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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 1. Imagine that you have gone to visit your PSYC 1001 professor during his office hours and find out that he has a time machine in his office. He explains that the time machine works, except for a programming glitch that restricts the destination of the machine. This particular time machine can only travel to the laboratories of past psychology researchers. Seeing as you are an avid first-year psychology student, you boldly ask your professor if you can take a ride to a past laboratory. Surprisingly, he agrees, so you hop in, ready to travel back in time. You choose to travel back to Vienna in the early 1900s to talk to Sigmund Freud. You enter his office when he is in a session with a patient. Which of the following would you NOT expect to hear? a. The patient describing the dream she had last night in great detail. b. Freud asking his patient why she believes she dreamed about her cat eating a mouse. c. Freud asking the patient to describe the behaviours of the characters in her dream. d. The patient asking Freud what he thinks of her dream about her cat eating a mouse. ANSWER: b 2. You travel to the office of B. F. Skinner. You ask him how he thinks you can stop your bad habit of biting your nails. What does he suggest you do? a. Scare yourself with stories about terrible illnesses and infections caused by nail-biting. b. Paint a vomit-inducing polish on your nails so you will learn to associate nail-biting with vomiting. c. Reward yourself every time you make it a week without biting your nails. d. Think about the reason why you bite your nails and work to correct that instead. ANSWER: c 3. When you visit _____________, he explains that your roommate is most likely stealing your food because ________________. a. Abraham Maslow; his physiological needs are greater than his need for self-esteem b. Carl Rogers; his physiological needs are greater than his need to be accepted c. Carl Rogers; his need for achievement is greater than his need to be accepted d. Abraham Maslow; he has met the steps of the needs hierarchy before his need to be accepted ANSWER: a 4. You (and most other individuals) are under the impression that humans have the power to choose their own beliefs and behaviours. When you mention this to ____________, he disagrees and you get into a heated argument about your beliefs and his controversial theories. a. Abraham Maslow b. B.F. Skinner c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: b 5. Raphael and Paxton are roommates. Because they’re both psychology majors, they choose to dress up as their favourite early psychologists for a Halloween party in their building. They also challenge one another to act like these psychologists all night, and the first one to break character has to take out the trash until the end of semester. Raphael’s friend Samantha says that her best friend just started dating the guy Samantha had a crush on. Raphael asks Samantha, “And how did that make you feel?” Who is Raphael dressed as? a. Rene Descartes b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Max Wertheimer d. William James ANSWER: b 6. Paxton is listening to his friend Nadav who is telling him about how worried he is that he will fail his physics class. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Paxton reassures him by saying, “Our mind expands to accommodate new information. So, keep studying as hard as you can, and you’ll learn the material!” Who is Paxton dressed as? a. Rene Descartes b. E.B. Titchener c. G. Stanley Hall d. William James ANSWER: d 7. Imagine that Paxton is dressed as Wilhelm Wundt and supports the theory of structuralism all evening. Whereas Raphael is dressed as William James and supports functionalism. They get into a few arguments. When their friend Nadav asks them if they agree on anything, how do they respond? a. “No. We are forever doomed to trying to prove each other wrong.” b. “Yes, introspection.” c. “Yes, systematic observation.” d. “Yes, stream of consciousness.” ANSWER: c 8. Lucas is a 4th year student at Carleton studying psychology and is now considering more seriously his future and the career options he has. He is currently completing his undergraduate thesis (a big research project many psychology majors complete before they graduate). Lucas’ research is investigating how subjective feelings of fear activate the autonomic nervous system. If Lucas decides to get a Ph.D. in psychology after he graduates, he is most likely going to be employed in ____________. a. the private sector b. a college or a university c. a hospital or a clinic d. the government ANSWER: a 9. Lucas is not sure about what to do after graduation, so he decides to book an appointment for career counselling. Lucas is going to be meeting with a psychologist specializing in ___________. a. clinical psychology b. counselling psychology c. educational and school psychology d. industrial and organizational psychology ANSWER: b 10. Which major area of contemporary psychology does Lucas’ thesis belong to? a. Social psychology b. Psychometrics c. Physiological psychology d. Cognitive psychology ANSWER: c 11. While conducting his thesis, Lucas made sure that all his research methods were empirical in nature. This means that the conclusions he reached were based on _____________. a. reasoning b. traditional beliefs c. speculation d. observation ANSWER: d 12. Dean, Sam, and Cas are all best friends and decided to dress up as famous psychologists for Halloween. Dean dressed up as Sigmund Freud, Sam dressed as Carl Rogers, and Cas dressed as B.F. Skinner. They decided to not only dress up as those famous psychologists but also adapt their beliefs about psychology for the night. At some point, Dean, Cas, and Sam spend some time talking to their friend Alia who aspires to be a famous singer. What is Cas most likely to say about Alia’s aspiration to become a singer? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology a. Alia wants to be a singer because she unconsciously craves the attention she didn’t receive from her mother as a child. b. Alia wants to be a singer because she wants to reach her full potential and grow as a person. c. The positive feedback Alia receives from other people when she sings has reinforced her habit of singing. d. Alia was born with an innate talent and passion for music and singing. ANSWER: c 13. At some point, Dean, Cas, and Sam spend some time talking to their friend Alia who aspires to be a famous singer. What is Dean most likely to say about Alia’s aspiration to become a singer? a. Alia wants to be a singer because she unconsciously craves the attention she didn’t receive from her mother as a child. b. Alia wants to be a singer because she wants to fulfill her full potential and grow as a person. c. The positive feedback Alia receives from other people after she sings has reinforced her habit of singing. d. Alia was born with an innate talent and passion for music and singing. ANSWER: a 14. At some point, Dean, Cas, and Sam spend some time talking to their friend Alia who aspires to be a famous singer. What is Sam most likely to say about Alia’s aspiration to become a singer? a. Alia wants to be a singer because she unconsciously craves the attention she didn’t receive from her mother. b. Alia wants to be a singer because she wants to fulfill her full potential and grow as a person. c. The positive feedback Alia receives from other people after she sings has reinforced her habit of singing. d. Alia was born with an innate talent and passion for music and singing. ANSWER: b 15. Later in the night, Sam gets into an argument with Dean. What are they most likely going to argue about? a. Sam is going to accuse Dean of being too negative and only seeing the worst in people. b. Dean is going to accuse Sam of being too negative and only seeing the worst in people. c. Dean thinks nature has a bigger impact on behaviour than nurture and Sam thinks the opposite. d. Sam thinks nature has a bigger impact on behaviour than nurture and Dean thinks the opposite. ANSWER: a 16. Sam, Dean, and Cas get into a philosophical argument about freedom. Which of the three friends is most likely to say that humans do not have free will and that we are all products of our environment? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud. c. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. d. All three of them are equally likely to say this. ANSWER: c 17. During the party, Jason tries to light up a candle with a match and burns his finger in front of Sam, Dean, and Cas. Which of the three friends is most likely to predict that Jason will not use another match ever again out of fear of burning his finger again? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. c. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology d. All three of them are equally likely to predict this. ANSWER: b 18. During the party, Sarah gets upset and ends up sobbing uncontrollably in the bathroom. Which of the three friends is most likely to go to her, empathetically listen to her and treat her with unconditional positive regard? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. c. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud d. None of them is likely to do this. ANSWER: a 19. The three friends get into an argument about what drives human behaviour. Which of them is most likely to say that in order to fully understand someone’s behaviour, we need to consider that person’s fundamental drive towards personal growth? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. c. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud. d. All three of them are equally likely to say this. ANSWER: a 20. During the party, Adam walks over to where Sam, Dean, and Cas are talking. He notices that Sam has finished his drink and asks, “Can I kill your cup? I mean, fill your cup!” Which of the three friends is most likely to come up to the conclusion that Adam secretly hates Sam? a. Sam, who is dressed up as Carl Rogers. b. Cas, who is dressed up as B.F. Skinner. c. Dean, who is dressed up as Sigmund Freud. d. All three of them are equally likely to reach this conclusion. ANSWER: c 21. Presho is a first-year psychology student at Carleton University. She moved to Ottawa from Calgary and has not yet made many friends in her classes. She decides to attend a games night meet-and-greet organized by the Psychology Society of Carleton University (PSCU) to connect with other Carleton psychology undergraduates. It just so happens that members of the Psychology Graduate Student Association (PGSA), are also attending. Presho decides to chat with as many students as possible to figure out what they like and dislike about their programs so far. Presho meets a fourth-year undergraduate named Chelsie. Chelsie is volunteering on a project that is exploring the difference between transformational leadership and ethical leadership on the well-being of employees in the workplace. Chelsie’s study is related to which stream of psychology research? a. Health b. Applied social c. Industrial/Organizational d. Forensic ANSWER: c 22. Presho recognizes Vasia, her PSYC1001 teaching assistant, at the event. Vasia mentions she is completing a degree in neuroscience, but will also finish with a minor in psychology. She is most interested in studying the action of neurotransmitters in the pleasure centre of the brain. Vasia is fascinated by ________ psychology. a. biological b. evolutionary c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology ANSWER: a 23. Presho meets Matt, who is a Ph.D. candidate who is studying the mental processes that students of varying ability (children, high schoolers, and university students) use to learn new math problems. Matt studies are related to which psychological approach? a. Behaviourism b. Cognitive c. Sociocultural d. Evolutionary ANSWER: b 24. Presho recognizes a girl who lives in her residence named Erin. Erin is a Masters candidate who is looking at the psychological effects of skinny- and fat-shaming both when the individual hears it in person and experiences it via social media communication. Erin’s study is focused in the ________ stream of psychology. a. evolutionary b. human-computer interaction c. applied social d. biological ANSWER: c 25. Keltie is the president of the PGSA. She mentions to Presho that she is almost finished with her Ph.D. and is currently writing up the results of her final project, which explored the effects of child eyewitness testimony on jury decisionmaking. Keltie is studying __________ psychology. a. sociocultural b. evolutionary c. forensic d. cognitive ANSWER: c
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology 1. Arash wants to examine the relationship between stress and eating when someone is on a diet. He recruits an equal number of male and female participants to respond to a questionnaire about their eating habits, their typical mood, and their overall anxiety levels. Arash ensures half of his male participants and half of his female participants are on a diet and the other half are not. After the questionnaire, all participants are randomly assigned to complete one of two tasks. Half of the participants solve a difficult math problem in front of a group of math professors within a certain time limit. The other participants solve a simple arithmetic problem in a waiting area alone, with no time limit. After they perform the task, all participants are asked to complete one more questionnaire about their stress level while sitting next to a box of Timbits. Arash tells the participants to help themselves to the Timbits, and secretly counts how many Timbits the participant actually eats. Which of the following is the most likely to be a hypothesis for Arash’s experiment? a. If someone is on a diet they will eat more when they are stressed. b. Food and stress are positively correlated. c. There is no difference between participants who are and those who are not in a diet. d. Stress is the primary reason why people break their diets. ANSWER: a 2. What type of study is Arash conducting? a. Naturalistic observation b. Case study c. Survey d. Experiment ANSWER: d 3. What is the independent variable in Arash’s study? a. The participants’ gender. b. The participants’ eating habits. c. The task difficulty. d. How many Timbits the participant eats. ANSWER: c 4. What is the dependent variable in Arash’s study? a. The participants’ gender. b. The participants’ eating habits. c. The task difficulty. d. How many Timbits the participant eats. ANSWER: d 5. The control group in Arash’s experiment includes only the _____ who performed the ___ math task. a. dieters; easy b. dieters; difficult c. non-dieters; easy d. non-dieters; difficult ANSWER: c 6. Which of the following is NOT likely to be a confounding variable in Arash’s experiment? a. The gender of the participants b. The math skill of the participants c. The dietary restrictions of the participants d. The shyness level of the participants ANSWER: a 7. Arash found that regardless of whether the female participants were on a diet or not, there was a correlation of +0.70 between their reported stress level and the number of Timbits they ate. This is an example of a _____ correlation. a. strong b. moderate c. weak d. significant ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology 8. The correlation between the number of Timbits the participants ate and how stressed they reported feeling is +0.70. What does this mean? a. There is not enough information given to answer the question. b. Participants who were most stressed generally ate more Timbits. c. Participants who were least stressed generally ate more Timbits. d. Participants ate a lot of Timbits regardless of how stressed they felt. ANSWER: b 9. What is an advantage of the type of study Arash performed? a. It is easy and fast to perform such a study. b. You can get a lot of detailed information about the participants. c. You can establish causal relationships between variables. d. Any change in the dependent variable is entirely due to the independent variable(s). ANSWER: c 10. Castiel is a psychologist who is interested in seeing how autonomic nervous system responses are related to subjective feelings of fear. Half the participants in Castiel’s experiment watch a 10-minute graphic and violent video and the other half watch a 10-minute video of a baby kitten. While the participants are watching the video, Castiel gathers measurements of their skin conductance. After they finish watching the video the participants answer a questionnaire about their level of fear after watching the video as well as how they generally react to horror movies. In Castiel’s experiment what is the independent variable? a. The participants’ skin conductance. b. The video the participants watched. c. The participants’ general attitude towards horror movies. d. The participants’ sex. ANSWER: b 11. In Castiel’s experiment what is the dependent variable? a. The participants’ skin conductance. b. The video the participants watched. c. The participants’ criminal record. d. The participants’ sex. ANSWER: a 12. While watching the violent video one of the participants becomes very distressed and asks to leave. What should Castiel do? a. Allow the participant to leave. b. Tell the participant they can’t leave because they signed an informed consent. c. Allow the participant five minutes to calm down and resume the experiment. d. Have the participant watch the kitten video instead. ANSWER: a 13. When looking at his results, Castiel notices that a large majority of his participants responded that they generally enjoy watching horror movies. The distribution of these participants in terms of their enjoyment of horror movies would be a ______________. a. symmetrical distribution b. positively skewed distribution Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology c. negatively skewed distribution d. a skewed distribution, but we can’t tell whether it’s positively or negatively skewed unless we see the graph ANSWER: c 14. What type of testing is the skin conductance test Castiel performed on the participants? a. Psychometric b. Neuroscientific c. Medical d. Physiological ANSWER: d 15. Which is the control group in the study? a. Participants who watched the violent video. b. Participants who watched the kitten video. c. Participants who watched the violent video and had low violent tendency scores. d. Participants who watched the kitty video and had low violent tendency scores. ANSWER: b 16. Castiel’s hypothesis in the experiment is: “If participants watch the _____ video their skin conductance will be ______ than those watching the other video and this will be _____ correlated with their subjective feelings of fear” a. kitten; lower; negatively b. violent; higher; positively c. violent; lower; negatively d. kitten; higher; positively ANSWER: b 17. Castiel measured the participants’ general violent tendencies in an attempt to control for ________. a. participants’ reactivity levels b. extraneous variables c. confounding variables d. response bias ANSWER: c 18. Castiel analyzes his results and comes to the conclusion that there is a strong positive correlation between subjective feelings of fear and autonomic nervous system response. What would be his next step? a. Present his data at a conference. b. Publish his data in a scientific journal. c. Obtain ethics approval. d. Publish his data in a textbook. ANSWER: b 19. Before dividing his participants into those who watched violent videos versus those who watched kitten videos, Castiel notices that the distribution of his participants’ skin conductance scores appears to be normal. The distribution of these participants in terms of their skin conductance would be a ________. a. symmetrical distribution b. positively skewed distribution c. negatively skewed distribution d. a skewed distribution, but we can’t tell whether it’s positively or negatively skewed unless we see the graph. ANSWER: a 20. Jordan is a developmental psychologist who studies bullying and aggression in elementary school students. Her days often consist of spending time in the schoolyard with the children and making careful notes of their interactions. She pays particular attention to incidents of bullying in the schoolyard and is trying to find personality characteristics that are Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology associated with bullying. In her most recent study, she found that being a bully is negatively correlated with academic performance at the 0.05 level of significance. What type of research is Jordan conducting? a. Experimental b. Naturalistic Observation c. Case Study d. Direct Observation ANSWER: b 21. Which of the following is an accurate representation of Jordan’s findings in her latest study? a. Being a bully causes a child to have bad grades. b. Having bad grades causes a child to be a bully. c. There is an association between being a bully and having low grades. d. There is no significant association between being a bully and having low grades. ANSWER: c 22. When performing a statistical analysis of acts of aggression she observed, Jordan plots her data against aggressive personality traits and notices a positively skewed distribution. This means that Bob (who has the most aggressive traits of any child in the schoolyard) instigated ______________________. a. more acts of aggression than other students at the school b. fewer acts of aggression than other students at the school c. exactly the same amount of acts of aggression as other students at the school d. acts of aggression, but we cannot make any inferences based only on the shape of the distribution ANSWER: b 23. Jordan’s results in her latest study are _____________. a. statistically significant b. theoretically significant c. practically significant d. statistically, theoretically, and practically significant ANSWER: a 24. Which of the following is widely considered the greatest limitation in Jordan’s experiment? a. The halo effect, which leads Jordan to be too lenient when she rates children’s aggressive behaviours. b. Jordan does not know the children well enough to make inferences about their behaviours. c. Jordan cannot reliably explain any patterns of behaviour she might observe. d. The setting where Jordan makes her observations is contrived and relatively artificial. ANSWER: c 25. Which of the following is an advantage to Jordan’s study? a. She can accumulate deep knowledge about each child, which will allow her to assess cause-and-effect relationships. b. It is relatively easy to collect systematic and consistent observations and translate it to numerical data. c. It can be a good starting point when little is known about a certain phenomenon. d. There is relatively small chance of having an experimenter or sampling bias. ANSWER: c 26. To reduce the chance of reactivity Jordan should ________________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology a. observe the children from a distance and not interact with them b. tell the children that she is studying something unrelated to what she is actually studying c. get to know each child personally before she starts observing them d. talk to the teachers in advance so she knows which students to pay more attention to ANSWER: a 27. One of the teachers wants to talk to Jordan about the students. What should Jordan do? a. Listen to the teacher and include the teacher’s opinion in her data. b. Avoid talking to the teacher to eliminate the possibility of experimenter bias. c. Recruit the teacher to make observations about the students with her. d. Avoid talking to the teacher due to ethical concerns. ANSWER: b 28. Which of the following represents an operational definition of bullying Jordan could use in her study? a. The aggressive personality traits for each student. b. The number of times a student attempted to assault another student. c. A student’s general aggressive attitude towards other students. d. A combination of a student’s general aggressive attitude and how the other students viewed them. ANSWER: b 29. Which of the following was the control group in Jordan’s latest study? a. The students who were not aggressive. b. The students who were aggressive. c. The students who were aggressive, but had good grades. d. There was no control group. ANSWER: d 30. Janus wanted to see if people are more attracted to individuals with symmetrical faces compared to individuals with asymmetrical faces. Janus recruited heterosexual male and female participants for his experiment. Janus showed the participants pictures of people whose faces were modified to be more symmetrical or less symmetrical than they actually are and asked the participants to press a green button if they found the picture attractive and a red button if they did not. The participants were shown a single picture at a time and each picture was shown to them for five seconds. Which of the following is a dependent variable in Janus’ experiment? a. The sex of the participants. b. The sexual orientation of the participants. c. The button selections the participants make. d. The picture the participant was shown. ANSWER: c 31. Which of the following is the independent variable in Janus’ study? a. The sex of the participants. b. The sexual orientation of the participants. c. The button selections the participants make. d. The photos each participant was shown. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology ANSWER: d 32. Which of the following is a possible confounding variable? a. The participants’ sex b. The participants’ sexual orientation. c. The participants’ own appearance. d. The participants’ culture and ethnicity. ANSWER: d 33. Janus found a strong positive correlation between face symmetry and how attractive the face was perceived by participants. This means that __________________________. a. humans are more likely to be attracted to someone with a symmetrical face b. humans will not be attracted to someone unless they have a symmetrical face c. Face symmetry is the most important factor in human attraction d. if you have a symmetrical face it will be easier to get a date ANSWER: a 34. What type of research did Janus perform? a. Naturalistic observation. b. Experimental. c. Psychometric test. d. Physiological test. ANSWER: b 35. What is Janus’ operational definition of attractiveness? a. The symmetry of a face. b. The likelihood of a participant pressing the green button in response to a face. c. The asymmetry of a face. d. The likelihood of a participant pressing the green button in response to an asymmetrical face. ANSWER: b 36. Rhea is in graduate school studying social psychology and is doing research on the social desirability bias. In her experiment, participants are first asked to fill out a survey about how honest they are. They are then told to take a seat in the hallway (where there is only one chair) before the next part of their experiment. Unbeknownst to the participants, the chair is modified and will break the moment someone sits on it. Also, the waiting room is being filmed by a hidden camera. Half of the participants sit on the chair and break it. For the other half of the participants, a confederate walks in at the same time as the participant and sits on the chair before the participant has the chance. The confederate breaks the chair and leaves immediately after without saying anything to the participant. In both cases, after 10 minutes, Rhea comes out and asks the participant about the chair and records whether they lied or not. According to the social desirability bias, participants will typically score _______________. a. higher on the honesty measure in the survey compared to the interview b. lower on the honesty measure in the survey compared to the interview c. the same on the honesty measure in the survey compared to the interview d. in a manner that is correlated with their personality and not with other participants’ responses ANSWER: a 37. What should Rhea do after the end of the experiment? a. Have the participants sign a confidentiality agreement. b. Debrief the participants about the deception. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology c. Make sure not to mention the deception to avoid sample bias. d. Offer the participants a monetary reward in exchange for their suffering. ANSWER: b 38. What is the independent variable in Rhea’s experiment? a. The participants’ scores in the honesty survey. b. Whether or not the participants lied after the chair broke. c. Whether the participant or the confederate broke the chair. d. How sincere the participants looked when they lied, if they lied. ANSWER: c 39. What is the dependent variable in Rhea’s experiment? a. The participants’ scores in the honesty survey. b. Whether or not the participants lied after the chair broke. c. Whether or not the chair would break. d. How sincere the participants looked when they lied. ANSWER: b 40. How are the participants most likely going to react after they find out about the deception? a. They will experience significant distress. b. They will find it amusing and laugh about it. c. They will be less likely to participate in other psychology experiments. d. They will be very angry and aggressive towards Rhea. ANSWER: b 41. In order to avoid experimenter bias, which of the following phrases should Rhea NOT use when asking the participants who sat down the chair and broke it? a. “Did you break the chair?” b. “Why did you break the chair?” c. “Do you know what happened to the chair?” d. “Did someone else walk in and break the chair?” ANSWER: d 42. What could Rhea do to avoid experimenter bias? a. Have someone else ask participants what happened to the chair. b. Talk only to the participants in the control group. c. Ensure an equal number of male and female participants. d. Avoid looking in the participants’ eyes when she talks to them. ANSWER: a 43. Fidan is studying a model of obesity. For her experiment, Fidan uses three groups of 31 rats each that are given either (1) 24-hour access to high calorie treat food in addition to their normal chow, (2) restricted 8-hour access to high calorie treat food and 24-hour access to their normal chow, or (3) 24-hour access to only their normal chow. Every day, Fidan weighs the animals and carefully takes note of the amount and type of food each animal has consumed. At the end of the experiment, Fidan performs surgery on all the animals and notices that the animals that put on the most weight showed Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology noticeable differences in their hypothalamus compared to the rest of the rats. Which is the control group in Fidan’s experiment? a. The rats that had 24-hour access to both high calorie treat food and their normal chow. b. The rats that had restricted access to high calorie treat food and unlimited access to their normal chow. c. The rats that had unlimited access only to their normal chow. d. There was no control group. ANSWER: c 44. What was the dependent variable in Fidan’s experiment? a. The amount of time the rats had access to high-calorie treat food. b. The type of food the rats consumed. c. The group each rat belonged to. d. The weight of the rats at the end of the experiment. ANSWER: d 45. Which of the following is a hypothesis for Fidan’s experiment? a. If rats are given more access to high calorie treat food they will put on more weight. b. More access to cafeteria style food causes rats to put on more weight. c. There is a correlation between how much access a rat is given to high calorie treat food and their weight. d. The hypothalamus of rats is associated with the consumption of high calorie treat food. ANSWER: a 46. Every day, Fidan weighs each rat. What does it mean when she says one of the rats scores at the 70th percentile of weight? a. The rat has 70% more weight than the average. b. The rat weighs more than 70% of the other rats. c. The rat weighs less than 70% of the other rats. d. The rat weighs more than 30% of the other rats. ANSWER: b 47. Which of the following represents the mode in Fidan’s experiment? a. The weight that the most rats had at the end of the experiment. b. The weight of the heaviest rat at the end of the experiment. c. The weight that exactly half the rats have at the end of the experiment. d. The weight that was equal to the central point of the weight distribution. ANSWER: a 48. Which of the following represents the median weight of all the rats in Fidan’s experiment? a. The weight that the most rats had at the end of the experiment. b. The weight of the heaviest rat at the end of the experiment. c. The weight of the 47th heaviest rat at the end of the experiment. d. The weight that was equal to the central point of the weight distribution. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise of Psychology
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Chapter 3 - The Biological Basis of Behaviour 1. Mirna is walking home from school and decides to take a shortcut across a small park. As she is walking, a large dog comes running towards her, barking loudly. Mirna is terrified and feels her heart beating hard in her chest and her breathing becomes more erratic. The dog’s owner comes over quickly and takes the dog away. Luckily, Mirna is not injured. She then goes home and tells the story to her roommate. Which part of Mirna’s nervous system was activated when she saw the dog? a. Her sympathetic nervous system b. Her parasympathetic nervous system c. Her afferent nervous system d. Her efferent nervous system ANSWER: a 2. Which neurotransmitter is most likely to have been released in Mirna’s nervous system when she saw the dog? a. Epinephrine b. Dopamine c. Norepinephrine d. Adrenaline ANSWER: c 3. Which part of Mirna’s endocrine system was activated during the incident? a. Her ovaries b. Her pancreas c. Her adrenal glands d. Her thyroid gland ANSWER: c 4. If Mirna was in an fMRI machine during her encounter with the dog, which of the following brain areas would show the biggest activation? a. Her hippocampus b. Her amygdala c. Her frontal lobe d. Her thalamus ANSWER: b 5. Which part of Mirna’s nervous system was activated while she was sitting on the couch and telling the story to her roommate? a. Her sympathetic nervous system b. Her parasympathetic nervous system c. Her afferent nervous system d. Her efferent nervous system ANSWER: b 6. If Mirna was in an fMRI machine while she was telling the story with the dog incident to her roommate, which of the following brain areas would show the biggest activation? a. Her hippocampus b. Her amygdala c. Her hypothalamus d. Her thalamus ANSWER: a 7. Brian is a 70-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease. Because Alzheimer’s Disease has a genetic component, Brian is worried that his family is also at risk of developing the neurological disorder. As the disorder progresses Brian has a difficult time remembering details about his personal life or even recognizing his own son. Which of the following is most likely implicated with the emergence of Brian’s Alzheimer’s Disease? a. Deterioration of his glial tissue b. Deterioration of his neuronal dendrites c. Deterioration of his neuronal axons d. Deterioration of his neuronal synapses ANSWER: a 8. Brian’s doctor wants to examine his brain activity while he is performing simple mental operations to determine how Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 3 - The Biological Basis of Behaviour widespread the effect of the disorder has progressed. Which of the following tests is the doctor most likely going to request Brian to take? a. CT scan b. MRI scan c. fMRI scan d. EEG ANSWER: c 9. Brian’s doctor wants to examine Brian’s brain structure and needs a three-dimensional, high-resolution image to determine the physical progression of the disorder. Which of the following tests is the doctor most likely going to request that Brian take? a. CT scan b. MRI scan c. fMRI scan d. EEG ANSWER: b 10. In response to his disorder, Brian develops depression and his doctor prescribes an SSRI for him. This medication works by ________________. a. increasing the overall production of serotonin b. increasing the release of serotonin from the dendrites c. blocking serotonin from leaving the synaptic cleft d. blocking serotonin from being released by the pre-synaptic neurons ANSWER: c 11. In response to his disorder, Brian develops depression and his doctor prescribes an SSRI for him. Apart from serotonin, low levels of _________ are also implicated in the development of depression. a. GABA b. acetylcholine c. norepinephrine d. dopamine ANSWER: c 12. Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors’ hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience. Malcolm relies on his ______ lobe to be aware of his and his teammates’ position in space. a. frontal b. temporal c. occipital d. parietal ANSWER: d 13. Malcolm relies on his ______ to help him balance on his skates. a. cerebellum b. corpus callosum c. cerebrum d. spinal cord ANSWER: a 14. In order to assess the brain damage, Malcolm’s doctor needs to view an image from the left side of his brain, so he orders a _______ PET scan. a. transaxial b. coronal c. sagittal d. tomographic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 3 - The Biological Basis of Behaviour ANSWER: c 15. Ever since the accident Malcolm can no longer concentrate and his smoking habit has increased. This is could be because the nicotine in the cigarettes is an agonist for_____ and causes _____. a. acetylcholine,PSPs b. acetylcholine,IPSPs c. serotonin,PSPs d. serotonin,IPSPs ANSWER: a 16. Malcolm is diagnosed with Broca’s aphasia. When asked why he is in the hospital, how is he likely to respond? a. “I don’t know I don’t remember anything since I woke up the day of the game.” b. “Head…no good…speech can’t say talk you know?” c. “…” Malcolm will react as if he heard nothing. d. “I’m happy are you pretty? You look tomato!” ANSWER: b 17. Malcolm is diagnosed with Broca’s aphasia. Which part of his brain is likely to be damaged? a. Left side of the frontal lobe b. Right side of the frontal lobe c. Left side of the temporal lobe d. Right side of the temporal lobe ANSWER: a 18. When John visits Malcolm in the hospital he jokes and says “At least your medulla was not damaged.” This is because if the medulla was damaged, Malcolm ____________________. a. would not be able to experience sexual interest ever again b. would lose his ability for voluntary motor movement and develop Parkinson’s c. would die because he wouldn’t be able to breathe anymore d. would no longer experience fear ANSWER: c 19. John is trying to make Malcolm feel better. John tells Malcolm that he will soon be back to normal because brains are plastic and neurogenesis will eventually take place. Is John correct? a. No, neurogenesis never happens to adult humans. b. No, plasticity is not unlimited and the brain’s plasticity declines with age. c. Yes, neural wiring in the brain is flexible and constantly evolving. d. Yes, stem cells exist in the adult brain, so neurogenesis is unlimited. ANSWER: b 20. John is trying to impress Malcolm with his neuroscience knowledge, but fails to remember many of the details he studied. Quite accurately, he blames this on his ______________. a. hippocampus b. frontal lobe c. hypothalamus d. reticular formation ANSWER: a 21. Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 3 - The Biological Basis of Behaviour usually does all the talking and Cam the listening. Diem researched online and saw that one possible etiology of schizophrenia is excessive ___________. a. acetylcholine and impaired neural-glial communication b. acetylcholine and excessive neural pruning in the frontal lobe c. dopamine and impaired neural-glial communication d. dopamine and excessive neural pruning in the frontal lobe ANSWER: d 22. While Diem is pregnant, she worries that her children are also going to suffer from schizophrenia. Trying to calm her down you present her with research that suggests that _______________. a. because they are twins at least one of them will not have the disorder b. if they diagnose the disorder early they can completely cure it c. schizophrenia has a very weak genetic link d. they will not inherit the disorder, but only a vulnerability to it ANSWER: d 23. To trigger contractions during birth, Diem’s _________________. a. pituitary gland released endorphins b. hypothalamus released endorphins c. pituitary gland released oxytocin d. hypothalamus released oxytocin ANSWER: c 24. Wes and Cam are ____ twins who share ____ of their DNA. a. monozygotic, 100% b. monozygotic, 50% c. dizygotic, 100% d. dizygotic, 50% ANSWER: a 25. What is a possible explanation for why only Wes was diagnosed with schizophrenia? a. Medical error. Since they are identical twins they should both be diagnosed with the disorder or not diagnosed with the disorder. b. Wes experienced some type of traumatic brain injury and Cam did not. c. Wes was closer to his mother and used her as a model in behavioural learning. d. Wes experienced epigenetic changes that altered his phenotype. ANSWER: d 26. Wes jokes that Cam has overactive pleasure centres. Which brain structure is Wes referring to? a. The medial forebrain bundle b. The reticular formation c. The prefrontal cortex d. The pituitary gland ANSWER: a 27. What is one possible reason for Wes’ impulsive and indulgent personality at age 19? a. His neurons are not fully myelinated yet. b. His frontal lobe has not fully developed yet. c. His cerebrum has not fully developed yet. d. He is experiencing major synaptic pruning. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 3 - The Biological Basis of Behaviour ANSWER: b 28. Based on their communication patterns, fill in the following analogy. Wes is to Cam as ______ are to _______. a. glial cells, terminal buttons b. synaptic vesicles, synapses c. somas, myelin sheaths d. axons, dendrites ANSWER: d
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Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception 1. Diana (aka Wonder Woman) wakes up one morning to discover that her life will never be the same. Diana realizes that she possesses superhuman abilities—her senses and perceptions now surpass those of ordinary people! Though she does not want to show off or become the subject of government or military scientific experiments, Diana cannot help but explore her newfound powers and abilities. At first it overwhelms her, but with practice, she is able to control her superpowers. Walking down the street, Diana hears beautiful music playing clearly. Strangely enough, it seems like no one else around her can hear it. Diana can hear the music because she can detect stimuli that are ____________ of the average human. a. above the absolute threshold b. below the absolute threshold c. below the just noticeable difference threshold d. above the just noticeable difference threshold ANSWER: b 2. While waiting in line at the bank, Diana hears a quiet ticking sound that no one else seems to hear. Diana follows the sound and finds a bomb in the washroom. Diana’s ____________. a. subliminal perception is above average b. subliminal perception is below average c. conscious perception is above average d. conscious perception is below average ANSWER: a 3. Have you ever waved at someone you thought was your friend, but it turned out to be a total stranger? Diana never embarrasses herself like that anymore. According to signal detection theory, she now has a 100% _____ rate when it comes to recognizing faces at a distance, whereas in the past, she had an embarrassing number of _________ without her glasses on. a. hit, false alarms b. hit, misses c. success, false alarms d. success, misses ANSWER: a 4. Diana has discovered that the rods of her eyes work much better, too. What does this mean for her ability to see? a. She can easily walk through a dark forest. b. The colours she sees are so much more vibrant. c. She can see through objects and people, like having x-ray vision. d. She can read a book from one kilometre away. ANSWER: a 5. Diana’s perceptual reality allows her to see the full spectrum of light frequencies. This means she can see not only the colours average humans can perceive, but also the ________ and the __________ spectrums. a. monochromatic, trichromatic b. electromagnetic, X-ray c. ultraviolet, infrared d. light, dark ANSWER: c 6. Even though she has superhuman skills, Diana is still human. It is a fortunate thing that she still feels pain because _____________________. a. it helps her to cultivate more compassion for her fellow human beings b. it is vital and a cautionary system that notifies us when something is wrong c. without pain, she would become heartless and cruel to humankind d. she is a masochist and loves pain more than the average human should Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception ANSWER: b 7. Diana can still feel pain. However, her powers allow her to close the __________ in the spinal cord to impede any pain she does not want to experience. a. “bridge” b. “door” c. “gate” d. “portal” ANSWER: c 8. Mitch is an optometrist and his niece has asked him to come to school to talk about his profession at a job fair. Mitch is trying to impress his niece’s classmates by telling them cool things about ocular health and the way the visual system works. Mitch tells the children that hawks who hunt during the day have more ______ and great ________. a. cones, visual acuity b. cones, peripheral vision c. rods, visual acuity d. rods, peripheral vision ANSWER: a 9. One of the students asks Mitch why our brains want to recognize faces. Mitch tells him that it is likely an evolutionary advantage because it helped our ancestors ________________. a. recognize males from females in order to find a mate b. recognize friend from foe c. recognize members of a different clan d. recognize emotional facial expressions ANSWER: b 10. Mitch starts explaining how we are able to see and begins by explaining the way light works. He explains that humans are able to see variation in the saturation of colours due to differences in the ______ of light. a. speed b. amplitude c. wavelength d. purity ANSWER: d 11. Mitch explains to the children how there are some creatures that can see certain shades of ultraviolet light that humans cannot. This is because those creatures can detect light with a ______ than the light humans can detect. a. higher amplitude b. higher wavelength c. lower amplitude d. lower wavelength ANSWER: d 12. Mitch tells the children how their eyes are constantly moving and tells them that if their eyes ever stopped moving (even for a second) while watching Mitch, then ___________________. a. Mitch would appear to be much larger than he actually is b. Mitch would “fade from view” and they would not see him anymore c. Mitch would look a lot less clear, like a low definition video d. Mitch would appear to be much further away than he actually is ANSWER: b 13. Mitch tries to explain the visual pathway in the brain to the children. Which type of cell would fire in response to a straight line of a specific width and orientation in the right hand corner of the receptive field? a. Simple cells in the primary visual cortex. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception b. Complex cells in the primary visual cortex. c. Simple cells in the occipital lobe. d. Complex cells in the occipital lobe. ANSWER: a 14. Peter is a retired neuroscientist who has painted as a hobby his whole life. He likes to think that he has implemented his science in his art and that he scientifically produces the best paintings possible. He also firmly believes that colours can drastically influence one’s mood and behaviour. Now that he has retired, he hosts wine and painting nights at his house and he invites friends over to teach them a bit about painting. Unfortunately, Peter pokes himself in the eye and has to wear an eye patch while his eye recovers. What will be missing from Peter’s paintings while his eye heals? a. pictorial depth cues b. motion parallax c. linear perspective d. retinal disparity ANSWER: d 15. During one of their gatherings, Peter teaches his friends all about subtractive and additive mixing. In subtracting mixing, you mix ________ some wavelengths of light. a. paint and remove b. paint and superimpose c. light and remove d. light and superimpose ANSWER: a 16. In one of their gatherings, Peter teaches his friends all about subtractive and additive mixing. In additive mixing you mix _______ some wavelengths of light. a. paint and remove b. paint and superimpose c. light and remove d. light and superimpose ANSWER: d 17. Peter also has grapheme-colour synesthesia. This means that _________________. a. when he sees a specific colour, he also can hear a pleasant melody b. when he tastes something sweet and closes his eyes, he sees pretty colour c. when he sees the number 8, he perceives it to be yellow even when it’s not d. when he paints with blue colours, he experiences sad emotions ANSWER: c 18. Peter’s friend Paula tells him that she knows more about the trichromatic theory of colour vision than he does. She gives him four arguments supporting the trichromatic theory. Peter tells her that one of her arguments is wrong. Which of the following is NOT correct? a. The trichromatic theory explains the afterimage phenomenon very well. b. The trichromatic theory accounts for colour blindness. c. Colour TVs and screen monitors operate on principles of the trichromatic theory. d. Trichromatic theory demonstrates that any colour is a mix of three primary colours. ANSWER: a 19. Sandra has wanted to be famous ever since she was a little girl, and she will do anything to be on TV. Her latest obsession is the X-Factor. Sandra is determined to be on the show despite not being the best singer. Her audition does not go as well as she would have hoped and Simon Cowell, one of the judges on the show, makes some nasty comments towards her. Those comments do not deter Sandra, and she even talks back to Simon Cowell. Simon Cowell tells Sandra Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception to sing in lower decibels. Therefore, he is telling Sandra to alter the ______ of her voice. a. wavelength b. intensity c. loudness d. amplitude ANSWER: d 20. Simon Cowell tells Sandra her voice is so high, human ears can no longer detect it. If that was true, then Sandra’s voice would be higher than _____ Hz! a. 10,000 b. 20,000 c. 30,000 d. 40,000 ANSWER: b 21. Simon Cowell tells Sandra that he wishes the part of his brain that is the first point of entry for sound was dead so he would not have to perceive her singing. Simon is referring to his ________________. a. thalamus b. primary auditory cortex c. temporal lobes d. prefrontal cortex ANSWER: a 22. Simon complains that his inner ear hurts after her performance. Simon is referring to his ___________. a. pinna b. auditory canal c. eardrum d. cochlea ANSWER: d 23. Sandra responds to Simon’s criticism by saying that she is confident in her singing ability and claims that she has the brain of a musician. If Sandra’s statement is true, then we would expect Sandra to have a larger _____ than nonmusicians. a. right hemisphere b. cerebellum c. cerebral cortex d. hypothalamus ANSWER: b 24. Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster. Halfway through the date, Todd wants to head outside for a quick cigarette and asks Viola if she wants join him for a smoke, too. a. Viola is likely to only smoke occasionally and savour the taste of tobacco. b. Viola is likely not to smoke and to react negatively to nicotine. c. Viola is likely to be a chain smoker and very addicted to nicotine. d. Viola is likely not to smoke because she’s afraid it will ruin her taste buds. ANSWER: b 25. After Todd and Viola finish their main course, their server brings them dessert menus. Based on their taste preferences, which of the following is more likely to happen? a. Viola’s dessert order will be sweeter than Todd’s. b. Todd’s dessert order will be sweeter than Viola’s. c. Both Todd and Viola will order very sweet desserts. d. Neither Todd nor Viola will order desserts that are very sweet. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception ANSWER: b 26. On their date, Todd orders a fish dish with a very tangy scent. Once the dish is served in front of him, he proclaims that his nose is now dead and will never be able to smell anything again. Viola laughs and tells him not to be so dramatic because____ are replaced every couple of _____. a. olfactory cilia, months b. olfactory axons, weeks c. olfactory cilia, weeks d. olfactory axons, months ANSWER: a 27. On their date, Todd orders a fish dish with a very tangy scent. Todd complains about the smell of the fish and says “the scent went straight from my nose to my brain!” Which part of the brain will receive the incoming information from receptor cells first? a. Thalamus b. Prefrontal cortex c. Olfactory bulb d. Spinal cord ANSWER: c 28. During their meal, Viola starts reminiscing about her childhood. Which of the following most likely triggered Viola’s memories? a. The smell of her food. b. The taste of her food. c. The appearance of her food. d. A combination of the smell, taste, and appearance of her food. ANSWER: a 29. After their meal and having had a few glasses of wine, Todd no longer has great balance. This means his ____ sense is compromised. a. somatosensory b. kinesthetic c. vestibular d. analgesic ANSWER: c 30. While on their date, Viola is nervous and accidentally cuts herself with her knife. The moment she cuts her finger, Viola feels a sharp pain and lets out a yelp. This pain was modulated by the ______ pathway which uses ______ fibres. a. slow-acting, C b. slow-acting, A-delta c. fast-acting, C d. fast-acting, A-delta ANSWER: d 31. While on their date, Viola is nervous and accidentally cuts herself with her knife. Half an hour later, Viola still feels pain in her finger, but it feels more like an aching or burning. This pain was modulated by the ____ pathway which uses ____ fibres. a. slow-acting, C b. slow-acting, A-delta c. fast-acting, C d. fast-acting, A-delta ANSWER: a
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Chapter 5 - Consciousness 1. Ben and Lauren decide to go to a magic show for date night. The magician is supposed to be an expert in hypnosis who has previously taken complete control over the people he hypnotizes. The hypnotist can make people do crazy things like lift a car or even re-live some of their childhood memories. Ben is very excited about the magic show and believes that this type of hypnosis is real, but Lauren is more skeptical. The magician approaches the couple and asks Lauren to join him on the stage. The magician warns Lauren that he can make her reveal some of her deepest, darkest secrets. This statement __________. a. would be true only if Lauren believed in hypnosis b. is true and Lauren should not go on stage c. does not have any scientific research supporting it d. might be true depending on how suggestible Lauren is ANSWER: c 2. Ben is excited to go to the show because he is a smoker who is trying to quit, and he hopes hypnosis will be able to help him quit. Which of the following is true? a. Hypnosis could help Ben quit smoking, but only in the short-term. b. Hypnosis could help Ben quit smoking, but only if it is performed by a medical professional. c. Hypnosis could help Ben quit smoking, but only if he is highly susceptible. d. Hypnosis cannot help Ben quit smoking. ANSWER: d 3. Ben is excited to go to the show because he is a smoker who is trying to quit, and he hopes hypnosis will be able to help him quit. Since Ben is a tobacco smoker you would assume he has ____ physical dependence and _____ psychological dependence. a. high, high b. moderate, high c. high, moderate d. moderate, moderate ANSWER: b 4. After the show, Ben is in awe about the things that the magician made people do on stage. A man was even coaxed into taking off his clothes! Lauren is still not impressed and claims the reason why people were so disinhibited was because they ________________. a. were just playing along for the sake of the show b. knew they would experience posthypnotic amnesia, so they would not feel embarrassed c. feel like they cannot be held responsible for their actions d. were paid actors and it was their job to do so ANSWER: c 5. Lauren is still not impressed after the show and invites Ben to a class of open monitoring meditation she regularly attends. In this class, Ben is instructed to _________________________. a. completely empty his mind and not think of anything at all b. close his eyes and think of a happy childhood memory c. focus his complete attention on his breathing d. act as a detached observer of his own thoughts ANSWER: d 6. Lauren is still not impressed after the show and invites Ben to a class of open monitoring meditation she regularly attends. The open monitoring kind of meditation shares similarities with techniques of ______________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 5 - Consciousness a. cognitive behavioural therapy c. person-centered therapy ANSWER: a
b. psychoanalysis d. biodynamic psychotherapy
7. Lauren is still not impressed after the show and invites Ben to a class of open monitoring meditation she regularly attends. The instructor leading the meditation class has been doing this for several years. During the meditation session you would expect the instructor has ______ oxygen consumption and _____ carbon dioxide elimination. a. increased, increased b. increased, decreased c. decreased, increased d. decreased, decreased ANSWER: d 8. Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail. Many students argue that marijuana does not have negative long term effects. Zoe should point out that studies conducted over the last decade have found that heavy, chronic marijuana use can lead to ______________. a. impotence and sterility in men b. impairments in memory, attention, and learning c. increased susceptibility to infectious diseases d. increased susceptibility to certain types of cancer ANSWER: b 9. Why does Zoe’s presentation target high school and university students specifically (i.e., the 15-24 year old age group)? a. This age group uses significantly more drugs than those older than 25. b. The effects of drugs are significantly more prominent in this age group. c. People in this age group go from occasional users to regular users more quickly. d. Rehabilitation efforts are less successful in this age group. ANSWER: a 10. Some of the students are shocked to learn that some abused drugs are prescribed by doctors in medical settings. Zoe gives them the example of cocaine that can also be used as a(n) ___________. a. anticonvulsant b. treatment for glaucoma c. sleeping pill d. local anesthetic ANSWER: d 11. Zoe shocks the students by telling them ____ is the most widely used recreational drug in our society. a. marijuana b. nicotine c. alc11ohol d. caffeine ANSWER: c 12. Zoe provides an in-depth explanation about how drugs of abuse affect the brain. She explains that cocaine increases the levels of dopamine in the brain by _____________________. a. stimulating the release of more dopamine in the synapse b. increasing the production of dopamine Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 5 - Consciousness c. blocking the reuptake of dopamine d. inhibiting enzymes that would normally destroy dopamine ANSWER: c 13. Zoe also talks to the students about overdose and the possibility of dying by using drugs. Which of the following has the highest potential for a fatal overdose? a. Cocaine b. Cannabis c. LSD d. Heroin ANSWER: d 14. Zoe talks a lot about drug dependence and the effects of withdrawal to the students. A person going through cocaine withdrawal would be expected to show symptoms such as _______________. a. diarrhea and convulsions b. irritability and depression c. irritability and diarrhea d. convulsions and depression ANSWER: b 15. Zoe explains the many negative effects of alcohol, including the increased likelihood of some people to engage in aggressive acts when they are intoxicated. This is a(n) __________ effect of alcohol. a. indirect b. direct c. behavioural d. cognitive ANSWER: a 16. To scare the students away from using drugs, Zoe uses the example of ____, a drug that leads to rapid tolerance, so the user needs larger and larger doses to get the same effect even after using the drug only a couple of times. a. alcohol b. morphine c. LSD d. MDMA ANSWER: b 17. Pam has suffered from insomnia for the last few years and it really affects her everyday life. However, Pam’s husband Jim claims that Pam is exaggerating and that she sleeps every night and often even snores! To prove he’s right (and to help his wife), Jim asks Pam to go to a sleep clinic to test her insomnia. Jim, on the other hand, is a sleeper who routinely gets at least nine hours of sleep at night. Which of the following symptoms would you expect Pam to have? a. Pam will stay up all night and wake up really late. b. Pam will wake up at 4:30 in the morning every day without the help of her alarm. c. Pam will only be able to go to sleep at night if she performs a specific routine. d. Pam will not be able to sleep at night and to compensate will often nap in the evening. ANSWER: b 18. According to the sleep state misperception, what is most likely to happen when Pam goes to a sleep clinic? a. Pam will have more trouble falling asleep due to the novelty of the situation. b. Pam will not be able to sleep and will show the same symptoms she claims to have at home. c. Pam will sleep the whole night, but she will claim she did not sleep at all. d. Pam will not be able to sleep initially, but eventually will show sleep patterns. ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 5 - Consciousness 19. What health issue is Pam likely to face due to her insomnia and the extended sleep loss she experiences? a. Physical pain b. Asthma c. Ulcers d. Hypertension ANSWER: d 20. Which of the following is true? a. Jim has a greater mortality risk than Pam. b. Jim has a lower mortality risk than Pam. c. Jim has an equal mortality risk as Pam. d. Pam has a greater mortality risk, but only if she is also depressed. ANSWER: c 21. Which of the following is most likely? a. Pam’s symptoms will spontaneously clear up. b. Pam is suffering from “pseudo-insomnia.” c. Pam has a lower than average body temperature. d. Pam’s symptoms will improve as she ages. ANSWER: a 22. Jim and Pam’s daughter Cece has just turned five and often wakes up at night, lets out a piercing scream, and then just sits on her bed staring into space. What is Cece most likely to do once she awakes? a. Run to her parents’ room crying and spend the rest of the night with them. b. Resume sleeping shortly after she awakens without much difficulty. c. Remain in her bed and continue screaming until someone comes in her room to comfort her. d. Consistently wet the bed and have recurrent nightmares she remembers well. ANSWER: b 23. Jim and Pam’s daughter Cece has just turned five and often wakes up at night, lets out a piercing scream, and then just sits on her bed staring into space. Cece likely wakes during Stage ____ of ____ sleep. a. 4, REM b. 1, REM c. 1, NREM d. 4, NREM ANSWER: d 24. Jim’s father Dwight occasionally spends the night at Jim and Pam’s house and sometimes sleepwalks while he is there. What should Jim do in cases when he realizes his father is sleepwalking? a. Not wake him because Dwight might have a stroke. b. Not wake him because Dwight is not in any danger. c. Wake Dwight, but keep a safe distance because he might be dangerous. d. Gently wake Dwight and put him back into bed. ANSWER: d 25. If Jim’s father Dwight experiences somnambulism, which of the following is true? a. He is likely to have deep underlying emotional issues. b. He is likely to have a brother who also has somnambulism. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 5 - Consciousness c. He is likely to remember in great detail his episodes the next morning. d. He is likely to experience excessive daytime sleepiness. ANSWER: b 26. Sandy has just finished her undergraduate degree and is not sure what to do next. She could go back to her hometown and work at her mother’s office where a steady job has been promised to her, or she could move with her best friend to Toronto and look for a job on her own. Sandy has a hard time making the decision and often finds her mind wandering and fantasizing about her possible futures. Sandy’s roommate, Stella, has recently read a book about consciousness and is telling Sandy how consciousness changes all the time, sometimes intentionally and other times unintentionally. Stella is trying to give Sandy advice about what to do to help her make the decision. In the meantime, Sandy is working evenings as a waitress, and her shifts often end at 2 a.m. According to the unconscious thought theory, which of the following would help Sandy make the best decision? a. Carefully weigh the pros and cons of each option. b. Make a decision as fast as possible without really thinking about it. c. Let someone else make the decision for her and go along with it. d. Think about her choices for a short time while working. ANSWER: d 27. One day, Sandy finds her mind wandering while watching make-up tutorials online in her room. Which of the following is most likely? a. Sandy will not listen to her roommate when she calls to her from the kitchen. b. Sandy finds the task of applying make-up very challenging. c. Sandy will be less creative the next time she does her make-up. d. Sandy is likely thinking about doing her roommate’s make-up. ANSWER: a 28. As soon as Sandy finishes her shift and returns at home, she goes straight to bed, falls asleep almost immediately, and does not experience any dreams. If Sandy was in an EEG, we should detect more ___ waves. a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. theta ANSWER: c 29. Sandy’s roommate, Stella, is most likely to have read a book about consciousness based on the work of ______________. a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. B. F. Skinner d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: b 30. Vanessa and her friends meet each other every Sunday for brunch, and they love talking about the dreams they have experienced. Vanessa often dreams about a fire alarm going off, which she finds very distressing, so she asks the group their opinion about why they think she has been having this dream. Rachel is part of the same friend group, but dislikes the conversations about dreams because she rarely dreams and seldom remembers her dreams the following day. Knowing that Vanessa and all her friends are Canadian students, which of the following would you expect to be a dream they report having the most frequently? a. Being chased by someone, but not being captured or injured. b. Having the sense of falling from a great height without ever landing. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 5 - Consciousness c. Having a superpower, such as the ability to fly or shapeshift. d. Having a sexual experience with a member of the opposite sex. ANSWER: a 31. Rachel spends more time in _____ sleep than her friends. a. REM b. Stage 1 c. NREM d. Stage 2 ANSWER: c 32. Rachel is a firm believer in the activation synthesis model of dreaming. How would she explain the meaning behind her friends’ dreams? a. She would connect her friends’ dreams with early childhood experiences. b. She would explain the dreams as a means to prepare for the struggles of daily life. c. She would say that dreams are just the product of random neural signals in the brain. d. She would connect the dreams with her friends’ unconscious needs and desires. ANSWER: c 33. Vanessa is a firm believer in the Cartwright view of dreams. How would she explain the meaning behind her friends’ dreams? a. She would connect her friends’ dreams with early childhood experiences. b. She would explain the dreams as a means to prepare for the struggles of daily life. c. She would say that dreams are just the product of random neural signals in the brain. d. She would connect the dreams with her friends’ unconscious needs and desires. ANSWER: b 34. Nick is a huge fan of Freud and is trying to impress the girls by using terms such as “manifest” and “latent” content when describing his dream of kneeling in front of an imposing king who looks down at him from his throne. In this case, the latent content of Nick’s dream is ____________________. a. the king symbolizes his father b. the king and his throne c. the subjective feeling of awe Nick got from the dream d. the details of Nick’s real life that were incorporated in the dream ANSWER: a
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Chapter 6 - Learning 1. Alec wants to train his dog Magnus to sit on command. To achieve this goal, Alec starts by giving Magnus a strip of bacon and saying “sit” every time Magnus sits. A day later, Alec gives Magnus a strip of bacon and a pat on the head and says “sit” every time Magnus sits. Magnus seems to learn to sit on command. However, after a few days of training, Alec notices that Magnus now salivates and wags his tail whenever he hears the word “sit.” Alec is using _____ conditioning with ______ reinforcement to train Magnus sit. a. classical; partial b. classical; continuous c. operant; partial d. operant; continuous ANSWER: d 2. The fact that Magnus begins salivating and wagging his tail indicates that the word “sit” is a ________. a. conditioned response b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. result of negative reinforcement ANSWER: c 3. Over the following days, Alec noticed that Magnus would salivate and wag his tail whenever he heard Alec say the word “fit”. What is this known as? a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. an unconditioned response d. a fixed action pattern ANSWER: b 4. For a week after his training, Magnus would sit down and start salivating whenever he saw Alec. This is because Alec was a ______________. a. positive reinforcer b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus d. negative reinforcer ANSWER: b 5. Magnus starts wagging his tail and salivating when he hears Alec say the word “sit” because of __________. a. operant conditioning b. positive reinforcement c. classical conditioning d. stimulus generalization ANSWER: c 6. Which of the following stimuli is most likely going to make Magnus salivate? a. Seeing another dog sit down. b. Hearing the word “set”. c. Being told to lay down. d. Alec demonstrating sitting down. ANSWER: b 7. Alicia is an avid online poker player. She spends hours every day playing poker online. Initially, she played because she really enjoyed the game and it gave her an exciting feeling. However, over the past few months she has noticed that she experiences higher anxiety levels if she has not played in a while and she feels like she needs to play to reduce this anxiety. Initially, Alicia’s poker playing habit was maintained by ________________. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment ANSWER: a 8. After several months, Alicia’s poker playing habit has been maintained by _______________. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 6 - Learning c. positive punishment ANSWER: b
d. negative punishment
9. Alicia has not won a game in a while, and yet she continues to play despite her lengthy losing streak. What do you expect happened when Alicia first started playing? a. She won every single game she played for the first few days. b. She won every third or so game she played for the first few days. c. She won every couple of hours or so for the first few days. d. She won sporadically for the first few days that she played. ANSWER: d 10. Alicia has a ritual, including saying a short prayer that she performs every time she logs on to her account and she thinks this ritual helps her win. According to Skinner, which of the following enforces this behaviour? a. Operant conditioning b. Primary reinforcers c. Secondary reinforcers d. Noncontingent reinforcement ANSWER: d 11. Alicia is actively trying to get her poker playing under control and decides to enrol in a behaviour modification program. When asked why she joined the program, Alicia replies “Because I’m too spontaneous.” In order for the program to be effective, Alicia should _______________. a. not make generalized claims about herself and let the professionals assess her b. translate vague claims into precise descriptions of specific target behaviours c. continue making generalized claims because they encompass multiple target behaviours d. accept her personality traits as they are and develop coping skills to live with them ANSWER: b 12. Alicia is actively trying to get her poker playing under control and decides to enrol in a behaviour modification program. The program facilitator asks Alicia to count how many times she visits the online poker site, how many games she plays, and the events that happen right before she goes online to play another game. Alicia was asked to gather her ______ and monitor her ______, respectively. a. baseline data; antecedents b. response rate; antecedents c. baseline date; positive reinforcers d. response rate; positive reinforcers ANSWER: a 13. Alicia is actively trying to get her poker playing under control and decided to enrol in a behaviour modification program. As suggested by the program facilitator, Alicia sets up a punishment for herself in case she ends up playing poker online and losing a lot of money. Which of the following would be the most effective method of punishment? a. Giving $30 to her brother and telling him to buy a CD of an artist she hates. b. Delivering a strong electric shock to herself every time she played poker. c. Having her brother take her laptop away from her, even if she needs it for work. d. Donating an equal amount of money she lost to a charity she believes in. ANSWER: a 14. Alicia is actively trying to get her poker playing under control and decided to enrol in a behaviour modification program. Which of the following would you suggest to her to ensure she sticks to the program and her rehabilitation? a. To use punishments only (and no rewards) because they are powerful reinforcers. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 6 - Learning b. If she uses punishments, to have someone else deliver them. c. If she use punishments, to make them as severe as she can. d. If she uses punishments, to use a random ratio of severe and mild ones. ANSWER: b 15. Jared is a stay-at-home dad who takes care of his five-year-old daughter Olivia. Olivia is hyperactive and does not often listen to Jared. Jared is trying to find new ways to get his daughter to brush her teeth, which she always refuses to do. Jared has come up with the solution to give Olivia a sticker every three times she brushes her teeth without him telling her to. 16. Jared is giving Olivia a sticker according to a ____ schedule. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval ANSWER: a 16. Jared wants to eventually get Olivia to brush her teeth without him giving her a sticker. What should he do to increase the probability that Olivia does not stop brushing her teeth after he stops giving her stickers? a. Give her a sticker every single time she brushes her teeth. b. Give her a bigger reward than a sticker. c. Give her a sticker after a variable number of times she brushes her teeth. d. Continue doing exactly the same thing he is currently doing. ANSWER: c 17. One day, Olivia gets very upset and throws a huge temper tantrum. Despite the fact that she was supposed to get a sticker for brushing her teeth alone that day, Jared does not give her one because of her behaviour. This is an example of ________________. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. disciplinary procedure d. punishment ANSWER: d 18. One day while at the grocery store, Olivia gets upset and throws a major temper tantrum over a chocolate bar. Jared tells her that she is going on a time-out in a couple of hours when they get back home. It is most likely that the punishment Jared gave Olivia will __________________. a. not be effective because it is not severe enough b. not be effective because it is not swift enough c. be effective only if Jared gives a reward to Olivia next time they are at a grocery store and she behaves d. be effective only if it is paired with corporal punishment ANSWER: b 19. Olivia has realized that if she cries hard enough her dad will give her candy to get her to stop. From Jared’s point of view, this is a case of _______________. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. avoidance learning ANSWER: a 20. Monica is a first-year student at Carleton and she is taking a lot of introductory courses. Monica has a 14-year-old Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 6 - Learning brother named Ross who often visits her in her dorm on the weekend and watches R-rated violent movies and TV shows while she studies. Monica becomes worried about the some of the media content that Ross is watching. According to Bandura which of the following is more likely if Ross starts watching porn on the Internet? a. It will act as a catharsis for Ross. b. It will act as a model for Ross to emulate. c. It will act as a negative reinforcer for Ross. d. It will act as a negative role model for Ross. ANSWER: b 21. One day, Ross is hanging out in Monica’s dorm room when Rachel, Monica’s best friend, storms in and her punches a pillow in rage. In which of the following scenarios is Ross also likely to punch a pillow? a. If he sees Monica high-five Rachel after she punches the pillow. b. If he has a crush on Rachel. c. If he is told not to ever punch a pillow like Rachel. d. If he has also seen someone punch a pillow in a movie. ANSWER: a 22. Monica is worried that Ross’ choice of TV shows and movies will make him more aggressive when he’s older. She should be the most worried if ______________________. a. Ross watches more than 10 hours of violent TV shows per week b. Ross starts watching extremely realistic and graphic violent TV shows c. Ross identifies with the male antagonist who often murders people on his favourite show d. Ross identifies with the female hero who often tortures people on his favourite show ANSWER: c 23. Monica is concerned about Ross’ choice of TV shows and tells him how the shows he watches affect his brain. Ross rolls his eyes and says she’s being a drama queen. Which statement best summarizes this situation? a. Monica is right. Research shows Ross would show desensitization and adaptation to violent material. b. Monica is right. Research shows Ross would show increased skin conductance in response to violent material. c. Ross is right. What Monica said would be true only if Ross was an eyewitness to a violent act. d. Ross is right. What Monica said would be true only if he witnessed his peers committing violent acts. ANSWER: a 24. One day, Ross and Monica are in her dorm room hanging out. Ross is playing a first-person shooter video game on the computer and Monica is playing Candy Crush on her phone. Suddenly, they hear a person yelping in pain right outside their door. Which of the following is most likely? a. Ross will respond more quickly and be the first to go and offer help. b. Monica will respond more quickly and be the first to go and offer help. c. Both will respond at the same speed and go and offer help together. d. It depends on the sex of the person yelping in pain. ANSWER: b 25. Victoria has a huge phobia of spiders. Victoria is currently dating Joshua who owns a pet tarantula. Victoria refuses to even be in the same room as Joshua’s tarantula. Joshua is trying to help Victoria overcome her fear of his tarantula. According to Martin Seligman, what is a likely explanation of Victoria’s pathological fear of spiders? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 6 - Learning a. Evolution has programmed humans to readily acquire a fear of spiders. b. When Victoria was young she was bitten by a spider and had a nasty allergic reaction. c. Victoria does not really like Joshua and has paired the unpleasant feeling of being with him with the presence of the tarantula. d. Through higher-order conditioning, Victoria has associated spiders with aversive feelings. ANSWER: a 26. Based on what you know about classical conditioning, what should Joshua do to help Victoria get over her fear of his tarantula? a. Give Victoria a small reward after every time she spends time with his tarantula. b. Lock Victoria in a room with his tarantula so she can see it does not pose her any danger. c. Play peaceful and relaxing music every time Victoria is near his tarantula. d. Buy Victoria her favourite double espresso every time she spends time with his tarantula. ANSWER: c 27. Based on what you know about operant conditioning, what should Joshua do to help Victoria get over her fear of his tarantula? a. Make Victoria her favourite dinner before she spends time with his tarantula. b. Lock Victoria in a room with his tarantula so she can see it does not pose her any danger. c. Play peaceful and relaxing music while Victoria is spending time with his tarantula. d. Give Victoria a small present every time she spends time with his tarantula. ANSWER: d 28. Victoria gets annoyed because Joshua keeps talking to her about her fear of spiders and confronts him about his fear of clowns. According to the principles of classical conditioning which situation might most likely have caused Joshua’s fear of clowns? a. His parents hired a clown for his 10th birthday, but none of his friends attended the party. b. His parents hired a clown for his 5th birthday and Joshua got sick from hot dogs and cake. c. He once dressed up as a clown for Halloween and everyone made fun of him. d. He was bullied by Chris in elementary school and Chris now works as a professional clown. ANSWER: b 29. Joshua works in marketing and knows all about using the principles of classical and operant conditioning to sell an idea to the public. How can Joshua incorporate these same ideas to help Victoria overcome her fear of tarantula? a. Show her pictures and videos of famous models posing with a tarantula. b. Show her statistics about how unlikely it is to be hurt by a pet tarantula. c. Show her pictures of other animals killing and/or eating a tarantula. d. Show her a video of tarantulas in their natural habitat. ANSWER: a
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Chapter 7 - Human Memory 1. Tessa is in her first year at Carleton University and is trying to incorporate what she has learned about memory in her psychology class when she studies for her exams. Tessa has a biology midterm next week and is very stressed out about it. To prepare, Tessa has compiled a list with all the terms and definitions she needs to learn for her midterm. Her biology professor posted a mock midterm online with a similar format to the actual midterm. Tessa is torn between solving the mock midterm and taking the same amount of time to study as much material as possible. According to your textbook what should she do? a. Tessa should solve the mock midterm instead of studying. b. Tessa should ignore the mock midterm and focus on studying. c. Tessa should only look at the answers of the mock-midterm instead of solving it herself. d. Tessa should only solve the questions on the midterm that involve math and ignore all the theory-based questions. ANSWER: a 2. Tessa has compiled a list with definitions of all the terms that are likely to be on her biology midterm. She has rehearsed them enough and feels confident that she has mastered them. What would you advise Tessa to do? a. Tessa should not worry about rehearsing them anymore because she will forget them by the time of her midterm anyway. b. Tessa should not worry about rehearsing the terms anymore since she has mastered them and will remember them by the time of her midterm. c. Tessa should continue rehearsing all the terms for a few more hours to enhance recall. d. Tessa should continue rehearsing only the terms she finds most challenging for a few more hours. ANSWER: c 3. Tessa has compiled a list with definitions of all the terms that are likely to be on her biology midterm. There are a few terms that she has particular difficulty remembering. What should Tessa do to enhance her recall of those terms? a. Place them in the middle of the list. b. Place them at the beginning or the end of the list. c. Place them directly after the terms that are the easiest to remember. d. Place them directly before the terms that are the easiest to remember. ANSWER: b 4. Tessa has compiled a list with definitions of all the terms that are likely to be on her biology midterm. Which of the following will help Tessa remember all those terms most successfully? a. Tessa should focus on going over the material as many times as possible. b. Tessa should focus on developing a deep understanding of the material. c. Tessa should spend as much time as possible re-reading her notes. d. Tessa should rewrite all her notes by hand multiple times instead of just re-reading them. ANSWER: b 5. Tessa has to memorize the order of the colours in the light spectrum for her midterm. She comes up with the heuristic “Roy G. Biv” to remember red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This is an example of an _____ that takes advantage of _____. a. acrostic; clustering b. acronym; clustering c. acrostic; chunking d. acronym; chunking ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 7 - Human Memory 6. Tessa recently learned about Allan Paivio in her psychology class and decides to implement his ideas in her studying habits. Which of the following methods is Tessa most likely to use to memorize the list of terms she has created? a. Tessa will use acronyms and acrostics extensively. b. Tessa will use the narrative method and create a story with all the terms. c. Tessa will draw diagrams and use various other visual mnemonics. d. Tessa will take advantage of the serial-position effect and organize her list accordingly. ANSWER: c 7. Tessa has a particularly hard time remembering the terms “intron” and “exon”. To solve her problem she remembers the words “intern” and “exit” instead. Which method did Tessa use to remember the two original terms? a. The link method b. The method of loci c. The keyword method d. The method of acrostics ANSWER: c 8. In her psychology class, Tessa recently learned about the concept of memory consolidation. What should Tessa do to increase the probability of consolidation taking place? a. Go to sleep. b. Go for a run. c. Wake up early to review her notes. d. Take a cold shower. ANSWER: a 9. Tessa is working through a set of practice multiple-choice questions with her study buddy. She gets several wrong and wants her study buddy to just tell her the correct answers. However, her study buddy tells Tessa that is not the best way to learn the material. What do you think? a. Tessa should look up the answers herself to ensure she remembers them. b. Tessa’s study buddy should tell her the answers in order to save time. c. Tessa should ignore the questions she got wrong in order to take advantage of consolidation mnemonics. d. Tessa’s study buddy should explain each of the correct answers. ANSWER: a 10. Patricia is a defense attorney. Her job requires her to confront witnesses about the limits of their memory capabilities. In addition, as a defense attorney Patricia is motivated to make the witnesses “slip-up” or even distort their memories of the events her client is being accused of. 1. In one particular trial, Patricia is cross-examining an eyewitness to a car accident caused by her client. How should Patricia word her question in order to sway the eyewitness’ recall in favour of her client? a. “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” b. “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” c. “Did you see any broken glass in the area after the accident?” d. “Did you see anyone get injured because of the accident?” ANSWER: b 11. In one particular trial, Patricia is cross-examining an eyewitness to a car accident caused by her client. Patricia words her question in a way that she hopes will alter the recall of the eyewitness by introducing post-event details. Which of the following phenomena did Patricia take advantage of? a. Misinformation effect b. Source-monitoring error c. Retrieval failure d. Transfer-appropriate processing Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 7 - Human Memory ANSWER: a 12. Patricia’s client is in a line-up waiting to be possibly identified by an eyewitness. The eyewitness ends up picking Patricia’s client. What would be the worst case scenario for Patricia and her client? a. The police officer conducting the line-up asks the eyewitness how confident she is with her choice. b. The police officer conducting the line-up asks the eyewitness to explain the rationale behind her choice. c. The police officer conducting the line-up asks the eyewitness to have another look to be sure. d. The police officer conducting the line-up says, “Good job, you picked correctly.” to the eyewitness. ANSWER: d 13. Patricia is cross-examining an eyewitness who seems overconfident in his story. What could Patricia do to reduce his overconfidence? a. Ask him to list reasons on why his story may not be 100% accurate. b. Be very aggressive towards him when asking him questions. c. Insult the eyewitness and question his memory. d. Ask him to rate his confidence and explain why he feels so confident. ANSWER: a 14. Patricia often brings up the concept of transience in court to discredit the memory of an eyewitness. This concept refers to _________ and is a memory sin of _________. a. failure to retrieve an item from memory; commission b. the simple decay of memory over time; commission c. failure to retrieve an item from memory; omission d. the simple decay of memory over time; omission ANSWER: d 15. Patricia is often accused by the opposing attorney that she is asking leading questions that affect the witness’ memory. According to the opposing attorney, the witness’ memory is affected by ______ which is a memory sin of ________. a. suggestibility; commission b. suggestibility; omission c. misattribution; commission d. misattribution; omission ANSWER: a 16. During a trial, Patricia cross-examines an expert on repressed memories. According to your textbook, which fact about repressed memories will surprise Patricia? a. Psychologists largely accept recovered memories of abuse at face value. b. There is not enough evidence suggesting that is common for people to bury unpleasant memories in their unconscious. c. Sexual child abuse is not that common and only 5% of girls and 2% of boys experience it. d. More than 50% of people who have experienced childhood sexual abuse report complete amnesia of the incident. ANSWER: a 17. During a trial, Patricia cross-examines an expert on repressed memories. As a skeptic of recovered memories, which of the following arguments could Patricia use? a. People who claim they have repressed memories willingly lie about them. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 7 - Human Memory b. People who claim they have repressed memories often suffer from mental illness. c. Repressed memories are often from events that occur before the age of three, which is too young to remember many details. d. Repressed memories are often recovered spontaneously while the person is sleeping, and could potentially just be a nightmare. ANSWER: c 18. During a trial, Patricia cross-examines an expert on repressed memories. Patricia argues with the expert on the credibility of recovered repressed memories. What could be the counter-argument of the expert? a. Many repressed memories are recovered using hypnotism, which is a reliable method. b. It is common for victims of sexual abuse to oscillate between denying and accepting the abuse having taken place. c. Many repressed memories are recovered using dream analysis, which suggests memories of the abuse are intact, but not always accessible. d. It is not uncommon for people to experience abuse when they are young and cannot comprehend what is happening, so they forget about it. ANSWER: b 19. During a trial, the judge is asked to decide whether or not to accept the recovered memories of the victim as evidence. In which of the following scenarios should the judge feel most confident when accepting the victim’s recovered memories as evidence? a. If the repressed memories were recovered spontaneously. b. If the repressed memories were recovered with the help of a therapist. c. If the victim is female and she claims to have experienced sexual abuse. d. If the victim is male and he claims to have experienced physical abuse. ANSWER: a 20. Sam recently watched the movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and became fascinated with the concept of memory and how it is stored in the brain. In the movie, the protagonist tries to forget his ex-girlfriend by undergoing a procedure that destroys the neural circuits that stored all his memories of their relationship. Sam decides to read up on the physiological basis for memory to get a better understanding of how it works. Sam reads online about Wilder Penfield’s experiments and was astonished by them. What was so exciting about Wilder Penfield’s experiments? a. He uncovered the memory trace. b. He was able to transfer memories from one tapeworm to another. c. He discovered the chemical code for memory. d. He showed that the cortex houses exact “tape recordings” of the past. ANSWER: d 21. In the movie, the protagonist undergoes a procedure that destroys the neural circuits that stored memories of his relationship with his ex-girlfriend. This idea is in concordance with the work of _______. a. Eric Kandel b. Richard F. Thompson c. B. F. Skinner d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: b 22. Sam wonders what would happen if there was a mistake in the procedure and the protagonist could no longer form any new memories. This hypothetical situation is an example of ______ and would be attributed to an impairment of the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 7 - Human Memory _______. a. retrograde amnesia; prefrontal cortex c. retrograde amnesia; hippocampus ANSWER: d
b. anterograde amnesia; prefrontal cortex d. anterograde amnesia; hippocampus
23. Sam is watching a pirated version of the movie, so halfway through it looks like his monitor display has flipped upside down. Sam continues watching the movie, so we might expect higher levels of activity in his _____. a. right hemisphere b. left hemisphere c. prefrontal cortex d. hippocampus ANSWER: a 24. After the movie ends, Sam calls his friend to recommend the movie to him. Because the title is long, Sam is mentally rehearsing and internally repeating it until his friend picks up the phone. Because of this, you would expect higher levels of activity in his _______. a. right hemisphere b. left hemisphere c. prefrontal cortex d. hippocampus ANSWER: b 25. Sam wonders what would happen if there was a mistake in the procedure and the protagonist could no longer remember anything that happened to him during the past five years. This is an example of ____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. organic d. severe ANSWER: a 26. After the movie ends, Sam thinks about how neurogenesis would continue taking place in the brain of the protagonist, especially in the _____________. a. dentate gyrus and prefrontal cortex b. cerebellum and prefrontal cortex c. dentate gyrus and hippocampus d. cerebellum and hippocampus ANSWER: c 27. At the end of the movie, Sam thinks about how neurogenesis would continue taking place in the brain of the protagonist and how the newly formed neurons would ________________. a. be more resilient and durable than more “mature” neurons b. be less resilient and durable than more “mature” neurons c. recruit new memories less readily than more “mature” neurons d. recruit new memories more readily than more “mature” neurons ANSWER: d 28. Molly is a private investigator and often finds herself relying on her memory to do her job. She is often required to remember tiny details in order to solve a case and to think on her feet. To hone her memory skills, Molly often memorizes lists of words for fun. While working on a case, Molly finds piece of paper with the five seemingly random words written on it that may be important for her case. Molly decides to memorize the words in case this piece of paper goes missing. What should Molly do to ensure she will remember the words? a. Pay particular attention to the length of the words and the way they are written. b. Come up with other words that rhyme with the words on the piece of paper. c. Use the words on the piece of paper in complete sentences. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 7 - Human Memory d. Say the words out loud so she can remember what they sound like. ANSWER: c 29. While working on a case, Molly notices that her prime suspect has a raspy voice and links this detail with the statement of one of the victims saying the perpetrator sounded like Darth Vader. Molly used _____ encoding and the process of ______ to link the suspect with the victim’s statement. a. semantic; elaboration b. phonemic; elaboration c. semantic; dual-coding d. phonemic; dual-coding ANSWER: a 30. One day in her office, one of the other detectives challenges Molly in a memory competition. In order to win, the two have to memorize a list of 20 pairs of words. You are asked to come up with the list of words for the competition. Which of the following pairs would you expect to be the easiest to memorize? a. Loyalty and pride b. Dog and sunrise c. Effort and cat d. Duty and hotel ANSWER: b 31. One day in her office, one of the other detectives challenges Molly in a memory competition. In order to win, the two have to memorize a list of 20 pairs of words. You are asked to come up with the list of words for the competition. Which pair would you expect to be the hardest to memorize? a. Loyalty and pride b. Dog and sunrise c. Effort and cat d. Hotel and duty ANSWER: a 32. While working on a case, Molly notices a suspect entering a building. She soon has to leave the area because she is afraid someone will notice her, but she constantly repeats the address to herself until she reaches her office and has a chance to write it down. Molly is using ____ rehearsal to maintain the information she needs in ______memory. a. maintenance; working b. maintenance; short-term c. elaborative; working d. elaborative; short-term ANSWER: b 33. While working on a case, Molly enters a house that has been broken into. The living room is a mess, furniture has been flipped over, and there are broken objects everywhere. Molly rearranges everything in her mind to get a sense of what the house looked like before the burglary. Molly is using _____, which is part of her _____ memory. a. visual imagery; short-term b. a visuospatial sketchpad; short-term c. visual imagery; working d. a visuospatial sketchpad; working ANSWER: d 34. Molly finds herself writing a report about a case while at the same time talking one the phone with a client from a different case. In this instance, Molly is using ______ which is part of her ____ memory. a. dual-coding; short-term b. dual-coding; working c. her executive control system; short-term d. her executive control system; working ANSWER: d 35. Dory is a first-year psychology student at Carleton University and is often teased for having a terrible memory. Dory is famous for not paying attention to details and not being able to remember crucial information when she needs it. After Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 7 - Human Memory taking a first-year psychology course and learning more about memory, Dory is motivated to figure out how to begin remembering more. In one of her classes, Dory learns all about flashbulb memories and is surprised she has one, as well. Which of the following is likely to be Dory’s flashbulb memory? a. Suddenly remembering she was sexually abused as a child. b. The sense that something she is actively trying to remember is just out of reach. c. A vivid memory of eating Fruit Loops cereal when her parents told her they were getting a divorce. d. Remembering a lot of facts about dogs she picked up by raising a puppy. ANSWER: c 36. According to the spreading activation theory, which of the following words is Dory most likely to remember if she hears the word “fire engine”? a. red b. bus c. vehicle d. street ANSWER: a 37. While walking home from class one day, a dog barks at Dory and almost bites her. Dory goes to file a report about the incident the next day with campus security, but cannot remember the dog’s breed. What can she do to refresh her memory? a. Listen to the same song she was listening when she saw the dog. b. Go under hypnosis to remember the event in greater detail. c. Walk by the same spot where she was when she first saw the dog. d. Go on the internet and look up dog breeds that are likely to attack someone. ANSWER: c 38. Dory has a really hard time remembering someone’s name. Even in cases where she feels like she knows the person’s name, she just cannot remember it in the moment. However, asking the person the first letter of their name usually helps her to remember the name. This is an example of _____________. a. a flashbulb memory using a retrieval cue b. a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon using a retrieval cue c. a flashbulb memory using a context cue d. a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon using a context cue ANSWER: b
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Chapter 8 - Language & Thought 1. Jamila’s friends are participating in a tradition known as Senior Sunrise, where the graduating high school class members stay out all night before the last day of school. Jamila’s parents set her a curfew of 12 midnight (which was very generous), and Jamila made sure to be home by then. However, she receives a text message at 3 a.m. from her best friend asking her to come back and join in the celebrations. Jamila now needs to solve a problem: Should she obey her parents and stay home, or should she sneak out and join her friends? Jamila remembers a line from one of her favourite TV shows: “Nothing good happens after 2 a.m.”. Using this to help solve her problem, she decides to stay home. Which method of problem-solving did Jamila use in this case? a. Algorithm b. Heuristic c. Trial-and-error d. Verbal protocols ANSWER: b 2. Jamila knows that her three best friends are out partying. Based on this, she believes that her entire class must be out celebrating. This thinking shows Jamila is a victim of which bias? a. Gambler’s Fallacy b. Law of Small Numbers c. Confirmation Bias d. Belief Perseverance ANSWER: b 3. After Jamila hears from her best friend, she believes everyone is out partying without her. Now she is certain that her two other friends would be out partying as well. Jamila texts them. If those two friends _______ and Jamila still thinks everyone is out partying, then this is a case of __________. a. say they are at home; Confirmation Bias b. say they are at home; Belief Perseverance c. say they are out; Overconfidence Bias d. say they are out; Hindsight Bias ANSWER: b 4. While making a plan to sneak out of the house without waking her parents, Jamila remembers that her brother used to sneak out his window because of the squeaky stair on the staircase. If Jamila uses this solution and climbs out her window, she is _______________. a. using a mental set b. incorporating irrelevant information c. placing unnecessary restraints on her solution d. too focused on functional fixedness ANSWER: a 5. Which of the following shows that Jamila is ignoring base rates when she assumes that most of her classmates will be out partying? a. She knows at least three people who are out partying. b. She knows that she hears about Senior Sunrise party shenanigans in the news every year. c. Three friends she has messaged say they are still out partying. d. She knows that most of her classmates’ parents are just as strict as her own. ANSWER: d 6. Stefan is babysitting his young niece, Avery, for the first time. Stefan has not seen Avery since the beginning of the semester, and is surprised to find that Avery is speaking much more than she did the last time. Stefan has just been through a lecture on language development, so he thinks this visit will be especially interesting. Avery knows the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 8 - Language & Thought difference between a cat and a dog, can express her own ideas, and is learning grammar, but she cannot read or write. Which of the properties of language has she not mastered yet? a. symbolic b. semantic c. infinite generativity d. structure ANSWER: a 7. Avery indicates she is ready for dinner by saying “Dinner Avery want. Hungry me!” Avery is making ________ errors. a. phonological b. morphological c. syntax d. semantic ANSWER: c 8. Avery’s parents also speak to her in Ukrainian. Avery has been speaking to Stefan in English all evening, but after dinner she suddenly asks him for a “pecivo” (the Ukranian word for cookie) for dessert. Avery used the correct _________, but made __________ error. a. phonology; an over-extension b. phonology; a semantics c. semantics; a bilingualism d. expression; an over-extension ANSWER: c 9. Solene is in competition with other candidates for a job in a secret government division that requires above average reasoning and problem-solving ability. As part of the selection process, she is required to complete a written exam and a problem-solving interview. Solene thinks she is well-prepared—she has done online practice exams and completed different problem-solving tasks her friends designed—but she is unsure of what to expect the day of her tests. One of the questions on the exam reads: “ d is to b as p is to ___.” To solve this, Solene mentally rotates the letter p. This is a type of _____________. a. inducing structure problem b. arrangement problem c. transformation problem d. series completion problem ANSWER: a 10. One of the questions on the exam reads: “ d is to b as p is to ____”. To solve this, Solene mentally rotates the letter p. Solene’s use of mental rotation is a form of ____________. a. unnecessary constraint b. functional fixedness c. cognition d. knowledge organization ANSWER: c 11. During the interview, Solene is asked to complete a complex verbal math problem. Because she does not have access to a paper and pen, she uses a box of toothpicks to help her keep track of the numbers in the problem. Solene’s use of toothpicks _________________. a. is a form of algorithm b. helps with problem representation c. is a form of analogy d. helps with domain-specific memory ANSWER: b 12. Solene is shown seven different sized bottles. Two bottles contain “poison”, three contain water, and one contains liquid that will give her superpowers. She is given a riddle to determine which bottle is the “superpower” bottle. To help her solve the problem, she names each bottle after a friend the particular bottle resembles. Naming each bottle after a friend is considered ______________. a. chunking b. an analogy Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 8 - Language & Thought c. a means-end analysis ANSWER: b
d. subjective utility
13. Solene is asked to play rock-paper-scissors with the interviewer. Thankfully, Solene has an old, go-to strategy for playing rock-paper-scissors. She uses rock on the first trial, and then for every subsequent trial, she copies the move of the other player from the previous trial. Solene’s solution does NOT involve the use of _____________. a. cognition b. heuristics c. a mental set d. knowledge organization ANSWER: d 14. Joaquin is abducted by aliens and beamed up into their spaceship. The aliens hold up two fingers in a peace sign to let Joaquin know they do not intend to hurt him. Joaquin soon learns that the aliens can communicate with him in English, but they also communicate with one another in a different “language” using bird-like chirps. As a psychology student, Joaquin is curious to know how the aliens came to learn English. After their interaction, Joaquin is returned to Earth safely and decides to not tell anyone about his visit. The aliens managed to tell Joaquin that they are peaceful creatures without speaking words to him. To do this, they needed to use _______________. a. symbols, semantics, and pragmatics b. pragmatics and semantics c. symbols and semantics d. a system of symbols and combination rules ANSWER: a 15. Imagine that the aliens can speak to Joaquin and write to him as well. However, they express their ideas in a very simple way, using short sentences, and cannot seem to form questions properly. This shows the aliens _________________. a. do not understand pragmatics b. do not understand semantics c. missed the critical period for learning languages d. cannot be considered fully bilingual ANSWER: d 16. The aliens learned the English language by listening in on human conversations, but did not have anyone explicitly teaching them. This indicates that the aliens relied more on the ___________ theory of language acquisition than they relied on the ____________theory of language acquisition. a. behaviourist; nativist b. environmental; behaviourist c. behaviourist; environmental d. environmental; cognitive ANSWER: b 17. For the rest of his life, Joaquin thinks that all aliens must be peaceful because the aliens he met were peaceful. This is an example of which type of biased decision-making strategy? a. The Gambler’s Fallacy b. Confirmation Bias c. The Law of Small Numbers d. Belief Perseverance ANSWER: c 18. Dr. Lin is a new doctor who just finished her medical school residency last year. She is working with Dr. Sevigny, who has 20 years of experience. They are working in the Emergency Room together. A patient comes in with a long list of Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 8 - Language & Thought weird symptoms. Because the symptoms are odd, Dr. Lin decides to ask Dr. Sevigny for some help so she can be sure to provide a correct diagnosis. When the patient says he has a stuffy nose, shoulder pain, and a numb left foot, Dr. Sevigny asks him if he is a firefighter. Dr. Sevigny explains to Dr. Lin that he has seen this group of symptoms together in two patients before, and both of those patients were firefighters he had seen over 10 years ago. By thinking that the patient must be a firefighter to have these symptoms, Dr. Sevigny is committing which error? a. Ignoring base rates b. Using the availability bias c. Belief perseverance d. Hindsight bias ANSWER: a 19. When Dr. Lin first asks Dr. Sevigny for help, she tells him what she thinks the diagnosis might be. Within two seconds of seeing the patient, and without asking the patient any questions, Dr. Sevigny says that Dr. Lin’s original diagnosis is wrong. Dr. Sevigny’s statement was made based on ____________. a. a heuristic b. the Law of Small Numbers c. the Confirmation Bias d. an algorithm ANSWER: a 20. The patient says he is firefighter, so without any more information, Dr. Sevigny prescribes the treatment for the diagnosis he had originally predicted. This decision is largely based on the ________. a. Hindsight Bias b. Belief Perseverance c. Confirmation Bias d. Overconfidence Bias ANSWER: c 21. Dr. Sevigny has actually seen five patients in the past with these symptoms, but only two of them were firefighters. Dr. Sevigny still thinks it is likely that the new patient is also a firefighter. His assumption suggests Dr. Sevigny is guilty of _____________. a. ignoring base rates b. the availability bias c. the Gambler’s Fallacy d. the overconfidence bias ANSWER: b
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Chapter 9 - Intelligence & Psychological Testing 1. Vasia is a visible minority student in her last year in of her undergraduate degree. She maintains a very high GPA, and a lot of her personal identity is bound up in her school performance. Vasia decides to take an IQ test, and her score of 85 is significantly lower than she expected. Vasia is devastated by this result. Because Vasia is in her last year of undergrad, she is considering her future career options and is researching graduate schools to apply to. How are Vasia’s choices most likely going to be affected after she receives her IQ test score? a. Vasia’s choices will not be affected. b. Vasia will apply to more prestigious schools. c. Vasia will apply to less prestigious schools. d. Vasia’s choices will not be affected, but the schools are more likely to reject her application. ANSWER: c 2. Considering the fact that she is a visible minority, how is Vasia’s score likely to affect her? a. She will not be particularly affected by the IQ score. b. She will worry about how others will perceive her and the ethnic minority she belongs to. c. She will reject the IQ test results altogether. d. She will engage in self-stigmatizing behaviour. ANSWER: d 3. Vasia has an identical twin who was adopted by a rich and well-educated family shortly after birth and was raised in an enriched environment. Vasia’s IQ is most likely to be __________ than the identical twin’s IQ. The difference between Vasia’s IQ and her twin’s IQ are best explained by _________. a. lower; reaction range b. higher; reaction range c. lower; proactive interference d. higher; proactive interference ANSWER: a 4. Exactly how different is Vasia’s IQ from the “norm”? a. Significantly lower b. 1 S.D. lower c. 1.5 S.D. lower d. 0 S.D.; it is within the error limits of IQ tests ANSWER: b 5. Sophie works for Buzzfeed. Her job requires her to create at least 10 new online quizzes per week. Sophie is tired of people belittling her work and is using her knowledge of psychology to compose quizzes of high quality and standards that could even be compared to the psychological tests she reads about in her textbooks. Sophie creates a quiz that assesses a user’s numerical ability potential and assigns them a Disney character based on their score. This quiz can be compared to a(n) ____________. a. intelligence test b. aptitude test c. achievement test d. personality test ANSWER: b 6. Sophie tries her hardest to ensure her quizzes are standardized. This means ____________. a. all users get the same instructions, questions, and time limit b. the results are compared with data from Canada’s national statistical agency c. she incorporates psychological concepts in her quizzes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 9 - Intelligence & Psychological Testing d. she gets ethics approval and debriefs the users after they have completed the quiz ANSWER: a 7. Sophie is proud of the fact that the results of her quizzes are reliable. This means that if you take her quiz named “Find out how adventurous you are based on your favourite movie quotes”, then _____________. a. your quiz result would be positively correlated with how often you often you watch your favourite movie b. the questions on the quiz are a logical representation of the domain they measure c. you will get the same results, no matter how many times you take the quiz d. the results of the quiz would correctly predict how adventurous you are ANSWER: c 8. Sophie develops a quiz to test a user’s knowledge of Harry Potter trivia. This is an example of a(n) ____________. a. intelligence test b. aptitude test c. achievement test d. personality test ANSWER: c 9. Sophie develops a quiz to test a user’s knowledge of Harry Potter trivia. One day, you take the quiz and after you’re done you get the following message: “Congrats! You are a true Potterhead. Your scores are at the 90th percentile!” This means _______________. a. you answered 90% of the questions correctly b. you scored higher than 90% of the others who have taken the quiz c. you know more about Harry Potter than 90% of the general population d. the probability that your score is due to chance is 10% ANSWER: b 10. Sophie is developing a quiz she hopes will accurately make inferences about a user’s level of extraversion. She consults research done in the field of extraversion and includes questions about personality traits that are strongly related to extraversion (such as sociability). Sophie wants to ensure that her quiz has strong _______________. a. internal validity b. content validity c. criterion-related validity d. construct validity ANSWER: d 11. Sophie creates a quiz called “Choose six breakfast carb options and I’ll guess whether or not you’re a good driver”. In order for this quiz to have high criterion-related validity, __________________. a. a user should be able to take it multiple times and still get the same results b. a user who gets a “good driver” result will never have received a speeding ticket c. Sophie should include more questions about driving instead of about breakfast carbs d. Sophie should include a driving simulation game in her quiz ANSWER: b 12. Sarah is the mother of seven-year-old Adam. She often brags that her son has the mental abilities typical of a 14-yearold. Sarah is so certain of Adam’s high intellect that she is trying to read as she can about intelligence because she hopes to help her son reach his full potential. Sarah is trying to calculate Adam’s IQ according to Stern’s formula. She concludes that Adam has an IQ of ______________. a. 2 b. 100 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 9 - Intelligence & Psychological Testing c. 140 d. 200 ANSWER: d 13. Sarah was reading a book about Galton’s theory of intelligence and she became transfixed. What would Galton attribute Adam’s intelligence to? a. Adam was brought up in an enriched environment and had access to superior schooling. b. Adam’s parents also have above average intelligence and it is in his genes. c. A combination of genetics and enriched environment working together. d. Generational changes have increased his performance in IQ test (i.e., the Flynn effect). ANSWER: b 14. Sarah is in fact correct about Adam’s intelligence, and he is identified as a profoundly gifted child. Based on this, it is expected that Adam will _________________. a. be introverted, socially isolated, and face interpersonal and emotional problems b. exhibit better-than-average emotional stability and mental health c. experience great social satisfaction and maturity throughout his adult years d. show signs of social anxiety, but only towards members of the opposite sex ANSWER: a 15. Adam is identified as a gifted child. Based on this what would you expect of Adam when he reaches adulthood? a. To achieve recognition for genius-level contributions in his field b. To have extremely high levels of motivation, creativity and intelligence c. To achieve eminence and make enduring contributions in his field d. To have above-average, but not quite genius, levels of accomplishment ANSWER: d 16. According to the drudge theory, what would it take for Adam to achieve exceptional achievement in adulthood? a. A combination of great effort and innate talent b. Enriched and stimulating environment growing up c. Great innate talent and genetic predisposition d. Strenuous effort and single-minded commitment ANSWER: d 17. Adam’s IQ at this age is relatively ______ and a _____ predictor of his IQ at age 18. a. unstable; bad b. stable; bad c. unstable; good d. stable; good ANSWER: d 18. Scott recently took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test and achieved a score of 115. Scott was proud of his score, until his friend Jordan tells him that intelligence tests are unreliable and have very poor validity. Scott’s IQ test score is _____ the mean, so Scott falls into the ____ percentile. a. 1 standard deviation above; 84th b. 1 standard deviation below; 50th c. 1 standard deviation above; 50th d. 1 standard deviation below; 84th ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 9 - Intelligence & Psychological Testing 19. Based on Scott’s IQ test score, we can assume ________________. a. he answered 115 questions correctly on his test b. he answered 15% more questions correct than the average test-taker c. he has 115 “units” of intelligence d. he scored in the top 15% in the normal distribution of intelligence ANSWER: d 20. Based on Scott’s IQ test score we can assume he has a(n) ________ mental classification. a. average b. high-average c. superior d. gifted ANSWER: b 21. What can Scott do to convince Jordan that the WAIS test he took is reliable? a. Point out he has a very high GPA score in university. b. Take a different type of IQ test and end up with similar results. c. Retake the WAIS test and end up with similar results. d. Point out all his great achievements in life in an area other than academics. ANSWER: c 22. What would you expect of Scott if Jordan is wrong and IQ tests indeed have high validity? a. He will exhibit rational thinking and effective decision-making. b. He will get good grades and exhibit academic excellence. c. He will get the same IQ score regardless of how many times he takes the test. d. He will exhibit high practical, social, and verbal intelligence. ANSWER: b 23. Scott and Adam get into a fight about whether or not IQ tests are reliable and valid and open up their psychology notes to settle their argument. According to your textbook, ______________. a. IQ tests have high reliability and validity under all circumstances b. IQ tests are reliable, but not valid c. IQ tests are always reliable, but are only valid under certain specifications d. IQ tests are neither reliable nor valid ANSWER: c 24. Scott is trying to prove to Jordan that IQ tests are important. He mentions that IQ test scores have a _____ correlation with occupational attainment and a ____ correlation with job performance. a. strong positive; strong positive b. moderate positive; strong positive c. strong positive; moderate positive d. moderate positive; moderate positive ANSWER: d 25. Andrea is a sculptor and is constantly trying to perfect her craft. Andrea’s sister Kirsten is a biologist who takes pride in being an avid bird watcher and being able to differentiate between more than 500 species of birds. Andrea has been in a creative rut for the past few months. What could she do to enhance her creativity? a. Go on a cruise to the Mediterranean and visit as many countries as she can. b. Live in a foreign country for a few months and adapt to the local culture. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 9 - Intelligence & Psychological Testing c. Go hiking in local parks every weekend to get inspired by nature. d. Read as many biographies about famous foreign artists as she can. ANSWER: b 26. Based on Andrea’s and Kirsten’s professions, we can infer that ____________-. a. Andrea is 40% more likely to develop depression b. Kirsten is 40% more likely to develop depression c. Both sisters are equally likely to develop depression d. The sister with the higher IQ is 40% more likely to develop depression, regardless of her profession ANSWER: a 27. Based on Andrea’s profession, we can infer she has high _____ intelligence and Kirsten has high ___ intelligence. a. artistic; naturalistic b. spatial; logical-mathematical c. spatial; naturalistic d. artistic; logical-mathematical ANSWER: c 28. Andrea is proud that she has a clear understanding of her own emotions as well as her strengths and weaknesses. However, she does not always understand or respond appropriately to other people’s moods and temperament. Andrea has _____ interpersonal and _____ intrapersonal intelligence. a. high; high b. high; low c. low; low d. low; high ANSWER: d 29. Kirsten is taking a test on ornithology (the science and study of birds) that consists of 180 multiple choice questions. Kirsten is using convergent thinking to maximize her efforts. This means that Kirsten is trying to ________________. a. eliminate the incorrect options until she hits the correct one b. come up with the correct answer before she sees the options c. come up with a reasoning on why the option she chose is correct d. come up with a reasoning on why the options she didn’t choose are wrong ANSWER: a
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Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotion 1. Adrian and Kevin are 24-year-old twins who are both obese. Adrian has been in a committed, long-term relationship for almost two years. Adrian and his girlfriend moved in together a few months ago, and now that they have settled into their new place and new living arrangements, Adrian is looking for a new challenge. So, he decides to start training for a triathlon. Kevin has recently been putting in a lot of overtime at work (and has sacrificed his social life to do so), but this extra time is paying off because he’s in line for a promotion. He typically spends 10-12 hours a day at the office, six days a week, and will sometimes have dinner with his co-workers, who have become his good friends. Even though Kevin doesn’t have much of a life outside of work, he feels like he makes an important contribution and is a valued member of the team. Based on the relationships between genetics and BMI, which of the following scenarios is most likely? a. Adrian and Kevin attended different elementary and secondary schools. b. Adrian and Kevin are fraternal twins reared apart. c. Adrian and Kevin have 1 obese parent. d. Adrian and Kevin have 0 obese parents. ANSWER: c 2. Imagine that in June 2016, Adrian and Kevin are the exact same weight. However, Adrian loses weight while training for his triathlon in June 2017, while Kevin’s weight remains the same. Which of the following is mostly likely to be true for the twins in June 2017? a. Kevin will have more adipose cells than Adrian. b. Adrian is more likely to be a restrained eater. c. Kevin will have a set point, but Adrian will have a settling point. d. Adrian’s settling point will be lower than Kevin’s settling point. ANSWER: d 3. As Adrian begins triathlon training and starts exercising more regularly, even though he is eating the same amount as before, he finds that he is often hungrier than he used to be. This is most likely because ___________. a. the glucose receptors in his brain and liver are signalling that he has low blood sugar b. his stomach is contracting due to the added exercise c. his body is releasing less leptin protein now that he is losing weight d. his body is releasing less ghrelin protein now that his is losing weight ANSWER: a 4. Considering what you know about Adrian and Kevin, if both were told by their doctors that they should begin a lowcalorie diet at the beginning of the next week, it is likely that ______________. a. Adrian would binge eat before next Monday b. Kevin would binge eat before next Monday c. neither would binge eat before next Monday d. both would binge before next Monday ANSWER: c 5. Previously, you were told Adrian decided to start training for a triathlon on his own. What if, instead, he only began training for a triathlon because his friend bet him $500 he would never finish one. Originally, he had a _________ to train for a triathlon, and if his friend bets him money, he would instead have a _______ to train for a triathlon. a. motive; drive b. drive; incentive c. incentive; drive d. motive; incentive ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotion 6. Based on the case study, Adrian’s motivation to train for the triathlon is considered ___________. a. intrinsic, biological motivation b. extrinsic, biological motivation c. extrinsic, social motivation d. intrinsic, social motivation ANSWER: d 7. Emil and Nicola were recently set up on a blind date by a mutual friend who knows they both love to rock climb. After a successful first date, they decide to go to a climbing gym for their second date. Nicola begins to climb a challenging part of the rock wall, while Emil is on the ground, making sure that the ropes in her harness are tight so even if she does let go of the wall, she will not fall very far. As Nicola is approaching the top of the high wall, a celebration for another climber’s triumph on another wall of the gym startles both Nicola and Emil. Nicola slips off the wall and falls 3 metres before Emil tightens the ropes to catch her. Even though it wasn’t a close call, it was a stressful situation for both of them. So, when Nicola gets to the ground safely, Emil apologizes for being distracted and gives her a big hug. One theory of emotion proposes that a stimulus produces arousal and that arousal produces emotion. If this is the case, then once she is back on the ground, Nicola is least likely to feel _____________. a. scared b. excited c. sad d. worried ANSWER: c 8. “If Nicola feels like the experience was thrilling, then she will be more likely to accept another date with Emil.” This sentence indicates that Nicola’s ________ will be affected by her ________. a. cognitive reaction to the situation; behaviour b. behaviour; emotional response c. physiological arousal; behaviour d. cognitive reaction to the situation; physiological arousal ANSWER: b 9. According to the results of the Capilano Bridge Experiment, it is most likely that after this incident, Nicola and Emil will each perceive the other as being _______ to them than before. a. more interesting b. more attractive c. less competent d. less emotional ANSWER: b 10. If Nicola feels as though the experience was thrilling, but is surprised to find herself crying involuntarily, then her emotional experience was dictated by her _________ and not her _________. a. cognitive label; behaviour b. behaviour; cognitive label c. behaviour; physiological arousal d. physiological arousal; behaviour ANSWER: a 11. According to the Schacter & Singer theory of emotion, because this event is happening while listening to others celebrate, once Nicola is back on the ground ______________. a. Nicola is more likely to laugh. b. Nicola is more likely to cry. c. both Nicola and Emil are more likely to laugh. d. Emil is more likely to laugh only if Nicola is laughing. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotion 12. Even though Emil was terrified throughout the incident and his legs are shaky afterwards, he puts on a smile and outwardly pretends to have found it exciting. His behaviour doesn’t match his emotion because of his _________________. a. cultural display rules b. social conscience c. social desirability d. biological motives ANSWER: a 13. Andreas and Siobhan are the newest employees at an electronics retail store. They are both good employees, but for very different reasons. Siobhan interacts very well with the customers and she loves the feeling she gets when she knows her customers are leaving the store happy. She puts a lot of effort into making sure the customer has all their questions answered (even if she has to ask a colleague for the answer to a question she doesn’t know). Her sales totals aren’t always high, and her product knowledge isn’t the most complete, but she has received lots of compliments on her service and many customers have recommended the store and her service to their friends. Andreas knows a lot about electronics, but he tends to be more reserved when interacting with customers. When customers are having trouble with a company product, he is amazing at troubleshooting. His dream is to work in the corporate head office, so he has put a lot of effort into product knowledge. He knows that if he works hard on the front-line, he has a good chance of being promoted relatively quickly. When considering motivation, _____________ motives are primarily social. a. Siobhan’s b. Andreas’ c. both Andreas and Siobhan’s d. neither Andreas nor Siobhan’s ANSWER: c 14. Siobhan’s desire to help others is considered a ____________. a. need for affiliation b. behavioural need c. intrinsic motive d. sympathetic motive ANSWER: a 15. After a year of working at the store, a job posting appears for a position in the head office. Andreas is minimally qualified for the position, but each time he sits down to write his cover letter for the application, he ends up finding another task to do instead. This is likely because Andreas is __________. a. worried he isn’t qualified b. afraid he won’t get the job c. unsure of whether or not he should apply d. nervous about the application process ANSWER: b 16. Siobhan wants to raise her sales totals. According to Brian Little’s “Personal Projects”, what should she do? a. Set the goal to sell more. b. Tell her coworkers about her goal to sell more c. Determine a start date and a timeline for her end goal d. Write down her goal ANSWER: d 17. The store decides to begin paying employees based on commission (i.e., their salary is based on their sales totals). This will likely ___________ Siobhan’s motivation. a. not affect b. increase c. decrease d. only slightly increase ANSWER: c
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Chapter 11 - Human Development Across the Lifespan 1. Angelica has just learned that she is pregnant. Because this is her first pregnancy, she is reading a book called The Birds, The Bees, and the Next Nine Months to learn more about the development of her unborn child. Every interesting fact she learns, she shares with her husband, Dominic. Angelica finds out that she is pregnant after implantation but before the baby is old enough to be called a fetus. According to the book, she found out she was pregnant when her unborn child was __________. a. a blastocyst b. a germinal blastocyst c. an embryo d. a germinal zygote ANSWER: c 2. Angelica finds out that she is pregnant after implantation but before the baby is old enough to be called a fetus. Angelica is worried that she has not yet felt her baby move inside her. She should not worry because Angelica and Dominic’s baby _____________. a. does not yet have a skeleton that has hardened b. does not yet have vernix and lanugo c. is awake less than 15% of the time d. is not yet viable ANSWER: a 3. Dominic has been watching the news and learns about the Zika virus that is threatening mothers and newborns globally. He asks Angelica whether she has read about Zika in her book. She is not sure, but she decides to check the _____________ to see if it is in there. a. section about sensitive periods during development b. chapter on teratogens and their effect on development c. section about maternal nutrition during development d. chapter on genetic susceptibility to certain diseases ANSWER: b 4. Amelia and Rami are babysitting Amelia’s four-year-old nephew, Nelson, and her three-year old niece, Penny. It has been nine months since Amelia and Rami last saw the kids, and they are shocked at how much they have developed in less than a year. To pass the time, they decide to do arts and crafts with the kids, and then head out to play outside after a snack. In Intro Psych you have learned that the social environment is largely responsible for sex differences in motor development. An example of this would be a case when ____________. a. Penny is encouraged to play with dolls, but Nelson is not. b. Nelson is encouraged to draw more, but Penny is not. c. Penny is encouraged to jump rope, but Nelson is not. d. Nelson is encouraged to play soccer, but Penny is not. ANSWER: d 5. Amelia recently read a developmental psychology paper about personality with a longitudinal research design, whereas Rami read one that used a cross-sectional research design. Which of the following is most likely? a. Amelia will mention that Penny’s easy-going personality is similar to the majority of other kids her age. b. Rami will mention that Penny’s easy-going personality is likely to last her entire life. c. Rami will mention that Nelson’s slow to warm-up personality is similar to the majority of other kids his age. d. Amelia will mention that Nelson’s slow to warm-up personality is likely to last his entire life. ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 11 - Human Development Across the Lifespan 6. Consider what you have learned about attachment. When their parents left that morning, Penny and Nelson most likely had _________ because _____________. a. different reactions; Penny is a girl and Nelson is a boy b. similar responses; they are cared for equally by their parents c. similar responses; they are in the same stage of childhood development d. different reactions; they have different personalities ANSWER: b 7. Penny does not want to change out of her pyjamas to go play outside. Amelia wants to take control of the situation (so Penny will change and go outside to play), but she also wants to give Penny some autonomy. What does Amelia say? a. “Do you want to go out and play in your blue overalls or do you want to go out and play in your red shorts?” b. “If you get dressed now, you can pick whatever you want to have for lunch later.” c. “Unless you pick what to wear now, you will not be allowed to go outside and play.” d. “You can choose to stay in your pyjamas or you can choose to stay inside and play, but you will be missing out on fun.” ANSWER: a 8. When Presho was a newborn, her parents consented to enrol her as a participant in a longitudinal study exploring childhood development. Every year in April, her parents take her to the university in their city so she can participate in some short experiments. When Presho’s younger brother, Anam, is born three years later, their parents decide to enrol him as well, and he participates in the same experiments as his sister, also during their visit in April. During Anam’s second visit to the lab (when he is 2.5 years old), the researchers notice he ___________ and code this as an indication that he has reached _________ second stage of development. a. cries and sucks his thumb every time he gets upset; Erikson’s b. cries if a toy is taken away from him unexpectedly; Freud’s c. becomes upset if someone tries to help him put on his shoes; Erikson’s d. becomes upset if his parents are paying attention to his sister; Freud’s ANSWER: c 9. One experiment is designed to test how the children differentiate right from wrong. The children are shown a video of a child running across the road to grab a ball without checking both ways before crossing. If Presho says this is wrong because ___________, then she has reached Kohlberg’s _______ stage of moral reasoning. a. only bad children cross the street alone; preconventional b. it is against Mom’s rules to cross the street alone; social contract orientation c. her Mom told her to never cross the street alone; authority orientation d. good girls wait to cross the street with Mom; naïve reward orientation ANSWER: c 10. At the beginning of the session, the researchers pour water into a cup and draw a line on the cup to indicate the level the water has reached. They put the water in the freezer until just before the end of the session. The water has frozen and shows the ice reaches above the marked line. If Presho has reached the ____________, then she will say that compared to before ____________. a. preconventional stage; there is more water in the cup b. concrete operational stage; there is more water in the cup c. conventional stage; the same amount of water is in the cup d. formal operational stage; the same amount of water is in the cup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 11 - Human Development Across the Lifespan ANSWER: d 11. When the children come back year after year, researchers hypothesize that their _________ will change, but their _________ probably will not. a. attachment style; moral reasoning ability b. temperament; cognitive schemas c. moral reasoning ability; attachment style d. attachment style; personality ANSWER: c 12. At age 17, Presho and Anam are asked if Robin Hood (who steals from the rich to give money to the poor) was morally right to do what he did. Presho hesitates and finally responds yes. Anam hesitates and finally responds no. These responses indicate that _____________________. a. only Presho has achieved postconventional moral reasoning. b. only Presho has achieved individual principles and conscience orientation. c. both have achieved individual principles and conscience orientation. d. both have achieved postconventional moral reasoning. ANSWER: d 13. Lorant is an adolescent in his last year of high school. He is trying to decide where to attend university next year. He knows that Carleton University has an amazing basketball team, and he loves playing basketball. He also knows that his parents want him to attend Queen’s University because that is where they went to school. Both Carleton University and Queen’s University have excellent engineering programs, which is what he wants to study, so he is having trouble making a decision. Lorant knows he is a basketball player who is good at math and who makes friends easily. These facts likely contribute to the development of his ________________. a. culture b. self-concept c. self-esteem d. role confusion ANSWER: b 14. Lorant’s aunt is visiting and asks him if he has decided where he will attend university in the fall. If Lorant ___________, then this is an example of identity status diffusion. a. shrugs and says he does not know yet because both choices are great b. says his parents are pressuring him more every day to pick Queen’s c. says he thinks it would probably be best to just side with his parents d. says he is pretty sure where he wants to go, he just has to talk to his brother first ANSWER: a 15. Lorant’s aunt is visiting and asks him if he has decided where he will attend university in the fall. If Lorant says he is thinking of talking to his brother about it before making a decision, this is an example of identity status _________. a. achievement b. moratorium c. foreclosure d. diffusion ANSWER: b 16. Consider what you know about child-rearing styles. Lorant’s parents are available to chat with him about the decision he needs to make, but are pressuring him to attend Queen’s. In this case, his parents are displaying __________ acceptance and involvement, but might be allowing Lorant _______ autonomy than is appropriate. a. high; more b. high; less c. low; more d. low; less Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 11 - Human Development Across the Lifespan ANSWER: b 17. Lorant is an adolescent who is trying to establish his __________. If his parents pressure him into attending a university he does not want to attend, Lorant will not be able to resolve his ___________. a. role; role confusion b. identity; identity confusion c. role; identity crisis d. identity; identity crisis ANSWER: d 18. Sunil is 23 years old and is in his last semester of university. His father, Arjun, is 58 years old and is beginning to prepare for retirement. Arjun is travelling for business to the city where Sunil attends university and the two meet up for lunch. This is the first time in a very long time that the two have had the chance to talk at length without other family members present. They confide in each other quite a bit about what is going on in their lives and discuss the emotions they have surrounding the life transitions they are considering. Sunil talks to Arjun about the choice he has to make between attending graduate school and taking on student loan or accepting a job offer at the government in a well-paying job that is not his dream job. What is Sunil’s current identity status? a. Achievement b. Moratorium c. Foreclosure d. Diffusion ANSWER: b 19. Arjun works as an occupational health and safety officer. He loves that his job allows him to ensure others are safe at work. He feels like he is making a contribution to society and is worried this feeling will disappear when he retires. Sunil suggests that his father look for opportunities to do volunteer work to ___________. a. maintain his self-concept b. avoid isolation c. avoid a role crisis d. maintain his identity development ANSWER: a 20. Sunil’s younger sister often misses curfew and has been coming home at all hours of the night. Arjun is worried about her. He wants to ground her so she cannot go out after school at all, but also wants to allow her the flexibility of making her own choices. Arjun wants his child-rearing style to be ___________ and not too ____________. a. authoritarian; authoritative b. authoritarian; permissive c. authoritative; authoritarian d. permissive; authoritarian ANSWER: c 21. Sunil tells Arjun that he thinks his father’s personality has changed a lot since he was young. His father is a better listener and considers many options before acting, whereas he seemed to get frustrated quickly when Sunil was younger. Arjun is displaying ___________ in his personality characteristics. a. continuous change b. discontinuous change c. generativity d. plasticity ANSWER: d
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Chapter 12 - Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment 1. John and Jenny have been dating for a while but their relationship is suffering. Jenny typically cleans their apartment twice a day and has asked John to help clean but John responded by refusing to say a word. During the ensuing argument, John accused Jenny of being too controlling and too obsessed with cleaning. Jenny on the other hand accused John of acting like a child every time they have a fight. According to Freud’s psychosexual development theory which stage is Jenny fixated on? a. Oral b. Anal c. Phallic d. Genital ANSWER: b 2. According to Freud, what is a likely explanation for Jenny’s obsession with cleanliness? a. Punitive toilet training measures b. Improper handling of the transition from breastfeeding to bottle c. Unresolved Oedipal dilemma d. Unresolved Electra dilemma ANSWER: a 3. Which defense mechanism is John likely using during their fights according to Jenny? a. Regression b. Reaction formation c. Repression d. Projection ANSWER: a 4. Which of John’s personality structures “won” when he chose to refuse to help Jenny clean their apartment? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Subconscious ANSWER: a 5. After the fight Jenny still feels extremely angry but outwardly seems very calm and even offers to do John’s chores for him. Which defense mechanism is she likely using? a. Repression b. Denial c. Reaction Formation d. Sublimation ANSWER: c 6. Vicky is a moderately skilled mountain climber and sky diver. She has always been adventurous and is very keen to try new things and have new experiences. At the same time Vicky deals with a lot of insecurities and can be very hostile, despite the fact that she has a beautiful house, a great job, and is in a loving relationship. In order to deal with her insecurities she has been seeing a therapist weekly who practices empathetic listening and does not judge her. How would Vicky score in a “Big Five” personality test? a. High in openness and low in agreeableness b. High in openness and high in neuroticism c. Low in conscientiousness and low in agreeableness d. Low in conscientiousness and high in neuroticism ANSWER: b 7. Which perspective is Vicky’s therapist most likely following? a. Humanistic b. Psychoanalytic c. Cognitive-Behavioural d. Analytical Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 12 - Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment ANSWER: a 8. To what is Vicky’s therapist most likely to attribute her anxiety? a. Ancestral memories called archetypes b. A fixation in one of the psychosexual stages c. Incongruence between her real self and her self-concept d. Strictly a neurochemical imbalance in her nervous system ANSWER: c 9. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Vicky has not yet satisfied which needs? a. Physiological needs b. Affiliation needs c. Status/esteem d. Vicky is self-actualized and has met all her needs. ANSWER: c 10. Vicky’s father climbed Mount Everest and her mother was a skydiving instructor. Growing up Vicky tried very hard to impress and get the acceptance of her parents but she was not good enough to climb Mount Everest nor could she qualify as a skydiving instructor. This led to the development of a ________ self-concept because she experienced ______ affection. a. incongruent; unconditional b. incongruent; conditional c. congruent; unconditional d. congruent; conditional ANSWER: b 11. Fifteen-year-old Adam is obsessed with violent R-rated movies and lately has started exhibiting violent behaviours himself. His mother believes Adam’s behaviour is a result of what he sees in the movies. On the other hand, Adam’s father thinks that things are not that simple and Adam’s violent behaviour is not just a product of his environment, but also due to personal factors. Apart from his violent outbursts, Adam appears to be bashful and tentative in social situations. What does Adam’s mother attribute his behaviour to? a. Observational learning b. Reciprocal determinism c. Operant conditioning d. Incongruence ANSWER: a 12. What does Adam’s father attribute his behaviour to? a. Observational learning b. Reciprocal determinism c. Operant conditioning d. Incongruence ANSWER: b 13. According to Eysenck’s theory, which of the following is correct about Adam? a. Adam is extraverted and experiences high levels of arousability. b. Adam is extraverted and experiences high levels of neuroticism. c. Adam is introverted and experiences high levels of arousability. d. Adam is introverted and experiences high levels of neuroticism. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 12 - Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment 14. Imagine two hypothetical scenarios: Scenario 1: Adam has an identical twin reared in a different household by different parents from Adam. Scenario 2: Adam has a fraternal twin reared in the same household by the same parents as Adam. Which of the following cases is most likely? a. The identical twin reared apart would have a personality similar to Adam’s. b. The fraternal twin reared in the same house would have a similar personality to Adam’s. c. An identical twin reared apart and a fraternal twin reared together would have the same chance of having a personality similar to Adam’s. d. We can’t make any inferences because the environment has a stronger effect on personality than genetics. ANSWER: a 15. How would Adam score on the five-factor model of personality? a. High on agreeableness and low on extraversion b. Low on agreeableness and low on extraversion c. High on neuroticism and low on extraversion d. Low on neuroticism and high on extraversion ANSWER: b 16. Which of the following protagonists is Adam more likely to be influenced by? a. Hermione from Harry Potter because she is smart b. Achilles from Troy because he had an epic death c. Thor from The Avengers because he is attractive d. The Joker from Batman because he is funny ANSWER: c 17. Vasilis has been working in the same secure and well-paid job for the past few years. One day, on his way to work he loses control of his vehicle and drives into a ditch. Despite the fact that he did not sustain any injuries, he was extremely scared about losing his life. A few days after the accident, he is still thinking about how close he came to death. A month later, Vasilis proclaims to his family that the accident made him realize he needs new challenges in his life. He wants to pursue his passion and talent for drawing anime, so he will be resigning from his work and moving from Canada (where he has lived all his life) to Japan. What need is Vasilis trying to fulfill by moving to Japan? a. Cognitive needs b. Esteem needs c. Aesthetic needs d. Need for self-actualization ANSWER: d 18. Vasilis meets a new friend named Arimi who was born and raised in Japan. Arimi also draws anime and the two new friends Vasilis and Arimi exchange opinions on each other’s work. Arimi is more likely to _________________. a. pay more attention to the positive feedback b. pay more attention to the negative feedback c. completely ignore both positive and negative feedback she gets from Vasilis d. be offended by any negative feedback and will not talk to Vasilis again ANSWER: b 19. Vasilis’ self-concept will likely include __________ whereas, Arimi’s will include______. a. “I’m Maria’s son”; “I’m a team player” b. “I’m a good driver”; “I’m from the island of Okinawa” Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 12 - Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment c. “I’m Canadian”; “I’m hardworking” d. “I’m artistic” ; “I’m a great mother of two children” ANSWER: b
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Chapter 13 - Social Behaviour 1. The Skeins are a punk-rock band known for their amazing music, high energy, and their YouTube videos of pranks they play on each other while on tour. Their first album was wildly popular and they gained world-wide fame before the members of the band reached the age of 21. They have just released their fourth album, Rock >>> Pop-Punk Drama, and it lives up to its name, as their sound has changed a lot (taking on more of a rock tone than a punk vibe). They’re going on tour for the new album. Because of the type of music they play and their high energy on and off-stage, many parents disapprove of them because they believe they are “always drunk in public”. This is an example of __________. a. the spotlight effect b. a self-fulfilling prophecy c. an illusory correlation d. the fundamental attribution error ANSWER: c 2. In an interview about their new album, the lead singer says he wrote the first draft of the first song alone. When he presented it to the group, they made changes and it became even more different than their older music, even though they knew their fans might hate this new style. This is a case of ________. a. group polarization b. groupthink c. risky shift d. conformity ANSWER: c 3. Madeleine was a huge fan of The Skeins’ first three albums, but is not quite sure whether she likes their new sound. According to ____________, if she goes to their latest concert, she is more likely to love their new album. a. cognitive dissonance theory b. self-perception theory c. the elaboration likelihood model d. the foot-in-the-door technique ANSWER: b 4. Many of the band’s biggest fans are still in high school. Parents worry their kids will be negatively influenced by the band members’ pranks and start a petition to shut down their YouTube channel. If the number of Skein fans who play pranks increases after the petition is launched, this is a case of _______. a. stereotyping b. a self-fulfilling prophecy c. an illusory correlation d. a social schema ANSWER: b 5. The band’s manager is nervous about whether their new album will succeed. She is nervous because bands similar to The Skeins have made this same change in the past and have been very unsuccessful. When she brings up her worries to the band, they are most likely to react by saying ____________. a. the other bands failed because they were bad song writers b. that if they fail it’s because of their fans c. they believe in themselves d. they trust their fans are going to love the new sound ANSWER: a 6. The band members feel like it is important to behave and style themselves in a more mature way now that they are making more mature music. To make sure this change in their image is obvious, they are more likely to _____________. a. model outgroup members b. highly self-monitor c. model ingroup members d. form defensive attributions ANSWER: b 7. During the final, winner-take-all Game 7 of the hockey playoff series between the Ottawa Senators and the Pittsburgh Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 13 - Social Behaviour Penguins, a Pittsburgh player violently slashes Ottawa’s team captain. In retaliation, one of the Ottawa players skates fullspeed right into the Pittsburgh goalie, knocking him over and leaving him with a concussion. After this, fights break out between most members of both teams. Players who were not involved in the original acts of aggression, but who end up fighting afterwards, are likely fighting due to ___________. a. equity b. intention c. responsibility d. expectations ANSWER: d 8. Eventually, only one player from each team is on the ice and not fighting another player. If they look at each other and decide not to fight, which of the following is the most likely cause? a. Unanimity b. Personality c. Group size d. Ambiguity ANSWER: b 9. The Ottawa player who skates into Pittsburgh’s goalie believes this behaviour is part of his role as an “enforcer.” This is similar to the behaviours of participants in which famous early psychology experiment? a. Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison Experiment b. Milgram’s Obedience Experiments c. Asch’s Conformity Experiments d. Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Experiment ANSWER: a 10. There is a Pittsburgh player who is typically a calm person and does not enjoy confrontation. If this player gets pulled into a fight, he will likely try to _________ his cognitive dissonance by telling himself _____________. a. increase; “If I don’t fight, they’ll think I’m weak” b. maintain; “I’m being paid to do this” c. decrease; “C’mon man! Just do it” d. decrease; “This is my job, I have to” ANSWER: d 11. There is a Pittsburgh player who really does not want to fight because he promised his wife he would not have a black eye for his daughter’s birthday on Saturday. According to Milgram, who is least likely to convince him to fight? a. His coach b. His captain c. His coach, but only if he is not wearing a suit d. An Ottawa player who taunts him ANSWER: d 12. Janelle is a Girl Guide who is trying to sell enough cookies to win a trip to Disney World. Her parents don’t have the time to take her out selling cookies door-to-door, so they hire Tamara, Janelle’s cousin who is studying psychology at Carleton University, to help Janelle after school for a few weeks while she’s trying to sell the cookies. The good news for Janelle is that Tamara has recently learned about the psychology of persuasion. Tamara tells Janelle that the first question she should ask potential customers is whether they have had Girl Guide chocolate mint cookies before. Because if they say no, Janelle should say __________. a. “Buying a box will really help to get me to Disney World!” b. “Many people find them delicious but others stick to tradition and favour the vanilla cookies.” Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 13 - Social Behaviour c. “You haven’t?! Why not?!” d. “They’re the best of all the cookies I have with me.” ANSWER: b 13. If a customer asks how many boxes Janelle has to sell to win the trip to Disney World, what would be the best statement to use to persuade them to buy the most boxes? a. “Seven hundred! Would you like to buy them all?” b. “Seven hundred! So if you and your neighbours all help, I’ll be most of the way there!” c. “Seven hundred! Want to buy them all?! Just kidding. Maybe you could buy three?” d. “Seven hundred! I don’t think I’ll ever get there though.” ANSWER: c 14. Janelle knocks on the door of someone who says they hate and have always hated Girl Guide cookies. Tamara told Janelle that in this case it would be best to _______________. a. apologize for bothering them because she probably won’t make a sale b. keep trying to sell because it will work if they find Janelle cute enough c. keep trying to sell because their attitudes aren’t predictive of behaviour d. run away quickly because Janelle is uncomfortable with their anti-cookie beliefs ANSWER: a 15. If customers develop an impression that Janelle is cute, polite, and well-spoken, and they infer that she is also a good student, this inference is considered to be based on _____________. a. a primacy effect b. a unified impression c. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. an implicit theory ANSWER: d 16. Tamara is pulling a wagon with a bunch of Girl Guide cookie boxes. The wagon has a squeaky wheel that makes a lot of noise on the bumpy sidewalk. The number of people who notice Tamara is _______. a. higher than she thinks b. lower than she thinks c. lower than she thinks, but only if she has low self-esteem d. higher than she thinks, but only if she has high self-esteem ANSWER: b 17. After customers agree to buy a box of chocolate mint cookies, Janelle mentions she has two other types of cookies with her as well. She is using the ______________. a. foot-in-the-door technique b. bait-and-switch technique c. door-in-the-face technique d. amplification technique ANSWER: a 18. Overall, Janelle finds the sales process ______________. She does not win the trip to Disney World. However, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that because of her attitude she is more likely to sell cookies again next year than she would be if she did win the trip. a. challenging and rewarding b. challenging and frustrating c. fun and rewarding d. fun and frustrating Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 13 - Social Behaviour ANSWER: b 19. Samira and Tyler met in their second-year psychology class while working on a group project together with a mutual friend, Anabelle. Samira and Tyler became friends while working on the project and began dating soon after. It has now been three years and they are still together and very happy. Anabelle is dating Rod. Though Anabelle and Rod argue fairly frequently, they both love each other. While growing up, Anabelle’s mother only ever told Anabelle she loved her when Anabelle won her skating competitions or received an A+ on an assignment. According to Hazan & Shaver (1987), Anabelle and Rod are most likely to argue because _____________. a. Rod gets jealous when Anabelle spends a lot of time with her friends b. Anabelle does not appreciate Rod’s romantic gestures c. Anabelle does not think Rod is good enough for her d. Rod never goes out of his way to prove his love to Anabelle ANSWER: d 20. While growing up, Rod’s parents were usually too busy caring for his younger sister (who had many serious medical complications at birth). When he was younger, Rod resented his sister because his parents never paid much attention to him. According to Hazan & Shaver (1987), Anabelle and Rod are most likely to argue because _______________. a. Anabelle calls him at work to check up on him too often b. he is jealous when Anabelle talks to other men c. Anabelle does not spend enough time with him d. he calls Anabelle at work to check up on her too often ANSWER: a 21. When Samira asks Tyler about what happened during his day, he is most likely to reply by _________. Samira is most likely to follow this with ____________. a. telling her what happened; a question about the details b. telling her about an argument he had with his friend; a question about how it resolved c. saying he wants to hear about her day first; a story about her own day d. shrugging and saying “Nothing exciting”; wondering if he is upset with her ANSWER: a 22. Because Samira and Tyler met while completing their BA degrees in psychology, they were initially attracted to each other because they ______________. a. fulfill the matching hypothesis b. are similar to one another c. reciprocate each other’s attraction d. meet each other’s romantic ideals ANSWER: b 23. Even though they have been dating for three years, why might Samira not be upset if Tyler tells Anabelle he loves her? a. She believes Tyler has companionate love for Anabelle. b. Samira was avoidantly attached to her parents growing up. c. She believes Tyler has fatuous love for Anabelle. d. Samira was securely attached to her parents growing up. ANSWER: a 24. Samira meets Tyler’s romantic ideals. This means ____________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 13 - Social Behaviour a. Samira is more attractive than any other woman he has previously dated b. he always pictured himself falling in love with a dark-haired woman with a big smile c. Samira is a fan of Tyler’s favourite band and they have the same favourite restaurant d. his favourite supermodel is Lily Aldridge, and Samira looks a lot like her ANSWER: b 25. Alaina is a judge at a national gymnastics competition. The previous national champion just performed her floor routine. Though the gymnast made multiple errors, the first three judges award her with very high scores. Because of the errors the gymnast made, Alaina believes the gymnast should receive a lower score. She is conflicted about whether she should side with the rest of the judges or whether she should award the gymnast the score Alaina thinks she deserves. If Alaina awards a high score like the rest of the judges, (despite her internal conflict) this is a case of ________. a. informational social influence b. emotional social influence c. cognitive social influence d. normative social influence ANSWER: d 26. Alaina would be least likely to conform and award the gymnast a low score if _____________. a. she has high self-esteem b. she is less qualified than the other judges c. there are four other judges d. she is the last judge to award the score ANSWER: a 27. Alaina would be most likely to conform and award the gymnast a high score if ___________. a. the voting is anonymous b. she is the first judge to vote c. she wants to seem competent d. she is highly extraverted ANSWER: c 28. On her way in to judge the competition, Alaina heard someone say “All judges are snobs and will give high scores to their favourites, whether or not they mess up.” This person’s statement reflects a ____________ of gymnastics judges. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. stereotype c. spotlight effect d. self-serving bias ANSWER: b 29. Imagine Alaina gives the gymnast a high score like the other judges did. This will likely cause _________ so she is likely to ______________. a. cognitive dissonance; minimize the gymnast’s mistakes in her mind b. self-monitoring; minimize the gymnast’s mistakes in her mind c. cognitive dissonance; argue for the beliefs she has about the gymnast d. self-monitoring; argue for the beliefs she has about the gymnast ANSWER: a
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Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping & Health 1. Amelie is a first-year university student who is living away from home for the first time. She is living in a shared room on campus with her roommate, Anita. Though Amelie is very excited to be attending university, and so far she has managed to do well on her exams (usually earning a B+ or A-), she still gets very anxious at certain times. Anita, on the other hand, is a little more laid back, does not care as much about her grades, and though she does fine on her exams (usually earning a B or B-), she knows she could do better if she put her mind to it. Even though they did not know each other before becoming roommates, Amelie and Anita have become friends since the beginning of the school year. Amelie has an upcoming exam. According to Albert Ellis, if she tells herself ___________, then she will be ______ stressed. a. “I might fail this exam, and that is okay”; more b. “This exam might be tough, but exams are not stressful”; more c. “I refuse to fail this exam. I will do well”; less d. “This exam might be tough, but I studied hard”; less ANSWER: d 2. Going into final exams, Anita finds out that if she does not maintain a B+ average, she will lose her entrance scholarship. How might this news most likely affect Anita’s health? a. She will not be affected because she has a Type B personality. b. Her health will decline if she feels as though she is in control of her grades. c. Her health will not be greatly affected because this is a minor stressor. d. Her health will only be affected if she believes she will lose her scholarship. ANSWER: d 3. Going into final exams, Anita finds out that if she does not maintain a B+ average, she will lose her entrance scholarship. Choosing between the _________ and the ________ represents an approach-avoidance conflict that might arise after she finds out this information. a. boredom of studying; embarrassment of telling her parents she lost her scholarship b. victory of achieving good grades; fun she will miss out on while studying c. victory of achieving good grades; feeling of success she will get from studying d. boredom of studying; fear of failing the course ANSWER: b 4. Amelie studies hard for her exams, but still worries she will fail. When is this stress beneficial? a. Stress is never beneficial. b. When the level of stress is low enough to not impact her performance. c. When the level of stress is high enough to maximize her performance. d. When the level of stress is as high as possible. ANSWER: c 5. Amelie has the goal to achieve an A- average through her first year of university; however, she has received grades on tests and papers that have been lower than an A- so far. If she set this goal herself, the stress she feels when she gets low grades is considered __________; whereas, if her parents set this goal for her, it is considered ________. a. frustration; conflict b. pressure, conflict c. frustration; pressure d. pressure; frustration ANSWER: c 6. Amelie is experiencing considerable stress. __________ is considered a __________ form of coping. a. Procrastination; adaptive b. Forming a study group; constructive Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping & Health c. Seeking social support; avoidant ANSWER: b
d. Cognitive restructuring; maladaptive
7. Kevin is a first-generation Chinese-Canadian. Both of his parents came to Canada for university, and when they married after graduation, they decided to continue living in Canada. Kevin was born shortly after their marriage, and has dual citizenship. His parents have since become Canadian citizens, as well. When Kevin was 10 years old, his grandmother died and his grandfather came from China to live with his family in Canada. Because both of Kevin’s parents work full-time, and Kevin has a flexible schedule while he is in university, Kevin’s mother often asks Kevin to take his grandfather to doctor’s appointments. If these requests cause Kevin stress, what is the worst thing for him to do? a. Pretend it does not bother him. b. Tell himself he is being helpful. c. Tell himself not to be upset. d. Take a deep breath and relax his muscles. ANSWER: a 8. When Kevin’s mother first came to Canada for university, she knew very little English, but believed her first year would be an exciting adventure, and she did not find it very stressful. Albert Ellis would call her belief a ________, but it could also be called ____________ . a. rationalization; cognitive appraisal b. activating event; cognitive restructuring c. activating event; constructive coping d. consequence; cognitive restructuring ANSWER: a 9. Kevin’s grandmother was chronically ill for some time before she died, and Kevin’s grandfather had been taking care of her. Because of this, when Kevin’s grandfather comes to Canada, he is expected to ________ because _________. a. be sick less often; all of his routine hassles disappeared with his wife’s death b. be sick more often; he has reached the exhaustion stage of the stress response c. be sick less often; his body is in the alarm stage of the stress response d. be sick less often; he is ignoring the sadness he feels due to his wife’s death ANSWER: b 10. Kevin hears about a group of Chinese seniors that meets to play Mahjong on his university campus every Tuesday at 2pm. He believes this will be good for his grandfather because ___________. a. it will provide him with emotional support only b. it will provide him with social support c. it will reduce his perceived integration d. it will increase his perceived marginalization ANSWER: b 11. Darius is a first-year university student who has made his school’s basketball team. The team is hoping to defend its national championship title for the fifth year in a row. Unfortunately, in the last game of the regular season, the team captain sprains his ankle. This means that Darius will be in the starting line-up for both the provincial and national championship tournaments. Because of the change in the starting line-up and the high-stakes games that will be coming up soon, the head coach thinks it is a good time for a stress and coping intervention. If Darius tells himself “You were chosen for this position for a reason, you are a good player who will get the job done.” What is this an example of? a. Darius is reaffirming his self-efficacy. b. Darius is using relaxation to reduce arousal. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping & Health c. Darius is shifting his cognitive appraisal. d. Darius is challenging the consequences of his belief system. ANSWER: a 12. Throughout these stressful events, Darius shows that he is able to stay positive and optimistic. According to much of the research on optimism, this means he will likely ___________. a. become more religious later in life b. have a Type B personality c. have a diverse social network d. live longer with a high quality of life ANSWER: d 13. Whenever Darius goes to make a free throw shot, his arousal levels increase quite a bit. To reduce his arousal, he bounces the ball twice and spins it backwards once. This superstitious movement reduces his arousal level because ___________. a. the repetitive action is calming b. he believes it will reduce his arousal level c. he is getting rid of the excess energy in his muscles d. the ball provides him with biofeedback markers ANSWER: b 14. The injured captain of the basketball team still feels a large amount of stress about the outcome of the championship games, even though he is not playing. Why is this? a. He has less control over the outcome than he did before. b. He is avoiding coping with his emotions. c. He shifted from the “resistance” stage to the “alarm” stage after his injury. d. His appraisal of the situation has changed and he’s filled with hopelessness. ANSWER: a 15. Going into the last two minutes of the championship game, Darius’ coach makes a motion to the crowd to get them to cheer more loudly for his players. What is he trying to do? a. Give his players an extra little bit of adrenaline. b. Shift his players from the “alarm” stage of the stress response to the “resistance” stage. c. Remind his players that the fans love them. d. Put additional pressure on his players. ANSWER: a 16. Noah has just finished his undergraduate degree and is applying to become a pilot for the Royal Canadian Air Force. During the last year of his degree, he would often stay in when all his friends went out to party so he could spend extra time studying for either his university exams or the National Defense aptitude tests he will have to write soon after his last exam. Though he is often tired, he feels accomplished and prepared for the chance to make his dream come true. Noah has worked very hard through his four-year degree, and worked especially hard during his last year. He also needed to stress his body with exercise so that he would meet the fitness requirements necessary for a pilot. Due to this, Noah is likely at the _______ stage of the stress response and __________________________. a. alarm; experiencing sympathetic nervous system activation b. resistance; experiencing sympathetic nervous system activation c. resistance; no longer experiencing sympathetic nervous system activation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 14 - Stress, Coping & Health d. exhaustion; prone to becoming sick more often ANSWER: d 17. If Noah’s best friend Sam gives Noah a placebo the morning of his aptitude test, Sam is hoping to help Noah ______________. a. cope with his stress b. reaffirm his positive self-illusion c. use constructive coping d. use avoidance coping ANSWER: a 18. Noah finds out that he has been selected to become a pilot and will need to start basic training in two weeks. This causes ________ stress. However, once he arrives at basic training, this will probably switch to __________ stress due to the strictness of the drill sergeants. a. pressure; change b. conflict; pressure c. change; pressure d. change; frustration ANSWER: c
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Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders 1. Marino is a first-year university student who has a single room in residence on campus. He is very organized and follows his self-made schedule very rigidly. Though he usually keeps his door closed, his hall mates who have seen his room claim it is the cleanest room they have ever seen, and often say they wish they could be as neat and organized. Marino, however, sticks to his schedule and keeps his room this clean for a reason. It does not make sense to him for something to be out of place or to do something that is not in his schedule. Marino has offended many people in the past, so he and his parents decided it would be best if he lived alone at university. So far, this has proven to be both expensive and lonely. Marino often feels sad and wishes he could be more relaxed, like his peers. Is Marino’s behaviour considered to be legally abnormal? a. Yes, it is deviant and personally distressful. b. No, he is able to distinguish right from wrong. c. Yes, he is not able to distinguish right from wrong. d. No, it is not maladaptive. ANSWER: b 2. Is Marino’s behaviour considered to be medically abnormal? a. Yes, it is personally distressful. b. No, it is not deviant nor maladaptive. c. No, it is not maladaptive. d. Yes, it is deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressful. ANSWER: a 3. Imagine that Marino is in fact, diagnosed as having a psychological disorder and 3% of the adult population also suffers from this disorder. This 3% is known as the ___________. a. etiology b. concordance c. prevalence d. comorbidity ANSWER: c 4. Marino is curious about whether his behaviours are considered to be normal or not. He knows he should probably see a psychologist. According to your lectures, what would be a benefit of visiting the psychologist? a. A diagnosis might become a self-fulfilling prophecy. b. A diagnosis might increase his self-esteem. c. A diagnosis might make it easier for him to find a support group. d. A diagnosis might reduce his self-esteem. ANSWER: c 5. Given that we are not clinical psychologists or psychiatrists and should not diagnose Marino (or anyone!) based on a short case study, imagine that Marino’s doctor does diagnose Marino with a psychological abnormality. According to your lectures, Marino’s symptoms best match which psychological abnormality? a. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder b. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder c. Obsessive-Compulsive Anxiety Disorder d. Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorder ANSWER: a 6. When Marino receives a diagnosis, his doctor provides him with a prescription. By doing this, his doctor is trying to address the ___________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders a. medical etiology c. increased risk of comorbidity ANSWER: a
b. biopsychosocial etiology d. increased risk of diathesis
7. Lukas is a first-year university student who often feels very worried and anxious. Whenever he talks to his Mom about his anxiety, she mentions that even as a young child, he would get anxious about “even the smallest and most ridiculous things.” Lately, however, Lukas’ anxiety has been growing stronger. Lukas and his therapist have come to believe that the origin of Lukas’ anxiety is probably related to an incident in kindergarten when his classmates laughed at him for forgetting that he was presenting his rock collection at Show & Tell. If Lukas is diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, which of the following is most likely? a. Lukas’ identical twin will also be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. b. Lukas will also be diagnosed with another anxiety disorder or depression. c. One of Lukas’ two best friends will also be diagnosed with anxiety disorder. d. Lukas will also develop a phobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder. ANSWER: b 8. According to the learning theory etiology of anxiety disorders, ____________ that now leads to Lukas’ conditioned response of anxiety. a. the laughter of others is the unconditioned stimulus b. having to present his own work is the conditioned stimulus c. presenting to his class is the unconditioned stimulus d. his rock collection is the conditioned stimulus ANSWER: b 9. The cognitive factors surrounding anxiety disorders predict that Lukas will be most anxious when he believes ______________. a. there is no way he can succeed and the consequences of failure are great b. there is no incentive for him to succeed c. he can only succeed if he has an innate talent and hard work does not pay off d. his father will be very disappointed in him if he does not succeed ANSWER: a 10. Imagine Lukas is diagnosed with a phobia of loud laughter. Imagine that the prevalence of this phobia is 109 per 1,000 population and that the gender ratio (female:male) is 188:90. This means approximately _______________ of the population are phobic of loud laughter. a. 11% & fewer males than females b. 1% & more males than females c. 0.1% & fewer females than males d. 1% & more females than males ANSWER: a 11. Recently, Anton was diagnosed with schizophrenia and prescribed medication to control his symptoms. At times, when he is feeling well, he decides that he does not need his medication and will stop taking it. In these cases, his symptoms return. His mother Emily and his twin brother Jude have been coached by his medical team to watch out for certain symptoms. If they see any indication of these symptoms, they are to bring Anton to the ER immediately. If, when not taking his medication, Anton becomes worried he will be assassinated, this is considered a symptom of _____________. a. paranoia b. grandeur Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders c. becoming catatonic ANSWER: a
d. becoming disorganized
12. Emily and Jude want to know how they can help prevent Anton’s relapses. What might Anton’s doctor suggest? a. Let Anton know how scared they get when he does not take his medication. b. Help Anton to avoid stressful or frightening situations. c. Help Anton to make friends his own age who have similar interests. d. Let Anton describe to them what will best help him in the moment. ANSWER: b 13. If Anton has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and is sitting, appearing to be awake, but is not responding to questions, then he is likely experiencing ________. a. symptoms of hallucinations b. symptoms of amnesia c. fugue state symptoms d. catatonic symptoms ANSWER: d 14. Anton and Jude are identical twins. Why does Anton suffer from schizophrenia while Jude does not? a. Emotional differences b. Social differences c. Biological differences d. Individual differences ANSWER: d 15. Anton and Jude are identical twins. If both of them undergo an MRI of their brain, it is expected that ____________. a. Anton will likely have a larger amount of brain tissue than Jude. b. Anton will likely have a smaller amount of brain tissue than Jude. c. They will have the same amount of brain tissue, but Jude’s prefrontal cortex will be smaller and his ventricles will be larger. d. They will have the same amount of brain tissue, but Anton’s prefrontal cortex will be smaller and his ventricles will be larger. ANSWER: b 16. Romy suffered a severe trauma in her early childhood, and even though she is now in high school, she has never shared the secret of this trauma with her parents. She has suffered psychological symptoms as a result of the trauma, and recently required hospitalization because her symptoms have become increasingly more severe now that she is in her last year of high school and experiencing more stress. The psychiatric team believes it is time for her to share her secret with her parents so they can help her overcome her trauma. If the psychological symptoms Romy is experiencing include gaps in her memory for quite large periods of time, Romy is most likely suffering from which psychological disorder? a. Dissociative amnesia b. Dissociative identity disorder c. Dissociative fugue. d. Pathological conscious dissociation ANSWER: a 17. If Romy is suffering from dissociative identity disorder, it is least likely that Romy experienced which type of trauma in early childhood? a. Intense verbal bullying from her classmates b. Intense physical bullying from her classmates c. Sexual abuse committed by a stranger Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders d. Sexual abuse committed by an acquaintance ANSWER: a 18. If Romy is experiencing symptoms of PTSD caused by having been sexually assaulted by a stranger when she was younger, she is more likely to experience ________ than ________. a. mistrust; fear of physical harm b. betrayal; guilt c. guilt; betrayal d. fear of physical harm; guilt ANSWER: d
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Chapter 16 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders 1. Reuben has recently been diagnosed with major depressive disorder and his doctor has recommended that Reuben read up on different types of treatments so he can form his own opinions before their next appointment. The doctor recommends that Reuben research different forms of both therapy and medication. Reuben appreciates the fact that his doctor has allowed him to look into types of treatment on his own (so he is not biased by his doctor’s opinion); however, Reuben finds that the amount of information available about treatment is overwhelming. Reuben decides to talk to a few of his friends about treatment instead. Which of the following therapists is least likely to agree to treat Reuben? a. School psychologist b. Clinical psychologist c. Psychiatrist d. Social worker ANSWER: a 2. Reuben’s friend Anoush tells him that his therapist has him describe his dreams. After he describes his dreams, his therapist asks him what he thinks this dream means. What type of therapy is Anoush’s therapist using? a. Dream therapy b. Client-centred therapy c. Psychoanalysis d. Free association ANSWER: b 3. Which form of treatment is least likely to help Reuben overcome his psychological illness? a. Psychotherapy b. Aversion therapy c. Biomedical therapy d. Cognitive-behaviour therapy ANSWER: b 4. Reuben’s friend Anoush says that his therapist asks him to think about how he would feel and respond if his coworker did not invite him to a surprise party for a mutual friend. This is an example of Beck’s ___________. a. reattribution technique b. examining alternatives technique c. decatastrophizing technique d. fantasizing consequences technique ANSWER: d 5. Kathryn has had trouble controlling her anger ever since she was young. However, to outsiders she appears as to be an extremely calm, cool, and collected person. To deal with her issues, she visits a psychologist Dr. Phil once a week. In their sessions, Dr. Phil allows Kathryn to talk freely and without interruptions about anything that may come to mind, no matter how silly, trivial, or embarrassing it may be. Kathryn’s therapist also asks her to describe her dreams in great detail. 1. Kathryn’s psychologist is following a ______ approach. a. humanistic b. psychoanalytic c. cognitive d. behavioural ANSWER: b 6. Given that Kathryn experiences transference during her sessions, how is she likely to act around her psychologist? a. She is going to shut down and be emotionally unresponsive towards him. b. She is going to open up to him about her feelings with little resistance. c. She is going to spontaneously recover lost or forgotten memories. d. She is going to shout at her therapist like she shouts at her father. ANSWER: d 7. A few times each week, Kathryn has the same recurring dream where she violently kills a small rabbit. She always wakes up feeling distressed and anxious because of it. The dream interpretation Kathryn’s psychologist gives her is that Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 16 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders ______________. a. she harbours aggressive feelings towards her little sister b. she has repressed sexual feelings about her father c. she has repressed envious feelings about her mother d. the dream is a manifestation of a repressed memory of abuse ANSWER: a 8. A few weeks into therapy, Kathryn’s psychologist notices that Kathryn exhibits signs of resistance. This means that Kathryn is likely to ____________. a. talk about her dreams in extreme detail, but not her daily life b. talk about her daily life, but not about her childhood experiences c. curse at her psychologist and angrily proclaim she is done with therapy d. treat her psychologist as though he is her father ANSWER: c 9. Latoya is very shy and feels extremely anxious when she is around new people. She feels a lot of personal distress due to her anxiety. Latoya finds it very difficult to be around other people she has not met before, so she does not make new friends easily. Her condition has also started affecting her professional career. Every time Latoya meets someone for the first time, she experiences tension, apprehension, and nervousness. She is trying to get help to deal with her issues and decides that a combination of therapy and medication is the best treatment for her. Latoya’s psychologist is using shaping to help Latoya overcome her social anxiety. To get a prescription for her anti-anxiety medication, who would be best for Latoya to visit? a. A psychiatrist b. The clinical psychologist she visits once a week for a therapy session c. A different clinical psychologist she has never had therapy with d. Her family doctor ANSWER: a 10. Which of the following best represents the technique Latoya’s psychologist is using to help her overcome her social anxiety? a. She encourages Latoya to watch and mimic socially adept friends. b. She helps Latoya practice social techniques using structured role-play exercises. c. She encourages Latoya to gradually handle increasingly more difficult social tasks. d. She invites Latoya to a new social setting so she can show her it’s not as scary as Latoya thinks. ANSWER: c 11. Latoya’s psychologist is likely to view her client’s social anxiety as ___________. a. a symptom of a deeper underlying problem rooted in unconscious conflicts b. a result of learning and conditioning from past negative social experiences c. being caused by an “error” in thinking and selective focus on the negatives d. a neurochemical imbalance ANSWER: b 12. Laura has an extreme fear of being interviewed for a job. Despite the fact that she is well-qualified and has no problem talking to new people, the idea of being in an interview setting turns her into a nervous wreck. Because of this, Laura also Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 16 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders experiences major depression. She has tried several different types of therapy with varying levels of success. Her current psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help her with this anxiety. Her sister is also trying to help Laura and is currently reading a self-help book on cognitive behavioural therapy. After a few months listening to the advice of both her psychologist and her sister, Laura was able to successfully interview for her dream job and she also no longer meets the criteria for a depression diagnosis. Which of the following is likely to be the lowest item in Laura’s anxiety hierarchy? a. Answering a tough question in front of three interviewers. b. Giving a complex presentation in front of a single interviewer. c. Waiting in the hallway before her interview. d. Saying hello to the person who is interviewing her. ANSWER: c 13. According to her psychologist, what is the source of Laura’s interview anxiety? a. Laura had a mother who constantly critiqued and berated her. b. There is an incongruence between Laura’s ideal self and Laura’s current self. c. Laura has developed a negative automatic style of thinking. d. Classical conditioning paired a harmless event with a fear-arousing event. ANSWER: d 14. Laura’s sister has been learning from the self-help books she has been reading, and encourages Laura to try to increase her self-efficacy. If Laura agrees, then which of the following phrases should she repeat to herself? a. “I am able to get through this.” b. “This is not as bad as it looks.” c. “What’s the worst it can happen?” d. “I choose not to overreact” ANSWER: a 15. A few months after she starts her new job Laura enrols herself in mindfulness-based cognitive behavioural therapy. This is because Laura _______________. a. wants to gain a greater understanding of herself and her anxiety b. needs help accepting her genuine self in order to grow as a person c. needs help recovering from her maladaptive unconscious conflict d. wants to avoid relapsing and to eliminate her maladaptive cognitions ANSWER: d 16. Which of the following is NOT one of the skills Laura might acquire in mindfulness-based cognitive behavioural therapy? a. To focus more on the current moment instead of focusing on past worries b. To show more compassion to herself c. To accept things as they are and not as she wants them to be d. To completely understand the reasons behind her anxiety ANSWER: d
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