xxx
technical notes meant as a supplement to the notes on Indonesian pronunciation found in table T.1, which also apply to Javanese). Note that aspiration is reversed between English and Javanese: in English the unvoiced consonants (p, ch, t, k) are aspirated, and the voiced ones (b, j, d, g) are largely unaspirated; in Javanese the unvoiced consonants are unaspirated, and the voiced ones are aspirated.4 Word stress is lighter than in English and almost always falls on the last syllable. (In many non-Javanese dialects of Indonesian, on the other hand, stress falls on the penultimate syllable.)
language identification Because this book discusses how Javanese musicians talk about their music, I felt it necessary to include a large number of non-English terms. In order to identify the language or vocabulary set each term was drawn from, I have used the following symbols, enclosed in brackets and directly following the term: A
Arabic
I
Indonesian
J
Javanese
JI
Javanese Indonesian (not used in most other dialects of Indonesian)
Ng
ngoko (low Javanese)
K
kråmå (high Javanese)
KI
kråmå inggil (term of highest respect)
KA
kråmå andhap (term of self-deprecation)
KM kråmå madyå (midlevel Javanese) D
Dutch
E
English
javanese loan words in english At least two Javanese words have made it into the standard English lexicon. Indeed, both gong and gamelan figure in any college-sized dictionary of American English. It will therefore come as no surprise if I normally refrain from setting these words in italics. For all other Javanese and Indonesian words that occur in English sentences I have italicized such terms throughout but have 4. For more extensive notes on Javanese pronunciation, see Keeler 1984:xxv–xxxvi and Ras 1985:3–16.