Tidbits Grand Forks - January 26, 2017

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LES • PUZZ A I V I R S •T FACT • FUN January 26, 2017

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BLUE JEANS

by Kathy Wolfe

Pull up your britches and read what Tidbits has in store for you on the history of everyone’s favorite garb!

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Men’s & Women’s

• The word “jeans” has become synonymous with “Levi’s,” but Levi Strauss wasn’t the first to market these pants. Jean fabric can be traced back to Genoa, Italy and Nimes, Frances. Clear back in the 17th century, a sturdy fabric partly composed of wool was called “serge de Nimes,” which accounts for our term “denim.” Another linen/wool blend was popular in Genoa, which may be the reason for the word “jeans,” since “Genes” is the French word for Genoa. Both were generally used for work clothes and overalls. Genoese sailors also used jean fabric as a cover to protect merchandise on the docks from damp weather, as well as for their work pants. The fabric was dyed blue with indigo harvested from plantations in India.

• In 1846, 18-year-old Loeb Strauss left his native Bavaria, Germany to join his older brothers in New York, where they operated a dry goods store. Four years later, with the California gold rush in full swing, Loeb, now Levi, moved to San Francisco to start up his own business, supplying the miners with durable clothing.

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BLUE JEANS (continued):

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Quiz Bits

5. What 15-year-old created controversey in the 1980 Calvin Klein jeans ad?

6. What group had a hit with

?

1. What company became the primary official sponsor of race “Down Under,” aka “Land car driver Dale Earnhardt?

Down Under”?

2. What team has played in 7. How much of blood’s volume Levi’s Stadium since 2014? is made up of plasma?

3. What designer used a swan as 8. What’s the capital of Nevada? the trademark on the pocket of 9. Who appeared on the half dollar the jeans? before John F. Kennedy?

4. What Elton John song had the TRIVIA phrase “blue jean baby”?

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• Strauss used his stock of brown cotton tent canvas to produce plain trousers, with no belt loops or back pockets, just a cinch belt in the back to hold them up. The pants were sewn in San Francisco, in a combination of factory and home sewing production. The overalls proved to hold up against the rough life of miners, farmers, and cattlemen, and Strauss’ business thrived.

• In 1872, Strauss received a letter from one of his customers, a Nevada tailor named Jacob Davis. Davis wrote of the method he used to make trousers stronger by using metal rivets at the points of strain, such as pocket corners and the base of the fly. Davis wanted to obtain a patent for the process, but needed a business partner to finance his idea. He sought out Strauss as a partner, Strauss agreed, and in 1873, the pair were awarded Patent #139,121 for their riveted pants.

• Manufacturing began on the copper-riveted “waist overalls,” the name given to the trousers.

The brown cotton canvas pants were continued, and Strauss added denim, having it dyed an indigo blue, obtaining his fabric from Manchester, New Hampshire’s Amoskeag Mill.

• During the 1880’s, additions to the overalls included their trademark orange stitching, the little front “watch pocket,” and a leather patch with an illustration of two horses sewn on the back waistband. Because the patent on riveted clothing was due to run out in 1890 (after which any company could manufacture them), Strauss wanted a memorable trademark on his product that would distinguish his from others. The leather patch accomplished this, and his original jeans were often called the “Two Horse” brand until the word “Levi’s” was registered as a trademark in 1928.

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BLUE JEANS (continued):

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• The weight of the denim in the original riveted, button-fly pants was called 01-weight. When lot numbers were assigned to the various products, these pants became known as 501’s, the name still in use today. The less-expensive version were known as 201’s.

• The early 1900’s brought changes to the jeans industry. Strauss added two back pockets to his overalls in 1901. In 1902, Levi Strauss died at the age of 73, and bequeathed his company to his nephews. (Strauss’ descendants still run the company today.) The April, 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire completely destroyed the headquarters and factories of the company.

By November of that year, a new factory had opened. In 1911, the company phased out the cotton duck canvas overalls entirely, offering only the blue denim variety.

• Belt loops weren’t added until 1922; however, the suspender buttons were left on, along with the cinch on the back of the waist. That little red tab on the right back pocket was first used in 1936, a folded red ribbon with the word “Levi’s” stitched in white, and sewn into the seam of the 501’s pocket. Zippers were used for the first time in Levi’s in 1954. Clear until 1960, the Strauss Company continued to call the 501’s “waist overalls” rather than “jeans.”

Apply at our Grand Forks Branch, online or by phone 24/7.

• Levi’s 501’s gained in popularity when actor John Wayne wore them in the 1939 western film “Stagecoach.”

• In 1946, another brand of jeans specifically for cowboys and rodeo wear came on the scene.

Wrangler tailors designed their jeans for in-saddle comfort, and with rivets placed so as not to scratch the saddle. Their ad campaigns featured pictures of rodeo legends and cowboys in the saddle.

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BLUE JEANS (continued): • During the 1950’s, wearing jeans became a symbol of teen rebellion, with film stars such as James Dean popularizing them in the 1955 film “Rebel Without a Cause” and Marlon Brando wearing them in 1953’s “The Wild One.” Some theaters, restaurants, and schools even banned the wearing of jeans. In 1951, crooner Bing Crosby, who loved his Levi’s, wore them on a hunting trip to Canada, and was refused a room at a Vancouver hotel, since they were considered low-class. The Strauss Company responded by custom-tailoring a denim tuxedo for the singer. As the years wore on, jeans became more acceptable, and became the norm for casual wear.

• The 1960s brought bell-bottom jeans, Strauss’ first pre-shrunk jeans, and the very first television commercial for Levi’s jeans.

• Designer jeans were launched in the 1970s, with Calvin Klein, Gloria Vanderbilt, Ralph Lauren, and Jordache leading the pack. Distressed jeans came into high demand in the 1980s, with worn, faded, and “stone-wash” jeans commanding up to $200 a pair. Various chemicals, special dyeing methods, sandblasting, and

adding pumice stone to the washing process produces the worn, vintage look. Stains, tears, and repairs add to the appeal of distressed jeans.

• Hundreds of songs have been written about blue jeans over the years, including “Angel in Blue Jeans,” “Devil in Blue Jeans,” “Forever in Blue Jeans,” and “Venus in Blue Jeans.”

• In 1993, the Strauss company sponsored a contest to find the oldest pair of Levi’s in America.

Named the “Send Them Home Search,” the challenge generated a winning pair dating to the late 1920s.

• The average American owns seven pairs of jeans.

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• It was American philosopher George Santayana who made the following sage observation: "Language is like money, without which specific relative values may well exist and be felt, but cannot be reduced to a common denominator."

• If you're like me, you find it hard to resist a good book, and their abundant availability presents a problem: Good books are being published faster than they can be read. This leads to an extensive TBR (to-be-read) list, much of which is stacked on the bedside tables of readers the world over.

(The introduction of ebooks has only worsened the problem; now the books stack up with no visual reminder of how many there are.) I don't have a solution, but it may help to know that the Japanese have a word to describe this behavior.

"Tsundoku" means "the acquiring of reading materials followed by letting them pile up and subsequently never reading them."

• Polar bears can grow to be massive, weighing more than 2,000 pounds as adults. However, when they're born, polar bear cubs weigh no more than a pound.

• In January of 1914, the Ford Motor Company doubled workers' wages, to $5 per day, stating, "We want those who have helped us to produce this great institution and are helping to maintain it to share our prosperity." Describing this unprecedented move, The Wall Street Journal opined "[Ford has] committed economic blunders, if not crimes." Confounding critics' expectations, Ford doubled its profits within two years.

• Religious scholars know that they'll find no mention of peanuts, cashews, pecans or macadamias in the Bible; the only nuts mentioned in that book are almonds and pistachios. *** Thought for the Day: "The walls of books around him, dense with the past, formed a kind of insulation against the present world and its disasters." -- Ross Macdonald © 2017 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Unusual Plants:

• The process of extracting the dye from the plant leaves and converting to indigo has been the same for thousands of years. Tanks are arranged in a step-like layout. Freshly-cut plant leaves are placed in to topmost tank and an enzyme is added to break down and ferment the leaves. Fourteen hours later, the resulting liquid is drained into the next tank and stirred with large paddles to mix it with air.

• It takes a lot of leaves to produce a small amount of dye, but not a lot of dye to color jeans, only a few grams for each pair.

• When Levi Strauss’ denim jeans became popular, indigo production could not keep up with the demand. Chemists set to work researching a synthetic method to produce the dye. In 1883, a German chemist named Adolf von Baeyer developed a process to produce indigo, leading to a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery.

• Today, most denim is dyed with synthetic indigo, with about 20,000 tons produced every year for jeans. Cotton and linen threads are soaked and dried in dye 15 to 20 times to achieve the hue. Silk threads are dyed more than 40 times. The color can be deepened by drying in the sun.

• In the color spectrum, indigo is one of the seven colors of the rainbow, located in the spectrum between 420 and 450 nanometers in wavelength.

Answer

• The plant gets its name from the Greek word “indikon” and the Roman term “indicum,” both of which translate “a product of India,” where at least 50 different species of indigo are grown.

• As demand for indigo increased throughout Europe in the 1600s, the supplies in India were not enough, and the plant was cultivated in the New World, with Spanish explorers bringing indigo to Central America (particularly El Salvador and Honduras), Jamaica, and the Virgin Islands.

Weekly SUDOKU

• Use of indigo dye dates back to ancient times, with Egyptian mummies from 2400 B.C. found wrapped in linen with deep blue stripes. A cuneiform clay tablet from 600 B.C. containing a recipe for dyeing wool was found in Mesopotamia. Explorer Marco Polo brought word of indigo back to Europe after his late 13th-century travels. It was about that time, in 1289, that the first known recorded use of the word indigo as a color in the English language was made.

• In ancient times, indigo was considered a luxury item and was so valuable, the cakes were used as currency.

Answer

• The indigo plant is a member of the legume family, with more than 300 species identified. Just two of these 300+ are used in the production of indigo dye.

The plants, anywhere from 2 feet to 6 feet tall, have a single woody stem, with oval dark-green leaves and clusters of red flowers resembling butterflies. The dye comes from fermentation of the leaves.

• The dye settles to the bottom of the tank, while the liquid is drained off. The remaining dye is heated to stop further fermentation, then filtered, and dried to a thick paste that can be formed into cakes.

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INDIGO

What makes our blue jeans blue? Follow along as Tidbits investigates the indigo plant and the blue dye obtained from it.

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• “For troublesome-to-open jars — pickles and such — use a pair of standard dishwashing gloves. It’s a great gripper, especially if your hands are the least bit moist.” — D.L. in Indiana • “I keep coffee filters between my frying pans so I can stack them without their scratching one another. Potholders work well, too.” — V.I. in Wisconsin • Ready to tackle those closets? Turn all your hangers to face the opposite way. When you use an item, return it to the closet with the hanger facing normally. At the end of each season, assess the clothing that has not been used. You likely need to donate it!

• Hang your handbags on the inside of your closet door. You will be able to see which one you want instantly.

Not enough room? Hang larger bags on the very top of your closet walls, and include photos of them mixed in with the smaller bags hanging on the door. — C.A. in California • “If you need to get a bottled or canned beverage cold fast, wrap it in a wet paper towel and put it in the freezer for 10 minutes. Icy cold refreshingness!” — A.G. in New York • Use an inverted wine glass to cut out biscuits from rolled dough. They are just the right size.

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(Answers located after next page)

s h s l

s t n s

King Features Weekly Service

January 16, 2017

t e

aT T e n T i O n M i l i Ta ry M e M b e r s

• On Feb. 5, 1777, Georgia becomes the first state to abolish the inheritance practices of primogeniture and entail. Primogeniture ensured that the eldest son inherited the largest portion of his father's property. Entail guaranteed that an estate remain in the hands of only one male heir.

• On Feb. 1, 1790, the Supreme Court of the United States meets for the first time, with Chief Justice John Jay of New York presiding.

The Constitution granted the Supreme Court ultimate jurisdiction over all laws.

• On Jan. 30, 1835, in the House chamber of the U.S. Capitol, President Andrew Jackson survives the first attempted assassination of a U.S. president. A man fired two pistols at Jackson at close range, but incredibly, both failed to discharge.

• On Feb. 4, 1961, "The Misfits," starring Marilyn Monroe, Clark Gable and Montgomery Clift, is released. The film about four rootless losers trying to survive in the modern-day West was largely ignored until Gable and Monroe both died shortly after its release.

• On Jan. 31, 1971, Apollo 14 is successfully launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a manned mission to the moon. After suffering some initial problems in docking, astronauts Alan B. Shepard Jr. and Edgar D. Mitchell made the third U.S. moon landing on Feb. 5.

• On Feb. 2, 1996, dancer, actor and choreographer Gene Kelly dies at age 83. Kelly graduated with a degree in economics during the Great Depression, but with finance jobs scarce, he got his start by working at a dancing school partly owned by his mother.

• On Feb. 3, 2002, the New England Patriots stun the heavily favored St. Louis Rams, 20-17, for their first Super Bowl victory. Pats' kicker Adam Vinatieri made the winning 48-yard field goal as the clock expired. © 2017 King Features Synd., Inc.

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UNUSUAL PIES

January 23 is National Pie Day, a fitting time to check out various types of unusual pies.

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• Grasshopper pie might not be too appetizing if you take its name literally. In the original version of this pie, a favorite in the Philippines, real grasshoppers are used, but that’s nothing like the North American version. It’s a recipe that’s been around since the 1950s, and features green crème de menthe liqueur and whipped cream.

The liqueur lends its bright green color to the confection, resulting in the name. It’s usually made with a chocolate cookie crust.

• You can’t guess the ingredients of Shoofly Pie from its name. This sweet treat has its origins in the 1700s and comes to us from the Amish and Pennsylvania Dutch. As these settlers sailed to North America, they brought non-perishables that could endure a long boat trip, including brown sugar, molasses, lard, and spices. Shoofly is a sweet coffeecake-like treat with a molasses crust and topped with whipped cream. It’s believed it got its name from the sweet molasses odor attracting flies that must be “shooed” away.

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• Funeral pie doesn’t sound very appetizing, but pay no heed to the weird name. It’s another delicious Amish pie consisting of raisins, cinnamon, and allspice. It received its name because it was usually given to comfort a grieving family in the loss of their loved ones. But it’s not just served at funerals, you can also sample the goodness at a wedding celebration.

• Banoffee pie shouldn’t be too hard to figure out.

It’s an English dessert pie invented in East Sussex, England in 1971, and combines bananas, cream, and toffee. Variations include the addition of chocolate or coffee or both.

(Solution on Next Page)

Professional Home Inspection Service CERTIFIED INSPECTOR

(218)

779-2288 www.homesweethomeinspections.net

DIFFERENCES: 1. House number is different. 2. Strap is missing. 3. Apron is different.

4. Shovel is smaller. 5. Headband is different. 6. Shovel is missing. © 2016 King Features Synd., All rights reserved.

UNUSUAL PIES (continued):

• Chess pie has nothing to do with that strategic board game. It’s a pie common in America’s South, with Answer: Dell.its filling a mixture of eggs, sugar, butter, flour, and corn meal. As far as the oriA VERY LARGE NUMBER gin of its name, most probably it’s because the •English Edwardlemon Kasnercurd was afilling mathematician.

In 1938 is very similar to he was asked to come up with a name for a lemon chess pie, and the word “chess” might very large number: the numeral one, followed bebyanaAmericanization of that term. for hundred zeros. He asked his Recipes two young this pie date back to the mid-1860s. nephews what name they would suggest.

• •Mincemeat pie, often served at Thanksgiving Nine-year-old Milton suggested a name and has been a dishstrip served since out Christmas, of the funnies.

A cartoon character named very popular.

Milton chose the 13th Barney century.was Its recipe calls for a variety of Barney’s last name for the number. fruits, including apples, raisins, currants, and along withthe beef which is raw •cherries, Kasner announced newsuet, name for the big number in hisa next book, spelling. beef fat, and mixture ofaltering several the spices, such as cloves, allspice, cinnamon, and nutmeg.

• Sixty years later, Larry Page and Sergey Brin developed new venison internet search engine.

Other Some folksaadd meat to the recipe, search engines searched and along with beef broth, appleeach cider,webpage or brandy.

If ranked them according to how many times a you’re not feeling up to making it from scratch, specific term appeared on them, but Page and jars of prepared mincemeat pie filling are readBrin designed their search engine to search for ily available. the specific term and then find out how many • You ablethat to guess where Derby Pie linksshould there be were led back to that page, which resulted in chocolate a better search engine. tart in got its start.

This and walnut a pastry crust was created in 1950 Prospect, • They decided they needed a at name that Kentucky’s Melrose Inn,websites and is often reflected how many the associsearch engine searching.Derby.

They Other took the name ated withwas the Kentucky additions of Edward Kasner’s very large number, include pecans and Kentucky bourbon. only they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up being • What in exactly the world a bumbleberry?

Well, spelled theissame way the cartoon there is no such berry, but a bumbleberry pie is character Barney spelled his last name. What’s the name given to one made of with blueberries, it called?

(Answer at bottom page) raspberries, COMPUTER strawberries, FACTS and blackberries. A razzleberry pie contains just the raspberries • In 1981 Bill Gates said, “640 kb of memory and blackberries. ought to be enough for anybody.”

THANKS TIDBITS! • Moore’s LawFOR statesREADING that computer performance doubles every 18 to 24 months, and ever since 1971, this has been true.

• HP, Google, Microsoft, and Apple were all started in garages.

Answer: Google, from googol.

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Quiz Answers

1. Wrangler 2. San Francisco 49ers 3. Gloria Vanderbilt 4. “Tiny Dancer”

5. Brooke Shields 6. Men at Work (1981).

7. 55 percent.

8. Carson City 9. Benjamin Franklin.

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Sports Answers 5. Andy 1. Randy Johnson Roddick, (334), Curt Schilin 2009. ling (316) (2002).

6. Albert 2. Oklahoma, Pujols w/ 10 times.

118 RBIs 3. 2002. SB XXXVI in 2010 4. Martina Navratilova with 306

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