285,000

2022 John Deere 6R 230 premium cab with cab suspension, IVT, TLS MFWD, 480/80R50 rear tires with dual, 480/70R34 fronts, 5 SCVs, AutoTrac activation, 550 hours. Stock #90248 $281,000

2022 John Deere 6R 195 premium cab with cab suspension, IVT, TLS MFWD, 480/80R50 rear tires with dual, 480/70R34 fronts, 5 SCVs, AutoTrac activation. 753 hours. Stock #90247 $276,000

2017 John Deere 8245R IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 420/85R34 front dual, full GPS, 3200 hours........$210,000

2014 John Deere 8245R IVT with RHR, ILS, 5 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 420/85R34 front singles, full GPS, 5000 hours..........$175,000

2014 John Deere 8345R IVT with RHR, ILS, 5 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 420/85R34 front singles, full GPS, 6000 hours..........$222,500

2012 John Deere 8235R IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 420/85R34 front singles, full GPS, 4500 hours..........$172,500

2022 John Deere 6175M PowrQuad Plus, 20 speed, AutoTrac ready, 640R loader with grapple. Extended warranty 7/2029 $199,000

(3) 2023 John Deere 6155M cab, MFWD, 20 speed PowrQuad with left hand reverser, AutoTrac Ready less receiver and display, 3 selective control valves, Panarama roof, 640R loader & grapple, (2) 450# weights each side & ballast, approximately 500 hours. PowerGard Warranty till 7-2029 or 4000 hours

$198,000

2023 John Deere 6145M cab tractor, MFWD, PowrQuad Plus 24 speed with left hand reverser, 3 selective control valves, AutoTrac Ready less receiver & display, 640R self leveling loader & grapple, 2-450# rear weights, ballast in rear tire, 102 hours. PowerGard Warranty till 6-2029 or 4000 hours. Stock #89862.

$197,000

2013 John Deere 6125M MFWD with H340 loader & grapple, 16 speed PowrQuad, 3 Selective Control Valves, 2962 hours.

$98,000

2014 John Deere 6105D with H310 loader, 9/9 power reverser, MFWD, 540/1000 PTO, 2 SCVs, 1300 hours

$69,000

2022 John Deere 5090E cab, MFWD, 24/12 transmission with left hand reverser, air seat, 3 rear Selective Control Valves, 520M mechanical self leveling loader. Stock #88004. PowerGard Warranty till 10-2028 or 3500 hours

$81,900

NEW 2024 Stinger 6500, poly rails

$395,000 plus freight & options

$73,000

2022 John Deere 5090E cab, MFWD, 24/12 transmission with left hand reverser, loader ready, air seat, 3 rear selective control valves, approximately 400 hours. Stock #88003. PowerGard Warranty till 10-2028 or 3500 hours

2022 USED Stinger 6500, poly rail, 950 hours...........$350,000

$315,000

2019 John Deere 8345R 2000 hours, IVT transmission, ILS, full GPS, 6 Selective Control Valves, front duals 480/70R34, rear duals 480/80R50. Stock #88843

2022 USED Stinger 6500, poly rails, 880 hours...........$350,000

$126,000

2018 New Holland T6.170 cab, MFD, 16 speed, Dual Command transmission, 845TL loader & grapple, 888 hours. Stock #86681.

2007 John Deere 8430 IVT with RHR, ILS, 480/80R50 dual rears, 480/70R34 front duals, 4 SCVs, Globe and 2630 display, 9000 hours

$122,500

2012 John Deere 8360RT 30” tracks, IVT, 3-point hitch, 4 SCVs, 7500 hours. Stock #89304

$125,000

2007 John Deere 8230 IVT, 4 SCVs, 480/80R50 rear duals, 420/85R34 front singles, 1500 front end, 10,000 hours

$95,000

2005 John Deere 6715 cab, MFWD, 16 speed PowrQuad, left hand reverser, 3 selective control valves, front tires 320/90/42, rear tires 320/90/54, 3789 hours. Stock #87936. $65,000

1970 John Deere 4010 open station, PTO does not work. Stock #86448.

$8200

D side by side, cab with heater, hydrastatic transmission, high & low range, winch, 1500 miles, diesel. Stock #86520. $16,000

2021 Newhouse C-5000 large square bale processor. Stock #89011. $52,000

2015 Haybuster 2660

MONTANA RANCH HAND WANTED

Potential for future management position. Experience in cows, farming, machinery maintenance and repair, fencing and pivots. Housing included. Near Wolf Creek, Montana. Phone (406) 235-4386 or email paigehiebert@yahoo.com

NEW HDPE PIPE

–

IN STOCK –

1” – 11/4” – 11/2” – 2” – 3” & 4” x 200 psi

Use for irrigation, stock water or drinking water. Red stripe for electrical use. Yellow stripe for natural gas use. Also available 3/4” to 2” SIDR TURF/IRRIGATION HDPE pipe 3/4” - 4” orange smooth wall HDPE conduit HDPE pipe available in 20 to 50-ft. lengths from 6” to 66” diameter Pipe is available by the stick - coil - reel - truckload

Call Ed at Big Sky Pipe – Great Falls, MT

Delivery available 406-453-7299 Veteran Owned or Email: ed.bigskypipe64@hotmail.com – www.bigskypipeandsupply.com

Giving You The Advantage

NWARC builds on 75 years of producer-focused discovery

By Reagan Cotton, MSU News Service

In the narrow strip of Montana between Flathead Lake and Glacier National Park, just east of Kalispell, there sits a farm that’s easy to drive by without noticing. But those 200 acres, the Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, have been an integral part of fulfilling Montana State University’s land-grant mission for more than 75 years.

Even at that age, NWARC is one of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station’s younger research centers. One of seven research centers across the state, it was established by the Montana Legislature in 1947 to conduct research tailored to the economy, climate and geography of Flathead, Sanders, Lake and Lincoln counties.

in pounds per acre for how much to plant, and a common idea might be that if I plant more, yield will be higher,” said Torrion. “But in reality, we’ve found that planting more is not economical or advantageous to the farmers because the plant has its way of compensating. We have a lot of evidence on those topics. During drought conditions, whether you plant 12 live seeds or 60 live seeds per square foot of wheat, they’ll have the same yield because water is not there.” During a non-drought year, Torrion said, 24 live seeds per square foot is optimal.

l Richlea Lentils

l Orion Chickpeas

l Salamanca

l Certified Andante yellow mustard seed

l Flax Seed

l Hybrid DG 280

Clearfield

l DG 661 LCM Lead Liberty product for 2024

l DG 760 TM

l WB 9879 CLP - High protein, solid stem, excellent standability

l NS Presser CLP - High yielding Clearfield with sawfly tolerance

l Rocker - The best choice for sawfly, yield, and wheat quality combination

l WB Gunnison - A proven performer

l WB 9668 - Highest yield and protein combination

l WB 9719 - Good hollow stem dryland option

l Dagmar - New from MSU, adapted to dryland

l Alum - Adapted specifically for low pH soils/aluminum toxicity

l Red Rock - Hay Barley l TriCal GUNNER Triticale Forage blends

l Buzz l Synergy l Hockett

l AC Metcalfe l Claymore Feed Barley

Alzada

Today, the many acres of cropland and the modern equipment and facilities housed at NWARC primarily explore agronomy and plant responses to stress, including both abiotic — or nonliving — stresses like drought as well as biotic — or living — stresses like insects and disease.

Jessica Torrion is the primary scientist at NWARC and the head of the MSU College of Agriculture’s Department of Research Centers. For nearly a decade, she has conducted research on water management and production of forages and cereals, primarily wheat and barley. Her team has also worked on developing precision management recommendations for producers with the goal of using inputs such as seed, fertilizer and water as efficiently as possible while maximizing production.

“Especially nowadays as people explore new inputs and products, it’s still very important for us to revisit the basics of nutrient management, seed input, seed technology costs and irrigation cost. Those are still the major variables that affect yield and productivity,” Torrion said.

With MSU’s long history of variety development and plant breeding stretching back through nine decades, Torrion said a key element of her research is continually evaluating the scientific recommendations for maximizing yield. A large part of that work involves the time-consuming process of calculating specific data on how various crops and breeds fare under different conditions and growing strategies. When crops are harvested each year, they are weighed and evaluated based on seed size and quantity.

Knowing these specific elements of plant performance and correlating them to such variables as the number of seeds initially planted or the amount of rainfall the field received allows the researchers to fine-tune recommendations about how much seed a producer should plant based on seasonal weather predictions.

“People are used to recommendations

Torrion said that around half of the 10 growing seasons she has spent at NWARC have been drought years, allowing her to conduct extensive research under both dry and wet conditions. Much of that work has been supported by funding from the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee and guidance from the NWARC advisory committee, which includes producers who live and work in the counties it serves.

Developing recommendations tailored to a specific part of the state has a very real impact, said Torrion. She conducts research on both industry- and MSU-developed varieties, such as Vida spring wheat, which was the most-planted variety in Montana in 2023 at more than 600,000 acres — more than 20% of the state’s total spring wheat acreage.

While revisiting and refining elemental recommendations about how many seeds to plant or when to water a crop may seem trivial, she said the groundwork research can have a literal payoff for growers.

“Sometimes we can be driven by fear, like if I plant fewer seeds, maybe I won’t yield the same,” Torrion said. “The problem is, if you have a dry spell, you could actually afford to plant less. As you move into drier areas of Montana, you should not be putting a lot more seeds in per unit of ground. And if you save 20 pounds of your seed cost per acre, that can add up to a lot of money.”

NWARC, along with most of MSU’s other research centers, will host its annual summer field day again in 2024. The events are always a highlight of the year, said Torrion, because they let both expert producers and non-agriculturalists learn about the goings-on at the center, ask questions, and make suggestions for future projects.

“Producers really care for research projects that are geographically tailored to the area. It’s a no-brainer that when research is conducted in a similar environment to their area, it’s applicable to them,” said Torrion. “And research is one of the main elements of the land-grant mission—to provide reliable, scientific information on a regular basis to our producers.”

Growing cucumbers on a trellis

By Carrie Knudson, Horticulture agent, NDSU Extension

Gardening can be a lot of work, but there are different growing techniques that gardeners can use to help save some work and their back! One of those techniques is using a trellis to grow vining crops like cucumbers, small melons and squash.

Those vining plants and many more, have tendrils. Tendrils are modified leaves or parts of stems that can wrap around structures to help support the stems. Tendrils are marvels in themselves. They respond to touch and can wrap around objects several times in less than an hour.

Cucumbers are ideal to grow on a trellis because the fruits are smaller and don’t need any extra support. Small melons and squash (less than 3 pounds) can also be grown on a trellis. Sometimes if the fruit is too heavy, it can slip from the vines too early. Gardeners can make slings out of lightweight cloth to support the fruit until it is ripe.

I have not tried growing anything other than cucumbers on a trellis. However, I have seen gardeners grow larger squash and melons on trellises. Be sure to do some experimenting and see what works for your garden.

To put the vine’s tendrils to work, first install your trellis system. This can be as simple as a normal straight length of fencing. Other options would be to make an arbor style trellis.

Type of materials vary for trellises from metal fencing, chicken wire or plastic netting to mesh. You can use whatever you have on hand. Just make sure it is sturdy enough to support the vines and fruits, and handle whatever Mother Nature throws at it. For example, sustained 40 mph winds.

Anchor your trellis into the ground with metal or wooden stakes that are inserted into the ground at least 1 foot deep. This will help the trellis withstand strong winds.

Securely attach the trellis material to the stakes using nails, staples, zip-ties or wire depending on your trellis material. Remember those vines and fruit will add weight to the trellis, so don’t skimp on this step.

After the trellis is installed and secure, you can plant your cucumbers as you normally would. As the vines grow early in the season, you might have to gently guide the vines towards the trellis. Then they will take-off and grow up the trellis. During the growing season, you might have to guide a few errant vines back to the trellis. However, the hard work is done and picking your cucumbers will be a joyful garden task.

Note, depending on the spacing of your fencing material, watch for fruit that might grow in between the spaces in your trellis. You might have to check to make sure the fruit isn’t caught and has enough room to grow.

For years, due to space restrictions in my garden and the necessity to have a fence to keep our dog out, I have used the fence as a trellis to grow my cucumbers on. I won’t grow them any other way. What space and back saving techniques do you use? Happy gardening!

TRUCK AND MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE

Photo: Johnstone Crop in Alamo, NV

AG CHEMICALS FOR SALE

(no longer farming)

Octivio Herbicide: (Active ingredients: Imazomox) Equivalent to Raptor and Beyond Herbicides. Use in crop on alfalfa, peas, Clearfield crops for grass and broadleaf weeds. 20 gallons at $250 per gallon (or make offer).

Treaty Herbicide: (Active ingredients: Thifensulfuron-Methyl) Similar to Affinity Tankmix. Use as pre-plant or in-crop broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley, triticale. 300 oz. dry flowable at $4 per oz (or make an offer).

Phone (406) 658-2106, Malta, Montana

Selecting a replacement female for the herd

By Lisa Moser, K-State Research and Extension news service

Working in agriculture often involves a series of decisions, including which crops should be planted in a rotation, what inputs are most economical, and -- in the case of rebuilding the cow herd -- should replacement females that were born to first-calf heifers be retained?

This was the question that the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Institute experts addressed on a recent Cattle Chat podcast episode.

“There are a lot of factors that go into that decision as to whether or not keeping heifers born to heifers is a good idea, and it depends on the goal of the breeding program,” said K-State veterinarian Brad White.

White said with proper planning, beef producers can make retaining heifers born to heifers work for a herd. He said that if producers plan to do that, they need to plan and select sires that are adequate for calving ease but also offer maternal traits that are beneficial.

“I like to keep heifers born to first-calf heifers if they are born early in the breeding season and they are born to a mating that was genetically planned to create replacement females,” White said.

K-State veterinarian Bob Larson agreed, adding, “there are some AI (artificial insemination) sires that have good maternal traits while being adequate for calving ease that can make females worth considering as replacements.”

K-State nutritionist Phillip Lancaster sees one other genetic advantage of keeping replacement females born to first-calf heifers.

“I am going to boost the genetic progress of the herd overall much quicker by keeping the daughters of the youngest females in the herd,” Lancaster said.

However, Lancaster also said that it is important to look at the performance of the cow family that these potential replacement heifers are born from when making this decision.

“Take a look at the records and if that heifer is born to a proven cow line in terms of longevity and reproductive performance, that will help you make the decision about keeping the heifer calf that was born from a heifer in the herd,” Lancaster said.

Another factor to consider is the frame size of the replacement female being considered, said K-State veterinarian Brian Lubbers. The size concern relates to the pelvic size of the calf when she matures and is bred to calve her first calf.

“Some daughters born to calving ease sires may be predisposed to future calving difficulty due to their smaller frame size,” Larson said.

Lubbers also said the timing of when they were born as compared to the rest of the herd is something that should factor into the decision of keeping or selling that heifer calf.

“If the heifer calf was born late in the breeding season and she is small framed, then I would recommend producers do not retain them in the herd.”

Fetura, all the way from Poland, was a vendor at the 4th annual Montana Livestock Expo held at MT Expo Park on April 17, 2024. Photo by Suzy Benzing

Great Falls Sales:

James – 868-2570; Adam – 403-5987; Will – 590-0372

Lewistown Sales: Anna – 231-4251

AIR DRILL

Morris 9650 air cart with Loup Elite monitors, 17” dual fan, 10” hydraulic assist auger with extension hopper, full bin, LED lights, 4 course, 4 medium, 1 fine seed plates. stk# 30154. (L)

ROUND BALERS

New Holland RB560 laced belts, ISO, net only, 1000 PTO with cut out clutch. stk# 22244.(L)

New Holland RB560 ISO with monitor, endless belts, net/twine, 1000 PTO. stk# 22245. (L)

New Holland BR7090 baler, net/twine. stk# 30659. $18,000 (L)

Case IH RB565 net/twine, 1000 PTO, x-wide pickup, ISO with monitor, endless belts. stk# 29795. (L)

Case IH RB565 baler, ISO, laced belts, x-wide pickup, casters, roller windguard, large flotation tires, net/twine. stk# 22476. (L)

Case IH RB564 round baler, wide pickup, laced belts, non ISO, moisture monitor, net/twine, 1000 PTO. stk#23763. $25,000 (G)

Case IH RB564 net/twine, x-wide pickup, 1000 PTO, laced belts. stk# 30758. $19,000 (L)

Case RBX563 baler, net/twine, 1000 PTO, narrow pickup. stk# 31437. $8500 (L)

Vermeer 605L round baler, twine only, 540 PTO, bale kicker, hay saver wheels. stk# 21490. $8000 (G)

Vermeer 605N baler, 1000 PTO, net/twine/ clutch. stk#25853. (G)

John Deere 569 net/twine, 1000 PTO, large flotation tires, hydraulic kicker. stk# 30997.(L)

John Deere 568 baler, twine, 1000 PTO, roller windguard, large float tires. stk# 31510. $15,500 (G)

Hesston 956A twine only. stk# 9821.$6900 (G)

Hesston 856A stk# 22105 $4900 (G)

COMBINES

Case 7088 combine with 36-ft. Honey Bee header. Stk# 31379 & 31380. (G)

HEADERS

New Holland 16HS header. stk# 26836. $13,750 (G)

New Holland 971 header. stk# 19691. $3900 (G)

MacDon FD140D header. stk# 31005 (G)

MacDon D65D header. stk# 25890. $25,000 (G)

MacDon PW8 pickup header, 16-ft. wide. stk# 31025. (G)

Gleaner 24-ft. header. stk# 10119. $1500 (G)

SWATHERS

Vermeer TM1410 swing tongue with floats, 2 remotes, electric, hydraulic kits, 1000 PTO. stk# 29072. (G)

AUGER

Westfield MK13LP hopper. stk# 14046. $4500 (G)

TRACTORS

New Holland TN95 FA tractor. stk# 26075.

$21,900 (L)

New Holland TS130A tractor. stk# 31403. (L)

Massey Ferguson GC1720TLB tractor. stk# 19254.

$20,723 (G)

John Deere 9520 tractor, new tires, 4 remotes, buddy seat, Trimble GPS, hydraulic steering. stk# 31467.

Steiger PT225 tractor. stk# 20554.

$174,500 (L)

$25,000 (G)

Bobcat CT2025 HST tractor. stk# 29350.

$24,000 (L)

Kubota BX2380 compact tractor. stk# 30042.

SPRAYER

$16,500 (G)

New Holland SP310F sprayer, 1200 gallon, WeedIt System, Mono Boom, 120-ft., 5-way nozzles, auto rinse, ISO, Full GPS. stk# 24818. (L)

New Holland SF115 sprayer. stk# 28655. $17,800 (G)

CONSTRUCTION

Bobcat 773 skidsteer. stk#31453. $16,500 (G)

JCB 3TS-8T Compact Track Loader. stk# 31427 (L)

TILLAGE

Gates 84-ft. Magnum 5 bar harrow, 26x9/16 teeth with carbides, hydraulic tine adjust., excellent condition. stk# 31435. (G)

SQUARE BALERS

New Holland 340P square baler, density control, tandem axle, ISO intellview, large 1000 PTO, roller chute, roller windguard. stk# 30935.(G) Case LBX431 big square baler with Roto Cutter. stk# 31638. $29,285 (G)

MISCELLANEOUS

Morris 900 Hayhiker. stk# 31434 (G)

Brandt 4000 grain vac. stk#30848. $6500 (G)

Land Pride FDR1548 mower, 3-pt. finish, 48” mower. stk#25354. $1050 (G)

Bobcat 80 dozer blade. stk# 31340.$5965 (G)

Bobcat 8B wood chipper, lightly used, skidsteer attachment, two side attachment, hydraulic drive. stk#31613 (G)

Quick Attach Sledge Pounder skidsteer mount. stk# 29228

$4250 (G)

JCB 48” pallet fork. stk# 31522. $850 (G)

Bobcat 55” utility grapple. stk# 31397. (G)

Bobcat 80” HD bucket with cutting edge. stk# 28303. (G)

High Volume 66” bucket, skid steer attachment. stk# 29035. $850 (G)

LAWNMOWERS

Grasshopper 928D riding mower. stk# 30874. $9900 (G)

Grasshopper 729BT riding mower. stk# 15503. (G)

Grasshopper 725G2 riding mower, 48” powerfold deck, liquid cooled gas engine, front mount. stk# 7186. $5900 (G)

Grasshopper 352 vacuum for 52” grasshopper, lightly used. stk# 29069 $500 (G)

John Deere Z345M riding mower, 42” deck. stk# 31174. (G)

Toro 74730 riding mower with Kawasaki twin engine. stk# 23442. (G)

Toro 74720 riding mower with 42” deck. stk# 20089. $2500 (G)

Toro 21465 walk behind lawn mower. stk# 30846. $300 (G)

Toro 20017 walk behind mower. stk# 10492.(G)

Toro 20017 walk behind mower. stk# 16445.(G)

RAKES

NEW New Holland 1631 rake, 16 wheel high capacity, single side opening, 60”, rear tandems, rear hydraulic opening. stk# 28671.(G)

Vermeer R2800 28-ft. rake. stk# 30963. (L)

H&S MK14 14 wheel rake. stk# 31155. $12,000 (L)

Hesston 12 wheel rake. stk# 30919. $15,000 (L)

McFarLane HD30 harrow, 30-ft. charted chain drag harrows. stk# 31634. $7500 (L) Gysler 46-ft. plow with roller harrow. stk# 28579. $10,950 (L) 9-ft. V-plow. stk# 26357. $700 (G)

BALE PROCESSORS

Haybuster 2650 processor. stk# 30759. $18,000 (G)

Haybuster S2000 square bale processor. stk# 31321. $9900 (G)

Vermeer BPX9010 R&S processor, 1000 PTO, right hand discharge. stk# 29565. (L)

Vermeer BPX9010R processor. stk# 29561.(L)

Vermeer BPX8000 round only. stk# 11189. $17,000 (L)

Bale King 5100 processor, round only, right hand discharge. stk# 29070 $14,900 (G)

Bobcat 20” mini excavator bucket. stk# 29628. (G) Manitou 96” grapple bucket. Mount for New Holland/Gehl/Manitou. stk# 22839. $5888 (G) 72” bucket. stk#26358. $700 (G)

Massey Ferguson 30-ft. bat reel. stk# 11079. $799 (G)

MacDon CA25 combine adapter. stk# 26661. $3500 (G)

MacDon 871 combine adapter. stk# 11818. $2500 (G)

MacDon adapter. Not complete. stk# 21743. Make an Offer (G)

Danuser F8 heavy duty digger with 12” bit. stk# 18366. $1200 (G)

Danuser 200173 18” rock auger bit with 2” hex head. stk# 29016 $1800 (G)

Woods BS3044E balespear. stk# 23716. $600 (G)

Quick Attach spears. One 4-ft. spear and two 1-ft. spears. stk# 24229. $500 ea. (G) Toro 34225 stand on spreader. stk# 25200. $5000 (G)

Dandy-Lion 60” pull type weed killer. stk# 30186. $200 (G)

Case front weights. stk# 25307. $600 (G)

2 W Spreading, Choteau MT B4

3V Distributing, Conrad MT A30

5 Gen, Great Falls, MT B18

7 W Enterprises, Inverness MT C37

A-Plus Auto, Great Falls MT A16

Abilene Machine Inc, Abilene KS B2

Accelerated Metal Solutions, Glendive MT......C26

Action Toys, Billings MT C4

Affordable Construction Equipment, Billings & Bozeman MT B12, B13

Ag Trucks & Equipment, Great Falls MT B17

Ag Wise, Kremlin MT B11

AgriBusiness Trading Group, Inc., Walla Walla WA C36

Albaugh, LLC, Seed Start A20

ASH Supply, St. Ignatius, MT B21

Badland Truck Sales, Glendive MT C1

BC Trucking & Livestock, Milt Hartman, Highwood MT A26

Beartooth Mahindra, Billings MT A42

Ben Taylor, Valier & Shelby MT C7

Big Horn Sainfoin Seed Co., Powell WY B21

Big Sky Equipment, Conrad MT B23

Big Sky Mahindra, Great Falls MT B3

Big Sky Pipe, Great Falls MT A40

Big Sky Sawmill & Wood Products, Vaughn MT C8

Billings Farm & Ranch Supply, Billings MT B2

Bjorn Johnson Construction, Missoula MT....C16

Bouma Truck Sales, Choteau, Great Falls MT INSERT

BTI Feeds, Cut Bank MT C7

C & B Operations, LLC, Billings, Culbertson & Plentywood, MT, Sheridan, WY, Powell, WY C34, C35

Cascade Machine & Supply, Great Falls MT....C8

Central Heating & Air Conditioning, Billings, MT A17

Centrol Crop Consulting LLC, Brady & Conrad MT C36

Churchill Equipment, Manhattan & Belgrade MT A9

Circle S Seeds of Montana, Three Forks MT A38

Clearview Seed, Denton MT B3

Cut Bank Tire, Cut Bank MT B11

Dakota Truck & Farm, Minot ND C3

DBL Sales & Service, Coffee Creek MT B14, C28

Doane Western of Montana, Bozeman MT B7

Double D Land Services, Billings MT C21

Double Diamond Truck & Equipment Sales, Missoula MT C12

Dry Fork Ag, Ledger MT A35

Escrow Montana LLC, Whitefish MT C36

Evergreen Wood Products, Moore MT B24

Fire Pro Extinguishers, Pavillion WY A29

First State Bank, Shelby, MT A32

Fisher Metal Products, Fort Benton, MT C20

Flaman Rentals, Power MT B4, B14

Fort Benton Realty, Fort Benton MT B16

Fox Ford, Wolf Point MT C26

Frank Merchant Roofing, Great Falls MT C9

Fraser’s Oil Inc., Inverness MT A18

Frieling’s Agricultural Equipment, Great Falls MT A31, B1, C19, C29, C33

Frontier Precision (formally Triangle Ag), Fort Benton MT C9

Frontline Ag Solutions Dillon, Dillon MT A39

Frontline Ag Solutions, Choteau, Conrad, Cut Bank, Dillon, Lewistown, Havre, Chester, Great Falls, Belgrade, Livingston MT A36, A37

Glass Trucking, Denton MT C8

Golden Harvest Seeds, Big Sandy MT A14

Golden Triangle Seeds, Rudyard MT B9

Gordon Repair, LLC, Miles City MT C10

Greenway Seeds, Caldwell ID A41, C24

Greyn Fertilizer, Choteau, Dutton, Valier MT C43

Grossenburg Equipment, Winner, Pierre, Philip, Belle Fourche, Beresford SD, Wayne, Bloomfield, Hartington NE, Sundance WY C15

Hamilton Systems, Inc. Hamilton ND C11

Heartland Ag Systems - Titan Applications, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, SD, WA A29

Heartland Seed Company, Moccasin MT B5

Hedman, Inc, Grass Range MT C41

Helfert’s Helena Farm Supply, East Helena MT C2

Henke Enterprises, SprayFlex & Big Dog Mowers, Chester MT B22

Heritage Timber, Bonner MT C28

Highline Communications, Cut Bank MT C38

Hotsy Wy-Mont, Great Falls & Billings MT C6

Hoven Equipment Co., Great Falls & Lewistown MT A44

Hwy 12 Equipment & Repair, Baker MT C10

J & K Log Homes, Lavina MT A22

J & T Equipment Sales, Stevensville MT B10

J Bar T Bins & Steel Buildings, Chester MT......B24

Jamieson Motors, Inc., Chinook MT A30, C18

Jim Nielsen Trucks & Parts, Butte MT C12

Johnsen Trailer Sales, Inc., Bismarck & Fargo ND B4

Johnson Distributing, Great Falls MT B6

Krogmann Mfg. C42

Lakeland Feed & Supply, Dillon & Hamilton MT A34

Lattin & Sons, Power MT B4, B14

Lee’s Trapworks, LTD, Swift Currant Canada B21

M & M Auto, Trailers, & Welding, Stevensville MT B22

M & W Machine, Three Forks MT A27

Mahindra, Beartooth Harley Davidson, Billings MT A42

Mahindra, Big Sky Harley, Great Falls MT B3

Marks Lumber, Clancy MT C38

Milk River Ag, Chinook, MT C30

Missouri River Realty, Glasgow, Malta, MT C25

Montana Ag Safety Program C13

Montana Farrier Supply, Livingston MT C24

Montana Fence, Billings, Bozeman, Great Falls, Kalispell MT A14, C14, C37

Montana Fiberglass Inc, Lewistown MT B8

Montana Holster & Shoulder Rig, Great Falls MT B2

Montana Metal Fabrications, Great Falls MT B8

Montana Seeds, Conrad MT A22

Montana Valley Irrigation, Great Falls MT A24

Mountain View Metalworks, Wilsall MT B5

Mountain West Ag Services, Garneill MT A36

MQS, Montana Quality Structures, Stevensville MT C3

MT Tractors, Matt Pendergast, Stevensville MT B14

Musselshell Valley Equipment, Roundup MT A23, A35, B7, C13

New Homes of the Future, Billings MT A32

North Star Equipment, Simms MT B15

Northern Ford, Cut Bank MT C31

Northern Prairie Auto Sales, Wolf Point MT.....C14

Nutrien Ag Solutions, Inc, Conrad, Great Falls, Billings, Fort Benton, Belgrade, Hardin, Chester, Shelby, MT A40

Oxbow Engineering LLC, Randy Pierce PE Three Forks MT C4

Pete’s Auto Sales, Great Falls MT C5

Platinum Auto Center, Big Timber MT B16

Powerhouse Equipment, Floweree MT A26

Precision Truck & Trailer, Havre MT C23

Premier Contracting, LLC, Fort Shaw MT B18

Price Truck & Equipment Sales, Missoula MT C20

Quality Sales, Great Falls MT A12

R & L Seed & Machine LLC, Geyser MT C10

R & M Exterminators, Cheney WA B2

RDO Equipment, Kalispell, MT C33

RDO Equipment, Missoula MT C33

Red Iron Air, Taylor Wood, Simms MT A8

Redhead Equipment, Regina SK Canada C27

Reinke, RPH Irrigation Services, Choteau MT B20

RMB Bins, Severinsen Irrigation, Fairfield MT C28

Rockwell Scales, Simms MT C38

Roger Rader, Inc, Sun River MT B18

Roofing By Frank Merchant, Great Falls, MT.....C9

Rowse Farm Equipment, Avon MT C40

RPH Irrigation Services, Reinke, Choteau MT B20

S & C Auto, Great Falls, MT C8

Severinsen Irrigation, Zimmatic & RMB Bins, Fairfield MT A28, C28

Shortline Ag, Scobey MT A42

Signature Auto & Equipment, Spearfish & Belle Fourche SD C44

Sod Buster Sales, Polson MT B24, C11

Sonny Todd Real Estate, Big Timber MT A8

SprayFlex, Henke Enterprises, Chester, MT....B22

Steel Etc, Great Falls MT C16

Stokes Fencing, Conrad MT C42

Sullivan Brothers Construction, Conrad MT....C39

Sunrise Hoppers, Bow Island AB Canada B16

T & S Sales, Spokane WA B8, C6

T & T Farm Supply, LLC, Chester MT B9

Taylor Farm Store, Shelby MT C7

Taylor Transportation, Great Falls, MT C40

TCB Transport LLC, Geyser MT A29

The Fagenstrom Co. Great Falls MT B24

The Gear House, Helena MT A10

The Western Feed Corral, Great Falls MT A28

Three Forks Lumber & Ready Mix, Three Forks MT C12

Tiber Tractor Co., Chester MT C39

Timberline Truck & Trailer, Missoula & Belgrade MT B20

Titan Applications - formerly Heartland Ag Systems, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, SD, WA A29

Tom’s Shop, Grass Range MT B21

Treasure State Seed, Fairfield MT A33

Treasure State Wood Boilers, LLC, Bigfork, MT C32

Tri-County Implement, Sidney MT C25

Tri-State Truck & Equipment, Belgrade, Billings, Great Falls MT, Casper WY, Rock Springs WY C11

Triple T Sales, Chinook MT A43, C30

TT&E Inc, Victor MT & Spearfish SD A6 Valley, Montana Valley Irrigation, Great Falls MT A24

Vantage, Frontier Precision, Fort Benton MT.....C9

Vaughn Truck, Havre MT B21

VW Mfg, Chester MT B19

Weaver Grain Bins, Power MT A26

Wichman Ag Supply LLC, Hilger MT C10

Wild Horse Seed, Havre MT B3

Williams Ag Services, Circle MT C32

Zimmatic, Severinsen Irrigation, Fairfield MT...A28

Zimmerman Manure & Silage Hauling, Fairfield MT C20

Montana Holster & Shoulder Rig

Lord, as you know six ladies showed up at my door tonight for a movie and dessert. I could hardly contain my surprise and delight! Then I looked at the kitchen calendar and realized I’d organized the evening and offered to host it! Quick as a bunny I put on the coffeepot and pulled out some cookies and ice cream.

Research extends to brewing quality with new license

By Reagan Cotton, MSU News Service

Thanks to a new license, barley research at Montana State University is set to extend beyond breeding and malting to the science behind brewing.

In November, the Montana Board of Regents cleared MSU to apply for an academic brewer license. Similar to the licensure used by commercial breweries, the license allows researchers in MSU’s Barley, Malt and Brewing Quality Lab to brew small amounts of beer as part of their research, identifying beneficial traits in new barley lines and evaluating how different varieties perform at each stage of the pipeline from field to brewery. MSU’s application for the license was approved on Feb. 28.

“Brewing is a complicated process that involves not only barley, but also the barley-growing environment, yeast and many other factors,” said Jamie Sherman, head of MSU’s barley breeding program and an associate professor in the Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology in the College of Agriculture. “If we don’t understand this process, how can we possibly breed for it?”

For the past three years, more barley has been planted in Montana than in any other state, according to data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service. In 2023, 1.2 million acres of barley were planted in Montana. Barley has a variety of uses, and special lines can be bred for feed, forage and malting.

However, Sherman said, releasing a new variety before knowing how it performs in malting and brewing means accepting a lot of uncertainty. Just because a new line performs well in the field doesn’t mean it will malt or brew well.

“This new ability will allow us to make sure a release doesn’t have something bad about it once it’s brewed, and it also may help us identify some positive traits in new lines that could help them perform well for brewers,” said Sherman. “Ultimately, our lines are only going to have success if a grower is willing to grow it and the end user is willing to use it. There’s been a disconnect there, and this will help close that.”

Sherman established MSU’s malt quality lab in 2016. Before the lab was created, she sent barley and malt samples to a U.S. Department of Agriculture lab in Wisconsin to get some of the data she needed for breeding, which slowed down the process and limited the number of samples she could test. By conducting malt and now brewing quality research in-house, the team can collect any data needed for in-lab research or requested by Montana barley producers.

The academic brewer license came into being through House Bill 31, sponsored by Rep. Ross Fitzgerald, R-Power, during the 2023 Montana Legislature. After the bill became law, MSU’s request to apply for an academic brewer license was approved by the Montana Board of Regents last fall. New research endeavors will be spearheaded by Sherman and Bruce McMahon, MSU’s first-ever research brewer. With more than a decade of experience in the brewing industry working with Anheuser-Busch, McMahon said the opportunity to conduct brewing-quality research at MSU was a perfect fit.

“We’ve never had a brewer. It’s like this incredible gift,” said Sherman. “He’s got industry experience and he knows how to talk about brewing and to brewers. Just like we’ve started doing malting research in recent years, he can start doing brewing research. I’m sure that a year from now, we’ll be working on something we never even thought about.”

Using a small suite of in-lab brewing equipment, Sherman and her team will evaluate new and existing barley varieties for end-use quality. Because the brewing process involves so many factors, the possibilities are endless, she said.

“Brewing involves living organisms interacting, and so a lot of it is the yeast, which has a huge impact on the flavor and the product,” said Sherman. “It has a lot to do with the minerals that happen to be in the soil that get incorporated into the barley, and then the minerals in the water that you use to brew with. We know that all of those factors are impacting the malt, but how does that carry over into the flavor? We don’t have that data yet, and that’s our next step now that we’re able to brew.”

In addition to in-house barley and brewing research, the lab will extend its services to brewers or maltsters who want quality and chemical analyses done on their products. Producers will be able to send samples to Sherman’s team for analysis on everything from alcohol content and bitterness to gluten levels.

For Sherman, conducting brewing research is the natural

Making a silk purse out

of a sow’s ear

Seeing thousands of pounds of pork shoulders piling up in the Hormel coolers in 1937 gave one of the company’s executives an idea: Why not chop the meat up, add some spices and meat from other parts of the pig, and form it into small ham-like loaves? Put it in a can and fill the excess space with gelatin from the pig’s leftover skin and bones – you could probably keep the meat edible for months without refrigeration. They tried it. It worked. Hormel’s Spiced Ham quickly found a niche in the market. It was inexpensive, savory, and convenient, and it didn’t need refrigeration.

But pig parts were piling up just as high at other pork packers, and as soon as they saw Hormel/s solution they began selling their own pig loafs.

Afraid of being lost in the sow shuffle, Hormel offered a $100 prize to anyone who could come up with a brand name that would make its pork product stand out from the imitators.

The winner: A brother of one of the Hormel employees, who suggested turning “Spiced Ham” into “SPAM.”

Research extends to brewing quality with new license

continuation of her lab’s evolution. Now, she says, MSU will be able to provide knowledge and data on every stage of the barley breeding, growing, malting and brewing processes, better serving the region’s producers and the consumers of Montana’s barley acreage.

“When you’re a breeder, one of the most important things is gathering a lot of data over a number of years from barley grown in different environments, which will make your selections a lot better,” Sherman said. “Now, we can get our own brewing data, which helps us to make better decisions when developing varieties. It’s already empowered us.”

Research team to study interactions between wild and domestic sheep

By Reagan Cotton, MSU News Service

A research team in the Montana State University College of Agriculture has received $4 million in new funding to help lay the groundwork for disease prevention and management of wild and domestic sheep around the state and region.

Assistant professor and Extension Wildlife Specialist Jared Beaver and MSU Extension Sheep Specialist Brent Roeder, both in MSU’s Department of Animal and Range Sciences, will lead a team in studying how often wild bighorn sheep and domestic sheep interact. The information they collect will help wildlife managers shape approaches for finding adaptive management strategies to allow both species to exist on Montana’s rangeland. It will also build on the body of knowledge to help understand how diseases spread among populations.

2021 Wilson lead and pup, gun metal gray, lead trailer is 42x96x78 and pup is 20x96x78. Both trailers have Ag hoppers, electric traps and tarps.

2024 Wilson 50x96x72 tri axle with rear axle lift, electric tarp.

2022 Wilson Gunmetal 48x102x78 triple axle with rear lift, 2 hoppers, electric tarp.

2022 Wilson 41x96x78 ag hoppers, hydro tarps, black.

2021 Wilson 48x102x84 Black, tri axle with rear axle lift, aluminum Subframe, Hydro traps and electric roll tarp. Very nice trailer.

2021 Wilson Pewter Metallic 41x96x78 Ag hoppers, electric tarp.

2019 Wilson 48x102x84 Black, tri axle with rear axle lift, aluminum Subframe, Hydro traps and electric roll tarp. Very nice trailer.

2018 Wilson Black 50x102x78 triple axle with rear lift, 2 hoppers, electric tarp and traps.

2018 Wilson Pewter Metalic 41x96x78 Ag hoppers, electric tarp and traps.

2016 Wilson 43x102x78 Black, electric tarp, Ag hoppers.

2014 Wilson 48x102x78 pewter metallic, tri axle, 3rd hopper, electric tarp.

2014 Wilson 41x96x78, air ride with Ag hoppers.

2023 Timpte 40x96x72 air ride Ag hoppers, electric tarp, manual traps and stainless steel rear end.

2023 Timpte Gunmetal 40x96x72 air ride Ag hopper, electric tarp and hydro traps.

2016 Wilson livestock 53x102, nose 11-ft., rear 14-ft., belly 28-ft., tri axle air ride, stainless steel front.

2024 Manac beavertail, 53x102, all steel, wood floor. Two ramps and 12 winches.

2000 Utility, 38-ft. van with 2 side doors, (4) 1600 gallon tanks and a Honda pump inside.

1996 Trail King 52-ft. step deck with 4-ft. beavertail and ramps, all steel trailer, good condition.

1995 Trail King 52-ft. step deck with 4-ft. beavertail and ramps, all steel trailer, good condition.

“Being able to better predict when and where domestic and wild sheep are likely to interact will allow us to be more efficient with our time and resources,” said Beaver, whose research focuses on holistic wildlife management approaches. “It allows us to focus mitigation efforts in the highest-risk areas and potentially focus reintroduction in areas where transmission risk is very low.”

The funding, which will support at least five years of research, comes from Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, which will also collaborate on the project. The work will help FWP implement its adaptive management plan for bighorn sheep, a species that has seen less population recovery than other reintroduced species such as elk, said Beaver.

Other collaborators include the Montana Wild Sheep Foundation, Montana Woolgrowers Association and numerous Montana sheep producers, Beaver said. Because the interaction of domestic and wild sheep can be difficult to track, bringing as many perspectives to the table as possible was a key goal of the project.

“This project has important implications for many Montanans, from lamb and wool producers to wildlife enthusiasts and the hunting community,” said Carl Yeoman, head of the Department of Animal and Range Sciences. “It will be especially valuable having all stakeholders at the table in a co-production research framework.”

Roeder, who has studied sheep production and wool quality in Montana for more than two decades, said the work will benefit from the many perspectives it considers.

“This is the first study to my knowledge that has brought this many agencies together on this topic,” he said. “It’s a current issue that’s impacting a lot of domestic producers around the state.”

A particular focus of the research will be Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, or M. Ovi, a bacteria that can cause respiratory infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia in sheep and goats. Generally, said Roeder, symptoms are mild in domestic herds, but the disease can be devastating to wild bighorn sheep herds.

Beaver said that if the research can identify trends in how frequently contact between wild and domestic sheep is happening — and where it occurs — then management plans and the reintroduction of bighorn sheep can be tailored to minimize risk.

Beaver noted previous research that showed a 14.5-kilometer buffer – roughly 9 miles – between wild and domestic herds was enough to greatly reduce transmission of M. Ovi. But allowing for that much space isn’t always feasible.

“Getting a better understanding of how contact is occurring and seeing if there are predictors for it means we can start to identify better tools than just a line on a map,” he said. “What a lot of other studies have lacked is that local and generational knowledge, so we wanted a study that properly evaluated co-mingling that also included all the stakeholders, where producers weren’t left out of those conversations.”

Wild animals are frequently fitted with radio collars so that scientists and wildlife managers can track migration patterns. For this new project, Beaver said collar data from bighorn sheep will be instrumental in identifying where interaction is most frequent or most likely.

The team will work with sheep producers in higher-traffic areas on strategies for preventing contact between domestic and wild sheep. Those strategies could include using livestock guard dogs or sheepherders and rotating pasture land seasonally based on bighorn migration, said Roeder, with continued research into which strategies are most effective.

“The issue of respiratory disease in bighorn sheep has been CONTINUED ON PAGE B5

2021 Wilson 29-ft. lead trailer, 25-ft. 6” pup with air operated expandable draw bar. Disc brakes on the set!

Research team to study interactions between wild and domestic sheep

the subject of a huge amount of work across the western U.S. and Canada for decades,” said Emily Almberg, a wildlife disease ecologist for Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks and a member of the collaborative research team. “Approaches to this issue fall into two broad categories, one aimed at improving the performance of chronically infected herds and the other aimed at finding ways to minimize new contact events that can be devastating to bighorn populations. Our work falls in this latter category and has the potential to yield wins for both bighorn and domestic sheep health.”

The hope for the MSU team is that the project can generate new ideas for management and care that benefit the state’s producers, land and wildlife managers, and the domestic and wild sheep themselves.

“This has been several years in the making,” said Beaver. “It’s not just an ecological or biological question. There are social and cultural components to it, which makes it very dynamic. That’s why we wanted a project built from the ground up that involved MSU and FWP, but also producers and landowners, because we will not capture a full picture without that diverse participation.”

#####

During a recent password audit, it was found that a blonde was using the following password: “MickeyMinniePlutoHueyLouieDeweyDonaldGoofySacramento”

When asked why such a long password, she said she was told that it had to be at least 8 characters long and include at least one capital.

#####

A racist man called me a terrorist for having long hair, a long beard, and being Middle Eastern.

Later I saw him at church giving a speech about how everyone needs a Middle Eastern guy with long hair and a beard in their lives.

Your Spring Seed

#####

How do billboards talk. In sign language.

#####

What’s blue and not very heavy?

Light blue.

Technology to reduce pathogens in intact eggs

By Autumn Canaday, ARS CDC estimates Salmonella bacteria causes about 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year. Despite their appearance in everyday meals and snacks, the truth is that raw eggs and egg products can carry Salmonella and cause foodborne illness and outbreaks, and even death, in some circumstances. But researchers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recently found a way to combat this through Radio Frequency (R.F.) technology.

A simple solution to foodborne pathogens in eggs would be to pasteurize all raw eggs before they are consumed; however, less than 3 percent of commercial eggs are pasteurized in the United States. Conventional thermal pasteurization of intact eggs is usually a long process that involves submerging eggs in hot water for more than 57 minutes to inactivate Salmonella cells. Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service’s (USDA-ARS) Eastern Regional Research Center in Wyndmoor, Pa., used a novel thermal technology that pasteurizes eggs and inactivates Salmonella cells with a short processing time.

During the study, the water molecules inside the egg rotate and align with the RF instrument’s electric field. This molecular friction causes the liquid inside the egg to heat up quickly and subsequently reduce Salmonella by 99.999 percent within 24 minutes. The R.F.-processed eggs were transferred to the refrigerator and kept at 7°C for seven days to simulate the commercial cold chain temperature.

“After treatment with the system, no intact Salmonella or sub-lethal Salmonella cell remnants were recovered, and no cell recovery was found in the R.F. - treated eggs when stored at retail refrigerated temperature,” said USDA-ARS Research Food Technologist Daniela Bermudez-Aguirre. “The egg quality, such as the color and other parameters, were also preserved through the processing.”

This technology has shown several advantages when used in food, all without a negative effect on food quality. Statistics also show that Americans consumed a total amount of 93.1 billion eggs in 2023. So, this is a promising advancement for small farmers or egg processors and can ensure food-safe eggs while minimizing Salmonella. Consumers will also benefit from this technology since it preserves the quality of the eggs that can be used for special markets such as nursing homes, hospitals, or schools.

ARS researchers will continue to develop this technology’s capabilities and expect it to be commercially available in the near future.

Alfalfa weevil control

By Samantha Daniel, UNL

With the arrival of spring comes the impending return of insects, including pest species like the alfalfa weevil.

Plant injury from alfalfa weevil feeding damage appears as pinholes in the terminal leaves, with leaves becoming skeletonized as feeding severity increases. Adult beetles are roughly 5mm in length with a blunt snout and a brown body. Larvae are 1.5mm to 8.5mm long with a black head, wrinkled green body, and white stripe along the back and will curl into a C-shape when disturbed.

Scouting for Alfalfa Weevil up to and even during the first cutting can help to mitigate economic losses. First, use a sweep net to determine whether larvae are present. If they are, randomly select 5 sites across the field and collect 10 stems at each site, cutting the stems at ground level. Beat the stems into a deep sided bucket and count the number of larvae to determine the average number per stem. While you are actively cutting your alfalfa field, take some time to inspect your equipment for larvae. Economic thresholds for Alfalfa Weevil can vary greatly from an average of 1-7 larvae per stem, depending on a variety of factors. Threshold tables can be found on the CropWatch website.

A variety of insecticides are labeled for alfalfa weevil control, including pyrethroids and products containing indoxacarb (such as Steward). Pyrethroids are more harmful to natural enemies of alfalfa weevil, while indoxacarb is more selective and may help to maintain beneficial insect populations. When alfalfa reaches 50% or more bud stage, it may be more profitable to cut the alfalfa early rather than treat it.

#####

Whatever happened to the guy who invented the knockknock joke?

I heard he won the no-bell prize!

Grazing spring cereal grains

By Ben Beckman, UNL

Grazing winter annuals such rye, winter wheat, or triticale commonly begins in April. All three of these forages can be very high in quality and reduce the need for feeding expensive hay while allowing additional time for spring growth of our perennial summer pastures.

Timing grazing should depend plant growth, not a specific date. Begin grazing when the plants are about 5 to 6 inches tall and manage to keep the maximum height at 8 to 10 inches. A good starting point is about 0.5 cow or 1 stocker calf per acre in early spring and increasing from there. Rotational grazing with higher stocking densities can assist with keeping the plant maturity more uniform and reduce selective grazing. Look ahead 1 or 2 pastures and move based on how the plants are recovering in those pastures. These forages grow and recover from grazing fast.

The most common mistake when grazing spring small cereals is letting the grass get ahead of the cattle. It is important to increase stocking density as the spring progresses to ensure grazing can keep up with the rapid forage growth. This can be achieved by either adding more cattle or reducing the number of acres being grazed.

Like most cool-season grasses in early spring, small cereal forages are also high in potassium. This means there is a need to provide supplemental magnesium as potassium interferes with magnesium availability to the animal. A free choice mineral with a targeted 4 oz per day intake should contain at least 10% magnesium to prevent grass tetany in lactating cows and 5% magnesium to increase gains in stocker calves.

New 2024 Case IH Windrowers

• Cut at speeds up to 20 mph.

• New hydraulic system for smoother operation and increased GPM.

• New guidance system with Drive by Wire.

• New cab and rear axle suspension.

• Variable displacement ground drive and heater pump.

• New engine and hydraulic cooling systems.

• RD5 rotary headers provide a cleaner cut with longer knives and low profile.

• More productivity, improved performance and low cost per acre operation.

4) WD 2505’s and 2105’s in stock!! With 16-ft. and 19-ft. rotary heads 2 crop mergers 0% financing available.

• 6-ft. 10” wide pickup with 160 tines

• Premium balers with mesh and twine

• Overshot feeding system

• Endless belts with 3 year/15,000 warranty

• Patented bale formation system

• Adjustable bale density system

• Moisture monitor system

• 2 year warranty

What do you call it when a 4’9’’ woman dates a 6’5’’ man? A long-distance relationship.

#####

My daughter shrieked, “Daaaaaad, you haven’t listened to a single word I’ve said, have you?”

I thought that a strange way to start a conversation with me….

Preparing for pruning

By Dr. Emily Stine, Nebraska Extension Educator Horticulture

Pruning always seems to be a monumental task to take on, but with the right tools and some knowledge about the plant, it becomes easier.

Best pruning practices require proper tools sized to the branches being removed. Branches less than 1-inch diameter or smaller can be removed with hand pruners. If you find yourself making multiple attempts at a branch or twisting the pruners to make the cut, use a larger tool. Loppers are best for branches over 1 inch in diameter and can make getting into some plants (like roses) easier with their long handles. Pruning saws work well for tight places where prunes or loppers may not reach. They are incredibly sharp and should be used on anything over 1.5 inch diameter. Hedge shears are used for shaping and shearing plants and are not an adequate substitution for other pruning tools.

Pruner types come in two forms: anvil and bypass. Anvil pruners have a blade that closes on a flat edge, like a knife against a cutting board. Bypass pruners act like scissors, where the sharp blade passes by the stationary blade.

When it comes to timing our pruning, we don’t always have a choice. With the storms that frequently roll through our region, broken branches need to be removed for safety as soon as possible. However, if we can choose when to prune, here are some different timings for do-it-yourselfers that want to manage some of the smaller branches. Large branches in large trees are best left for professionals that have training and tools to complete the job.

Traditional pruning recommendations typically suggest pruning during the dormant season. Most trees can withstand pruning at almost any time in the year, but there are certain times that are better for maximizing tree health than others.

Deciduous shade trees, or trees that lose their leaves in the winter, are best pruned during late spring and early summer. New research shows plants are better able to seal and heal when actively growing, a process known as Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees – CODIT for short. This replaces previous recommendations to prune shade trees in winter dormancy.

Pruning time for deciduous shrubs depends heavily on flowering time. If the shrub blooms in the spring (before June), wait until after it flowers to make pruning decisions. If the shrub blooms in the summer months, late winter and into early spring is the best time to prune. In both situations, pruning is done before flower buds are set so you can enjoy as many blooms as possible.

Evergreen plants maintain their leaves during the winter and rarely need to be pruned. With a few exceptions, evergreen branches that no longer have leaves on them will not put out new growth. If a pine tree needs to be pruned, the ideal time is mid-summer when new growth is at least halfway grown. Pruning pines too early can lead to deformation, and pruning too late can stunt future growth. Spruce and fir trees can be pruned between November and April. Evergreen shrubs (e.g. arborvitae and juniper) are best pruned between November and April. They will heal quickly when pruned during this timeframe.

When starting to prune, first survey the plant and decide if it needs pruning. Assess for safety – make sure the plant is not blocking vehicle sight lines or covering sidewalks. Low hanging branches over sidewalks should also be removed to prevent injury.

Remove any dead, damaged, or diseased branches, then determine if there are crossing or rubbing branches to prune and remove. If there are any suckers or little saplings at the base of the trunk, remove them. Water sprouts, or small vertical stems on branches should also be pruned. When removing living branches, try to take no more than 1/3 of the total canopy in a single year.

Once you are aware of good pruning practices and have the proper tools to get the job done, pruning turns from a monumental task into a series of simple decisions.

For more information, contact Emily Stine at estine2@ unl.edu.

#####

A man and his wife are at a restaurant, and the husband keeps staring at an old drunken lady swigging her gin at a nearby table.

His wife asks, “Do you know her?”

“Yes,” sighs the husband. “She’s my ex-wife. She took to drinking right after we divorced seven years ago, and I hear she hasn’t been sober since.”

“My God!” says the wife. “Who would think a person could go on celebrating that long?”

Tomatoes provide health benefits?

By Maribel Alonso, ARS

Scientists at U.S. the Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and The Ohio State University (OSU) have been working to investigate how tomatoes may be imparting health benefits in a recently published study.

Studies in animals have shown that incorporating tomatoes into the diet can reduce the prevalence of chronic illnesses like prostate and liver cancer. It has been thought that compounds naturally produced by tomatoes are responsible for these effects. After absorption from a meal, many of the chemical compounds found in tomato fruits travel to the liver, where they are metabolized. Some compounds remain for some time, while others are quickly removed from the body.

Meanwhile, in the liver or other tissues, some of these compounds can alter gene expression in ways associated with positive health benefits. Researchers in the past have largely focused on lycopene, a pigment that gives tomatoes their red color. However, tomatoes produce thousands of compounds, and it has been shown that tomato consumption offers more benefits than lycopene alone. A “big picture” view was missing.

“We know that eating tomatoes is associated with a number of health benefits, and our study intended to dive deeper into what happens when you eat tomatoes from the standpoint of what is absorbed and how gene expression is altered,” said Michael Dzakovich Ph.D., a scientist with USDAARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center. “Rather than focusing only on one compound, we utilized a technology called metabolomics to broadly profile how hundreds of chemical compounds were changing in the liver as a result of tomato consumption. We also used transcriptomics to measure how all the detectable genes in the liver were changing at the same time. This approach gave us valuable insight into the potential mechanisms by which tomato consumption affects the liver and potentially the whole body.”

Scientists tested liver tissue from mice that were fed control diets or control diets enriched with tomato to determine what tomato compounds were found in the liver and how gene expression changed. Tomatofed mice were given one of two diets with the addition of commercial orange and red tomato varieties. Since not all tomato varieties are chemically identical, using multiple varieties allowed for a more comprehensive examination of how tomato

consumption affects the liver in general.

“We discovered a series of metabolites [molecules produced by metabolism] that have never been reported in the liver. Several of these compounds have been found in blood, skin, and urine, but our data show that these molecules are more extensively metabolized than we realized,” stated Dzakovich. The metabolites are from steroidal alkaloids uniquely produced in tomatoes.

CONTINUED ON PAGE B10

PASTURE WANTED

Need summer pasture for 100 pair

Phone 406-279-3256, leave message Valier, MT

1995 Ford F800 Truck

Under CDL Dump, 85K miles, 5.9 Cummins, 5spd. manual, AC, PS, PB, 24K gvw, 16-ft. landscape dump, 10 ton pto hoist, new pump, new 245/19.5 tires. $17,500

1999 Freightliner FLD112

Rollback truck, 430hp C12 Cat, 10spd autoshift, 27-ft.x102”, 30K power tilt rollback, new 11r22.5 tires and rims, Jake, AC, PS, Tilt, Cruise, 4.11 ratio Full lockers, double frame, 490K miles, runs and drives great $38,500

2006 International 9400i Tractor

450hp, ISX Cummins, 10spd, Jake, AC, PS, Tilt, Cruise, Full Lockers, 163” w.b., 50% 11r24.5 tires, runs and drives great. $23,500

1995 Ford F800 Dump Truck

Crew cab, 22K gvw, 210hp 5.9 Cummins, 5 spd & 2spd, locker, AC, PS, PB, 4yd box, hitch & brake control, 98K miles, new 10r22.5 tires. $26,500

1992 International Crane Truck 10 ton lift capacity, 45-ft. reach, upper bucket controls, 18” auger, 240hp DTA466, 8II trans., 14-ft. service body, 90% 11r22.5’s, aux. hydraulics, runs and drives great. $16,500

1998 International Dump Truck 10 yd, 370 hp M11 Cummins, Jake, 18spd., 18K front 40K rears on Hendrickson, 90% 22.5 tires, live hydraulics, dbl frame, pintle, 250K miles, runs and drives great, plumbed for plow and sander. $34,500

1991 Autocar 12-yard Dump

425 hp Cat 3406B, 18 spd., Jake, lift axle, full lockers, 15.5ft. box, 60% 11R24.5’s, 700K miles, pintle hitch, air gate, runs and drives great $36,500

1998 Gehl DL6h40

Telehandler

4x4, 7,000 lb lift capacity, 40ft. lift height, enclosed cab w/ heat, 3 way steering, 5200 hrs, 4.5 John Deere diesel, 80% 13.00x24 tires, 60” forks, runs and works great $38,500

1997 Gradall 534C-10

Telehandler

4x4, 40’ lift height, 4BT Cummins, 7100 hrs, outriggers, 10K capacity, 60% 14.00x24 tires, runs and works great $36,500

1980 International Service Truck

210 hp DT466, 5&2 spd., AB, PS, IMT 425AT knuckle boom with remote, hydraulic outriggers, 13 hp Curtis 25CFM compressor, 70% 11r22.5 tires, 12-ft. service body. $17,500

1998 Caterpillar TH103

Telehandler

10,000 lb capacity, 44-ft lift height, outriggers, 4x4, 3 way steering, 48” forks, 75% 14.00x24 tires, 9100 hrs, runs and works excellent. $38,500

2001 Chevrolet C6500

210 hp 3126 Cat diesel, 6 spd manual AC, PS, PB, 95K miles, 90% 245/75-19.5 tires, 15-ft. flatbed, PTO hydraulic winch, 26K GVW $15,500

Fertilizer Recommendation Support Tool to digitize crop nutrient management

Project partners of the Fertilizer Recommendation Support Tool announce the nationwide release of FRST, a decision aid that provides an unbiased, science-based interpretation of soil test phosphorus and potassium values for crop fertilization.

The FRST project is a collaboration of over 100 soil science and agronomic professionals representing nearly 50 universities, four divisions of the USDA, several not-for-profit organizations and one private sector partner. This diverse partnership underscores the collective effort and expertise invested in the development of FRST.

“We are extremely excited about the launch of the decision support tool,” said Javed Iqbal, agronomy and horticulture assistant professor at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and a member of the team. “FRST was developed in response to the pressing need to harmonize soil testing across state boundaries. It represents an improvement in our ability to evaluate soil test correlation.”

The new web-based tool represents a significant advancement in soil testing for phosphorus and potassium and nutrient management that uses data from across the United States, with the hope of potentially saving farmers millions of dollars annually while reducing excess nutrient losses to the environment.

“Until now, soil fertility faculty in each state worked independently,” said Deanna Osmond, professor of soil science at North Carolina State University and one of the FRST’s leaders. “But for farmers who work across state lines, it’s difficult to compare or assimilate multi-state guidelines. Our goal is to improve the accuracy of nutrient recommendations through independent, scientifically developed nutrient management best practices that farmers can believe in and adopt.”

Currently, the FRST provides critical phosphorus and potassium soil test values. Critical soil test values indicate where there is no expected yield increase from phosphorus or potassium fertilizer application. In the next phase, the FRST will provide research-based phosphorus or potassium rate response information to assist farmers in selecting the minimum fertilizer rate expected to produce maximal crop yield.

The current version — FRST v1.0 — includes data from nearly 2,500 phosphorus and potassium trials for 21 major agricultural crops, with the majority as corn and soybean. It includes a map of the U.S. that shows the location of phosphorus and potassium trials represented in the database and can be used to identify where the need for additional research data is greatest.

The database was constructed from both

historical and current research data and includes trials from 40 states and Puerto Rico. The team has plans to expand to other crops, cropping systems and other nutrients, such as sulfur.

Key features of FRST include:

Data-Driven: FRST utilizes a dynamic database of soil test correlation data that is constantly updated to improve testing confidence.

Crop Specific: The database currently covers 21 major commodity crops.

Geographically Diverse: Includes published and unpublished trial data from 40 states and Puerto Rico.

Unbiased: Blended data removes political and institutional bias in soil test interpretation.

Scientifically Sound: Data represents a minimum dataset that provides reliable outcomes.

“The FRST project has accomplished two really important objectives to advance phosphorus and potassium management for crop production,” said Nathan Slaton, assistant director of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture and a leader on the project.

“The first was developing a national database to archive soil test correlation and calibration research ensuring that research information that supports crop fertilization recommendations is not lost as scientists retire,” Slaton said. “The second is providing a tool that anyone can use to review the research results relevant to their crop, soils and geographic area to check their soil-testbased fertilizer recommendations.”

Hosted in a neutral space with common access, FRST fosters collaboration and innovation in soil fertility research, paving the way for future advancements in nutrient management.

“The design of FRST has always been focused on the end user being able to easily use the tool and understand the results,” said Greg Buol, business and technical application analyst at North Carolina State University. Buol has provided database and programming support for FRST.

“We believe that FRST will not only benefit farmers by improving farm economics and conservation practices but also contribute to global sustainability,” Iqbal said.

For more information about FRST and how it can transform nutrient management on your farm or in your organization, visit the FRST site and click on “Tool”.

Funding for the FRST project has been provided by the USDA NRCS including the Conservation Innovation Grants, USDA ARS, USDA NIFA and OCP North America.

Tomatoes provide health benefits?

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B9

“Steroidal alkaloids have been shown in both in vitro [in the laboratory] and animal studies to lower the absorption of cholesterol, reduce cancer cell proliferation, and reduce muscle atrophy. They also resemble many important signaling molecules made by the body. It seems reasonable to hypothesize they might be a part of a suite of compounds found in tomatoes that benefit human health.”

In addition, scientists observed that regardless of the tomato variety, there was an increase in the activation of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism, a series of biological processes that help our body detoxify

itself. This led the authors to hypothesize that one way in which tomatoes may be benefiting human health is in their ability to promote production of the enzymes that allow excretion of potentially toxic compounds. Similar gene expression profiles have been associated with the prevention of cancer development because of consuming vegetables like brassicas (for example, broccoli).

#####

According to DC Comics, the ancestors of Superman’s adoptive family, the Kents were noted abolitionists in the the 19th century.

How to plant potatoes

By Tom Kalb, Horticulturist, NDSU Extension

Gardeners in North Dakota love to grow and eat potatoes. The average North Dakotan eats over 100 pounds of spuds per year, making it our favorite vegetable.

The planting season for potatoes is coming. Here are some quick tips on how to get your crop off to a great start.

Get your potato seed from garden centers or seed companies. This seed is certified to be free of diseases. Do not use potatoes from the grocery store or stored from last year’s crop. These potatoes may have diseases in them.

Plant your seeds in a well-drained, fertile soil. Potato plants are especially hungry early in the growing season. An application of 1 pound of 10-10-10 fertilizer scattered along every 10 feet of row at the time of sowing is generally recommended.

Lots of varieties grow well here. Red-skinned varieties are most popular. These tend to have a waxy texture and are used for boiling, roasting and salads. Dark Red Norland is the favorite red-skinned potato. Chieftain and Red La Soda will produce good yields, too.

Yellow-skinned varieties are gaining in popularity. These varieties are good for boiling, roasting, salads, soups and frying. Satina, Yukon Gem and Yukon Gold are good choices for North Dakota.

White-skinned and Russet varieties are best for baking and making French fries. Caribou Russet and Gold Rush grow well in our state.

My favorite variety is Purple Viking. Its purple skin has beautiful pink splotches. Purple Viking tolerates drought and resists scab disease. It makes great mashed potatoes. You won’t find it at garden centers, but several companies offer it online.

The best potato seed is the size of an egg or golf ball and has about two to three eyes. If you have larger seeds, you can cut them to fit this size. If a seed has lots of eyes at one end, slice the seed so the eyes are evenly distributed among the cuttings.

Seeds that are cut should be planted immediately or allowed to heal for 4 to 10 days before planting. The wounds heal best at 50 to 60 degrees and high humidity. You can create high humidity by placing a wet burlap bag over the cut seed.

Seeds are generally planted two weeks before our last frost. For most of us, this means we can plant around May 1.

To prevent seed rot, the soil temperature at planting should be around 55 to 60 degrees. The best tool to measure soil temperature is a soil thermometer, but a meat thermometer can be used. Insert the thermometer 4 inches into the soil. Test it in the morning when the soil is coldest. Monitor for about 3 days to get a consistent reading.

Soil temperatures can be found on the North Dakota Agricultural Weather Network website. Go to www. ndawn.org and click on Deep Soil Temperatures. Look for the readings at four inches in depth.

Plant your tubers about 4 to 6 inches deep (the length of a dollar bill) and space them 12 inches apart. Closer spacing can lead to smaller tubers and wider spacing can lead to larger tubers.

One pound of potato seed will plant about 6 to 8 feet of row. You can expect the seeds to sprout within a couple weeks.

ALIGNMENT

One & Enlist Duo

MT Tractors

John Deere 7430 Premium , MFWD, IVT. $72,500

John Deere 6930 (150 hp), MFWD, 5400 hours, AutoQuad, LHR, with New 740SL loader. $82,000

John Deere 6190R MFWD, Auto Quad, E range, 5600 hours. $86,500

John Deere 6150R MFWD, 3-pt., CommandQuad, 3400 hours, very nice. $90,000

John Deere 4050 MFWD, P/S, 3-pt. $38,500

New Holland T7.250 FWD, Auto Command, 5100 hours $75,000

New Holland 8670 FWD, P/S, 3-pt, 540/1000 PTO, 6000 hours. $44,000

Using technology to monitor water on the ranch

By Thomas Aquino, Graduate Research Associate | Yijie Xiong, Nebraska Extension Specialist,

Precision Livestock Management, UNL

Water is often a limiting resource when considering both animal and grazing management. Checking water levels can often account for a considerable proportion of time and labor costs, especially when water sources are few and far between or during extreme weather events. Producers who are looking to minimize time spent checking water may consider investing in one of many modern water monitoring solutions. Many options are available based on needs, product features, budget, and connectivity concerns. For simplicity’s sake, we will start with the most basic options and work our way up.

Trail/Cellular Cameras

This is probably one of the most basic and affordable options for water monitoring. Many trail cameras are available online or at sporting goods stores. You might even have an extra one floating around from last hunting season. Place these trail cameras overlooking water sources to take photos and send them to a mobile phone at preset times each day, or when motion is detected by the camera. This is also a great option for security purposes around equipment and facilities. However these cameras require adequate cellular service to send photos.

Barn Owl Tech

Barn Owl tech (https://barnowl.tech/) offers a variety of cameras that work with cellular connections. Originally designed as security cameras, they can capture photos and videos that can be sent to a mobile phone. In addition to battery power, Barn Owl cameras offer solar backup and optional zoom for higher-resolution images. Users pay for cellular data (provided through Barn Owl) with a “pay as you go” option that is based on data usage/images per month. Although not designed specifically for water tank monitoring, with proper setup users can monitor the approximate water level and quality in real-time via a cloud-based application.

Pros: Lower cost (range from $400 to $700 per camera); can be easily moved between areas; solar backup. Cons: Monitoring is limited to what can be seen in camera’s field of view.

Drones

Drones are becoming more popular among farmers and ranchers thanks to their flexibility and ability to be used for various tasks. For checking water in places that are hard to reach by foot or vehicles, drones can be easily flown to those areas to check water levels and visual conditions. Drones also serve as a tool to check on animals in those areas without risking getting stuck. Some drones have extended flight times (30+ minutes) and a flight radius of 2 miles or more. Manufacturers such as DJI (www.dji.com), Ryze Tech (www. ryzerobotics.com/tello), and Autel Robotics (autelrobotics. com) offer drones for personal usage in a wide range of sizes, weights, and prices that can range from under $100 to thousands of dollars. When purchasing drones, make sure to look at compliance requirements with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations (https://www.faa.gov/ uas). Drones are the only option we discuss that needs a physical operator and may require FAA compliance.

Pros: Can choose from different manufacturers, sizes, and prices; Flexibility to do multiple tasks; flying makes it easier to access hard-to-reach areas.

Cons: Requires a learning curve associated with flying drones; requires a physical operator; risks associated with drone crashing and damaging; flying is limited to certain distances from the operator; flying time is limited to battery capacity.

Stand-alone water monitoring products

This group of products is sold and used exclusively for monitoring and/or managing water levels. Devices consist of a base station with an antenna, battery, and the “brains” of the system. The sensor is usually attached to a cable placed into the tank/trough/pond. Some companies also offer extended cables for use in larger or deeper tanks. These products come as part of a package that will include a monitoring device and an app or software that can be used with a smartphone/ tablet/computer. In addition to the initial one-time cost of the package, an annual/monthly subscription fee is often required for using the product via cell/satellite service and visualizing water level information.

Ranchbot Water Level Monitor

Ranchbot Monitoring Solutions (https://ranch-bot.com/) offers a variety of water-monitoring/management options with different price points and capabilities. Their water level CONTINUED ON PAGE B16

John Deere 6120M MFWD, 3-pt. $62,000

John Deere 7230R MFWD, IVT, 4500 hours. $105,000

John Deere 6210R MFWD, Auto Quad, E range, 5600 hours. $92,500

New Holland T7.220 FWD, P/S, 5700 hours. $70,000

2017 Komatsu WA380-8 wheel loader, 4 yard bucket, hydraulic coupler, 3rd valve, ride control, 4 new tires. $99,500

& 60’x140’, office & lumber & chemical storage building 30’x60’, and estimated 100,000 bushels grain storage bins. Tri County Water District provides water to property. Good big game hunting and trout fishing in the nearby Bob Marshall Wilderness in the Rocky Mountains. Incredible Value for a Total Price of $6,955,000, terms possible. For more details, call Fort Benton Realty LLC, Brokers Shane Ophus at 406-788-6662 and Mark Pyrak at 406-788-9280, or Agent Dennis Franz at 406788-1163, or email to markpyrak@gmail.com, OR to sgophus@itstriangle.com, OR to fden5069@gmail.com

Using technology to monitor water on the ranch

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B14

monitors not only measure water levels but can send alerts to your cell or emails in “near real-time” when there is a sudden change in water level. They also have a remote/automatic pump control to keep water tanks filled to a consistent level and an automatic rain gauge to track rainfall.

Gallagher Satellite Water Monitoring System

Marketed as a “liquid” monitoring system, Gallagher’s product (https://store.am.gallagher.com) can monitor several types of liquid, including water, fertilizer, or fuel. Relying on micro-satellite communication, this water-monitoring system can be utilized for large farms or remote properties where cellular or Wi-Fi coverage is weak or unavailable. It also can add multiple recipients to notifications about changes in water levels.

Lonestar Tracking

Lonestar tracking (https://www.lonestartracking.com) offers a water tank monitoring system that can operate with either satellite or cellular technology. Users can be frequently updated from four (satellite option) or 24 measurements (cellular option) in a day and can be notified when the water level is low.

Pros: Purposely designed for livestock water level monitoring, various options based on price and connectivity, product-specific customer service, global coverage using either satellite or cellular connection.

Cons: Higher initial costs, semi-permanent: not as easy to move to different locations, requires a monthly/annual subscription for connectivity service and data platform; may operate using a long-lasting battery, so, the product lifespan is subject to battery life (can range from 2 years to 10 years).

Integrated water monitoring products

The following group of products is integrated into another system/software/application. This means these products need to be used with existing livestock monitoring products from the parent company/system. These water monitoring products can be purchased from the parent company and may require an additional subscription fee for data. If you are already using one of these systems, integrating water monitoring can be simple.

701X xWatSen

701X (https://www.701x.com/) Autonomous Rancher offers GPS “smart” ear tags that track individual cattle movements and provide record-keeping and data management through an app-based user interface. The xWatSen (www.701x.com/xbasexwatsen) monitors water level and temperature and is connected to the xBase to send notifications to the app. In addition to low water level notifications, the xWatSen device can also notify the users in cases of overflow events and allow the users to customize their preferred water temperature range and receive alerts when it is outside of the range. The 701X system is reliant on cellular service.

mOOvement

mOOvement (https://www.moovement.com) tracking, based in Australia, offers a few sensing solutions, such as location tracking, ultrasonic and pressure sensors for livestock operations. Their location tracking system uses either GPS or Bluetooth ear tags to track individual animal locations. The manufacturer now also offers an ultrasonic water sensor for water level monitoring based on the type of water source (troughs and tanks vs. creeks and ponds). This system is reliant on LoRa (long-range) radio antennas that are connected back to an internet or cellular system.

Pros: Seamless integration to parent system, devices, and data platform.

Cons: Operate as an add-on device to the parent system and require existing parent system infrastructure.

Final Thoughts

There are several options for monitoring water levels, and the number of products available in each space continues to expand. When considering solutions to implement on your operations, keep these factors in mind:

Cost: How much are you willing to spend? How much time and fuel will this save?

Environment: What are the typical weather conditions in your area? Do you need more rugged systems for extreme weather events?

Connectivity: What kind of connectivity is required for this product to work? Do you have it covered in your area?

Flexibility: Will this be on a permanent tank, or will it need to be moved? If so, how frequently?

If you have any questions about options for water monitoring or have an experience with some of these products/solutions you would like to share, please reach out to your local extension educators or Yijie Xiong (yijie.xiong@unl.edu).

low boy service

#####

A little girl climbed up onto her grandfather’s lap and asked, “Did God make me?”

“Yes,” the grandpa replied. “Did he make you, too?” “Yes.” “Well,” the girl said, looking at his wrinkles and thinning hair, “he sure is doing a better job nowadays!”

Relieving stress around the branding pen

By Ryan Benjamin, Nebraska Extension Educator | Hannah (Greenwell) Smith, Nebraska Extension Educator, UNL

Spring calving brings the promise of working calves, and in some areas of the state, branding season. Following is the challenge of gathering enough help at the right times to ensure proper vaccination, castration, and the other complements to our herd health programs. Priorities during this event typically include people safety and minimization of cattle stress.

Research has shown that stress related to branding calves is correlated more with amount of time separated from the dam, rather than actual method used to complete working calves (i.e., calf table vs. roping methods). When working cows and calves at branding it may be best to work cows first and return them to the calves as quickly as possible. Calves will start calming down even if they are not with their own mothers, reducing bawling.

Each operation is set up differently with varying resources to work calves, and potentially cows at the same time. With technological advances around working cattle there are options to evaluate how these opportunities match with resources. This could be as simple as having a couple devices to help wrestle calves such as Nordforks or as extensive as a hydraulic calf tub, alley, and table.

A Nordfork is a device that was invented to hold a calf in combination with a roper on the heels of the animal; the NordFork is a steel loop that goes behind the ears of the calf to catch it and hold it while the animal is vaccinated and branded. The loop has a handle on one end to assist with removal. This option decreases the number of ground crew required; one person can operate two or three Nordforks simultaneously, replacing up to six people. Nordforks also make dealing with larger calves easier for the ground crew as they do not have to solely depend on two wrestlers to restrain the calf. Having skilled ropers reduces calf stress in any rope and brand setting, since frequent misses can cause excessive movement.

If the convergence of resources allows for an investment in equipment or development of a working facility designed specifically for calves, there is the possibility of decreasing the amount of labor needed at specific times for working a group of cattle. This also potentially increases flexibility of when calves can be worked and improve timeliness of vaccination and cattle movements. Those with smaller operations that have trouble getting adequate help or skill for a rope and drag branding may find a calf table to be a good alternative. The primary disadvantage of this system is the amount of capital investment if seeking to purchase materials or a portable facility.

An additional way to relieve stress in the moment of working cattle is analyzing vaccine programs regularly, being familiar with administration of each product, and how to handle those products to ensure safety and efficacy of vaccination. The primary resource here is maintaining a healthy veterinarian client patient relationship and having a constant conversation about expected results of animal health programs. Recent developments have included syringes that will hold entire bottles of vaccines that can improve vaccine handling and administration.

Frog Jumping Day

This holiday is always celebrated on May 13

Frog Jumping Day is a great day to jump like a frog. Or, is today intended to jump

“over” one? Either way, this holiday is certain to be a fun day. But, is this truly the reason for this day? Read on………

The roots of this holiday goes back to Mark Twain’s first short story. It was first published in 1865 as “Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog”. Later, he published it as “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”. It is also known under a third title “The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”.

How to Celebrate and Participate in Frog Jumping Day

• Jump and leap like a toad.

• Read Mark Twain’s story “Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog”

• Also, we don’t think Mark Twain would mind if you jumped around like one, or if you jumped over an actual frog today.

• Have a frog jumping contest or race. You and your friends look for them. Then, race them against each other.

HAY FOR SALE

#####

One day Max went to see Carl. Carl had a big swollen nose.

“Whoa, what happened, Carl?”, Max asked.

“I sniffed a brose,” Carl replied.

“What?”, Max said.

“There’s no ‘b’ in rose!”

Carl replied, “There was in this one!”

Scientists ratchet up key amino acid in corn

By Jan Suszkiw, ARS

Experimental lines of field corn developed by a team of Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and university scientists will usher in new commercial hybrids offering highmethionine grain.

The advance, reported in a recent issue of Crop Science, will be especially welcome news for organic poultry producers whose birds require dietary formulations of the amino acid to ensure optimal growth, health and production of meat and eggs.

As one of nine essential amino acids and only two that contain sulfur, methionine helps kick-start the synthesis of proteins and is a key component of many tissues, including bone, muscle, ligaments, organs, skin and feathers in poultry. Methionine also underpins important metabolic, digestive and immune system functions.

In organic production systems where pasture is available, free-ranging chickens and other poultry can naturally acquire methionine from eating worms, insects and certain plants. However, supplementing their diets with synthetic methionine in corn-based feed is necessary to ensure the birds get adequate amounts of the amino acid.

Organic producers can do this under a federal regulatory exemption that permits a maximum use of two pounds of synthetic methionine per ton of feed for chickens and three pounds per ton for turkeys, ducks and other types of poultry. Meanwhile, research is underway, including this project, to find natural alternatives whose cost and availability promise to supplant the need for synthetic methionine altogether.

Corn, for example, is a major ingredient in current feed rations; however, grain from commercially grown hybrids contains very little methionine. Fortunately, there are sources of variability for the trait in germplasm collections that can be teased out with the right tools.

Genetic engineering offers one approach; however, transgenic crop varieties aren’t permitted in organic production systems. To address this issue, ARS plant geneticist Paul Scott and colleagues combined the use of two conventional plant breeding methods—namely, doubled haploid induction and recurrent selection.

Using these methods, they developed 16 lines of inbred corn whose methionine grain levels equaled—and in one case, surpassed—that of B101, a hybrid that has been shown to be a useful benchmark of comparison because of its naturally high concentration of methionine. “B101 usually measures about 0.29 grams of methionine per 100 grams of grain, and our best lines have about 0.37 grams per 100 grams,” said Scott, with the ARS Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit in Ames, Iowa.

As an added bonus, some of the inbred lines also showed considerable genetic diversity in certain agronomic traits when evaluated in field trials—plant height, flowering date, disease resistance and orange-colored kernels among them. Additional evaluations are planned, including poultry feeding trials.

“It will be important to test these lines in hybrid combinations and in different environments to understand how stable the trait is and what their yield potential is. Also, we’d like to combine high methionine with other traits of value to organic poultry producers,” said Scott. “Orange grain is one we’re working on now, as well as the ability to exclude transgenic pollen. Ultimately, we’d like to develop corn that can provide a complete diet with no supplementation.

Scott co-authored the Crop Science paper describing the advance together with Taylor Hintch (Practical Farmers of Iowa), Prakasit Duangpapeng (University of Khon Kaen, Thailand), Jode Edwards and Adrienne Moran Lauter (both of ARS), and Shelley Kinney, Thomas Lübberstedt and Ursula Frei (all of Iowa State University in Ames).

They conducted the project with support from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

#####

A climber fell off a cliff, and, as he tumbled down, he caught hold of a small branch. “Help! Is there anybody up there?” he shouted.

A majestic voice boomed through the gorge:

“I will help you, my son, but first you must have faith in me.”

“Yes, yes, I trust you!”, cried the man.

“Let go of the branch”, boomed the voice.

There was a long pause, and the man shouted up again, “Is there anybody else up there?”

WINDROWER FOR SALE

Hesston 1160 swing tongue windrower, 14-ft. single sickle, comes with extra parts and belts. Asking $4000

Located south of Miles City, Montana Phone (406) 421-5353 or (406) 421-5579

SEARCH OF: Cutting head for Hesston 8200 Phone (406) 632-4271 or email Muddycreek56@yahoo.com or text (406) 930-2242

HAY FOR SALE

200 ton 1st cutting, alfalfa/grass mix. About 100 ton is from a new field.

100 ton 2nd cutting, approximately 80 ton is tarped. 35 ton 3rd cutting alfalfa, tarped. All in 3x3x8 bales. Near Three Forks, MT $100 - $125 per ton Phone (406) 285-6975

Gopher Traps by Lee’s TrapWorks

• Easy to set

• Easy to empty

• Built-in stake is part of trap

• Kills quickly

• Very visible if painted bright color

• Traps are sold unpainted, paint them your favorite color

• Traps are currently $22 each Canadian and roughly $18 US at today’s exchange rate

• Postage for package of 10 traps is around $51 Canadian

Uncommon wheat disease in the Nebraska Panhandle in 2023

By Amanda Easterly - Research Assistant Professor | Stephen Wegulo - Extension Plant Pathologist | Katherine Frels - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture | Cody Creech - Dryland Cropping Systems Specialist

Over 50% of wheat grown in Nebraska is produced in the Panhandle. This region is typically characterized by low precipitation; however, 2023 saw frequent rains before and during flowering.

The 2024 winter wheat crop is out of dormancy in Nebraska and the recent USDA NASS report estimates that 68% is in goodexcellent condition. Good fall seeding conditions led to excellent stand establishment in the Nebraska Panhandle. However, Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) — a disease rare to this semi-arid region — was present in the 2023 crop (Figure 2), and its effects continues into 2024.

• Check us out at www.leestrapworks.com Call 306-778-2083 evenings for more information or to order Havre, MT 59501 406-265-6387 jim@vaughntrucksales.com Website: www.vaughntrucksales.com 2005 Great Dane 28’

FHB is a fungal disease that is common in humid wheat-growing regions with frequent rainfall. It is predominantly caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum that survives on residue from previous cereal crops (corn, wheat, barley, rye, triticale, millet). Because rains rarely occur in plentiful amounts in the Panhandle before and during wheat flowering, growers are unaccustomed to FHB, which prematurely bleaches wheat heads.

Frequent rainfall and moderate to warm temperatures before and during flowering favor the release of spores of the fungus from fruiting structures that survive on cereal residue. The spores are dispersed by wind currents and splashing rain, and land on the wheat heads. If the wheat heads are flowering, the florets provide a suitable environment for infection, leading to partial or complete bleaching of heads (Figures 3 and 4).

Infected wheat kernels develop poorly, become shriveled, and can show an orange-pinkish hue that

Figure 2. Fusarium head blight in a state variety trial at the High Plains Ag Lab near Sidney on June 13, 2023.

Uncommon wheat disease

indicates the presence of Fusarium spores. These kernels are known as Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), scabby kernels, or tombstones (Figure 5).

The FHB fungus produces mycotoxins, which contaminate grain. The most common mycotoxin is deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), which is harmful to human and animal health. DON levels are closely monitored by elevators and end users of wheat in frequently affected areas. Prevalence of mycotoxins in wheat grown in the Panhandle in 2023 is not known because it is rarely tested by regional elevators and end users.

The southern Panhandle of Nebraska was a location of heavy infection in 2023, where growers experienced lower yields and lower test weight in many of their fields. Few varieties grown in the region have moderate resistance to scab, so fungicide applications are still recommended for varieties under conditions favorable for FHB. Refer to the UNL Fall Seed guides or consult with seed suppliers regarding variety selection.

Root rot, crown rot and seedling blight can occur if scabby seed is used to plant the next wheat crop.

Unfortunately, the scab that occurred in 2023 is also impacting wheat this year, and this highlights the importance of using high quality seed and seed treatment. Fusariumdamaged kernels are infected by Fusarium, which may or may not be obvious visually. If scabby seed is planted, root rot, crown rot and seedling blight can occur in the wheat crop due to infection by seedborne Fusarium. This situation has been observed this year in a field planted to bin-run, saved seed from the 2023 growing season.

The symptoms of root and crown rot are subtle and sometimes hard to identify in the fall after germination but become more visible after green-up. This year, root and crown rot has presented as patchy spots in the field that initially look like winterkill or poor stand (Figure 6). Upon closer examination, the roots and crowns have a brownish/dark color and the root system is sparse compared to healthy roots (Figure 7). The pattern of brown leaves shown in Figure 6 is not consistent with that of winterkill, because winterkill damage will be seen mostly on the tips of the leaves on the plant.

When infection is present as root or crown rot, there are no chemical control options because fungicides will not be effective. Less affected plants may grow out of some of the symptomology but should be monitored closely. The best ways to control future infection is through using high quality, inspected and fungicide-treated seed; being mindful of the impact of cultural practices and crop rotations, since corn and millet are hosts of the FHB fungus.

Figure 6. Wheat plants emerging from dormancy and exhibiting symptoms of root and crown rot (patchy stand and dying leaves) caused by the fungi Fusarium and Bipolaris. In contrast to winterkill damage, plants are not uniformly impacted. Photo is from a field in Cheyenne County in April 2024. Overall field was patchy with areas of roughly five feet diameter showing symptoms surrounded by more healthy plants. Seed used was bin-run and untreated, and was saved from the FHB-affected 2023 crop.

Figure 3. A wheat head partially bleached by Fusarium head blight.

Figure 4. A wheat head completely bleached by Fusarium head blight.

Figure 5. Scabby wheat grain (left) and healthy grain.

Big Sky Equipment Co.

2022 New Holland CR8.90 combine, full automation, chopper & spreader, electric folding grain tank cover, DFR rock trap, twin pitch rotors, Sunnybrook concaves. Contact Us

2022 New Holland CR8.90 combine, full automation, autoguidance, chopper & spreader, electric folding grain tank cover, DFR rock trap, twin pitch rotors, Sunnybrook concaves. Contact Us

1995 Case IH 2188 combine with MacDon 960 36-ft header and 1010 15-ft pickup header. $19,995

2018 John Deere S780 combine with 740D 40-ft. rigid head & 914P pickup with Rakeup attachment, power folding hopper, GPS, Advanced Powercast tailboard, Active Yield, Active Terrain adjustment, Gen 4 monitor. Just Traded

2006 John Deere 9760 STS combine....REDUCED $10,000 to $39,900

2003 Case IH 2388 combine with 2042 30-ft. head, rock trap Just Traded

Massey Ferguson 8570, includes 30-ft. auger header, 13-ft. pickup header Make an Offer

PASTURE WANTED

For 800 ewes & lambs for pasture or grazing of noxious weeds. Will provide herder. Call (406) 636-2731, Lavina, MT

JOHN DEERE 9400 DRILLS FOR SALE

John Deere 9400 drills, 40-ft. with transport. 10” spacing, rock guards, packer wheel caps. Always shedded. Like new.

$25,000

Phone (406) 788-4298, Oilmont, Montana

for horses and calving barns. Sawdust - $2500/ton Mulch - $2500/ton Firewood - $8000/ton

Balewagons & Retrievers

Uncommon wheat diseases

CONTINUED

Managing FHB in 2024

The impact of FHB on this year’s crop can be mitigated by monitoring the weather and applying fungicide at early flowering if disease-favorable environmental conditions prevail — frequent rainfall before and during flowering.

Fungicides effective on FHB include Miravis Ace, Prosaro Pro, and Sphaerex. The timings and types of fungicides used for control of foliar diseases such as leaf or stripe rust have little efficacy on control of FHB, so a second application of fungicides may be required

Scientific streets

Many of the streets in Paris are named for famous scientists. Here are five you might recognize:

Rue Ampere. Named for French physicist Andre-Marie Ampere, who discovered electromagnetism. He initiated a standard system of measurement for electric currents, and the ampere unit of electric current was named for him.

Rue Copernic. Named for Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who produced a workable model of the solar system with the Sun in the center in the 16th century.

Rue Pierre ET Marie Curie. Named for the Nobel Prize-winning couple who pioneered the study of magnetism and radioactivity and discovered the elements radium and polonium in 1898. (Polonium was named for Marie’s homeland of Poland.)

Rue Galilee. Named for Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Galileo Galilei, who has been called the “father of modern science.”

Rue Foucault. Named for Jean Bernard Leon Foucault, a French mathematician and astronomer who invented the gyroscope and a pendulum that demonstrated that Earth rotates on it axis.

if both types of pathogens are present. A useful tool to help you assess the risk of FHB in your area is the Fusarium Risk Tool. Click on the Central Great Plains Hard Winter Wheat map to see the level of FHB risk in your area (yellow, orange and red indicate low, medium and high risk, respectively).

If a high risk is indicated in your area and the wheat is nearing flowering, apply a fungicide at early flowering. Once symptoms (bleached heads) appear, it is too late to control FHB.

Our Advertising Deadline for the June 2024 issue of the Trader's Dispatch will be May 29th. Phone us at (406) 271-5533

Figure 7. Root system of healthy (bottom) and root rot affected (top) wheat plants from the field shown in Figure 6. Note the sparse root system and browning/darkening of the subcrown internode caused by root rot in the top root system.

Choosing a manure application rate

By Leslie Johnson Animal Manure Management Extension Educator

“How much manure do I need?”

The answer depends on: the crop you are growing and the expected yield; existing soil nutrients as determined by a soil analysis;

desire to build soil nutrients for future years or mine what’s currently in the soil; the type of manure you wish to use and a laboratory analysis of it; and any other fertilizer nutrients you expect to apply.

Note that manure characteristics vary significantly among species, so choosing a rate based on the coverage it provides on the soil surface is not a recommended method of determining an appropriate application rate. For instance, poultry litter is much more nutrient dense than beef feedlot manure, so the soil coverage resulting from a recommended application rate of litter will be much less than what would result from a recommended application rate of beef manure.

What are Your Goals?

Because fertility needs differ among crops, a good starting point is figuring out what nutrients are needed. Fertility recommendations can come from trusted advisors (like a crop consultant) or can be calculated yourself using guidance and resources provided by UNL, such as CropWatch. Remember, when determining nutrients needed, account for all sources of nutrients (i.e., existing soil resources, irrigation water, starter fertilizers, etc.).

#####

In the early 1900s, Lobster was considered the “cockroach of the ocean” and was synonymous with the poor – often eaten regularly by the homeless, slaves, and prisoners. It wasn’t until after World War II that lobster became considered a delicacy and food associated with the aristocratic classes.

#####

“I think the sweet pea is a frivolous flower and leads a butterfly’s life, it wanders anywhere, and clings to anything, and has not any definite aim or ideal.”

#####

“In every failure lies the seeds of success.”

absolutely like new perfect condition Call 1996 GMC tow truck Century body, rear wheel lift, dual winches, Cat diesel, Allison automatic, under CDL, ex-municipal

Ingersoll Rand P375 towable

Deere 4045T diesel,

truck Call

1985 Case W24C frontend loader, new 6 tine grapple fork, 3rd valve hydraulics,

hour ex-government machine Call 2002 Komatsu WA180 loader, 3rd & 4th valve auxiliary hydraulics, ACS quick attach, 5.9 Cummins diesel, auto shift, air, heat, new tires only 5500 hours.

hours,

nice. Call

Utility

trailer, 35-ft. overall length, 10-ft. upper, 25-ft. lower deck, steel composition, power tilt dovetail, spring suspension, no rust, clean Call

2000 Case 688G/Ingersoll Rand V843 telehandler, 8,000 lb. capacity,

Rand P185 towable air compressor, diesel, hose reel and hose, extended tongue, absolutely like new condition, perfect, 16 hours Call

available) Call

2007 Twinstar 2030 hay rake, twin baskets, hydraulic 5-function controls, new monitor control box, very good condition, very few welds, ready for the field. Call 2002 John Deere 310D backhoe loader, extend-a-hoe, full cab, GP bucket, wobble

truck. 93,000 miles Call

1977 Cat V60 forklift, 6,000 lb. capacity, 158” height, diesel, pneumatic tires, one owner, very nice older forklift Call

Duratech/HayBuster 2800 bale processor, round or square bales, fully hydraulic load arms with deflector and discharge, 1000PTO, ex-municipal machine with low usage

Kioti DK5320SEHC tractor with KL5521 loader, cab, heat, air, HST transmission, 540 PTO, Cat I, 3 pt. 1 in stock

Kioti DK4720H with KL5521 loader, open station, 4WD, 47 hp, 3-pt, PTO, HST transmission.

1 In Stock

Kioti DK4520 tractor with KL5520 loader, manual transmission, 4WD, 3-pt, PTO. 1 In Stock

Kioti CK3520Hst with KL4030 loader, 4WD, 35 hp., 540 PTO, Cat I 3-pt. 1 In Stock

Kioti CK2620H tractor with KL4030 loader, 4WD, HST transmission, 540 PTO, Cat I, 3-pt. 1 in stock

Kioti CX2510H tractor with KL2510 loader, HST transmission, 540 PTO, Cat I, 3 pt, 4WD.2 in stock

Kioti CS2210H tractor with SL2410 loader, 22 hp. 4WD, 50” Q/A bucket 2 in stock

CONSIGNED

Mill Creek manure spreader, 50 bushel, PTO driven. $2250 John Deere 6600 combine, gas, pickup header $2000 Massey-Ferguson 510 combine, Perkins diesel $3250 Ford Major tractor. $1250 Hesston 1014 12-ft. swather

Manure has value, test and take credit this spring

By Sarah Fronczak, Michigan State University Extension

Updated from an original article written by Natalie Rector

Myth #1: Manure that is spread during the winter and not incorporated has very little nitrogen left for the next corn crop.

Reality: Winter-applied manure will have nitrogen value! When manure is spread during cold weather and the soil has moisture, much of the nitrogen is held in the soil and is available in the spring. Keep in mind a late summer application of manure N on wheat stubble may lose some of the organic nitrogen by next spring’s corn crop.

As soon as soils warm up in the spring, a portion of the nitrogen in the organic fraction is released and is readily available to the growing crop. Nitrogen will be available to the next crop, even from surface applied manure when it is applied during cooler weather.

Myth #2: Manure spread in March and April will not be available to corn in June.

Reality: Nitrogen in manure comes in several forms including ammonium-N (NH4-N) and organic. As the soil warms up in the spring, up to half of the organic nitrogen converts to nitrogen that is readily available to the growing crop. If the manure was injected, this organic nitrogen is available along with most of the readily available ammonium fraction. Manures like open lot beef manure or broiler barn litter, or manure’s that are surface applied have minimal ammonium-N. The organic nitrogen in these manures is a slow-release nitrogen. A fertility program that supplements manure’s organic nitrogen with inorganic fertilizer, possibly a starter fertilizer, can help with early crop vigor.

Some research has demonstrated that peak yields are observed for manure application at rate replacing roughly 75% of the crop N requirements, with supplemental commercial fertilizer used for the balance. Manures with significant ammonium-N content (and injected) may have less need for supplemental fertilizer for the early season vigor.

Myth #3: The nutrients in manure are too variable to be a reliable source of nutrients for crops.

Reality: The nutrients in manure are more variable than in commercial fertilizer if the manure comes from a pit that has not been agitated Agitation puts nutrients in suspension within the manure, which significantly improves the uniformity of nutrients applied in a field, which in turn increases a farmer’s confidence that there will be plant available nutrients when needed by the crop. A manure analysis will estimate the amount of N - P2O5 - K2O that can be credited against the fertilizer recommendations. Sampling manure as the manure pit is emptied and having them analyzed will help you see if there is nutrient variability as the pit is emptied and allow you to make manure application rate adjustments based on the manure analysis.

It is important to spread manure as uniformly as possible. If the applicator tries to spread a consistent distance, drive the same speed, and avoid random skips and overlaps, then the manure nutrients will be quite consistent. It is important to spread manure as uniformly as possible. If the applicator tries to spread a consistent distance, drive the same speed, and avoid random skips and overlaps, then the manure nutrients will be quite consistent.

Sand-laden manure stored in a pit will vary significantly in consistency and nutrient composition from beginning to end of emptying. Be aware if you use the ‘skim and haul’ method of emptying your pit that the first portion removed will have very little nutrient value as opposed to the sloppy fraction in the middle and the remaining manure. to Take three manure tests from these three different fractions to evaluate where and at what concentration the nutrients are located. Agitation of the pit will lead to a much more consistent manure product and requires only one manure test. See “Manure analysis provides accurate account of plant available nutrients” for more information on manure sampling.

Myth #4: Manure nitrogen is in a form that is not available to crops.

Reality: Corn and other crops cannot tell if nitrogen is coming from fertilizer, livestock manure, or cover crops. Manure contains several forms of nitrogen (organic and ammonium), and all forms of manure nitrogen ultimately convert to available forms of N for plants.

Myth #5: Manure is good for the soil to increase organic matter and tilth, but it should not be considered a nutrient source. Full rates of fertilizer should be applied to assure good yields.

Manure has value, test and take credit this spring

Reality: Manure is a valuable source of nutrients that should be credited against fertilizer recommendations. Straw-packed manure does have less nutrient value, but the liquid systems that are common today are a valuable source of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Manure application rates have a major effect on the amount of nutrients provided to the field. There is a big difference in nutrients per acre when manure is being applied at 3, 6, or 9 thousand gallons per acre. To maximize the benefit of manure, apply manure based on a nutrient management plan and calibrate manure application spreaders.

“Scientific” Theory: Ice Moon

Hanns Hörbiger was a successful and wealthy Austrian engineer who had lots of time to gaze at the sky through his telescope and develop weird theories about things. In 1913 the weirdness peaked when he published Welteislehre, or the “cosmic ice theory.” Hörbiger explained that while staring at the moon one night, he theorized it was made of ice. But wait, there’s more! That was followed by a vision in which Hörbiger learned great truths regarding the formation of the universe…and it all had to do with ice. Hörbiger promoted his theory relentlessly, and even though most serious scientists dismissed it, by the late 1920s the cosmic ice theory was very popular in Germany–largely because many Nazis had taken it up. (Heinrich Himmler, one of Hitler’s commanders, became a major supporter of the theory, based on the idea that the “ice” somehow related to the Nazi fantasy of the “white Nordic race,” which purportedly originated in icy regions of northern Europe.) Hörbiger died in 1931, but his theory remained popular and retained supporters right through World War II…until Germany’s defeat and the war’s end, when it quietly melted away.

The deadline for advertising for the June 2024 issue of

Wagyu/Akaushi BULLS FOR SALE

Disc harrow cultivat made of high-impac with rubber tires Fo wings, raises & low transport to field mo all Bruder & Ertl Big tractors By Bruder, 19"L x 18"W x 3"H, for ages 4 & up

Stock #02228

Needing an irrigation or stock water project design?

Irrigation designs based on planted crops, soil texture, and available water.

Stock water designs based on the herd size, water supply, and power supply.

All projects will meet USDA-NRCS specifications.

• Licensed Professional Engineer

• Registered Technical Service Provider for USDA-NRCS

• Life time member of the Irrigation Association

• 37 years design and field experience.

If you are looking for an independent, non-biased design based on your business needs CONTACT: Randy Pierce PE, Oxbow Engineering, LLC (406) 600-8528 or email Kinseyk1d51@gmail.com

MFU commits sponsorships to new FFA chapters

Montana Farmers Union has invested $30,000 in burgeoning FFA chapters over the past year through it’s new FFA New Chapter Sponsorship program.

Montana Farmers Union’s standing FFA New Chapter Sponsorship program was created in 2023 to help with startup costs associated with building a chapter. The program is specifically for new or rechaptered FFA programs from Jan 1, 2022, and offers $2,500 per qualifying chapter. Florence, Frenchtown, Harrison, Havre, Augusta, Belt Valley, Scobey, Nashua, Whitehall, Winnett, Drummond, and Jordan FFA chapters have qualified for the sponsorships.

“Educating and connecting with the future generation has always been important to Montana Farmers Union, and the new sponsorship funding is a great way to put that ideal to some practical use,” MFU board member Jeff Bangs said.

“Honestly, my jaw just hit the floor with the generosity of that offer,” said Morgan Kuntz, director of development for the Montana FFA Foundation.

FFA has instilled the importance of community service and career skills in Montana youths since its formation in 1930. Today, Montana FFA has more than 6,600 members.

In Havre, the FFA club plans to use the funds to help pay for a greenhouse to offer hands-on learning and attract more students to the program, said Saralyn Standley, FFA advisor for Havre Public Schools.

“Havre is a very strong agricultural community, so it really has been a long time coming for an agricultural program to start,” Standley said, adding the chapter is thankful for MFU’s and the school district’s support. The new chapter sponsorship program is a natural extension of MFU’s longstanding

support of FFA, including as a lead sponsor during convention, providing both financial support and leadership opportunities for members, and filling financial needs for special projects.

Recently, MFU Membership Ambassadors visited the 2023 sponsorship recipients to present them with shirts from MFU as well as visit with them about agriculture and MFU’s grassroots efforts to support family farms and ranches.

“Visiting the new FFA chapters in my area gives me great hope for the future. It is exciting to see ag kids still interested in ag and non-ag kids finding their way into agriculture. There is so much potential for establishing relationships with these aspiring producers. I encourage all farmers and ranchers to help encourage and guide these precious youth as the future generation of farmers and ranchers,” MFU Ambassador Samantha Ferrat said.

“It’s so impressive to see the enthusiasm and energy of the new the Jordan Chapter,” MFU Ambassador Eleanor Dutton said.

“When I asked them why they wanted to start a chapter, the most common answer was, ‘I want to learn more about the different ways ag can be a part of my life after graduation.’ That is what FFA offers kids – the opportunity to gain experience and knowledge in specific ag fields in an environment of healthy competition and camaraderie. All of those things are transferable to life outside of high school.”

Learn more about MFU FFA New Chapter Sponsorship program by contacting MFU Chief of Staff Matt Rains at mrains@ montanafarmersunion.com or Montana FFA Foundation Director of Development Morgan Kuntz at development@ffa.org.

FFA members in Jordan, Montana, received shirts from MFU to mark their receiving a $2500 MFU FFA New Chapter Sponsorship. Photo courtesy of MFU.

FFA members in Whitehall, Montana, received shirts from MFU to mark their receiving a $2500 MFU FFA New Chapter Sponsorshp. Photo courtesy of MFU.

We are Over 200 vehicles TO chOOse FrOm!

2021 Bobcat T76 74 hp., cab/heat/AC, joysticks, 2 speed Highflow, backup camera, 1683 hours. Warranty good till 2000 hours or 6-9-2026. Excellent $60,000 obo Phone (406) 220-2929 or (406) 331-0214

50th ANNIVERSARY SALE! SKIDSTEER FOR SALE

Signs of spring

By Emily How, Horticulture agent, NDSU Extension – Ward County

My 98-year-old great aunt always says that spring is here when the mesquite trees start to bud and the bluebonnets bloom. That works fine in Texas where mesquite trees and bluebonnets are common, but here in North Dakota, there are other signs that point to spring.

To help this native Texan understand what the signs of spring are in North Dakota, I did an office poll. Birds returning and singing, trees starting to bud, the smell of the soil, bulbs emerging and crocus blooming were the common answers.

THE BRAND THEY TRUST

With 50 years of serving Montana & Wyoming, Hotsy is the brand that industries trust for essential daily cleaning. Right now is the ideal time to buy a Hotsy with up to $1000 off our best machines. Financing Available! Get Our Trusted Pressure Washers Today and You’ll See Why Nothing Cleans Like a Hotsy!

As it turns out, the crocus that we see on the North Dakota prairie is a different flower than the traditional crocus. Both are early spring-blooming flowers, have a bulb-like structure and grow in North Dakota.

One of the main differences between these two flowers is the root structure. The prairie crocus, or pasqueflower, is a member of the buttercup family and spreads by rhizomes, whereas the crocus is a member of the iris family and grows from corms.

Rhizome plants, such as the prairie crocus and asparagus, spread by having the main stem run underground and then sending up sprouts for each new plant. These rhizomes allow the plant to store nutrients under the soil and overwinter. Rhizome plants can cluster together and then be separated by cutting the rhizome into different sections and replanting. Corms, such as the crocus and gladiolus, are a type of compressed stem. Similar to rhizomes, corms store food to overwinter. Unlike rhizomes, corms have a bud on top of the food storage tissue. Corms also differ from rhizomes in how they reproduce. Rhizomes spread laterally and can have multiple shoots on one rhizome. Corms also form laterally, with the new corm forming on top of the old corm. Tiny cormels will form around the old corms. These cormels can be separated and used to start new plants.

Neither the prairie crocus nor the crocus are true bulbs, but rather bulb-like plants. True bulbs are divided into two categories, scaley and tunicate. Tunicate bulbs have a “tunic” or papery outer layer. A few plants in this category include tulips, daffodils and hyacinths. Scaley bulbs do not have a paper outer layer and include plants such as the Asiatic lily. True bulbs can be propagated similarly to corms; the true bulb will form bulbils that can be removed to start a new plant.

Regardless of the root system or bulb type, when the soil thaws and begins to warm in the spring, these plants start to emerge forming new stems and flowers ready to bring us springtime joy.

Drought recovery

By Ben Beckman, UNL

Drought damage to a pasture is easy to notice while moisture is lacking, however, the harm done can last, even when rain returns. What can you do to aid in recovery?

Beyond the moisture stress during drought, overuse occurs as well due to reduced productivity. This dual stress causes plants to pull more from their energy reserves than they can afford, causing the plant to slough off excess biomass, often from the roots. Keep this in mind as we begin grazing once moisture returns. Plants are building back not only above ground but also below ground biomass, meaning growth may still be limited even with adequate rainfall. Stocking a bit lighter and keeping a close eye to prevent overgrazing is important to speed along recovery.

A weakened pasture may also show itself is by an increase in pasture weeds. Undesired annual plants will take advantage of reduced competition from the established species and may increase in abundance. While it might be tempting to pull the trigger on an herbicide treatment, often grazing properly and letting the perennial pasture plants recover will reduce weed numbers without the cost of chemicals. If your weedy species are especially aggressive or considered a noxious weed however other control options may still be needed.

Finally, to aid recovery, providing a boost through fertilization can be beneficial. When moisture is present and plants are growing nitrogen can boost growth, especially in cool season brome pastures. Another nutrient to consider is phosphorus. Phosphorus can help root recovery in severely stressed stands, even if soil test show adequate levels.

The Blueprint® team has put together the most transparent animal nutrition program on today’s market. Blueprint® products contain 100% organic trace minerals made from the highest quality, most research-proven trace mineral available. These products go beyond just meeting trace mineral requirements – their superior bioavilability supports exceptional animal performance and health. Blueprint is targeted nutrition, without escess, for peak performance.

University research and on-ranch demonstrations combined have shown feeding Blueprint® can deliver positive results across many ares of production.

Stretch your pasture

Blueprint® products have combined to continually provide high-quality options for your cattle. If you are a returning customer, please refer to this transition guide for a new product name.

Blueprint® is the next step forward in high-performing animal nutrition. It is founded on the proven science that the form in which nutrients are delivered is just as important as the level of supplementation.

Simply put, Blueprint is the most transparent animal nutrition program available. Blueprint products contain 100% organic trace minerals made from the highest quality, most research-proven trace minerals available.

Blueprint goes beyond just meeting trace mineral requirements — its superior bioavailability supports exceptional animal performance and health. Blueprint is targeted nutrition, without excess, for peak performance.

Maintain gut health and stability for profitability. In Crystalyx & Dry Mineral Bio-Mos® is derived from a specific strain of yeast and helps promote animal performance.

Gastrointestinal (GI) health and integrity are essential for animal performance and Bio-Mos 'feeds the GI tract' and thus plays a critical role in animal nutrition and production.

hoppers — Scoop Shovels.

780 1st Rd. S - Vaughn, MT

Call The Weaver Family (406) 788-7989

www.bigskysawmill.vpweb.com e-mail: bigskysawmill@gmail.com

INC.

Hay & Livestock Hauling • In business since 1960 •

ITEMS FOR SALE

2019 Jeep Cherokee 4x4, loaded, 179,000 miles $13,999 2006 Pontiac G6 Mechanic Special $799 2012 Kawasaki Brute Force 750 $5499

1994 Freightliner FLD120 430 Detroit, 13 speed, 355 rears, sleeper $24,999 1981 Freightliner FLC 12064C, 400 Cummins, 13 speed, 355 rears, sleeper $22,999

1997 Super B Train front 40-ft. triple axle, 11x22.5 aluminum; rear 24-ft. dual axle, 11x22.5 aluminum $12,000

Wrecked 1990 Kenworth T600 good 425 Cat, front differential with power divider. Can run motor

Dodge Ram 1/2-ton AT, 4x4

$3500 $3500 $4999

2014 Jeep Compass 2WD AT, 166K. Book $8200. Reduced $5900 ALL OFFERS CONSIDERED Call 406-799-1977 or 406-453-6950, S&C Auto, Great Falls, MT

New director of the Montana 4-H Center for Youth Development

Montana State University Extension has selected Teri Antilley to be the next director of the Montana 4-H Center for Youth Development.

As director, Antilley will provide leadership and establish strategic direction for the center and for all 4-H programs. She will also serve as the state 4-H program leader.

Montana 4-H is the youth development program of MSU Extension. It reaches more than 17,000 youth each year and is supported by more than 3,000 volunteers.

Antilley has served as interim director since January and previously held the position of agriculture and natural resources specialist with MSU Extension. She was chosen for the director position after a national search.

“We are pleased that someone with Dr. Antilley’s experience and qualifications will be leading the Montana 4-H Center for Youth Development and serving as our state program leader,” said MSU Extension Executive Director Cody Stone. “Montana 4-H programs support positive youth development across our state, and Dr. Antilley’s leadership will be essential to our future.”

Antilley said she was honored to accept the position and to see Montana 4-H grow

#####

I had visited a cafe one day with my friends. The waiter recommended that we try their special coffee. We agreed and soon the coffee arrived. As we drink the coffee, we realized that it tastes like dirt and mud. Disgusted by the fact, all of us complained immediately. The alarmed waiter rushes over and says, “Well Sir, it was freshly ground coffee!”

across the state.

“My life goal is to help others succeed,” Antilley said. “I am committed to service, lifelong learning and positive youth development.”

Antilley said she aims to build a community of support and trust while providing connections, education, resources and skills that empower 4-H members and volunteers.

“I look forward to working across the state and exploring ways to support youth in college and career readiness,” she said.

Antilley was previously an instructor and director of the Texas Tech University Equestrian Center. She was a teacher from 2018 to 2020 and a senior instructor and Extension horse specialist for The Pennsylvania State University from 2016 to 2017. She was an Extension program specialist at Texas A&M University from 2006 to 2016.

Antilley has a doctorate in agricultural leadership, education and communications, with an emphasis on Extension education, from Texas A&M University. She also received bachelor’s and master’s degrees in animal science from Texas A&M.

She succeeds Todd Kesner, who left the position in January.

#####

Moore’s Law is the observation that computer chips get twice as powerful every two years, leading to the implication that computer intelligence will eventually be greater than human intelligence. What we don’t know if what the artificial superintellengence of the future will choose to do with its gifts.

FFA members in Harrison, Montana, received shirts from MFU to mark their receiving a $2500 MFU FFA New Chapter Sponsorship. Photo courtesy of MFU.

FFA members in Frenchtown, Montana, received shirts from MFU to mark their receiving a $2500 MFU FFA New Chapter Sponsorship. Photo courtesy of MFU.

Evaluating heifers before breeding

By Lisa Moser, K-State Research and Extension news service

Walk through the halls of a high school and it is easy to see that not all kids develop at the same pace – some look like mature adults while others appear younger than their age.

Similarly, individual animals in a cattle herd also reach maturity at different times, say the experts at Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute.

Speaking on a recent Cattle Chat podcast, the experts addressed factors that influence the pace at which heifers reach their maturity.

“Most heifers reach puberty at 12-13 months of age; there are some Brahman-influenced breeds that are a little older when they begin cycling,” said K-State veterinarian Bob Larson.

To help producers identify the heifers that are most likely to get bred early in the breeding season, Larson advises that producers complete a pre-breeding evaluation of the heifers.

“The two things that drive maturity are their age and their body weight,” Larson said.

When Larson conducts the pre-breeding evaluation, he assesses their reproductive tract.

“As they get closer to puberty, their reproductive tract starts to feel more like an adult tract with a thicker, larger uterus and some follicle structures on the ovaries,” Larson said.

He said there are two main times these evaluations are done.

“Six weeks before the breeding season, I can get an idea of the likelihood they’ll be cycling at breeding, and I still have time to help that along with nutrition. The other time is when we are getting ready for a synchronization protocol and I can separate the ones that are not likely to get bred,” Larson said.

Another factor affecting development is the amount of body fat heifers are carrying, which can be controlled by the heifer’s diet. The experts agree that the easiest way to measure that is through weighing the heifers.

“As heifers grow, they start to deposit more fat in each pound of gain and less muscle. So when they get to about 60-65% of their mature weight, the hormones will signal to the body that it is time to ovulate,” said K-State beef cattle nutritionist Philip Lancaster.

If these are retained heifers, Larson said, often producers will know a target weight that their females in the herd start to cycle. While it varies among herds, for many he said that is about 850 pounds.

Six weeks before breeding, Lancaster said producers can evaluate the heifer’s body condition and adjust accordingly.

TRADE IN PROGRAM

“We can safely increase their nutrition to get more energy in their diet to push them to gain 2-2.5 pounds per day. As long as we start 7090 days before the breeding season, many of those heifers will reach puberty on time,” Lancaster said.

#####

“Cares melt when you kneel in your garden.”

For a limited time, you can trade in an AG-372 GNSS receiver for an

AG-372 GNSS receivers at any accuracy level are eligible to trade in and order one of the two SP P/Ns for an

Other Trimble legacy receivers from CNH machines (for example: AgGPS 252 or AgGPS 262)may also be eligible for this trade-in program. Customers can get up to $4,500 off with this trade program.

R2300 TWIN RAKE & R2800 TWIN RAKE

More hay in a day.

The secret to good bales starts with box-shaped windrows. That’s what the Vermeer R2300 twin rake is designed to produce. Built to last, the R2300 allows you to adjust the width of the windorws to match your baler. Control the width, basket lift and folding/unfolding systems right from the cab of your tractor.

Better bales start with the windrow.

Get great-looking bales quickly and easily. It all startrs witht he Vermeer R2800 twin rake., which produces box-shaped windrows. Built to last, the R2800 allows you to adjust the width of thr windrows to match your baler. Control the width, basket lift and folding/unfolding systems right from the cab of your tractor.

USDA unveils updated plant hardiness zone map

By Jan Suszkiw, ARS

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) released a new version of its Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM), updating this valuable tool for gardeners and researchers for the first time since 2012. USDA’s Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. The new map—jointly developed by USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Oregon State University’s (OSU) PRISM Climate Group—is more accurate and contains greater detail than prior versions.

It is available online at https://planthardiness.ars.usda. gov/. In addition to the map updates, the Plant Hardiness Zone Map website was expanded in 2023 to include a “Tips for Growers” section, which provides information about USDA ARS research programs of interest to gardeners and others who grow and breed plants.

The 2023 map is based on 30-year averages of the lowest annual winter temperatures at specific locations, is divided into 10-degree Fahrenheit zones and further divided into 5-degree Fahrenheit half-zones. Like the 2012 map, the 2023 web version offers a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based interactive format and is specifically designed to be user-friendly. Notably, the 2023 map delivers to users several new, significant features and advances. The 2023 map incorporates data from 13,412 weather stations compared to the 7,983 that were used for the 2012 map.

NEW & USED EQUIPMENT

New Vermeer BPX9010 bale processor CALL Highline bale processors CALL

2014 Highline CFR651 bale processor, chopper..$17,000 2019 Vermeer TM1410 21-ft. mower $45,000

New Vermeer TM1410 trailed mower CALL New ZR5-12 self-propelled baler HERE NOW! Vermeer 605M 17,000 bales, pickup rebuilt, bearings, bushings, tooth bars $15,000 New Vermeer 605N baler CALL

Dealer for Vermeer, Hayliner, and Chisolm Trail

2019 Vermeer 605N 14,000 baler, new belts, chains, sprockets.

2018 Vermeer 605N 14,000 bales, through shop

John Deere 530 baler

Chisholm Trail/Cannonball bale beds, dumping beds WW HD EZ 4-wheeler lifts for balebeds

Hay Liner 42-ft., 8 bale dumping trailers.In Stock..$9500

• In-Shop Repairs & Service Truck Repairs • Hwy 12 Equipment & Repair 8201 Hwy 12 W - Baker, MT Connor 406-778-3777 • hwy12equip@gmail.com www.hwy12equipment.com Full line of feed and mineral products in

New & Used Equipment

Vermeer R2800 & R2300 hydraulic rakes $NEW

Vermeer 605N baler, net, moisture, pickup clutch. $NEW

Vermeer VR1022, VR1224, VR1428, VR2040 wheel rakes $NEW

Vermeer BPX9010 bale processor $NEW

Kuhn GMD5251TC multi disc mower ..........

Kuhn FC4661TCR mower conditioner

Kuhn VT280 vertical mixer

Haybuster 2650 bale processor $16,500

Vermeer 605N baler, 10,000

REDMOND and SWEETPRO SALE

Redmond salt with 60+ Natural Minerals Available in Bags or Blocks: Garlic, Iodized, Stress, Added Trace Minerals, Selenium, or Custom Blends HUGE DISCOUNTS on 3+ pallets & Ranch drop off SweetPro Breedcept, Defender, and Pro Mineral loose mineral or tubs, With or Without Garlic

Furthermore, the new map’s rendering for Alaska is now at a much more detailed resolution (down from a 6 ¼ -squaremile area of detail to a ¼ square mile). “These updates reflect our ongoing commitment to ensuring the Plant Hardiness Zone Map remains a premier source of information that gardeners, growers and researchers alike can use, whether they’re located in the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii or Puerto Rico,” said ARS Administrator Dr. Simon Liu. Approximately 80 million American gardeners and growers represent the most frequent users of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. However, they’re not the only ones with a need for this hardiness information. For example, the USDA Risk Management Agency refers to the map’s plant hardiness zone designations to set certain crop insurance standards. Additionally, scientists incorporate the plant hardiness zones as a data layer in many research models, such as those modeling the spread of exotic weeds and insects. Plant hardiness zone designations represent what’s known as the “average annual extreme minimum temperature” at a given location during a particular time period (30 years, in this instance). Put another way, the designations do not reflect the coldest it has ever been or ever will be at a specific location, but simply the average lowest winter temperature for the location over a specified time. Low temperature during the winter is a crucial factor in the survival of plants at specific locations.

As with the 2012 map, the new version has 13 zones across the United States and its territories. Each zone is broken into half zones, designated as “A” and “B.” For example, zone 7 is divided into 7a and 7b half zones. When compared to the 2012 map, the 2023 version reveals that about half of the country shifted to the next warmer half zone, and the other half of the country remained in the same half zone. That shift to the next warmer half zone means those areas warmed somewhere in the range of 0-5 degrees Fahrenheit; however, some locations experienced warming in the range of 0-5 degrees Fahrenheit without moving to another half zone.

These national differences in zonal boundaries are mostly a result of incorporating temperature data from a more recent time period. The 2023 map includes data measured at weather stations from 1991 to 2020. Notably, the 2023 map for Alaska is “warmer” than the 2012 version. That’s mainly because the new map uses more data representing the state’s mountain regions where, during winter, warm air overlies cold air that settles into low-elevation valleys, creating warmer temperatures.

The annual extreme minimum temperature represents the coldest night of the year, which can be highly variable from year to year, depending on local weather patterns. Some changes in zonal boundaries are also the result of using increasingly sophisticated mapping methods and the inclusion of data from more weather stations.

Temperature updates to plant hardiness zones are not necessarily reflective of global climate change because of the highly variable nature of the extreme minimum temperature of the year, as well as the use of increasingly sophisticated

USDA unveils updated plant hardiness zone map

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C10

mapping methods and the inclusion of data from more weather stations. Consequently, map developers involved in the project cautioned against attributing temperature updates made to some zones as reliable and accurate indicators of global climate change (which is usually based on trends in overall average temperatures recorded over long time periods).

Although a paper version of the 2023 map will not be available for purchase from the government, anyone may download the new map free of charge and print copies as needed.

Sunscreen Protection Day

This holiday is always held on May 27 Sun Screen Day educates and brings awareness to the importance of using sunscreen to protect yourself and your children from harmful UV rays from the sun. This day is held on May 27th, just in advance of the summer and vacation season.

Ultraviolet rays from the sun is a serious risk to your health. With the steady depletion of the ozone layer above the earth, more and stronger UV rays get through.

Overexposure to the sun can cause a number of health problems. It can cause skin cancer, and sunspots. It can also result in premature aging of your skin.

Doctors and medical professionals advocate the use of sunscreen, to guard against health problems. They recommend an Skin Protection factor (SPF) of 15 or more. The higher the SPF value, the better the lotion is at protecting you against harmful UV rays. Sunscreens should be used for all outdoor activities, including swimming.

And yes, sun screens should be used on cloudy days. UV rays can penetrate through the clouds.

“A weed is a plant that has mastered every survival skill except for learning how to grow in rows.”

G03 GATHERING SYSTEM

For more than 55 years, Fantini

gently, but firmly, for better crop retrieval than any other header on the market.

NIELSEN TRUCK & PARTS, INC.

Trailers

1990 Fruehauf 48-ft. shop van.

1977 Utility 46-ft. tri axle flatbed.

(White)

1990 International 8200 complete cab.

1991 GMC Top Kick complete cab.

1998 International 4700 complete cab.

2006 Freightliner complete hood assembly.

3126 E Caterpiller complete take out engine (Excellent)

(2) 366 GM complete take out engines.

Wide selection of 4, 5, 6, and 10 speed truck transmission.

Wide selection of medium & heavy axle shafts & drop ins.

Aluminum & steel truck fuel tanks.

Large selection medium hood assemblies. (3) Under body & center post hoist assemblies.

80 gallon fuel & tool slip combo.

Super Fenceline Concrete Feed Bunks

Funding to strengthen food supply chain infrastructure

Under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), the Montana Department of Agriculture (MDA) has announced approximately $1 million in round two funding under the Resilient Food Systems Infrastructure Program (RFSI). Through this agreement, USDA and Montana are working together to offer approximately $1 million in competitive grant funding for projects designed to build resilience across the middle of the supply chain. MDA is accepting applications for this Infrastructure Grant funding through June 3rd, 2024.

In May 2023, USDA announced the availability of up to $420 million through RFSI to strengthen local and regional food systems. Through this program, AMS has entered into cooperative agreements with state agencies, commissions, or departments responsible for agriculture, commercial food processing, seafood, or food system and distribution activities or commerce activities in states or U.S. territories. RFSI is authorized by the American Rescue Plan.

Using RFSI funding, the Montana Department of Agriculture will fund projects that support the uptake of technology to increase production and add product lines for agriculture products, invest in business capacity to place products in consumer markets, build cold storage capacity throughout the state, and expand food distribution lines in underserved areas of the state. The state’s investments through RFSI will aim to create a food systems infrastructure to support competitive and profitable market access for Montana farm products. The state’s priorities are informed by stakeholder engagement and outreach to underserved producers to better understand their needs.

“The quality of Montana’s agricultural products and the producers raising them are truly unmatched,” said Montana Department of Agriculture Director Christy Clark. “These grants support infrastructure to invest in capacity and the expansion of food distribution lines in underserved areas of the state that directly benefit Montana’s producers’ ability to innovate and grow their operations.”

Those interested in receiving a subaward should apply directly through the Montana Department of Agriculture by June 3rd, 2024. AMS encourages applications that serve smaller farms and ranches, new and beginning farmers and ranchers, underserved producers, veteran producers, and underserved communities.

Through the program and in addition to the Infrastructure Grant funding, the Montana Department of Agriculture will support supply chain coordination and technical assistance to farmers and food businesses operating in processing, aggregation, and distribution—all critical activities to support access to more and better markets for farmers.

For more information, visit the MDA Resilient Food Systems Infrastructure Program (RFSI) webpage at agr. mt.gov/RFSI.

The great GPS treasure hunt

Have you ever wanted to go on a treasure hunt? Does trying to reach a random location sound like a great way to spend a Saturday afternoon? Then you may want to try geocaching. The concept is simple. After jotting down coordinates via a website or logging onto an app with their smartphones, geocachers attempt to reach a certain location and uncover a logbook. If they’re successful, they add their name to it and confirm online that they found it.

To make finding a geocache more exciting, participants also sometimes add “trackables” to the stash: small objects like dog tags or coins that can be tracked as they make their way around a country.

A geocache is typically placed in a public park, but many are located in libraries, underwater, and even on mountaintops. Finding the trickier ones can involve answering riddles or visiting multiple locations before determining the correct spot. Tracking down other challenging geocaches often requires climbing trees or digging them up with a shovel.

But all that searching around can look…odd. Many participants have been questioned by authorities for “behaving suspiciously.” Several geocachers have also died while searching, and a family in Rochester, New York, had to be rescued after looking for a geocache in a cave in 2012. As a result of these incidents, several government agencies have cracked down on geocaching.

Spring grazing to control weeds

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

Spring flash grazing in pastures can be a way to capitalize on some of the early weeds that may be growing. For those areas in eastern Nebraska that had drought conditions in 2023, it is likely that many pastures will have more spring and summer weeds than usual this year.

Drought last year also has led to the general recommendation of delaying turn out to pasture, but early flash grazing can be an option to reduce growth of some of those weeds. Flash grazing is the process of quickly rotating through pastures early, before they are scheduled for their main summer grazing period.

When flash grazing mixed cool- and warm-season grass pastures, we do want to be a little more cautious as to not overgraze any desirable cool-season grasses. In areas where cheatgrass or downy brome is a problem, grazing at strategic windows, such as during the cheatgrass elongation phase right before seed set, appears to be the best time to apply grazing. Grazing at this time matches diet preference by grazing animals

with the cheatgrass growth period and limits over use on perennial cool-season grasses growing at the same time. Targeted grazing is a long-term management option that can utilize cheatgrass as a forage resource and limit the potential seed proliferation within a system.

In warm-season grass pastures, an abundance of early weeds will remove moisture that could be used for grass growth later on and they remove valuable nutrients from the soil. Early weeds also can develop so much growth that they can shade, smother, and reduce early growth of your summer pasture grasses.

While early flash grazing of some pastures will not eliminate all the weeds, it can actually make for some pretty timely and valuable pasture.

#####

Can a kangaroo jump higher than the Empire State Building? Of course! The Empire State Building can’t jump.

Twinstar rugged built rakes are designed to rake two windrows together and for turning hay to speedup drying time prior to baling for high production hay farming, custom operators, dairies raking green chop and raking bio feed stocks. Twinstar Rakes produce consistent uniform windrows and the cleanest hay on the market. Twinstar rakes are designed for precision raking, functionality and built to last. If you’ve tried the rest, now buy the BEST. Our last 2023 Twinstar MVE Price just $44,092 3) 2024 Twinstar rakes in stock!

Beware of mud season

Snow melt, rain and cattle create a recipe for muddy feedlots. While leading to uncomfortable conditions for ranchers, mud is stressful to livestock. Just a few inches of mud requires extra effort for cattle to walk and may lead to a loss of production or weight gain, according to North Dakota State University Extension specialists.

As mud depth increases to between 4 to 8 inches, feed intake can decrease up to 15%. When mud is up to 24 inches deep, feed increase can decrease up to 30%. The effects of mud on performance are especially profound when bedding is unavailable.

“Providing more space for cattle in pens will reduce the depth of mud that cattle tromp up,” says Karl Hoppe, Extension livestock systems specialist. “When extra space is not available, bedding can be used to reduce the effect of mud. Two pounds of bedding per animal is needed to overcome 2 inches of mud.”

Research at the NDSU Carrington Research Extension Center found benefits by bedding at 2 to 2.5 pounds of straw per head per day. Bedding reduced cost of gain and increased marbling score in fed cattle. Mature cows and bulls may need 5 pounds of bedding per day to find comfort.

“When dealing with mud, an alternative to bedding is concrete, Hoppe says. “Heavy-use concrete pads, barns with indoor concrete floors, or completely concreted pens are effective but expensive options. Cleaning concrete pens regularly is recommended, but this can be difficult during winter with frozen bed packs.”

In addition to performance loss, cattle may also experience health issues due to mud.

When cattle get wet, their hair lies down, and they lose insulation value. Mud will further reduce the insulation value of hair coats. Cattle become chilled more quickly from wet and muddy conditions. This stress can inhibit the immune system, making animals more susceptible to disease, says Dr. Gerald Stokka, Extension veterinarian and livestock stewardship specialist.

Mud and manure carry bacteria and other pathogens that can affect cattle health. Calves are particularly susceptible through direct contact or through mud on dirty udders. Calves consuming mud or drinking from mud puddles are at risk for digestive tract infections, such as scours.

Calves born in wet, muddy conditions are also more susceptible to naval/joint infections. Dr. Stokka advises dipping the naval after birth with a sanitizing liquid. A classic product is 7% tincture of iodine, freshly made and uncontaminated. In muddy conditions, move bunks and bale ring feeders to dry ground regularly. If footing around feeders becomes deep with mud, cows have a better chance of getting dirty udders. If moving feeders is not possible, use bedding materials around feeders to keep footing as dry and clean as possible.

Foot rot can also be an issue with muddy conditions. The bacteria responsible for foot rot persist in wet areas. The skin between the toes become tender in wet conditions, leading to increased risk of an opened wound and infection.

“It is often difficult to do anything about mud when there are limited areas of dry ground,” Dr. Stokka says. “Anything that can be done to minimize mud can help decrease the incidence of health issues. During calving, periodically move cows waiting to calve to the driest ground possible, or add bedding for the cattle.”

Few options are available after muddy conditions are in place; therefore, preventive practices are key. Extension forage crops production specialist James Rogers offers these recommendations to aid in reducing muddy conditions: Scrape lots to maintain a 3% to 5% slope away from the feed bunk.

Reshape mounds to ensure quick drainage.

Move livestock to temporary feeding areas such as stockpiled pastures with adequate drainage or fields containing crop residue such as corn stalks.

If stockpiled pastures are not available, consider moving livestock to pastures with tame grasses, such brome, crested wheatgrass or old CRP that is better able to withstand the impact of early grazing.

If tame pasture is not an option, then consider native pastures that have Kentucky bluegrass as a dominant species to reduce potential negative impacts to the growth of native grass species.

“Be aware of the potential for soil compaction when placing livestock in saturated crop fields in the spring and the potential for challenging planting conditions,” Rogers adds. Mud will likely be an issue for farms and ranches when spring arrives. Taking precautions now should help reduce performance loss and improve cattle health.

2023 John Deere S780 (WI), Stk #83793, 354 Engine/269 Separator Hours, Premium Cab, Ultimate Technology Package, HarvestSmart, Extended Wear Small Wire Concaves, Sidehill PerformancePackage $575,000

2022 John Deere X9 1100 (HA), Stk #78491, 483 Engine/309 Separator Hours, Powertrain Warranty Til 8-3-25

$534,000

2023 John Deere S780 (WI), Stk #85007, 660 Engine/460 Separator Hours, ProDrive Transmission with 5 Speed Feederhouse, Premium Cab, LED Lights, 4WD, Extended Unloading Auger-28.5-ft., Power Fold Grain Tank, Powertrain Warranty Til 5-2029 or 3,500 Hours

Tailboard, Power Fold Grain Tank with Extension, 580/42 Front Duals, 620/26 Rears $545,000

$579,000

2023 John Deere S780 (WA), Stk #83631, 459 Engine/348 Separator Hours, PRWD, Manual Grain Tank with Extension, 28.5-ft. Auger with Extended Wear, Big 650 Metric Duals & 750 Rears, Powered Tailboard

2023 John Deere S790 (WA), Stk #83735, 406 Engine/293 Separator Hours, Corn & Beans, ProDrive Transmission, 5 Speed,

4.99% FOR 60 MONTHS*

*30%downpaymentorequivalenttrade required. BasedonApprovedCredit. Seedealerforcompletedetails.

2023 John Deere 616R (WI), Stk #84838, 381 Hours, 120-ft.Steel Booms, 1600 Gallon SS Tank, Premium Cab, Integrated SF7000, Front Fill $539,900

2023 John Deere 616R (WI), Stk #84839, 465 Hours, 120-ft. 15” Spacing, 465 Hours, 1600 Gallon SS Tank, Premium Cab, VF 480/80R50 Tires with Fenders

$531,900

Hours, PRWD, Active Yield, Heavy Duty Reverser, Demco Grain Tank Ext, Premium Activation On Gen4, 22.5-ft. Auger, Duals, Like New Unit $419,000 2022 John Deere S790 (BL), Stk #84103, 734

WINNER

2023

PHILIP

2022 John Deere S770 (WI), Stk #85005, 420 Engine/275 Separator Hours, 4WD,

PIERRE 2023 John Deere 6135E

Stk #78258 Goverment Rental Return. This tractor has 124 hours on it and

$619,900

2023 John Deere 616R (PH), Stk #82989, 475 Hours, 132-ft. 20” Spacing, Carbon Fiber Boom, ExactApply, Signature Edition Cab, 380 Tires $619,900 2023 John Deere 616R (PH), Stk #82988, 493 Hours, 132-ft. 20” Spacing, Carbon Fiber Boom, 480 Tires & 650 LSWTires, Signature Edition

120” spacing, and 36” 6500 tracks. This tractor has the horsepower and traction you need to accomplish some heavy pulling. This unit will be washed, serviced, and ready to hit the field. Give us a call today $659,900

John Deere 1770NT CCS Stk #83690, 24R30 With around 25,000 acres. Spoked gauge wheels, pneumatic downforce,

2022 John Deere 612R (HA), Stk #84837, 755 Hours, 120-ft. 20” Spacing, ExactApply, Stainless 1200 Gallon Tank, Front & Side Fill

$522,500

BERESFORD

2022 John Deere 410R (WA), Stk #82842, 404 Hours, 120-ft. 20” Spacing, ExactApply & Carbon Fiber Boom, Premium 3 Activation, Front Fill

$432,500

2021 John Deere R4038 (WI), Stk #84552, 2,400 Hours, 120-ft. 20” Spacing, Front Fill, Auto Solution Control, Air Purge, Premium Cab

$299,000

$349,000

2020 John Deere R4038 (PH), Stk #82155, 1,375 Hours, 120-ft. 20” Spacing, Excellent Condition, Stored Inside, ExactApply, Air Purge

SUNDANCE

BLOOMFIELD

$379,500

2020 John Deere R4060 (WI), Stk #84515, 2,200 Hours, 120-ft. 20” Spacing, Automatic Solution Control, Hi Flow Pump, Starfire 6000

2015 John Deere R4045 (WI), Stk #85202, 3,550 Hours, 120-ft. 15” Spacing, Slip Control, Front Fill, Educator Stainless Steel, 1200 Gallon Tank $149,000

2019 John Deere 560M Stk #83959 16293 bales on it. Two owner, Baler gets inspected every other year. Has LubeMinder on baler. Belts are 60%. Tires are 70% and chains/sprockets are 80%. Baler is in shed when not used $23,500

• 2/12 pitch painted roof, walls and trim

• (2) – 14’x14’ Wayne Dalton Doors

- One row of insulated glass per door

- One heavy duty opener per door

- Two remotes per door

• (4) – 4’0 x 4’0 windows

• (4) 3070 Entry Doors

• 5” Concrete Monolithic Slab with radiant heat

• #4 rebar on 24” centers

• 2” foam insulation under the slab

• Electric or propane boiler

• R36 insulation in the roof, R25 insulation in the walls

• Includes all labor to pour slab, complete heated floor, and erect the building

MT Livestock Expo enjoys good growth in 4th year

By Suzy Benzing

Did you know that 50,000 eggs are shipped across the country each week from Montana Eggs in Great Falls, Montana? That’s a staggering number of eggs produced by the 50-100,000 chickens that each of Montana’s Hutterite colonies run.

Feed companies, equipment dealers, pharmaceutical companies and like businesses have gathered in Great Falls for the past 4 years to inform and direct sell to Hutterite colonies as well as individual livestock producers. The vendor list is expansive, with a vendor coming all the way from Poland, and now has a waiting list. Many of the products represented are directed to laying hen, hog, and dairy producers, but many products benefit beef and sheep producers as well.

One of the highlights is an egg competition submitted by colonies who have been judged over the previous year on the overall grading of the eggs they produce. The eggs are judged on general appearance, uniformity, case weight, and eggshell quality. During the MT Livestock Expo, 30 eggs representing four categories are judged: Non-GMO, Cage Free, Organic, and a Junior Ag Helper class for those 16 and under. The winners this year were: Non-GMO – New Miami Colony; Cage Free – Sage Creek Colony; Organic – Milford Colony; Junior class – Midway Colony.

The winning colony each gets a trophy and then an auction is held selling those eggs along with fresh baked pies. The proceeds of the auction are always donated in full to a charitable cause. This year’s recipient was the Mercy Flight Air Ambulance Service. They received $7,000.

Expo Director Doug Cramer is pleased to see the growth of the event over the past few years, in both vendors and attendees, and feels next year will be even better! Next year’s event is scheduled for April 30, 2025, at the Montana Expo Park.

Josh, from Milford Colony holds his trophy for winning the Organic category in the egg competetion held during the 4th annual Montana Livestock Expo held at MT Expo Park on April 17, 2024. Photo courtesy of Dennis Friesen.

Gerry, from Midway Colony accepts the trophy for winning the Junior Ag Helper category in the egg competetion from Dennis Friesen of FLL, one of the sponsors of the 4th annual Montana Livestock Expo held at MT Expo Park on April 17, 2024. Photo courtesy of Dennis Friesen.

A young man was planting some flower seeds on a sweltering day, sweating from the hot sun. His neighbor said, “You need to wait until the sun goes down, or plant in the morning when it is coolest.” The man said, “I can’t do that. It says on the package, ‘Plant in full sun!’”

NEW 2024 Ram 1500

Crew cab, 4x4, Hemi, loaded Laramie

NEW 2024 Ram 2500

Crew cab, 4x4, Cummins, loaded Laramie, short box

NEW 2024 Ram 3500

Crew cab, 4x4, Cummins, loaded Tradesman, long box, SRW

NEW 2024 Ram 3500

Crew cab, 4x4, Cummins, loaded Tradesman, long box, SRW

NEW 2024 Ram 3500

Crew cab, 4x4, Cummins, loaded Big Horn, long box, SRW

Heat Illness and agriculture

Farmers, because of the nature of their profession, spend a lot of time outdoors in all types of weather, especially in summer heat and humidity when crop production is in full swing. But while the sun helps sustain crops, its intense heat can cause potentially life-threatening illnesses. To protect themselves, farm workers should be familiar with the different heat-related illnesses, prevention steps, and medical responses to heat stress.

Causes of Heat-Related

Illnesses

Heat-related illnesses result when one or more of the body’s natural cooling mechanisms fail. The body has several ways of cooling itself. Conduction occurs when heat is transferred between two objects in contact with each other, such as when ice is applied to the skin. Convection occurs when air surrounding the skin is replaced by cooler air, which is why fans make it seem cooler. Evaporation rids our bodies of heat through sweat. Finally, radiation occurs when the body loses heat to cooler surroundings, which is why air conditioning cools us.

The human body’s main defense against heat is perspiration which occurs when the surrounding environment is higher than the skin temperature. This response (a sympathetic nervous system reaction to the environment) allows the release of a chemical called acetylcholine that starts the sweat glands in the skin to release moisture and move it to the skin’s outer surface for cooling. Unfortunately, in hot and humid weather, the moisture cannot always evaporate, causing it to collect on the skin and increase the body’s temperature and heart rate. When this occurs, the body sweats excessively, draining the body of water and electrolytes which can result in a heat-related illness. The typical normal body temperature range is between 96° and 100°F.

Who Is At Risk?

We are all at risk of sustaining a heat-related illness if we don’t protect ourselves, but the following groups may run a higher risk of developing a heat-related illness:

Older populations

Infants

Individuals with certain medical conditions such as circulatory and/or heart problems or pregnancy

Individuals who are physically unfit or overweight

Individuals who have just consumed alcohol and/or drugs (including prescription medications)

Individuals with a lower heat tolerance level or those who have not fully acclimated to working in the heat

Individuals working in areas of high temperatures and humidity levels of specific environments (e.g., heat-conducting surfaces)

Those workers who do not have adequate fluid intake levels

Workers completing jobs in areas that have limited airflow to help with the cooling process

Types of Heat-Related Illnesses

The following are the five heat-related illnesses listed from least to most severe:

Heat Rash

Heat rash is caused by excessive sweating during humid weather when sweat fails to evaporate from the skin and clogs pores. The most common symptoms of heat rash include red, blotchy skin or areas of pimples or small blisters. If severe, heat rash could develop into an infection. To prevent heat rash, wear clothing made from cool, breathable material, such as cotton. Keep your skin dry. If heat rash does develop, keep the area dry, treat it with corn starch, and work in a cooler, less humid area.

Heat Syncope

Heat syncope, or fainting, affects people who aren’t used to working in the heat or people who sit or stand for long periods of time. It is caused when the body pumps warm blood to the skin surface to remove heat via conduction, radiation, and convection. If a person remains sedentary, blood may pool in the lower body, reducing blood flow to the brain and causing fainting. It isn’t serious, but it can be very scary to the victim or cause secondary injuries from falling.

If an outdoor worker faints, administer the following treatment: get the victim to a cool place, have them lie down, elevate their feet to facilitate blood re-circulation to the heart and brain, provide liquids to drink, and consult a doctor. Heat syncope can be prevented by moving around periodically when you are doing sedentary work outside, taking periodic breaks, and adjusting gradually to working in the heat.

Heat Cramps

Heat cramps usually affect the stomach, arms, and/or legs and can be excruciatingly painful. They are caused by a loss of body fluids and electrolytes via sweating, which can upset the body’s chemical balance. Cramps can happen

Empowering Efficiency In Your Farming Operations

#####

No U. S. president has ever died in the month of May. In every other month of the year, at least one U.S. president has died.

Rollers

Heat Illness and agriculture

during or after physical activity. To treat them, drink lots of water and massage affected muscles. Do not eat salt tablets because too much salt in our system may aggravate heat illness. High salt intake causes the body to retain water instead of sweating it away.

Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is caused by a loss of body fluids and salts from sweating and decreased blood flow to the brain and other organs. Symptoms include cool, pale, clammy skin; dizziness; headaches; cramps; nausea or vomiting; weakness; confusion; or even unconsciousness. To treat heat exhaustion, move the victim to a cool place, remove excess clothing, elevate their feet, and call for emergency medical treatment. If the victim is able to drink, give them plenty of cool fluids while waiting for help to arrive.

Heat Stroke

Heat stroke is a complete failure of the body’s temperature-regulating mechanisms and a medical emergency. Symptoms include hot, dry skin; a 105-degree temperature or higher; confusion; anger; chills; nausea; dizziness; unconsciousness; convulsions; and delirium. In severe cases, the victim can become comatose. If not treated immediately, heat stroke may be fatal. Contact emergency medical professionals immediately if a person experiences any of these symptoms. While waiting for medical assistance, move the person to a cool place, remove the victim’s outer clothing, slightly elevate their head and shoulders, and immerse them in cool water. If a pool of water is not available, sponge the victim’s body with cold water until help arrives. Under these circumstances, do not give the victim anything to drink.

Preventing Heat-Related Illnesses

To prevent heat-related illnesses, follow the guidelines below when working in the heat:

Drink approximately 8 oz. (1 cup) of water about every 15–30 minutes. (Note: Do not wait until you are thirsty to drink water!)

Avoid caffeine, alcohol, drugs, and large amounts of sugar because they can speed up the dehydration process.

Wear lightweight, loose clothing and light colors that reflect sunlight.

Save strenuous work for the cool times of the day such as early morning or evening, and especially reschedule those tasks that require personal protective equipment.

Pace yourself and take 15-minute breaks in the shade every two hours.

Gradually adjust to working in the heat.

Check your prescription and over-the-counter medication to determine if there are side effects when exposed to heat. Talk to your physician if you have a chronic health condition to obtain any special recommendations for working in hot and humid environments.

If you are a farm owner or manager, educate your workers about the prevention and emergency response of heatrelated illnesses. Observe your employees for heat-related problems as well.

Change work schedules and routines as possible if the heat and humidity index may exceed 105°F.

Summary

Heat-related illnesses can be potentially dangerous and life-threatening to those individuals in a farming community but they can be prevented. When working outdoors in the heat, drink plenty of water before and during work activities, take breaks in a shaded area, pace yourself, and gradually adjust to working in the heat. Below is a summary reference chart that outlines the illness, symptoms, and treatment information presented above.

Trophies and eggs wait to be awarded for the Egg Compeition at the 4th annual Montana Livestock Expo held at MT Expo Park on April 17, 2024. Photo by Suzy Benzing

FARM EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

Spice up mosquito weaponry with mustard

By Jan Suszkiw, ARS

Scientists with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) have shown that seed meal from plants in the mustard family can kill mosquito larvae, which start their lives in stagnant water before emerging into winged adults that take to the air in search of a blood meal.

The findings, recently published in the journal Scientific Reports, open the door to a biobased approach to controlling the biting insect pests. Adult female mosquitoes feed on the blood of people and other animal hosts to produce eggs. But more than just an itchy nuisance, the pest’s bite can also transmit debilitating diseases.

At the ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Illinois, a team of scientists has set their sights on the discovery and development of environmentally friendly approaches for controlling mosquitoes at the habitat level and for individual consumer applications.

On a habitat basis, they’re focusing on products derived from plants and other natural sources that may offer an ecologically friendly way to target mosquito larvae, the pest’s most vulnerable life stage.

Some consumers may be hesitant to apply synthetic insecticide products, so alternative compounds that naturally repel or kill mosquitoes are also being examined. This research push also addresses another concern: preventing the onset of mosquito resistance to synthetic insecticide ingredients, noted Lina Flor-Weiler, an entomologist with the ARS center’s Crop Bio-protection Research Unit.

Together with ARS co-authors Robert Behle, Mark Berhow, Susan McCormick, Steven Vaughn, Ephantus Muturi and William Hay, Weiler is the first to report the potential of mustard seed meal to kill mosquito larvae, which feed on bits of organic matter and microorganisms in shallow bodies of water such as ponds, swamps, kiddie pools, old tires, tree hollows and other aqueous sites.

As larvae, the pests are largely confined to a concentrated area after hatching from eggs deposited there by adult female mosquitoes—a scenario that makes for an ideal pre-emptive strike against the pests before they can mature, mate and bite people, birds and other animals to start the whole miserable cycle over again. Sometimes, the environmental sensitivity of these areas or the presence of non-target organisms warrant a non-chemical solution to control mosquito larvae, such as with formulations that inhibit their growth, suffocate them or infect them with specialized bacteria.

In studies begun in 2022, the researchers examined the larval-killing potential of isothiocyanates, a group of plant defense chemicals that are released when mustard seed meals are soaked in water. “The mustard plant stores inactive defense compounds (glucosinolates) in the seed that can be converted into biologically active isothiocyanates by enzymes called myrosinases,” explained Hay, an ARS plant physiologist. Prior research by other groups has shown that isothiocyanates can kill insect pests and soilborne parasites and pathogens, including root-damaging nematodes and disease-causing fungi, he added.

However, there was little in the existing scientific literature about the potency of these compounds against medically important insect disease vectors like mosquitoes, noted Weiler.

To learn more, the researchers prepared seed meal from four types of mustard family plants (brown mustard, pennycress, garden cress and white mustard) and added varying concentrations of them to small beakers of water containing larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which can also transmit dengue, yellow fever, Zika and other diseases. The researchers also exposed larvae in separate beakers to one of three types of isothiocyanates extracted from the meals. In all trials, they monitored the effects on the larvae at 24 and 72 hours and documented the highest isothiocyanate concentrations needed to kill at least 50 percent of the immature insects.

Of the four seed meal types, garden cress proved the most lethal, killing more than 95 percent of mosquito larvae after only 24 hours and 100 percent in less than 48 hours. All seed meals were toxic to the larvae, except for a pennycress treatment that had been heated. This was intentionally done to deactivate myrosinase enzymes (which are necessary for the production of isothiocyanate) and confirm that their absence in the seed meal allowed the larvae to survive.

More studies are planned, the researchers said, but the early evidence thus far points to a promising bio-based alternative to

that

be derived from

To implant or not to implant?

As we enter this branding season, producers may be asking themselves the following questions:

Will implanting at branding time affect the price of the calves when sold in the fall? Is implanting calves at branding time worth the investment?

While it has been well documented that implants can improve average daily gain (ADG) from implanting at branding until weaning, the use of this technology has decreased in the last 20 years. In a recent study by Seeger et al. (2011), the authors analyzed the sales of 5 million calves sold through video auctions and reported that the percentage of lots marketed as implanted decreased

GREENWAY’S GRAZING CORN

Graze Yearlings1500 on a 130 Acre Pivot for 30 Days

3.5 lbs. of Gain Per Day (69% TDN) 5-7 wt. Cattle*

from 64.3% in 1995 to 26.5% in 2009. The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS, 2008) reported that only 9.8% operations with less than 50 cows used calfhood implants while those greater than 200 cows reported 26.9% usage.

Much of the decrease can be attributed to the assumption that non-implanted calves will bring more dollars at sale time. This may have been the case in 1995 when there was a smaller supply of non-implanted calves. In a recent analysis of calves offered for sale through Superior Livestock from 2010 to 2013 by Rogers et al. (2015), the authors found that the implant status of the calves had no effect on final price for each of the four years the study was conducted. The percentage of lots that were implanted each year of the study was 28.4, 30.3, 30.5, and 29.0.

With the cost of a calfhood implant (Ralgro or Synovex C) at less than $1.50 per head it will only take a few pounds to pay for the cost as well as your time. A study by Dr. Clay Mathis at New Mexico State University reported an increase in weaning weight from 3 to 32 pounds (see Table 1 below).

*

Greenway Seeds Grazing Corn (GX80) is the No. 1 grazing corn in the nation because it is 5-6 days earlier than the competition. This allows the rancher to plant 5-6 days later and still reach peak sugar content (pre tassel) before the frost shuts you down!

OVERSEED ALFALFA with Grazing Corn

Plant with a grain drill following second cutting on an older field alfalfa. Ready to graze in early September.

“We planted GX80 following second cut alfalfa. If we had to do that over we would follow third cut. We grazed 400 head for two weeks on 20 acres” Cory Veterre - Greenriver, Utah

HERE’S WHAT RANCHERS ARE SAYING

Casey Calvin - Monte Vista, CO

We grazed lambs on GX80. They ate it all the way to the ground. Unbelievable! (See website for photos)

Crawford Cattle - Winnemucca, NV

Planted mid July, it was way over our heads. We were surprised as to how long we were able to graze. We also baled some of it. We’re buying again.

Roberti Ranches - Loyalton, CA

We grazed pairs. They ate it all to the ground. We also baled it. The cows like it. We plant GX80 every year.

Coffin Butte Farm and Ranch - New Leitzigg, ND

We planted 400 acres on dryland and fed out 800 pair. We grazed it from Oct 20 to Nov 24. The corn was 7-1/2 ft. tall. The program was a success!

The difference in growth response from the implant may be driven by environmental factors such as grass quality and availability. Recent moisture this spring should improve the chances of good grass production but long term weather forecasts for the summer are predicting above average temperatures with average rainfall for much of the Northern Plains.

While it is known that we will get a response in ADG if grass production is adequate, we cannot accurately predict what the growth response may be. We do know that if we choose not to implant, the market may not offer enough premiums for the weight gain sacrificed.

With the implant labeling changes that went into effect in June 2023, it is important to follow implant labels regarding reimplantation. Only implants specifically labeled for reimplantation within a given production phase can be used more than once. Within the suckling or calfhood phase, there are two subsets: “Less than 2 months of age” and “2 months of age and older.” Cattle can still receive multiple implants across production phases when using implants approved for that specific phase.

Jesse Norcutt, Currant, NV

28 Ton Silage Pasco, WA

Considerations for planting into dry conditions

By Jenny Rees - Extension Educator | Steve MelvinExtension Educator Irrigated Cropping Systems

| Amit Jhala - Extension Weed Management Specialist

| Javed Iqbal - Extension Nutrient Management and Water Quality Specialist | Nicolás Cafaro La Menza – Cropping Systems Specialist, Department of Agronomy and

Horticulture, UNL

As of April 11, 2024, the Nebraska Drought Monitor shows 55% of Nebraska in moderate to exceptional drought (D1-D4), compared to 98% a year ago. Planting is critical for everything else that happens during the growing season. This article shares our UNL planting considerations and provides additional considerations when planting into dry conditions.

Agronomic Considerations

Soil conditions

This is perhaps the most critical component to planting because soil conditions set the stage for the decisions we make regarding planter adjustments, which crop is planted and planting depth. Some areas of the state received some fall/winter/spring precipitation to help with replenishing soil moisture, while other areas continue to have a lack of subsoil moisture due to lack of precipitation events. When planting into drier conditions, increased down pressure is most likely necessary; however, be careful of causing any sidewall compaction.

Soil Moisture, Temperature and Planting Depth

395 Square Butte Lane Landusky MT

Nestled in the landscapes of Landusky, Montana, lies a charming log home, built in 2021

$449,000 1258 square feet of rustic charm, and surrounded by the breathtaking views of the mountains and the Missouri River Breaks. With one bedroom and two bathrooms, it offers comfort, while its spacious covered deck invites you to soak in the beauty of nature. Beneath lies a walk out basement, promising ample storage along with a bed and bathroom. Situated on a generous 9.95-acre plot, the property also features a 24 x 30 insulated shop, complete with a 12 x 30 attached carport, offering both utility and convenience for the avid hobbyist or tinkerer. Whether seeking a tranquil weekend getaway or year-round serenity, this retreat becks a promise of peaceful living while taking in Montana’s rugged beauty. #217BG

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C25

Corn needs to absorb 35% of its weight in moisture to complete the imbibition (water uptake) phase of germination. When adequate soil moisture is available, this typically occurs within 48 hours. Soybean needs to absorb 50% of its weight in moisture to complete the imbibition process. When adequate soil moisture is available, recent research has shown imbibition can occur anywhere from eight to 24 hours. Once imbibition has occurred, soybean seeds enter an osmotic phase and are quite tolerant of soil temps as low as 35-40°F, although extended low soil temperatures can be expected to lengthen the germination to emergence timeframe.

In general, we’d recommend planting into soil temperatures as close to 50°F as possible and when the forecast is calling for warm temperatures the next few days, as that would also help increase the soil temperature. Avoid planting prior to a cold snap (cold rain/snow) within eight to 24 hours for soybean and 48 hours for corn. You can take soil temperatures using a thermometer or you can view soil temperatures on CropWatch. Also be aware that soil moisture can help buffer soil temperatures, reducing larger swings.

How does soil moisture impact planting depth? Research has consistently shown the need for corn to be planted at least 1.5 to two inches deep. UNL showed best soybean yields were obtained by planting at a 1.75-inch depth. So, the short answer — aiming for close to two inches is a good consideration for both corn and soybean. Planting shallower than 1.5 inches leads to more impacts on root development in corn, such as rootless corn syndrome. Proper seeding depth for soybean helps keep that seed in buffered soil moisture and temperature when planted early. It also aids that seedling from emerging too early.

Ensuring a good soil-seed contact is key to emergence success. When seeds fall into an air pocket or rows are not well closed, the imbibition phase can be interrupted or never occur. Digging up some seeds when starting planting to check for proper soil-seed contact and moisture around the seed and regulating the planter accordingly is advised.

Uniform emergence is more important for corn than soybean. Because of this, Rob Nielsen, emeritus extension agronomist at Purdue shares, “When seedbed conditions are dry, make sure you choose a seeding depth that ensures uniformly adequate soil moisture for (corn) germination and emergence. Even though a 1.5- to two-inch seeding depth is a good choice for many conditions, do not hesitate to increase seeding depth to 2.5 or three inches if that is the depth where uniform soil moisture is located.” When it comes to soybean, we wouldn’t recommend planting much deeper than 2.5 inches.

Seeding Rates

For corn seeding rates, it’s best to check with your local seed dealer as all our research shows that optimal corn population varies by hybrid. For those concerned about moisture in non-irrigated or limited-irrigated situations, one may consider using a hybrid with higher flex at a reduced seeding rate.

For soybean, our recommendation after 17 years of onfarm research studies (2006-2023) in heavier textured soils and 30-inch rows continues to be: plant 120,000 seeds/acre, aim for a final plant stand of 100,000 plants/acre and you’ll save money without reducing yields. If that’s too scary, try reducing your rate to 140,000 seeds/acre or try testing it for yourself via on-farm research!

Herbicide Considerations

PPO inhibitors are an effective chemistry often used for pre-emergence application in soybean. The different PPOinhibiting active ingredients, products and timing restrictions can be reviewed in this article. Soybean injury can occur in situations where the seed/germinating seed comes in contact with the PPO-inhibiting herbicide and via water splash onto the emerged soybean hypocotyl and cotyledons.

Some considerations to reduce injury to soybean include: Do NOT apply a PPO inhibitor herbicide if the seed vee is not closed, the soil is cracking along the seed trench or the soybean is beginning to emerge or has already emerged. Another option if one is concerned about PPO inhibitor injury is to consider using a Group 15 herbicide (such as acetochlor, pyroxasulfone, etc.) for residual in a post-emergence application once the soybean has emerged. Remember that residual herbicides applied post-emergence do not have foliar activity, so they will not control emerged weeds but would prevent the emergence of new weeds.

Do not plant soybean shallow (less than 1.5 inches), particularly if the soil at seeding depth is dry. If a PPO inhibitor CONTINUED ON PAGE C28

Spring into seeding with REDHEAD EQUIPMENT.

Lux Surveyor Cab, Power Adjusting Mirrors, 120 ft boom, 7 section, 20” spacing, Case IH AFS Pro 700, Deluxe H.I.D./LED field lights, Accuboom section control, Autoboom Height Control 5 Sensors, Single beacon light, Trelleborg 710 Floaters

CASE IH 9240 COMBINE

620 Duels, 750 Rear, Lux Cab, Air Compressor, 40ft Unload Auger, GPS, Distance Lights, Leather Operator Seat, Powerplus CVT Drive

$310,000 cad stk: 044784

520 duels, HID lights, GPS with 372 receiver, Leather, Fine cut chopper, Lateral Tilt, Pro 600, Extended unload auger 40ft. 600/28 tires

$96,000 cad stk: 047270

$347,500 cad stk: 045884 CASE IH PATRIOT 4440 SPRAYER 2010 CASE IH 9120 COMBINE

CASE IH 9240 COMBINE W/ 3016 HEADER

Powerplus CVT Drive, HD Lateral Header w/ Tilt Trap, Lux Cab, Leather Seats, High Def HID Lighting, Pivoting Unload Spout incab adjustment, Large Color Touch Screen

$310,000 cad stk: 043284

2012 PATRIOT 3230 SPRAYER

AIM command, 100 ft Boom, 800 Gallon Poly Tank, Pro 600

620 duals, 750 rear, Air compressor, Luxury cab, HP/XP GPS, Ext wear cone, Ext wear rotor, Fine cut chopper, Hyd fold top, Auger for 50ft header

$335,000 cad stk: 045189

We Buy Wood Buildings

Considerations for planting into dry conditions

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C26 is applied in these conditions, it can allow the soybean to imbibe water with the herbicide in it, particularly if a rain and/or irrigation event occurs after application. If soybean is planted into moisture, herbicide can be applied within a few days and watered in as long as the seed vee is closed and no soil cracking of the trench is occurring.

Irrigation Considerations

Irrigating Prior to Crop Planting

In general, we would only suggest watering before planting if the planter needs higher soil moisture levels to work well. So, if the soil is too hard, too powdery or cloddy, it may be worth running the pivot. Another situation to consider pre-watering is if greater than 180 lb/ac anhydrous ammonia was applied in a strip with less than two inches of moisture received since application to help reduce ammonia burn to the corn. Otherwise, our recommendation is to run the pivot after you plant if needed.

Irrigation Considerations Early in the Year

Running center pivots early in the season do have some extra challenges. First, keep in mind cold nights. The usual recommendation is not to run a pivot when temperatures are below 40°F. The past few years, several pivots were operated below 40°F without problem, but keep in mind with low dewpoints the pivot can ice up when the actual air temperature is well above 32. So, if you do choose to run in these conditions, keep a close eye out for ice buildup.

Secondly, bare, powdery soils will seal over very easily from rain or irrigation, so keep an eye out for runoff problems even with fairly low application amounts. And thirdly, make sure if you do irrigate that you put on enough to get water down to the moist soil below. This is particularly a problem with tillage or where fertilizer knives have been used and dried the soil out.

Irrigating for Herbicide Activation

It’s important that herbicides are activated with 0.5- to 0.75-inch of rainfall or irrigation, preferentially within five to seven days after herbicide application. If moisture received is less than this amount, some herbicide products have the potential to remain on the soil for up to 14 days without being fully activated. We will have to see how the high winds blowing soil and removing soil particles containing herbicide impact future weed control.

Irrigating to Reduce Urea Loss

For those who applied dry or liquid urea on the soil surface, particularly without the use of an inhibitor, irrigation of 0.5-inch can help with incorporating the urea into the soil and minimize urea loss. If irrigation is not available, an inhibitor was not used and no rainfall has been received within seven days, monitor the corn crop to determine if nitrogen deficiency occurs due to nitrogen loss. The losses can occur early and be significant if there is high surface crop residue, high soil temperature (>70°F), moist soil, high soil pH (>7.0), or sandier soils while the losses can be lower with dry soil, cooler soil temperature (<70°F), low soil pH (<7.0), bare soil or clayey soils.

Irrigating in Strip-till

Regardless of whether anhydrous was applied in the fall or spring, and regardless of amount applied, ammonia burn may occur due to the dry conditions. Sometimes ammonia burn is seen early with seed germination and emergence. Most often, it is seen when roots get to four to eight inches long and hit the ammonia band. Irrigation can help alleviate the impacts of the ammonia injury.

Irrigating and Cold Water Impacts

John Mick, Pioneer agronomist, shared that water from irrigation wells in the southern part of the state often is around 50-53°F, with it slightly less in temperature as one moves north in the state. These temperatures are not a problem to be concerned with regarding any negative impacts to seeds imbibing water.

Each field situation will vary and we hope these considerations will help as you begin or continue this year’s planting season!

Garden Pests

Pea Moths

This small grayish-brown moth appears from mid-June to mid-August over the peas that are in flower or in pods. The caterpillars eat into the pods and cause damage. Damage can be curtailed by sowing early and late crops and avoiding the midseason. Regularly hoe between the rows to destroy the larvae.

Where Quality Meets Efficiency

Milk RiveR Ag – Focusing on FoRAge spRing seeds AvAilAble

sMAll gRAins

* Red Rock Barley - added tonage and lodge resistance

* Gunner Triticale - true awnless

* Everleaf 126 Oats - big wide leaves, dense foliage

* Lavina Barley

* Common Jerry Oats

AnnuAls

* German Millet

* Pearl Millet

* Sorghum Sudangrass

*

•

* Irrigated or dryland forage mixes

* Custom revegetation mixes

By Jan Suszkiw, ARS

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists are leaving no stone—or rather, leaf—unturned in their search for new ways to counter the fungus that causes tar spot, a yieldrobbing disease of field corn in the midwestern United States. First reported in Illinois and Indiana in 2015, tar spot has now expanded to include other nearby states, as well as Florida and Canada. The disease manifests as raised black spots that mottle the leaves, husks and stalks of susceptible corn varieties, diminishing their photosynthetic ability and, in severe cases, killing the plants and inflicting grain yield losses of 20 to 60 bushels an acre.

Now, however, those same spots may reveal a hidden foe of the fungus that causes tar spot, Phyllachora maydis. The spots, called stromata, are a tough, structural form of the fungus that enables it to survive the winter and release a bevy of spores the following spring that infect the next corn crop. But a team of sharp-eyed scientists with ARS’s National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Illinois, observed that some stromata specimens they collected failed to germinate—the “handiwork” of other fungi and bacteria that parasitize the tar spot fungus, potentially opening the door to a biologically based approach to controlling it.

The scientists’ observation came while inspecting a research plot of corn near the ARS center in April 2022. Mild outbreaks of tar spot can generally be reduced with synthetic fungicide applications and corn varieties that can tolerate some damage from the fungus. But under the right weather conditions, severe outbreaks can overwhelm these defenses, exacting a costly toll on farmer profits and underscoring the need for additional countermeasures that can be deployed.

Fortunately, nature, with its system of checks and balances, offered several different species of fungi and bacteria that grow and reproduce on or inside the fungus’s stromata— some of which appeared as a whitish fuzz on the stromata when researchers examined them under a microscope in the laboratory.

The researchers’ use of DNA-based identification methods revealed that some of the fungi and bacteria were known biological control agents of diseases affecting other crops. In trials, for example, exposure to spores of Gliocladium catenulatum (a commercially available biocontrol fungus) prevented 88 percent of the tar spot fungus’ stromata from germinating. An Alternaria fungus isolated from a tar spot stroma prevented about 45 percent of stromata from germinating. Several research studies have demonstrated that some strains of Alternaria alternataare effective biocontrol organisms that can reduce the damage caused by plant pathogens, said Eric Johnson, a research molecular biologist with the ARS center’s Crop Bioprotection Research Unit in Peoria. Additionally, laboratory assays indicated that the Alternaria strain tested did not cause disease in a susceptible variety of corn when added to damaged portions of leaves. It may be additionally useful in killing overwintering tar spot stromata given that the tested strain grew well at cold temperatures, Johnson added.

The scientists’ studies are in the early stages and more research will be necessary to fully ascertain the fungi and bacteria’s potential to biologically control tar spot in commercial fields when applied during the growing season or to kill overwintering. In the meantime, other approaches for managing the disease are also being explored, both in Peoria and at ARS’s Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit in West Lafayette, Indiana. These include: Examining the basic biology and genetic underpinnings of the tar spot fungus for clues to new ways of controlling it. Developing molecular markers to speed the search for new sources of tar spot resistance in corn.

Exploring strategies to make better use of fungicides registered for use against tar spot in corn as part of an integrated approach to managing the disease.

Details on the biocontrol potential of the tar spot fungus’s natural rivals were published in the June 2023 issue of the journal Microorganisms by Johnson and co-authors Pat Dowd, Jose Ramirez and Robert Behle—all with the ARS center’s Crop Bioprotection Research Unit in Peoria. Additional research on biological control of tar spot disease in Peoria is now being funded by the Illinois Corn Growers Association and ARS National Plant Disease Recovery System.

#####

A grandpa told his grandson that ballpoint pens hadn’t yet been invented when he was a boy. “Was that back when they used feathers?” the child asked.

FARM EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

Williams Ag Services, LLC

Mechanics Special Case 420 industrial loader/backhoe, 4 cylinder gas engine. Has broken crank shaft, needs rebuilt. Has

Fiat-Allis 945B wheel loader, Cat 980 size, runs good, needs transmission work but works as fork lift. Clean, as is $5500

Nice Case 530 Construction King loader & backhoe, 4 cylinder gas engine with torque converter, shuttle & high/low with 4 speed transmission, excellent tires, powersteering, removable Case backhoe, with bale spear and forks, tire chains, low hours, great for homeowner or small ranch, no 3-pt. or PTO, easy to haul. $10,500

Nitrogen fertilizer trends in Nebraska from 1955-2023

By Richard Ferguson - Extension Soil Fertility Specialist | Bijesh MaharjanExtension Soil and Nutrient Management Specialist | Javed Iqbal - Extension Nutrient Management and Water Quality Specialist

As farmers embark on another growing season in Nebraska, most will be applying some form of nitrogen fertilizer to optimize crop production. Organic nutrient sources, such as manure and compost, have been used by farmers for thousands of years. Inorganic fertilizers have only been available commercially for slightly more than a century. Significant supplies of nitrogen fertilizers only became available to Nebraska farmers in the early 1950s following World War II, as nitrogen used for munitions became available for agricultural use.

The USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA NASS) and the Nebraska State Department of Agriculture collect information that is very informative about trends in fertilizer use in the state. Most of the nitrogen fertilizer used in Nebraska has been for corn production. Figure 1 illustrates total corn production in Nebraska from 1955 to 2023, showing a steady increase in production over almost 70 years. Figure 2 shows nitrogen fertilizer use over the same period, from six primary nitrogen fertilizer sources: anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium thiosulfate, urea, and urea ammonium nitrate solution. Fertilizers which primarily contain other nutrients, but also some nitrogen, are not included in this figure (such as ammonium polyphosphate, monammonium phosphate, and diammonium phosphate). Consumption of inorganic fertilizer nitrogen from these six sources grew from around 47,000 tons of N in 1955 to a peak of over 960,000 tons of N in 2019.

2. Fertilizer nitrogen consumption in Nebraska, 1955-2023, compiled from Nebraska State Department of Agriculture data (primary N sources only).

take off in the 1980s, and today is the most dominant form of nitrogen fertilizer used in Nebraska. In 2022, 57% of all N consumed in Nebraska came from UAN solutions, while 23% came from anhydrous ammonia, and about 14% from urea.

Total nitrogen used in Nebraska began to plateau around 1980 until about 2010. Since then, trends for increasing total N use have been observed. This trend generally coincides with an increase in land area from which corn is harvested. Approximately 8.85 million acres of corn were harvested in Nebraska in 2010, while 9.5 million acres of corn were harvested in 2023.

Figure 3. Fertilizer nitrogen consumption in Nebraska, 1955-2023, for six primary N fertilizers, compiled from Nebraska State Department of Agriculture data.

Figure 4. Fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency for corn, 1965-2022, compiled from USDA-NASS data. Figure 4 combines information about corn production and fertilizer use, generating the statistic of fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency — the mass of fertilizer nitrogen used to produce a bushel of corn. Data for this figure is produced from surveys of farmers’ practices conducted periodically by USDA NASS, and from USDA NASS reports of average grain yield. Nitrogen fertilizer rates are those reported by farmers. These surveys used to be conducted annually, but today occur every two to three years, with the most recent survey in Nebraska in 2022.

Figure 4 shows a very positive overall trend, with fertilizer N use of around 1.6 to 1.7 pounds fertilizer N per bushel of corn in 1965, to around 0.8- to 0.9-pound fertilizer N per bushel of corn in 2022. This positive trend illustrates that Nebraska farmers have become much more efficient through the years in managing nitrogen fertilizer.

gallon, comm poly water tank on 14-ft. trailer. Great for stock watering or fire protection, electric brakes, 2” ball $4500

Pettibone 12,000 lb. loader / forklift, 4WD and 4-wheel steer, 453 Detroit with Allison transmission, has forks and 2-1/2 yard bucket with 13-ft. boom, has turret will swing 180°, cab & heater. Runs good, good tires, handy machine. $8500 1994 Volvo servce truck, L10 315 hp mechanical Cummins, Jake, A/C, 9-speed with air suspension, air locker rear end, hydraulic driven, 25 CFM air compressor with hose reel, 15 ton hydraulic winch, Hiab 7000 lb. knuckle boom, 25-ft. reach, pintle hitch, no rust, clean, runs good $19,500

Figure 3 shows trends in nitrogen fertilizer sources over this period. Initially, ammonium nitrate, mostly sold in bags, and anhydrous ammonia were the dominant fertilizer sources. Nitrogen fertilizer use grew steadily from 1955 into the 1970s as fertilizers became more available and farmers saw the benefit for crop production. During this period, urea and urea ammonium nitrate solutions became more available and their use grew. Anhydrous ammonia dominated fertilizer sales during this period, peaking in 1968 with over 75% of total N sold as anhydrous ammonia.

Use of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution (both 28% and 32% N) began to

There are many factors influencing this trend, including genetics advances and overall improvement in production practices. However, it’s likely that a major factor in this trend has been growing awareness of the risk of environmental degradation from excessive nitrogen application, influenced by many educational programs conducted by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and natural resources districts. This trend is also influenced by requirements in some groundwater management areas for producers to follow nitrogen and irrigation best management practices.

While the general trend for the past 60 years is positive, Figure 4 also shows very little change recently in fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency: it has remained around 0.8- to 0.9-pound fertilizer N/bu since

Figure 1. Corn grain production in Nebraska, 19652023. Compiled from USDA NASS data.

Figure

Spring turn out to pasture

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

The time for turn out to our primary summer pastures is coming soon. A couple of important questions are what date to turn out, and which pastures should be first?

The driving factors on the amount of grass growth at a specific date varies each year depending on spring temperatures and precipitation. This spring, March and April temperatures have been above normal and there are some areas in eastern Nebraska that have some level of drought. For areas that had drought last year, or are dry this year, delaying turn out, if possible, is recommended. This will allow the grass plants to maximize growth given the current soil moisture conditions, and result in greater season-long production.

For mixed cool- and warm-season native grass pastures, it is important to allow the cool-season grasses to reach at least a 3- to 4-leaf stage. Initial grass growth in the spring comes from energy reserves stored in the roots and crowns of the grass plant. Grazing too soon could cause a depletion of those reserves and reduce production because there was not enough leaf area present to adequately begin producing energy from photosynthesis.

When grazing multiple native grass pastures in a rotation, it is beneficial to change the sequence or order of grazing for the set of pastures. This change in the time of grazing each year benefits the overall health and vigor of the grasses. For producers that have both native range and introduced grass pasture such as smooth bromegrass or crested wheatgrass, grazing the introduced grass pastures first is a great approach to use that resource and allows for a later turn-out on the native pastures.

Nitrogen fertilizer trends

2000 (circled data points). This data also does not illustrate variations in efficiency that occur in regions across the state. This lack of recent improvement suggests that current widely used practices may have reached their limit in terms of nitrogen use efficiency, and adoption of other tools, such as in-season application and sensor-based fertigation, may be required to further increase nitrogen use efficiency.

FARM EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

New Holland 1499 haybine, 12.5-ft. header, A/C, diesel

Massey-Ferguson 16x18 small square baler

Vermeer R23 twin rake

NILE Foundation scholarship winners

$19,500

$28,000

$8500

Ford New Holland 1048 bale wagon, gas, 89 bales stack, good condition

$16,500

New Holland 1068 bale wagon, diesel, A/C. All equipment in above average condition. Phone (406) 590-3601 cell or (406) 467-2601 home Fairfield, Montana

info@escrowmontana.com

I-15 GOLDEN TRIANGLE FARM ASSET TOOLE

& PONDERA COUNTIES, MT

• 2,131 +/- Deeded Acres

• 259 +/- Acres of Outground

• 1,872 +/- Cropland Acres, per FSA

» 1,286 +/- Acres of Dryland Farmground

» 585 +/- Acres of Irrigated Farmground

• Located just 15 minutes south of Shelby, MT

DEREK SANDE, Salesperson 406-788-7472 | Derek@AgTradeGroup.com

www.centrol-llc.com

Standard Analysis, Complete Analysis, or Soil Health 0-6 inch, 6-24 inch and 24-42 inch depths Composite or Variable Rate Sampling with prescription writing.

3 GPS guided trucks available. Take the guesswork out of your fertility program with soil sampling from Centrol. Independently owned, serving the Golden Triangle since 1985.

Jeff Farkell CPAg/CCA 406-788-4875

“The NILE Foundation is excited to announce this year’s scholarship winners! $25,000 will be awarded this spring to recipients planning to attend universities, junior colleges, and trade schools,” says Al McCormick, NILE Scholarship Committee Chair. “Sixty-eight high school and college students from across the United States submitted applications. The committee was very impressed by the high-quality, top-notch applicants that applied.”

The NILE Foundation takes pride in being able to assist youth in agriculture. 14 new recipients were awarded scholarships and six rolling scholarships were renewed.

Since 1990, the NILE and NILE Foundation have awarded over $1,350,000 in cash and ‘live animal’ scholarships to deserving youth active in 4-H, FFA, and their communities. The following recipients excelled in the classroom while participating in NILE events.

Scholarships were awarded on various levels described below:

One-time $1,000 scholarships are awarded to graduating high school seniors that will continue their education at a college or vocational school.

A one-time $2,000 “Shining Star Award” is a new scholarship offered to a graduating high school senior that excelled academically, in their community, and at NILE Events.

Collegiate Scholarships are a $1,000 onetime grant, for students already enrolled in college or a vo-tech school.

The Rolling Scholarships are offered to a select group of high school seniors who may renew the scholarship annually for up to four years of their secondary education. Recipients for the 2024 rolling scholarships were chosen from the pool of applicants that are current seniors in High School.

NILE Legacy Award is a $500 award that is awarded to students based on their involvement in NILE and NILE activities.

Hugh F. Miller Memorial Scholarship was created in memory of long time NILE Member Hugh Miller. Two $500 scholarships will be awarded in his memory.

Four one-time scholarships have been awarded to the following seniors in high school in the amount of $1,000:

Katelyn Anderson

Katelyn Anderson is the daughter of Bryan & Rebecca Anderson of Shepherd, MT. She is currently a student at Shepherd High School, where she will graduate in May. Katelyn plans to attend Montana State University Billings to study Business Administration.

Mollie Mae Ruth will be attending Oklahoma State University where she plans to study Human & Equine Chiropractic. In May, Mollie Mae will graduate from Sweet Grass County High School. Mollie Mae is the daughter of Nathan & Laticia Ruth of Big Timber, MT.

Sandlin

Sandlin is the daughter of Kyle & Finis Sandlin of Nye, MT. After graduating from Absarokee High School, she plans to attend Montana State University to study Pre-Veterinary Science. Keagan plans to pursue Veterinary Medicine after receiving her Bachelor’s degree to obtain her DVM.

Tanner Stott is a soon to be graduate of Huntley Project High School. Tanner plans to attend either BYU-Idaho or Montana State University where he plans to study Engineering. He is the son of Cory & Katie Stott of Ballantine, MT.

Mollie Mae Ruth

Keagan

Keagan

Tanner Stott

A brief history of greenhouses

By Kirstee Schutte, Nebraska Extension Master Gardener

Ever wondered how far back greenhouses date? All the way back to 30 A.D. in Rome during the reign of Emperor Tiberius Julius Ceasar Augustus. Just what drove him to have greenhouses built? As the story goes, the ailing Emperor was instructed to eat cucumbers by royal physicians. And so, the first greenhouse was built with stone walls for insulation and a glass ceiling to let the light in.

We know that the first greenhouse was built in Rome in 30 A.D. but when were they introduced in the United States?

In 1737, Andrew Faneuil, a Boston merchant, is credited as the builder of the first American greenhouse. The glass house was primarily used to grow fruit and was considered a luxury of the wealthy. George Washington even had a greenhouse built at his Mt. Vernon home so he could serve pineapple to guests.

Have you ever heard the term “beneficial insects” and wondered what that meant?

Beneficial insects are insect species that are valued for pollination and pest control. They are especially useful in organic gardening, or enclosed areas that have little natural insect species such as greenhouses, and as biological control in integrated pest management. They are often sold by the key pest they target. Some of the most common beneficial insects include ladybugs, assassin bugs, green lacewings, and praying mantis.

There is a neat type of greenhouse that is gaining attention called a geodesic dome greenhouse. It first originated in the 1960s and 70s from a futuristic designer named Buckminster Fuller. A geodesic dome greenhouse consists of small sections of triangular glazing cut out and fitted over a steel frame. Interestingly, the structure uses a thinner frame to achieve the same strength as a rectangular greenhouse.

A Walipini greenhouse, often referred to as a “pit” greenhouse is a greenhouse that is basically an excavated pit in the ground with glazing over it. The name “Walipini” means place of warmth. This type of greenhouse originated in Bolivia and has been gaining popularity with modifications that make it suitable for use in North America. The pit greenhouse technique can be seen at the Greener Gardens greenhouse at the North Platte NRD in Scottsbluff.

NILE Foundation scholarship winners

The

a scholarship that will be given to an outstanding graduating high school senior for the onetime amount of $2,000:

Jordan Leach

Jordan Leach plans to attend college at Montana State University and study Agriculture Education where her future plans are to become an Agriculture Education Teacher/FFA Advisor. Recently elected as the 2024-2025 Montana State FFA President, Jordan is a soon-to-be graduate of Conrad High School and is the daughter of Jess & Stefanie Leach of Ledger, MT.

Two high school seniors have been awarded rolling scholarships in the amount of $1,000 annually for up to four years. They are:

plans to study Ag-Business/Pre-Law at either Blinn Community College or North East Oklahoma A&M, with plans of pursuing his goal of becoming an Attorney. Students selected as rolling scholarship recipients must remain in good standing by maintaining a 3.0 cumulative GPA as a full-time student in college. These recipients must also continue involvement in NILE, while participating in college organizations and activities

The following students of the class of 2023 have met these requirements and will be rewarded with their second installment of a rolling scholarship in the amount of $1,000.

Leah is the daughter of

Miya Carey

Miya is a soon-to-be-graduate of West Holt High School. She is the daughter of Tyler & Misty Carey of Atkinson, Nebraska. Miya plans to attend Wayne State College and study Chemistry/Pre-Pharmacy. Her future plan is to become a Pharmacist.

& Krista Beery of Circle, MT. Leah is currently attending Northwest College in Powell, WY and is studying Agriculture Education with plans of working as an Agriculture Education in rural Montana or Wyoming after she completes her secondary education.

Isabelle Lowry

Isabelle is the daughter of Kimberly Lowry & David Lowry of Helena, MT. Isabelle is currently attending Oklahoma State University to major in Animal Science where she plans to specialize in large animal genetics and nutrition after college.

The following students of the class of 2022 have met these requirements and will be rewarded with their third installment of a rolling scholarship in the amount of $1,000.

& Jamie Lane of Huntley, MT.

Leah Beery

Matt

Brighton Lane Brighton is a graduate of Huntley Project High School. She is the daughter of Matthew

Jhett West

Jhett West is the son of Justin & Rindy West of Sheridan, WY. In May, Jhett will graduate from Sheridan High School. Jhett

Start scouting now for alfalfa weevil

By Dr. Pin-Chu Lai, Entomologist,

Panhandle Research, Extension, and Education Center - John Thomas, Nebraska Extension Educator, Water and Cropping Systems - Gary Stone, Nebraska Extension Educator, Water and Cropping Systems

Alfalfa weevil has been an early season pest of the alfalfa forage crop in the Panhandle region reducing hay yield and quality. More recently, insecticide regulation and resistance brought new challenges to alfalfa weevil management. With the warmer temperatures we have had in the past few weeks and warmer temperatures on the way, producers should start scouting alfalfa fields for the alfalfa weevil now and in the coming weeks. Alfalfa weevils overwinter as adults in plant debris around the fields and as eggs in the stems of alfalfa. Eggs will start hatching when 200-300 growing degree days (GDD; base 48° F) have accumulated since January 1. The weevil larvae progress through four instars, the first two instars chew holes in the upper leaves, while the third and fourth instars cause the most damage to the crop by feeding between leaf veins resulting in skeletonization or defoliation.

Scouting of fields is recommended to determine if management treatment is warranted. Proper scouting and identification are critical. Alfalfa weevil scouting can be done by using a sweep net or by cutting and shaking the stems in a bucket to count the number of larvae. Economic thresholds for alfalfa weevil larvae can be found at https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2021/scouting-advised-alfalfa-weevil

Two flushes of weevil larvae in the spring have been observed in the Panhandle and northern counties in recent years. Therefore, pay special attention to the alfalfa green-up and regrowth after first cutting. Feeding from both weevil larvae and adults can prevent regrowth from occurring. If regrowth does not begin within 4 or 5 days, scout for larvae or adults and treat the field as needed.

MONTANA BRAND FOR SALE

HYDRASWING AND ENGINE FOR SALE

2013 MacDon R85 Hydraswing, 3-point. $13,500

John Deere stationary engine, 60 hp. Completely overhauled. Ready to go. $9000

Phone (406) 576-5768

NILE Foundation scholarship winners

Brighton plans to attend Northeastern Oklahoma A&M University in Miami, OK to study Agriculture Communication and Animal Science with plans of becoming an Agricultural Lawyer or Advocate.

Raegan Nansel

Raegan Nansel is the daughter of Jay & Gayle Nansel of Billings, MT. Raegan graduated from Billings West High School and is currently majoring in Agriculture Business - Agribusiness Management and Economics at Montana State University in Bozeman. Her future plans include attending law school and advocating for folks within the Agriculture industry.

The following students of the class of 2021 have met the requirements and will be rewarded with their final installment of rolling scholarship in the amount of $1,000.

Elizabeth Hickey

Elizabeth is the daughter of Pat & Karen Hickey of Moore, MT. Elizabeth is currently attending Montana State University in Bozeman and is studying Secondary Education Broad field Science with plans of working as a Middle or High School Science Teacher or Administration once she completes her secondary education.

Nyssa Schairer

Nyssa is the daughter of Garrett & Julie Schairer of Corvallis, MT. Nyssa is currently attending Montana State University - Bozeman to major in Animal Science and

Pre-Veterinary Science. Nyssa plans to become a Large Animal Veterinarian after college.

Four current college students pursuing degrees in higher education have been awarded a Secondary Scholarship in the amount of $1,000.

Morgan Friede

Hailing from Chinook, MT, Morgan is the daughter of Scott & Fay Friede. Morgan currently attends North Dakota State University and is majoring in Accounting with hopes of working for an agriculture based CPA firm while continuing to raise her own seedstock herd in the future.

Kiarra Kennedy

Native of Roundup, MT and daughter of Michael & Amy Kennedy, Kiarra Kennedy is a current student at Montana State University. While at MSU, Kiarra is studying Animal Science/Pre-Veterinary Science and has plans of becoming an Veterinarian specializing in equine post college.

Lance Rutledge

Lance Rutledge is a current student at Montana State University in Bozeman. Lance is studying Agriculture Business with hopes of working in the Agriculture Implement Sales industry after college. Lance is recently retired as the 2023-2024 Montana State FFA Treasurer. He is the son of Kelly & Kristie Rutledge of Big Sandy, MT.

WANT TO BUY

Will pick up in Northeast MT area

Leave voice mail or text (970) 372-8685

Allis Chalmers tractors 4W305, 4W220, D21, 220, 8010-8070 mfwd Any condition considered Phone Nathan at 701-240-5737 or 1-800-735-5846, email: swensonrv@srt.com

NILE Foundation scholarship winners

Marie Stott is a current student at Brigham Young University Idaho where she is studying Animal Science, with a minor in Apparel Construction. She hopes to specialize in equine reproduction or as an equine chiropractor. She is the daughter of Cory & Katie Stott of Ballantine, MT.

NILE Legacy Award is a $500 award that is awarded to students based on their involvement in NILE and NILE activities.

is a current senior at Hardin High School where she will graduate in May. Madison plans to attend the University of Wyoming to study Agriculture Business and has plans of becoming an Agronomist and livestock producer post college.

Kiley Smieja

Mosher

Grace Mosher is the daughter of Brandon & Lisa Mosher of Huntley, MT. Currently, Grace is a senior at Shepherd High School. After graduation, Grace is currently undecided on where she plans to attend school but plans to obtain a degree in Dental Hygiene. Grace and her family have been longtime supporters, exhibitors, and consignors at the NILE dating back to the NILE’s inception in 1967. Grace has exhibited in the Junior Fed Market Divisions throughout her youth years and was recently elected as the 2024-2025 Montana State FFA Reporter.

The NILE Foundation is honored to create a scholarship in memoriam of Hugh F. Miller. Hugh was a long-time NILE member from Rock Falls, Illinois.

Kiley Smieja is a current student at Montana State University in Bozeman. Kiley is studying Animal Science with an option in Livestock Industry & Management; minor in Psychology with hopes of returning to the family operation to expand her herd of show cattle. She is the daughter of Trevor & Cassie Smieja of Belgrade, MT.

“The NILE Foundation is pleased to award this year’s scholarships to further education at universities, junior colleges and trade schools. NILE scholarships are one of the primary mission objectives for all of the NILE Organization. Over sixty high school and college students throughout the US applied for this year’s scholarships and we are excited to announce these deserving youth winners”, stated David Allen, NILE General Manager.

Hugh always enjoyed traveling to the NILE, first as a buyer, then as a beef judge, and finally as a staunch supporter of all that the Stock Show and Rodeo stands for. It is estimated that Hugh made this trek at least 70 times and his impact has lasted well beyond those trips to Big Sky Country!

One high school student and one college student have been selected to receive a onetime $500 scholarship in memory of Hugh this spring.

The NILE Foundation was established in 2009 as a supporting arm of the NILE organization, which is dedicated to the promotion of livestock, agricultural education and respect for the western culture.

Each year the NILE and NILE Foundation touch the lives of nearly 10,000 youth through the many programs, events, “live animal” scholarships, and college scholarships. Together, these organizations provide over $75,000 in cash and live animal scholarships annually

Marie Stott

Grace

Madison Kehler Native of Saint Xavier, MT and daughter of Spencer & Rhea Kehler, Madison Kehler

2017 John Deere 4038 sprayer, 120-ft. booms, 3244 hours. $189,000

2019 TerraGator TG8400C, 3446 hours, diesel engine, Viper 4 monitor, Airmax Precision 2

2004 Willmar 24 ton sideshooter, B-B dry tender trailer, side discharge auger, all hydraulic, roll over tarp,

Ridewell suspension.$34,000

hopper,