SIP Newsletter V90 March 2009 by Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología

SIP Newsletter | BoletĂn de la SIP

Volume 90, 2009 March

Marcelo Urra Editor in Chief

Volume 90 2009 March Marcelo Urra Editor Editorial English Español The development and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists Desarrollo y adopción de la Declaración Universal de Principios Éticos para Psicólogas y Psicólogos Andrea Ferrero y Janel Gaulthier The Interamerican Psychologists’ List – IAPSY-L: A Brief Historical Note La Lista de Psic@logos Interamericanos – IAPSY-L: Una breve nota histórica Bernardo Ferdman Psique-l, a sucessful experience of participation and integration Psique-l, una experiencia exitosa de participación e integración Juan Carlos Canga The Colombian Association of Cognitive Therapy and Its presence in Internet La Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Cognitiva y su presencia en Internet Diego Castrillón Moreno

SIP Newsletter: Interamerican Psychology - 2009: Vol 90 March

Editorial We launched the first issue of 2009 the SIP Newsletter with an emphasis on sharing of experience in the field of communications between psychologists through various Internet resources that it offer. On the one hand Bernardo Ferdman gives us important background about the emergence of IAPSY-L, the first mailing list that used the SIP to facilitate exchange between partners and associates. Although it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t the official e-mail list, it was for any years a principal channel, how an instance of innovation and modeling of a new skill of Communications with great efficiency and lowest cost for other alternatives in this time how the telephone and traditional mail. For the SIP, which identifies key objectives the promotion of exchanges in Psychology in the Americas, has certainly had a profound impact that would need to analyze. Whether diversification has allowed the subjects to share, expand the exchange, making it more instantaneous events or news, increased integration and inclusion, among other possible effects. Another local experience is presented by Juan Carlos Canga to the mailing list PsycheL, the largest of psychologists in Venezuela. At the same time that it was pioneer how IAPSY-L, shows us how the town responds to specific needs, such as dissemination of job vacancies, courses and local seminars, news, discussions, etc.. Juan Carlos also addressed the issue of the importance of the role of moderator when it comes to a mailing list that aims to promote reflection and exchange among participants and proactive attitude. At the forefront of these initiatives, Diego Castrillon told us about the experience of the Colombian Association of Cognitive Therapy, which in addition to a Web portal, recently created a profile on Facebook, the biggest social network in the world. I think the experience could call all the attention, especially if we are interested in improving and facilitating the communication of a psychological institution with its membership, to fill new groups for potential membership, and you also look for alternative forms of communication and then to find alternatives at older and overloaded e-mail. In other aspects of this issue of the SIP Newsletter Andrea Ferreiro and Janel Gaulthier to develop the path followed by the 'Universal Ethical Principles of Psychologists', and who meet the essential role of the most important institutions of psychology in the world to achieve this. SIP officially supports these principles. I hope this new edition of the SIP Newsletter will be of interest for you. Greetings, Marcelo Urra Editor in Chief of the SIP Newsletter

Santiago, March 2009

Boletin de la SIP: Psicología Interamericana - 2009: Vol 90 Marzo

Editorial Iniciamos el primer número del año 2009 del Boletín de la SIP con un énfasis en la difusión de experiencias en el ámbito de las comunicaciones entre psicólogas y psicólogos a través diferentes recursos que nos ofrece Internet. Por una parte Bernardo Ferdman nos entrega importantes antecedentes acerca del surgimiento de la IAPSY-L, la primera lista de correos que utilizó la SIP para facilitar el intercambio entre socios y socias. No obstante que no era la lista oficial, fue por muchos años un canal principal, siendo una instancia de innovación y de modelaje respecto de una nueva herramienta de comunicación con una gran eficiencia y costos bajísimos para las alternativas que había en ese tiempo, que eran el teléfono y el correo convencional. Para la SIP, cuyos objetivos centrales señalan la promoción del intercambio en Psicología en las Américas, ciertamente ha tenido una impacto profundo que cabría la necesidad de analizar. Ya sea que haya permitido diversificar los temas que se compartan, masificar el intercambio, hacerlo más instantáneo frente a eventos o noticias, aumentado la integración y la inclusión, entre otros posibles efectos. Otra experiencia más local es presentada por Juan Carlos Canga para la lista de correos PSIQUE-L, la más importante de psicólogos y psicólogas en Venezuela. Al mismo que fue pionera al igual que IAPSY-L, nos muestra cómo la localidad también responde a necesidades más específicas, como difusión de ofertas de trabajo, cursos y seminarios locales, noticias, discusión, etc. Juan Carlos además aborda el tema de la importancia del rol de moderador cuando de se trata de una lista de correos que pretender promover la reflexión y el intercambio entre los participantes y la actitud proactiva que debería tener. En la vanguardia de estas iniciativas, Diego Castrillón nos cuenta acerca de la experiencia de la Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Cognitiva, que además de contar con un portal Web, recientemente a creado un perfil en Facebook, la red social más grande del mundo. La experiencia creo que podría llamarnos a todos la atención, especialmente si estamos interesados en mejorar y facilitar la comunicación de una institución psicológica con sus socios y socias, llenar nuevos nichos de potenciales socios y socias, y de paso además, buscar formas alternativas de comunicación al ya viejo y sobrecargado correo electrónico. En otro ámbito esta edición del Boletín de la SIP incorpora una artículo desarrollado por Andrea Ferreiro y Janel Gaulthier en el cual describen el camino que siguió la elaboración de los “Principios Éticos Universales de los Psicólogo/as”, así como el rol fundamental que cumplen las instituciones más importantes de la Psicología en el mundo, para lograr estos fines. La SIP como sabemos adhirió oficialmente a estos principios. Espero que esta nueva edición del Boletín de la SIP sea de interés para todos ustedes. Saludos, Marcelo Urra Editor General del Boletín de la SIP Santiago, marzo de 2009

SIP Newsletter: Interamerican Psychology - 2009: Vol 90 March

The development and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists Andrea Ferrero National University of San Luis, Argentina Janel Gauthier Laval University, Quebec, Canada In 2002, the General Assembly of the International Union of Psychological Science approved a motion to create an Ad Hoc Joint Committee to develop a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. The motion was made by Janel Gauthier who had conducted research showing that some of the ethical principles underlying codes of ethics in psychology are based on broadly shared human values (Gauthier, 2002, 2003). The intent of the proposed initiative was to articulate ethical principles and values that provide a common framework to psychologists to develop ethical standards as appropriate for differing cultural contexts, to evaluate the ethical and moral relevance of their codes of ethics and to speak with a collective voice on matters of ethical concern. Initially, the joint project involved both the International Union of Psychological Science and the International Association of Applied Psychology. Later, an invitation to participate was extended to the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology and the initiative became a tripartite endeavour. The Ad Hoc Joint Committee included representatives from five continents. Members of the Committee were (in alphabetical order): RubĂŠn Ardila (Colombia), Lutz Eckensberger (Germany), Janel Gauthier, Chair (Canada), Nasrin Jazani (Iran), Hassan Kassim Khan (Yemen), Catherine Love (New Zealand), Elizabeth Nair (Singapore), Kwadzi Nyanungo (Zimbabwe), Paul B. Pederson (United States), Tuomo Tikkanen (Finland), Ann Watts (South Africa), and Kan Zhang (China). The first draft of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists was released for consultation at the 30th Congress of the Interamerican Society of Psychology in Buenos Aires in 2005. Since it was a work in progress, the document was revised and other drafts were developed in response to the many consultations to determine the cultural appropriateness of the definitions, concepts and language used in the document. The last draft of the Universal Declaration was released in 2008. It was titled third draft to avoid any confusion with previous drafts. The third draft of the Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly of the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) and the Board of Directors the International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP) during the 29th International Congress of Psychology in Berlin in 2008. In both instances, the vote was unanimous, which reflected strong and enthusiastic support for the document from the international psychology community. The newly adopted document has a preamble followed by four sections, each relating to a different ethical principle: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples, Competent Caring for Persons and Peoples, Integrity, and Professional Scientific Responsibilities to Society (International Union of Psychological Science, 2008). Each

section includes a statement defining the principle and outlining fundamental ethical values contained in the principle. It is the result of a six-year development process involving careful research and broad international consultation: • Comparisons were made among existing codes of ethics for psychologists from around the world to identify commonalties in ethical principles and values; • Ethical principles and values espoused by other disciplines and international communities as well as other civilizations were examined to assess the universality of those most commonly found in codes of ethics for psychologists; • Focus groups of psychologists were held at international meetings in Asia, Europe, India, the Middle East, North America and South America; • International symposia were organized in Singapore, Vienna, Beijing, Granada, Athens, Prague, Berlin. The Universal Declaration describes those ethical principles that are based on shared human values, providing a shared moral framework that will help psychologists to act with integrity, developing and applying psychological knowledge in a way that benefits humanity and makes no harm or oppress persons or peoples. It reaffirms the commitment of the psychology community to help build a better world where peace, freedom, responsibility, justice, humanity, and morality will prevail. The third draft of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists was the focus of discussion from an international perspective at an Invited Symposium chaired by Janel Gauthier during the International Congress of Psychology in Berlin in July 2008. The impact of the document in different countries and regions of the world was analyzed by Stephen Behnke (USA), Adnan Farah (Jordan), Andrea Ferrero (Argentina), Geoff Lindsay (Great Britain), Elizabeth Nair (Singapore) and Ann Watts (South Africa). This symposium provided further support for the Universal Declaration. Indeed, it showed that there was a great deal of congruence between the ethical principles included in the Declaration and those used for ethical guidance in other countries or regions of the world. In addition, it confirmed that the Declaration was seen as extremely useful in those countries or regions of the world where ethical standards for psychology are to be developed or revised. A Spanish version of the newly adopted Universal Declaration has been developed by Dr. Rubén Ardila, from Colombia, and Dra. Andrea Ferrero, from Argentina. This translation was particularly sensitive to gender issues as the word psychologist, with a non specific gender reference in English, was translated as psicólogas y psicólogos, choosing a longer expression but a much more inclusive one. The English and the Spanish versions can be found at the SIP web site (Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología, 2008). Ethics is at the core of every discipline. The development of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists constitutes a fundamental step and a significant achievement for scientific and professional psychology. It is anticipated that the newly adopted Universal Declaration will have influence worldwide in psychology on the development and revisions of codes of ethical conduct, education and training in ethics, and thinking about ethics. The Universal Declaration is strongly supported by the Interamerican Society of Psychology and was considered as a key reference in the recent development of the ethical principles of the Society.

References Gauthier, J. (2002, July). Ethics and human rights: Toward a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. In J. Pettifor (Chair), Professional codes of ethics across national boundaries: Seeking common grounds. Symposium conducted at the 25th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Singapore. Gauthier, J. (2003). Toward a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. In J.B. Overmier & J.A. Overmier (Eds.). Psychology: IUPsyS Global Resource, Hove, UK: Psychology Press. International Union of Psychological Science (2008). Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles. Retrieved September 20, 2008, http://www.iupsys.org/ Interamerican Society of Psychology (2008). Declaración Universal de Principios Éticos para Psicólogas y Psicólogos. Retrieved October 20, 2008, http://www.sipsych.org/ Overview of the author Andrea Ferrero, Professor and Researcher. National University of San Luis, Argentina. Coordinator of the Task Force on Ethics and Professional Deontology of the Interamerican Society of Psychology. Janel Gauthier, Professor, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. National Representative of the Interamerican Society of Psychology for USA/Canada. Secretary-General of the International Association of Applied Psychology.

Boletin de la SIP: Psicología Interamericana - 2009: Vol 90 March

Desarrollo y adopción de la Declaración Universal de Principios Éticos para Psicólogas y Psicólogos Andrea Ferrero Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina Janel Gauthier Universidad de Laval, Québec, Canadá En el año 2002, la Asamblea General de la Unión Internacional de Ciencia Psicológica (IUPsyS, por su sigla en inglés), aprobó una moción para crear un Comité ad hoc cuyo objetivo sería desarrollar una declaración universal de principios éticos para psicólogas y psicólogos. La moción fue hecha por Janel Gauthier quien había desarrollado investigaciones cuyos resultados demostraban que algunos de los principios éticos que subyacen a los códigos de ética de psicología están basados en valores humanos ampliamente compartidos. La intención de la iniciativa propuesta era la de articular principios y valores que proveyeran un marco moral común para psicólogas y psicólogos con el objetivo de desarrollar estándares éticos apropiados a contextos culturales diversos, evaluar la relevancia ética y moral de sus propios códigos de ética, y hablar con una voz colectiva sobre temáticas éticas. Inicialmente, este proyecto involucró tanto a la Unión Internacional de Ciencia Psicológica (IUPsyS) como a la Asociación Internacional de Psicología Aplicada (IAAP). Posteriormente, la invitación a participar se hizo extensiva a la Asociación Internacional de Psicología Transcultural (IACC), por sus siglas en inglés, y la iniciativa se convirtió en un proyecto tripartito. El Comité ad hoc incluyó representantes de los cinco continentes. Los miembros del Comité fueron (por orden alfabético): Rubén Ardila (Colombia), Lutz Eckensberger (Alemania), Janel Gauthier, Coordinador (Canadá), Nasrin Jazani (Irán), Catherine Love (Nueva Zelandia), Elizabeth Nair (Singapur), Kwadzi Nyanungo (Zimbabwe), Paul B. Pederson (Estados Unidos de América), Tuomo Tikkanen (Finlandia), Ann Watts (Sud África), y Kan Zhang (China). La primer versión de la Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists fue difundida para su consulta en el 30º Congreso Interamericano de Psicología, que se llevó a cabo en Buenos Aires en 2005. En tanto éste fue un trabajo en desarrollo, el documento fue revisado y otras versiones fueron desarrolladas como respuesta a las numerosas consultas realizadas para determinar si las definiciones, los conceptos y el lenguaje utilizados en el documento, eran culturalmente apropiados. La última versión de la Universal Declaration fue difundida en 2008. Se tituló “tercera versión” para evitar cualquier confusión con versiones previas. La tercera versión de la Universal Declaration fue adoptada por la Asamblea General de la Unión Internacional de Ciencia Psicológica (IUPsyS) y la Mesa Directiva de la Asociación Internacional de Psicología Aplicada (IAAP), durante el 29º Congreso Internacional de Psicología, realizado en la Ciudad de Berlín en 2008. En ambas circunstancias el voto fue unánime, lo cual refleja el fuerte y entusiasta apoyo al documento por parte de la comunidad psicológica internacional.

El recientemente adoptado documento cuenta con un preámbulo y cuatro secciones, cada una de ellas relacionada a un principio ético diferente: Respeto por la Dignidad de las Personas y los Pueblos, Cuidado Competente por el Bienestar de los Otros, Integridad, y, Responsabilidades Profesionales y Científicas hacia la Sociedad (Unión Internacional de Ciencia Psicológica, 2008). Cada sección incluye una afirmación que define un principio y subraya los valores éticos fundamentales contenidos en ese principio. Es el resultado de un proceso de desarrollo de seis años vinculado a una cuidadosa investigación y una amplia consulta internacional: • Se realizaron comparaciones entre los códigos de ética existentes para psicólogas y psicólogos de todo el mundo, con el fin de identificar aspectos comunes en los principios y valores éticos; • Los principios y valores éticos considerados por otras disciplinas e incluso comunidades internacionales y aún otras civilizaciones, fueron examinados para evaluar la universalidad de aquellos más comúnmente encontrados en códigos de ética para psicólogas y psicólogos; • Se reunieron grupos focales de psicólogas y psicólogos en reuniones internacionales en Asia, Europa, India, Medio Oriente, Norteamérica y Sudamérica. • Se organizaron simposios internacionales en Singapur, Viena, Beijing, Granada, Atenas, Praga, Berlín. La Universal Declaration describe aquellos principios éticos que están basados en valores humanos compartidos, proveyendo un marco moral compartido que pueda ayudar a psicólogas y psicólogos a actuar con integridad, desarrollando y aplicando el conocimiento psicológico de forma tal que beneficie a la humanidad y no produzca daño u oprima a las personas o los pueblos. Ella reafirma el compromiso de la comunidad psicológica con colaborar en la construcción de un mundo mejor en el cual la paz, la libertad, la responsabilidad, la justicia, la humanidad y la moralidad prevalezcan. La tercera versión de la Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists fue tema central de discusión en un Simposio por Invitación, coordinado por Janel Gauthier durante el 29º Congreso Internacional de Psicología, en la Ciudad de Berlín en julio de 2008. El impacto del documento en diferentes países y regiones del mundo fue analizado por Stephen Behnke (EEUU), Adnan Farah (Jordania), Andrea Ferrero (Argentina), Geoff Lindsay (Gran Bretaña), Elizabeth Nair (Singapur) y Ann Watts (Sud África). Este Simposio manifestó su apoyo a la Universal Declaration.De hecho, mostró que había un importante grado de congruencia entre los principios incluidos en la Declaración y aquellos utilizados como referencia ética en otros países o regiones del mundo. Además, se confirmó que la Declaración era vista como extremadamente útil en aquellos países o regiones del mundo en los cuales deben aún desarrollarse principios éticos para la psicología o revisar los existentes. Una versión castellana de la recientemente adoptada Universal Declaration fue desarrollada por el Dr. Rubén Ardila, de Colombia, y la Dra. Andrea Ferrero, de Argentina. Esta traducción ha sido particularmente sensible a las temáticas de género ya que el término “psychologist”, sin referencia de género en inglés, fue traducido por “psicólogas y psicólogos”, eligiendo una expresión que si bien es más larga, resulta mucho más inclusiva. La versión en inglés y en castellano pueden ser encontradas en el sitio electrónico de la Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología (Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología, 2008).

La ética se encuentra en el corazón de toda disciplina. El desarrollo de la Declaración Universal de Principios Éticos para Psicólogas y Psicólogos constituye un paso fundamental y un logro significativo para la psicología tanto como ciencia y como profesión. Es posible advertir que la Declaración Universal tendrá influencia en la psicología a lo largo y ancho del mundo, en el desarrollo y revisión de códigos de conducta ética, la transmisión y entrenamiento en ética, y la reflexión acerca de la ética. La Declaración Universal está fuertemente respaldada por la Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología y ha sido considerada una referencia clave en el reciente desarrollo de los principios éticos de esta Sociedad. Referencias Gauthier, J. (2002, July). Ethics and human rights: Toward a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. In J. Pettifor (Chair), Professional codes of ethics across national boundaries: Seeking common grounds. Symposium conducted at the 25th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Singapore. Gauthier, J. (2003). Toward a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. In J.B. Overmier & J.A. Overmier (Eds.). Psychology: IUPsyS Global Resource, Hove, UK: Psychology Press. Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología (2008). Declaración Universal de Principios Éticos para Psicólogas y Psicólogos. Descargado 20/10/2008, http://www.sipsych.org/ Unión Internacional de Ciencia Psicológica (2008). Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles. Descargado 20/9/2008, http://www.iupsys.org/ Overview of the author Andrea Ferrero, Profesora e Investigadora. Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina. Coordinadora del Grupo de Trabajo de Ética y Deontología Profesional de la Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología. Janel Gauthier, Profesor. Universidad de Laval, Québec, Canadá. Representante Nacional de la Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología para Estados Unidos y Canadá. Secretario General de la Asociación Internacional de Psicología Aplicada.

SIP Newsletter: Interamerican Psychology - 2009: Vol 90 March

The Interamerican Psychologists’ List – IAPSY-L: A Brief Historical Note Bernardo M. Ferdman Alliant International University, San Diego, California, USA Today, most if not all members of SIP regularly engage in professional connections using the Internet and e-mail, and most business of the society is conducted online. The Internet is ubiquitous, and a visitor to even the smallest towns anywhere in the Americas can usually find an Internet café or a place to connect. It seems hard to remember that this phenomenon is relatively recent. Indeed, SIP’s first website was launched less than 9 years ago, in late 2000, and the e-mail groups for SIP members were started in the last two years or so. Now, SIP members can be found not only on SIP-L and the other lists maintained by SIP, but on countless other lists, social and professional networking sites, and all over the Web. Yet the seeds for this type of network were planted long before. In 1989, when the Internet was relatively new, BITNET was the primary network linking universities, and most communication in SIP took place via what we now know as “snail mail” or through expensive telephone calls, some of us, with Alfonso Orantes of Venezuela and Jim Starr of the United States at the forefront, created what we then called SIPNET, an effort to promote more rapid electronic connections among SIP members. Initially this initiative involved sharing e-mail addresses among those who had them – relatively few at the time -- and promoting their use for communication (Ferdman, Orantes, & Starr, 1991; Starr, Ferdman, & Aguinis, 1989). Quickly, however, the critical link in SIPNET became IAPSY-L, a Listserv group that I established in October 1990, based at the computers of the State University of New York at Albany. IAPSY-L, the Interamerican Psychologists’ List was open to anyone, but was designed to promote the activities of SIP, to facilitate communication among its members, and to facilitate and encourage communication and collaboration among psychologists throughout the Americas and the Caribbean. This is what I wrote in my welcome message to the list on October 19, 1990: Welcome to IAPSY-L, the Interamerican Psychologists List and part of SIPNET. The list is now functioning and includes 56 members from over 14 countries…. The list is intended as a place to discuss any issue of concern to psychologists in the Americas, to foster exchange of ideas and information, and to promote collaboration across national and cultural borders. All areas of psychology are welcome. The list will also serve as a resource for the Interamerican Society of Psychology in preparation for the upcoming XXIII Interamerican Congress of Psychology, which will be held July 7-12, 1991 in San Jose, Costa Rica. Although we would like and expect more subscribers (especially from Mexico southward), I believe that it will be fruitful to get the group going now. Here is what I reported a few months later (Ferdman, 1992): Currently, IAPSY-L has 121 participants, both members and non-members of SIP, distributed over 17 countries, and includes in its roster the President, Past-president, Treasurer, and other officers of SIP…. Since IAPSY-L inception 14 months ago, 56 people have sent over 252 separate mailings to be distributed by the list. These have contained, for example, requests for information, conference or book announcements, calls for papers, ideas to be discussed, and short papers or abstracts. During May through July of last year, the list proved quite useful in addressing questions regarding

the Congress in Costa Rica. IAPSY-L has also helped to connect people with similar interests who have then continued their contacts privately. Over the years, until we started SIP’s website and then the relatively recent e-mail groups, IAPSY-L continued to serve an important function in disseminating information about SIP and its activities, and in attracting new members and participants to the Interamerican Congress. Although it never became a high volume list (fortunately!), at critical times it facilitated quick exchanges, and it played an important role in helping many SIP member and friends throughout the Americas get used to that type of medium for professional communication. References Ferdman, B. M. (1992). IAPSY-L: The Interamerican Psychologists List: A new resource for communication and scholarly exchange. Interamerican Psychologist, No. 72, 11-12. Ferdman, B. M., Orantes, A. & Starr, B. J. (1991, July). SIP y las redes electrónicas: ¿Cómo aprovechar las posibilidades? (ISP and electronic networks: How to take advantage of the possibilities?). Roundtable conducted at the XXIII Interamerican Congress of Psychology, San José, Costa Rica. Starr, B. J., Ferdman, B. M. & Aguinis, H. (1989). Electronic mail: A quick and inexpensive channel of communications. Interamerican Psychologist, No. 68/69, 14.

Overview of the author Bernardo M. Ferdman, Ph.D., Professor at the Alliant International University’s Marshall Goldsmith School of Management in San Diego, California, served as President of SIP from 2001 to 2003, and as Treasurer from 1993 to 1999. (E-mail: bferdman@alliant.edu; Website: http://bernardoferdman.org.)

Boletin de la SIP: Psicología Interamericana - 2009: Vol 90 March

La Lista de Psic@logos Interamericanos – IAPSY-L: Una breve nota histórica Bernardo Ferdman Alliant International University, San Diego, California, Estados Unidos Hoy en día, la mayoría, si no todos los miembros de la SIP practican regularmente conexiones profesionales con uso de la Internet y el correo electrónico, y la mayoría de los negocios en la sociedad se realiza en línea. Internet es ubicua, y un visitante de las ciudades más pequeñas, incluso en cualquier lugar de las Américas pueden encontrar un café de Internet o un lugar para conectarse. Parece difícil de recordar sin embargo que este fenómeno es relativamente reciente. De hecho, el primer sitio web de SIP se inició hace menos de 9 años, a finales de 2000, y los grupos de correo electrónico para los miembros de SIP se iniciaron en los últimos dos años. Ahora, los miembros de SIP se pueden encontrar no sólo la SIP-L y de las otras listas mantenidas por SIP, sino además muchas otras listas, sociales y profesionales de los sitios de redes, y en toda la Web. Sin embargo, las semillas de este tipo de red se plantaron mucho antes. En 1989, cuando Internet era relativamente nuevo, el referente fue principal fue BITNET para la comunicación entre universidades y la mayoría de las comunicaciones en la SIP tuvo lugar a través de lo que hoy conocemos como 'correo convencional' o por medio de costosas llamadas telefónicas. Algunos de nosotros, Alfonso Orantes de Venezuela y Jim Starr de los Estados Unidos a la vanguardia, creó lo que entonces se llamaba SIPNET, un esfuerzo por promover un vía más rápida de conexiones electrónicas entre los miembros de SIP. Inicialmente, en esta iniciativa se incluyen las direcciones de correo electrónicas de colegas conocidos - son relativamente pocos en el momento - y se promueve su uso para la comunicación y el intercambio (Ferdman, Orantes, y Starr, 1991; Starr, Ferdman, y Aguinis, 1989). Rápidamente, sin embargo, el vínculo esencial en SIPNET se convirtió IAPSY-L, una lista que he creado en octubre de 1990, con base en los ordenadores de la Universidad Estatal de Nueva York en Albany. IAPSY-L, la lista Interamericana de Psicólogos está abierta a cualquiera aunque su ron principal fue promover las actividades de la SIP, facilitar la comunicación entre sus miembros, y fomentar la comunicación y la colaboración entre los psicólogos a través de las Américas y el Caribe. Esto es lo que escribí en mi mensaje de bienvenida a la lista el 19 de octubre de 1990: Bienvenidos a IAPSY-L, la Lista Interamericana de Psicólogos y parte de la SIPNET. La lista ya está funcionando, y cuenta con la participación de 56 miembros de más de 14 países.… La lista tiene la finalidad de proveer un lugar para tratar cualquier tema o asunto que les interese a los psicólogos en las Américas, para fomentar el intercambio de ideas e información, y para promover colaboración a pesar de los límites culturales y nacionales. Todas las áreas de la psicología son bienvenidas. La lista también servirá como un recurso para la Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología, en preparación para el XXIII Congreso Interamericano de Psicología, el cual se llevará a cabo en San Jose, Costa Rica desde el 7 hasta el 12 de julio de 1991. Aunque quisiéramos y esperamos tener más participantes en la lista (especialmente desde México hacia el Sur), yo creo que va a ser provechoso comenzar desde ahora. Esto es lo que informé algunos meses más tarde (Ferdman, 1992): Actualmente, IAPSY-L cuenta con la participación de 121 integrantes, socios y no socios de la SIP, los cuales están distribuidos por 17 paises. La lista de integrantes

incluye entre otros al Presidente, al Presidente-saliente, al Tesorero, y a otros miembros de la directiva de nuestra Sociedad…. Desde que comenzó IAPSY-L hace 14 meses, un total de 56 personas han enviado más de 252 mensajes o archivos para que sean distribuidos por la lista. Entre estos 'envíos' han habido, por ejemplo, pedidos de información, anuncios de conferencias y de libros, invitaciones para presentación de trabajos, ideas para discusión, y ensayos cortos así como resúmenes de trabajos. Entre mayo y julio del año pasado, la lista fue muy útil para ayudar a contestar preguntas relacionadas con el Congreso de Costa Rica. IAPSY-L también ha posibilitado que se conecten personas con intereses comunes, los cuales posteriormente han podido continuar sus contactos en forma privada. A lo largo de los años, hasta que comenzó el sitio Web de la SIP y los relativamente recientes, grupos de correo electrónico, IAPSY-L seguió cumpliendo una función importante en la difusión de información sobre la SIP y sus actividades, y en la atracción de nuevos miembros y participantes en el Congreso Interamericano . A pesar de que nunca se convirtió en una lista de gran volumen (por suerte!), En los momentos críticos facilitó el intercambio rápido, y desempeñó un papel importante en ayudar a muchos miembros y amigos de SIP a través de las Américas a acostumbrarse a ese tipo de medio de comunicación profesional. Ferdman, B. M. (1992). IAPSY-L: The Interamerican Psychologists" List: A new resource for communication and scholarly exchange. Interamerican Psychologist, No. 72, 11-12. Ferdman, B. M., Orantes, A. & Starr, B. J. (1991, July). SIP y las redes electrónicas: ¿Cómo aprovechar las posibilidades? (ISP and electronic networks: How to take advantage of the possibilities?). Roundtable conducted at the XXIII Interamerican Congress of Psychology, San José, Costa Rica. Starr, B. J., Ferdman, B. M. & Aguinis, H. (1989). Electronic mail: A quick and inexpensive channel of communications. Interamerican Psychologist, No. 68/69, 14. Overview of the author

Bernardo M. Ferdman, Ph.D., Profesor de la Universidad Internacional de Alliant Marshall Goldsmith School of Management en San Diego, California, se desempeñó como Presidente de la SIP de 2001 a 2003, y como tesorero de 1993 a 1999. (E-mail: bferdman@alliant.edu; Sitio web: http://bernardoferdman.org.)

SIP Newsletter: Interamerican Psychology - 2009: Vol 90 March

Psique-l, a sucessful experience of participation and integration Juan Carlo Canga Psique-l Psique-l was one of the first virtual communities of professionals in Venezuela, created in late 1996, thanks to the vision of a great friend and colleague Alfonso Orantes. It currently ranks as one of the most important in the country. Psique-l, represents for the Venezuelan psychologists one of the most successful initiatives in the area of the participation and professionally integration. Through it, we are in constant interaction, contributing meaningfully to the development of psychology in Venezuela. In reviewing the historical background of Psique-l, we find the reference to 'IAPSY-L, electronic list of the Inter-American Psychology Society, founded in the year 1990 by Bernardo Ferdman, an Argentine psychologist resident in USA who was President of SIP over the period 2001-2003. This initiative involved some Venezuelans colleagues. The project of creation of 'IAPSY-L' had originally been proposed during the InterAmerican Congress of Psychology held in Buenos Aires in 1989. (Orantes, 2002). Later in 1992, it was created what many consider the first electronic list in Venezuela, 'MesaL', dedicated to the discussion of issues related to the telematics academic networks. Finally the 16 December 1996, was created 'Psique-l' with the aim of becoming the principal media for psychological work in Venezuela. To achieve this goal its members share information, offer support, express emotions, talk and discuss various aspects. Facilitating to Venezuelan psychologists the communication and coordination of actions between them. Thanks to Psique-l we have, nowadays, a psychologist better informed and more proactive, fundamental aspects in the change process which is currently being managed in the Venezuelan psychology. Through 'Psique-l' we can have access to a representative sample of Venezuelan psychologists who use 'Information and Communication Technologyâ&#x20AC;? (ICT), belonging to various types of organizations: academic, research, health, non-governmental, military, unions, professionals, business and government. At present our virtual community has 1561 members, which have sent during the 2008 year - a total of 1239 e-mail, which means an average of over 3 e-mails per day. As to the issue contained in these emails, we can classify them as follow: offers of employment, postgraduate courses, conferences, trade union activities, consultations to refer cases, psychological tests, among others. Our virtual community is based on the discussion lists, also called interest lists, distribution lists or mailing lists, which can be defined as a set of people who communicate through e-mail with the peculiarity that additionally to send messages individually between them, they have the possibility to send it to all of its members, simultaneously (Bojo y Col, 2004). We would not like to finish this article without sharing with our readers, what we consider one of our key success factors, and is referred to the role of Psique-l as restricted space for discussion. In our virtual community as elsewhere, the

dissemination of information can lead replies from one or more members of the community, replies which generate new replies and so forth, to create a great exchange messages on a particular topic. This situation creates different emotions among members of the community, which can range from the 'pleasure or interest' to the 'annoyance or discomfort,' passing by 'indifference or boredom.' Emotions, that under no circumstances, can be obviated by the moderator of the community. If the mentioned situation occurs in Psique-l, we started a process of monitoring the discussion, with the aim of moving it, in the right time, to another virtual space, especially designed for in-depth discussions; we call 'Psicotertulia. In this virtual space, only members involved 'Psique-l' that have expressed their desire to continue discussing the issue that started the ”tertulia”, the remaining members continued in the area used for the dissemination of information 'Psique-l' exempt from this chat. Importantly, this strategy has proved extremely helpful in maintaining interest and membership of our colleagues, particularly when you have a large number of members with such diverse interests and opinions. At present we are expanding our virtual community, with a new website called 'Psicored', we are talking about it in a future release. Referencias Bojo Canales C, Fraga Medin C, Hernández Villeger S, Jaén Casquero MB, Jiménez Planet V, Mohedano Macias L, et al. Internet visible e invisible: búsqueda y selección de recursos de información en ciencias de la salud. Monografia en línea . Madrid: Instituto de Salud Carlos III; 2004. p. 84-124. Recuperado el 13 de enero de 2009 del sitio Web de la Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud: http://bvs.isciii.es/mono/pdf/BNCS_01.pdf Orantes, Alfonso. (2002). Educación y computación. Historias de este mundo y del otro mundo. Caracas: Comisión de Estudios de Postgrado FHE-UCV Overview of the author Juan Carlos Canga is a Venezuelan Psychologist and the Administrator of Psique-l.

Boletin de la SIP: Psicología Interamericana - 2009: Vol 90 March

Psique-l, una experiencia exitosa de participación e integración Juan Carlos Canga Psique-l Psique-l fue una de las primeras comunidades virtuales de profesionales creadas en el país a finales del año 1.996, gracias a la visión del colega y gran amigo Alfonso Orantes. En la actualidad se ubica como una de las más importantes del país. Al revisar los antecedentes históricos de Psique-l, nos encontramos con la referencia de “IAPSY-L”, lista electrónica de la Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología, creada en el año 1.990 por Bernardo Ferdman, psicólogo argentino residente en USA y quien fue presidente de la SIP durante el período 2001-2003. En esta iniciativa participaron algunos colegas venezolanos. El proyecto de creación de “IAPSY-L” originalmente había sido propuesto durante el Congreso Interamericano de Psicología realizado en Buenos Aires en 1989. (Orantes, 2002) Posteriormente en 1992, se creó lo que muchos consideran la primera lista electrónica en Venezuela, “Mesa-L”, dedicada a la discusión de temas relacionados con las redes telemáticas académicas. Finalmente el 16 de diciembre de 1996, se creó “Psique-l” con el objetivo principal de convertirse en el medio informativo por excelencia del quehacer psicológico en Venezuela. Para lograr este objetivo sus miembros intercambian información, ofrecen apoyo –expresan emociones-, conversan y debaten sobre diversos aspectos de la psicología; facilitando así la comunicación y coordinación de acciones entre los psicólogos venezolanos. Gracias a ella tenemos –hoy en día- un psicólogo mejor informado y mas proactivo; aspectos fundamentales en un proceso de cambio como el que actualmente se está gestando en la psicología venezolana. A través de “Psique-l” podemos tener acceso a una muestra representativa de psicólogos venezolanos que usan “Las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación” (TIC) pertenecientes a diversos tipos de organizaciones: académicas, de investigación, de salud, no gubernamentales, militares, gremiales, profesionales, empresariales y públicas. En la actualidad nuestra comunidad virtual cuenta con 1.561 miembros, los cuales han enviado –durante el año 2008- un total de 1.239 e-mail; lo que implica un promedio de más 3 mensajes electrónicos por día. En cuanto a las temáticas contenidas en los mensajes electrónicos, podemos clasificarlos de la siguiente manera: ofertas de empleos, diplomados, postgrados, cursos, conferencias, actividades gremiales, consultas para referir casos, pruebas psicológicas, entre otros. Nuestra comunidad virtual se basa en las listas de discusión, llamadas también listas de interés, listas de distribución o listas electrónicas, que pueden ser definidas como un conjunto de personas que se comunican mediante el correo electrónico, con la peculiaridad de que, además de poder enviarse mensajes individualizados entre ellas, tienen la posibilidad de enviarlos simultáneamente a la totalidad de sus integrantes. (Bojo y Col, 2004)

No quisiéramos culminar este artículo sin compartir con nuestros lectores lo que nosotros consideramos uno de nuestros factores claves de éxito, y es el referido al rol restringido de “Psique-l” como espacio de discusión. En nuestra comunidad virtual como en cualquier otra, la difusión constante de información puede generar necesidad de replica por parte de uno o mas miembro de la comunidad, replica(s) que a su vez generan contrarréplicas y así, sucesivamente hasta crear un gran intercambio de mensajes referente a un tema en particular. Esta situación genera diferentes emociones entre los miembros de la comunidad, que pueden ir desde el “agrado o interés” hasta la “molestia o incomodidad”, pasando por la “indiferencia o aburrimiento”. Emociones que bajo ningún concepto pueden ser obviada por el moderador de la comunidad. Cuando la situación antes mencionada ocurre en “Psique-l”, iniciamos un proceso de monitoreo de la “discusión” con la finalidad de trasladar, en el momento oportuno, dicho intercambio a otro espacio virtual, especialmente diseñado para discusiones a profundidad que denominamos “Psicotertulia”. En este espacio virtual, solo participan los miembros de “Psique-l” que hayan expresado su deseo continuar debatiendo el tema que inicio la tertulia, el resto de los miembros continua en el ámbito acostumbrado de difusión de información de “Psique-l”, exentos de esta tertulia. Es importante destacar que esta estrategia nos ha resultado sumamente útil para mantener el interés y membresía de nuestros colegas, en especial cuando se tiene un número importante de integrantes con intereses y opiniones tan diversos. En la actualidad estamos ampliando nuestra comunidad virtual, con una nueva página Web denominada “Psicored”, de la cual les comentaremos en una próxima entrega. Referencias Bojo Canales C, Fraga Medin C, Hernández Villeger S, Jaén Casquero MB, Jiménez Planet V, Mohedano Macias L, et al. Internet visible e invisible: búsqueda y selección de recursos de información en ciencias de la salud. Monografia en línea . Madrid: Instituto de Salud Carlos III; 2004. p. 84-124. Recuperado el 13 de enero de 2009 del sitio Web de la Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud: http://bvs.isciii.es/mono/pdf/BNCS_01.pdf Orantes, Alfonso. (2002). Educación y computación. Historias de este mundo y del otro mundo. Caracas: Comisión de Estudios de Postgrado FHE-UCV Overview of the author Juan Carlos Canga es administrador de la lista de correos psique-l y fue Delegado Nacional de la SIP en Venezuela.Psique-l, representa para los psicólogos venezolanos una de las iniciativas más exitosa en el área de participación e integración profesional. A través de ella mantenemos una constante interacción, contribuyendo de una manera significativa al desarrollo de la psicología venezolana.

SIP Newsletter: Interamerican Psychology - 2009: Vol 90 March

The Colombian Association of Cognitive Therapy and Its presence in Internet Diego Castrill贸n Moreno Colombian Association of Cognitive Therapy The Colombian Association of Therapy Cognitive (ACOTEC) is born like an initiative of withdrawn psychologists of the Specialization of Cognitive Therapy of the University of San Buenaventura in Medell铆n (Colombia). In his conformation they had to good to invite to his educational ones to be honorary members and from the doors were opened there to generate associate in all the country. More ahead, by initiative of Rodrigo Mazo, his president, is created a page Web that worked as place of consultation of the memories of the academic events, like place of information and place of contact. Nevertheless, one noticed that the information had little of bidirectional and then was decided, additionally, opening a profile in a social network: Facebook. This initiative was born by the coordinator of Bogota, Diego Castrill贸n, and in the month of July and until the 3 of February in 2008 the profile counts on 3,800 associate. Through this the communications with the associate have improved and with which they are not it, the different problematic or controversial situations have been put in knowledge that they affect to the psychologists or psychology, the good news and the supplies of all type from the psychological point of view. Also it has been possible to socialize each compatible academic initiative in means, supplies of use have been published and discussion spaces have been generated on interesting subjects. It is to write down that almost all the associate are people young (students or withdrawn of psychology) of the world and that exists a fluid one, sometimes enormous, communication with them. Evidently, the young people, who will inherit the functions that now we held, need to have and to maintain one more a globalized communication and to count on greater immediacy thanks to the computer science resources of today. Unfortunately, who we have arrived progressively and slowly at the fast changes of the world, we took more time in accepting the new conditions that offer us. At the moment it must have than one hundred million people connected more in this social network and the truth, the advantages have not been made hope: it is possible to encounter again the people with whom lost contact, has virtual socialization that can become real, is traffic of bidirectional information and almost in real time, there is direct communication between the members, is update of changes or improvements of the situations that interest to us and is greater awareness of the regional or national situations with respect to the advance of psychology. This social network has brought him to ACOTEC the possibility of interacting with psychologists of the world and we have gotten to raise academic investigations that today are in course, interchanges and supplies of academic and labor connection. The social networks are a growth opportunity failed to take advantage of by the institutions in the world. I invite them that they are possible to be approached without prejudices and they evaluate the favorable and unfavorable conditions that these networks raise. Overview of the author Diego Castrill贸n Moreno is psychologist and Executive Secretary for South America in the Interamerican Society of Psychology

Boletin de la SIP: Psicología Interamericana - 2009: Vol 90 March

La Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Cognitiva y su presencia en Internet Diego Castrillón Moreno Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Cognitiva La Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Cognitiva (ACOTEC) nace como una iniciativa de unos psicólogos egresados de la Especialización de Terapia Cognitiva de la Universidad de San Buenaventura en Medellín (Colombia). En su conformación tuvieron a bien invitar a sus docentes para ser miembros honorarios y a partir de allí se abrieron las puertas para generar asociados en todo el país. Más adelante, por iniciativa de Rodrigo Mazo, su presidente, se crea una página web que funcionó como lugar de consulta de las memorias de los eventos académicos, como lugar de información y como lugar de contacto. Sin embargo, se notaba que la información tenía poco de bidireccional y entonces se decidió, adicionalmente, abrir un perfil en una red social: Facebook. Esta iniciativa nació por el coordinador de Bogotá, Diego Castrillón en el mes de julio de 2008 y hasta el 3 de febrero el perfil cuenta con 3.800 asociados. A través de este se han mejorado las comunicaciones con los asociados y con los que no lo son, se han puesto en conocimiento las diferentes situaciones problemáticas o polémicas que afectan a los psicólogos o a la psicología, las buenas noticias y las ofertas de todo tipo desde el punto de vista psicológico. También se ha podido socializar cada iniciativa académica afín en el medio, se han publicado ofertas de empleo y se han generado espacios de discusión sobre temas interesantes. Es de anotar que casi todos los asociados son personas jóvenes (estudiantes o egresados de psicología) del mundo y que existe una fluida, a veces enorme, comunicación con ellos. Evidentemente, los jóvenes, quienes heredarán las funciones que ahora detentamos, necesitan tener y mantener una comunicación más globalizada y contar con mayor inmediatez gracias a los recursos informáticos de hoy. Infortunadamente, quienes hemos llegado progresiva y lentamente a los rápidos cambios del mundo, tardamos más tiempo en aceptar las nuevas condiciones que se nos brinda. Actualmente debe haber más de cien millones de personas conectadas en esta red social y la verdad, las ventajas no se han hecho esperar: se puede reencontrar a las personas con las que se había perdido contacto, hay socialización virtual que puede convertirse en real, hay tráfico de información bidireccional y casi en tiempo real, hay comunicación directa entre los miembros, hay actualización de cambios o mejoramientos de las situaciones que nos interesan y hay mayor concientización de las situaciones regionales o nacionales con respecto al avance de la psicología. Esta red social le ha traído a ACOTEC la posibilidad de interactuar con psicólogos del mundo y hemos llegado a plantear investigaciones que hoy están en curso, intercambios académicos y ofertas de enlace académico y laboral. Las redes sociales son una oportunidad de crecimiento desaprovechadas por las instituciones en el mundo. Los invito a que se puedan acercar sin prejuicios y evalúen las condiciones favorables y desfavorables que estas redes plantean.

Overview of the author Diego Castrillón es Secretario Ejecutivo para América del Sur de la Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología.

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It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements". 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice. Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. 11. RELICENSING "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-forprofit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization. "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.