Tidbits Grand Forks - February 22 , 2018 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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February 22, 2018

Issue # 1,057

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more unknown names and creations? This week, in honor of National Women Inventors’ Month, Tidbits focuses on some of the less familiar names and inventions, all originated by women. • The very first patent awarded to a woman was for a process of weaving straw with silk or thread for hat-making. President James Madison signed the patent for Connecticut resident Mary Dixon Kies in 1809. Her technique was especially valuable in the manufacture of reasonably-priced work bonnets. Unfortunately, a change in fashion kept her from profiting much from her invention, and she died penniless in 1837. The previous year, her original patent file was destroyed in a fire at the U.S. Patent Office. • The first two African-American women to receive patents both invented items to make home life easier. Washington, D.C. resident Judy Reed received her patent in September of 1884 for a dough kneader and roller. Unable to read or write, Judy signed Patent No. 305,474 with an “X.” Ten months later, Sarah E. Goode, who owned a furniture store in Chicago, was awarded a patent for a clever folding bed that could be transformed into a desk.

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WOMEN INVENTORS (cont'd):

• In 1850, 12-year-old Margaret Knight was working at a New Hampshire textile mill when she witnessed the injury of a co-worker by a faulty piece of equipment. She was inspired to create a device that would automatically stop a machine if something was caught in it, an invention that was put to use in mills while Margaret was still a teenager. In her 30s, Margaret went to work at Massachusetts’ Columbia Paper Bag Company. At that time, paper bag bottoms were not flat, and Margaret concluded that a bag with a flat bottom would be much easier to load items. At age 33, she received one of her 27 patents, for a machine that cut, folded, and glued the shopping bags, eliminating the need for assembly by hand. Margaret’s other patents included a shoe-manufacturing machine, a rotary engine, an internal combustion engine, a numbering machine and a dress shield that protected women’s garments from perspiration stains. Her obituary in 1914 described her as a “woman Edison.” • Another ingenious 12-year-old girl invented an apparatus that was of immense help to people with communication disabilities. In the mid1980s, Canadian Rachel Zimmerman designed a software program that enabled non-speaking people to communicate through the use of symbols. The user touches the various symbols using a special touch pad, and Zimmerman’s Blissymbol Printer transcribes them into written language. The printer started out as a school science fair project, and moved on to competition at the World Exhibition of Achievement of Young Inventors, winning the silver medal. After completing degrees in physics and space studies, she works for NASA, helping them to mold their innovations to fit the needs of the disabled. ...continued

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WOMEN INVENTORS (cont'd):

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• Maria Beasley’s first invention was patented in 1878 for a barrel-hooping machine, which enabled manufacturers to make 1,500 barrels a day, an invention that netted Beasley a small fortune. She also was responsible for a coffee-brewing system using a filter made of thick, absorbent paper punched with holes. She patented the filtering method in 1908 and founded a company that is still in existence today. Foot warmers, cooking pans, a steam generator and a device that keeps trains from being derailed were all patented by Beasley. But it was her invention of the life raft, patented in 1882 that made her famous. She improved upon her raft design twice, and obtained patents in Britain as well as the U.S. It was Beasley’s life rafts that were used on the Titanic. • It was during a visit to New York City in 1902 that Alabama native Mary Anderson conceived the idea of a vehicle window cleaning device. While riding the trolley on a cold drizzly day, Mary noticed that the driver had to open the windows of the streetcar in order to see. Upon returning home, she devised a hand-operated device with a swinging arm and rubber blade operated by the driver from inside the vehicle. She was granted Patent No. 743,801 in 1903 for her invention. By 1916, windshield wipers were standard equipment for American automobiles. Unfortunately, Mary was unable to cash in on her idea to any great degree. Manufacturing firms rejected her application, saying, “We do not consider it to be of such commercial value as would warrant our undertaking its sale.” Having been granted a 17-year patent, it expired in 1920. In 1917, another woman, Charlotte Bridgwood patented the automatic wiper. ...continued

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• On Feb. 27, 1776, Commander Richard Caswell leads 1,000 Patriot troops in the successful Battle of Moores Creek over 1,600 British Loyalists. It was the first American victory in the first organized campaign of the Revolutionary War. • On Feb. 28, 1784, John Wesley charters the first Methodist Church in the United States. Although he was an Anglican, Wesley saw the need to provide church structure for his followers after the Anglican Church abandoned its American believers. • On March 3, 1863, during the Civil War, Congress passes a conscription act that produces the first wartime draft of U.S. citizens. The act called for registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45. Exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300. • On March 2, 1944, a train stops for more than 30 minutes in a tunnel near Salerno, Italy, and more than 500 people on board suffocate and die. The locomotives were burning low-grade coal substitutes, which produced an excess of odorless and toxic carbon monoxide, asphyxiating the passengers. • On March 4, 1952, Ernest Hemingway completes his short novel "The Old Man and the Sea," telling his publisher it was the best writing he'd ever done. The critics agreed: The book won the Pulitzer Prize and became one of his bestselling works. • On March 1, 1961, President John Kennedy issues an executive order establishing the Peace Corps. Although many in Congress and the U.S. public, were skeptical about the programÕs costs and the effectiveness, thousands of young Americans flocked to serve in dozens of nations. • On Feb. 26, 1993, a bomb explodes in the parking garage beneath the World Trade Center in New York City. Six people died and 1,000 were injured by the powerful blast. The FBI discovered that the bombers were not terrorists but jewel thieves. © 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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• Prior to World War II, office workers typed on manual typewriters, with ribbons that made erasing mistakes easy. However, with the widespread use of electric typewriters and their new carbon-film ribbons, errors could no longer be corrected with an eraser. In the early 1950s, Bette Nesmith Graham, a secretary at Texas Bank and Trust, observed painters decorating the bank’s windows for the holidays. When a mistake was made, the painters painted over the blunder with another layer of paint. Graham tried using a white, water-based tempera paint on her typing errors, and the idea of white-out was born. She continued to experiment with the concoction and in 1956, she sold her first batch of “Mistake Out.” It didn’t take long until she was bottling the product full-time, working from her home in Dallas, enlisting the help of her son and his friends. By 1958, Graham had a patent in hand and had renamed the invention Liquid Paper. Nine years later, she had a new corporate headquarters and production plant, with annual sales of more than a million units. Graham maintained the company until 1979 when she sold it to the Gillette Corporation for $47.5 million. Sad to say, Bette passed away just six months later at age 56. • Dr. Guiliana Tesoro was an organic chemist who worked in the fiber and textile industry. With 125 patents to her credit, we are in debt to Dr. Tesoro for flame-resistant fabrics, staticresistant fibers, and permanent press textiles. Born in Italy, Tesoro immigrated to the United States in 1939 when she was denied admittance to Italy’s university system under their Fascist Racial Laws. She attended Yale University, graduating at the young age of 21.

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Food of the Week:

• If you’re planning to put fresh pineapple in your JellO salad, remember that bromelain prevents gelatin from setting. However, because the canning process Healthy and delicious! Tidbits’ focus this week is on destroys bromelain, canned pineapple doesn’t affect the pineapple, a tropical plant with origins in South the gelatin from setting. Pineapple’s high bromelain America. content also makes the fruit juice a good meat tender• Although pineapples seem to have originated in izer and marinade. South America, in 1493, Christopher Columbus happened on to them on the Caribbean island of • The difference in color of pineapples is not an indication of their ripeness, but rather where they were Guadalupe and brought them back to Spain, grown. A green pineapple and a golden calling them pina de Indes, meaning “pine brown one can both be ready to eat. Once of the Indians,” because of the fruit’s rethey’ve been harvested, pineapples do semblance to pine cones. Explorer Fernot continue to ripen. Leaving it on the dinand Magellan discovered pineapples in kitchen counter for a week will not cause it Brazil in 1519, and by 1555, the fruit was to ripen more. In fact, a fully ripe pineapple being successfully exported to England, folis very perishable and should be eaten within lowed soon after by exports to India, Asia, two days if left at room temperature and up to and the West Indies. Captain James Cook ina week if refrigerated. The sweetest part is the troduced pineapple to Hawaii around 1770. outermost flesh, so the skin should be sliced • We might think that most pineapples come off the sides as thinly as possible. from Hawaii, but the majority of the world’s • James Drummond Dole moved to Hapineapples actually come from Southeast waii in 1899 and started up a 60-acre pineAsia, the Philippines, and Thailand. apple plantation in 1900. He began can• A pineapple isn’t a single fruit, but rather ning pineapple in Hawaii in 1903. The Del a group of berries that have fused together Monte Company started growing the fruit in around the core. Approximately 200 flowers, 1917. By 1921, pineapples were Hawaii’s largvarying in color from lavender to bright red, est crop and industry. Dole closed its cannery join together to create a single fruit. The fruit takes operations in Hawaii in 1991, and Del Monte pulled about two years to mature, and it’s not unusual for out of pineapple growing in 2008. Hawaii’s last pinea pineapple to reach 20 lbs. The plant can live and apple cannery closed in 2006. While Dole maintains produce for up to 50 years. its plantations in Hawaii, only fresh pineapples are • Pineapples are rich in bromelain, an enzyme that exported. produces many health benefits, including anti• If you’re in Hawaii asking for a pineapple, you would inflammatory, muscle relaxant, and digestive aid request hala kahiki. properties. Bromelain also contains chemicals that can slow the growth of tumor cells. Pineapple can • Pineapples aren’t just for eating. In the Philippines, the fruit’s leaves are used to produce a textile fiber help arthritis pain and they are also a good source of used in clothing, wallpaper, and home furnishings. Vitamin C, essential for immune system health.

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Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks by Samantha Weaver

• It was the multitalented Pierre Beaumarchais -born in the 18th century, he was a revolutionary in both France and America as well as a watchmaker, diplomat, musician, spy, inventor, publisher and arms dealer -- who made the following sage observation: "It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them." • Sharks burp. Yep, even underwater. Evidently, it's how they regulate the depth at which they swim. • You've almost certainly heard people refer to the school they attended as their alma mater, but do you know where the term comes from? In Latin, "alma mater" means "bounteous mother." It was in the early 1800s that people began applying the term their beloved schools. • The skin of the African elephant, the largest land animal alive in the world today, weighs 2,000 pounds by itself. • You might be surprised to learn that the bagpipe did not originate in Scotland. This ancient instrument existed in Asia in the pre-Christian era. Those who study such things say that the Emperor Nero was a bagpiper, even performing publicly at Roman athletic events. • Those who keep track of such things say that, across the globe, there are more people who have cellphones than have toilets • If you're like most Americans, you've probably played with a NERF ball at some point in your life. You might not realize, though, that NERF stands for Non-Expanding Recreational Foam. • Actor Tom Cruise attended 15 different schools when he was growing up. *** Thought for the Day: "A society that presumes a norm of violence and celebrates aggression, whether in the subway, on the football field or in the conduct of its business, cannot help making celebrities of the people who would destroy it." -- Lewis H. Lapham © 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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• Carnegie Mellon University graduate Stephanie Kwolek had a 40-year-long career at DuPont Chemical, where she worked on formulating new synthetic fibers. In 1965, as she worked with a liquid crystal solution of polymers, she came up with a lightweight and durable new fiber that came to be known as Kevlar. Kevlar is best known for its use in bulletproof vests and military helmets, but it is also a component in bicycle tires, sports equipment, frying pans, fiber-optic cables, musical instruments, and building materials. This synthetic is five times stronger than steel. • Patsy Sherman and her co-worker at 3M, Sam Smith, received a patent for “block and graft copolymers containing water-solvatable polar groups and fluoroaliphatic groups.” So what in the world is that? It’s Scotchgard, the most widely-used stain repellent and soil removal product! The invention came about by accident. Sherman and Smith had been given the task of developing a new kind of rubber for jet aircraft fuel lines. As they worked in the 3M lab in 1953, an assistant dropped a bottle of synthetic latex, which splashed onto the assistant’s white canvas tennis shoes. Sherman and Smith observed that the compound didn’t alter the shoes, but it also couldn’t be washed away by any solvents. Not only that, it actually repelled water, oil, and other liquids. In 1956, Scotchgard was introduced for fabric, and the chemist duo continued research, expanding the line to include carpet treatment and auto upholstery cleaner. Sherman and Smith went on to obtain 13 patents related to polymers. • Fans of the reality TV show Shark Tank will be familiar with cast member Lori Greiner, who has been called “The Queen of QVC.” Greiner got her start by creating an elaborate jewelry box that was launched at the holiday season, an item that initiated her fortune. She now holds 120 patents, mostly for cosmetics organizers, jewelry cabinets, closet ...cont'd organizers, and travel and garment bags.

Solution on Next Page

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answer

WOMEN INVENTORS (cont'd):

• Mothers everywhere should be grateful to a post-World War II Connecticut housewife and mother, Answer: Dell.Marion Donovan. After dealing with the A thankless job of changing her baby’s VERY LARGE NUMBER cloth diapers, crib sheets, and clothing, she •developed Edward Kasner was a mathematician. 1938 a waterproof diaper coverInusing he was asked to come up with a name for a a very shower andthea numeral sewing machine. She largecurtain number: one, followed added plastic snaps to replace safety pins and by a hundred zeros. He asked his two young named the what invention After pitchnephews name the they“boater.” would suggest. ing the product to several manufacturers with • Nine-year-old Milton suggested a name nooutresults, sold the diapers strip at Saks Fifth of theshe funnies. A cartoon character Avenue. Within two years, in 1951, she had named Barney was very popular. Milton chose sold her patents and for company for $1,000,000. Barney’s last name the number. Her next project was a fully disposable diaper, • Kasner announced the new name for the big but she had securing a manufacturer. number in no hisluck nextinbook, altering the spelling. 1951later, andLarry 1996,Page Marion granted •Between Sixty years and was Sergey Brin 20developed patents, including a specialized towelOther disa new internet search engine. penser, a closet organizer, hosiery clamp, fasearch engines searched each webpage and cial tissuethem box,according and a two-ply dental thata ranked to how manyfloss times specificaterm on them, but Page and featured loopappeared for the finger. In addition, she Brin designed their search engine to search for received an architecture degree from Yale Unithe specific term and then find out how many versity at age 41. links there were that led back to that page, • Aswhich a child in Virginia insearch the 1920s, resulted in a better engine.Bessie Blount Griffin was left-handed. • They decided they needed a After namebeing that scolded by the taughtthe herself to reflected howteacher, manyBessie websites search write with both hands, both feet, and by holdengine was searching. They took the name ing pencil with her teeth. Yearsnumber, later during of aEdward Kasner’s very large only World War II, as Bessie worked with wounded they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up being spelled she exactly sametoway the ancartoon soldiers, was the inspired invent eleccharacter Barney spelled his lasthelp name. What’s tronic feeding device that would amputees it called? (Answer at bottom of page)tube confeed themselves through a feeding COMPUTER FACTS trolled by biting on the tube. When the United Veterans Administration to ac•States In 1981 Bill Gates said, “640 refused kb of memory ought be enough she for anybody.” cept hertoinvention, sold it to the French for many years as •government. Moore’s LawBessie states worked that computer performance a doubles physicalevery therapist, followed by a career as a 18 to 24 months, and ever since 1971, this has been true. forensic scientist. Not bad for a woman who had to quit school in the • HP, Google, Microsoft,sixth andgrade! Apple were all started in garages. THANKS FOR READING Answer: Google, from googol. TIDBITS!

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