The Rise of UCSB

NOTICIAS Journal Of The Santa Barbara Historical Museum

Vol. LIV

No. 3

the rise of

UCSB

THE AUTHOR: Dr. Lanny Ebenstein is a graduate of and teaches at

UCSB. He received his Ph.D. from the London School of Economics. His father taught at UCSB and two of his brothers graduated from there. Dr. Ebenstein served two terms on the Santa Barbara Board of Education and authored a previous issue of Noticias on the history of Santa Barbara High School. He is the author of numerous works in the fields of economics, political science, and education.

AUTHOR’S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: A number of good individuals assisted by providing

information, reviewing drafts, or in some other way. I thank Hattie Beresford, Ed Birch, Henning Bohn, Phil Bugay, Todd Capps, Londi Ciabattoni, Margaret Connell, Roger Davidson, Bob Deacon, John Aubrey Douglass, Andy Ebenstein, Rob Ebenstein, George Eskin, Dick Flacks, Mary and Steve Forsell, Bob Foss, Frank Frost, Lee Gientke, Ron Harkey, Peter Haslund, Ed Heron, Fred Hofmann, Ken Hough, Diana Hull, Dick Jensen, John Kay, Steve LeRoy, Nelson Lichtenstein, Sheila Lodge, John Lofthus, John Longbrake, Gene Lucas, David Marshall, Walter and Thelma Mead, Duncan Mellichamp, Jim Mills, Daisy Muralles, Keir Nash, Eduardo and Judy Orias, Lynn Rodriguez, Justin Ruhge, Ray Sawyer, Tom Schrock, Patricia Sheppard, Bob Sherman, Pete Sigal, Virginia Sloan, Jon Sonstelie, Jen Thorsch, George Thurlow, Arthur von Wiesenberger, Steve Weatherford, Nick Welsh, Natalie Wong, and the late Alec Alexander, Gordon Baker, Waldo Phelps, and Henry Turner. I would especially like to express my thanks to Chancellor Henry Yang for reviewing a manuscript draft. Needless to say, none of these good people are responsible for the contents or interpretation here. I finally thank Michael Redmon of the Santa Barbara Historical Museum for his exemplary editing.

Front cover photograph: University Archives, UC Santa Barbara Library.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS: NOTICIAS is a journal devoted to the study of the

history of Santa Barbara County. Contributions of articles are welcome. Those authors whose articles are accepted for publication will receive ten gratis copies of the issue in which their article appears. Further copies are available to the contributor at cost. The authority in matters of style is the University of Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition. The Publications Committee reserves the right to return submitted manuscripts for required changes. Statements and opinions expressed in articles are the sole responsibility of the author.

Michael Redmon, Editor Judy Sutcliffe, Designer © 2015 Santa Barbara Historical Museum 136 East De la Guerra Street, Santa Barbara, California, 93101 www.santabarbaramuseum.org Single copies $10 ISSN 0581-5916

THE RISE OF

UC SB LANNY EBENSTEIN, Ph.D.

The University of California, Santa Barbara, emerged following the establishment of the Santa Barbara College of the University of California on July 1, 1944.

It is hard to think of any other institution of research and higher education started since that time that matches UCSB’s scholarly distinction and popular prominence. The Santa Barbara College became the third general education campus in the University of California, following Berkeley in 1873 and Los Angeles in 1919. Derek Bok, the former president of Harvard University, considers the rise of the University of California system as a whole to be the twentieth century’s “most spectacular achievement in higher education.”1 117

118 The Santa Barbara area has been a focal point of cultural and intellectual advance since the time of the Chumash, who were the most technologically advanced and numerous Native American tribe in California.2 The Chumash possessed a complex cosmology and were among the earliest users of products made from petroleum, which washed ashore in profusion from the natural seeps in the Santa Barbara Channel. Among the most prolific of these seeps are near Coal Oil Point Natural Reserve, now owned by UCSB west of its main campus.

Contact between the Chumash and Europeans grew gradually after Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailed past the current UCSB campus in 1542. Sir Francis Drake may have visited and even rested in Mescalitan slough adjacent to what is now UCSB in 1579. The largest center of Chumash life was near UCSB. Mescalitan slough—encircling and comprising the present Santa Barbara Municipal Airport—had an island in it that was the site of one village, and other villages were located adjacent to the slough. Hundreds of people, perhaps as many as 2,000,3 at times lived in the immediate vicinity, as much as one-tenth of the Chumash population. An early European visitor recorded: “Of all the spots upon the entire Channel, this one has the greatest number of heathen folk.”4 The Chumash called the mesa where UCSB and Isla Vista are now located Anisq’Oyo’—hence the central park in Isla Vista of this name. Oak

NOTICIAS trees covered the Anisq’Oyo’ coastal mesa, and the lagoon on UCSB’s main campus was smaller and to the east.5 A land expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá and Franciscan Father Juan Crespí reached what is now UCSB in August 1769.

The first Europeans to reside permanently in Santa Barbara were Spanish soldiers and missionaries who arrived with California governor Felipe de Neve and California missions president Father Junípero Serra in 1782. For the next eighty years, public education was launched a number of times in Santa Barbara but it never really took hold. The first public school in California opened in San Jose in 1794. The second started the next year in Santa Barbara. Its first teacher, a ship boy named Juan Manuel Toca, received a small stipend from the soldiers at the presidio. Records indicate that by February 1796, there were thirty-six students in this school.6 At other times, in the first decades of the 1800s, there are reports of local schools operating for a time. At one point, there were two schools—one for girls, one for boys. In 1834, there were three schools in California, one of which was in Santa Barbara.7 The community was tiny, with about nine hundred people in Santa Barbara in 1840. There was no street grid. Access to the South Coast was largely via the Pacific Ocean. A local pupil of the era remembered she went to school in an “adobe house where a Spaniard

THE RISE OF UCSB taught many new things, but when he said the earth was round, all laughed out loud!”8 Santa Barbara School District and Santa Barbara State Teachers College Following the Mexican-American War from 1846 to 1848 and admission of California to statehood in 1850 (the City of Santa Barbara dates from the same year), the local American population grew by leaps and bounds. On

119 June 6, 1866, the Santa Barbara School District—today the Santa Barbara Unified School District—was founded.

It was from the Santa Barbara School District that the main local educational antecedents to UCSB emerged.9 Almost concurrent with establishment of the Santa Barbara School District was the founding of the University of California in 1868. Located at what for many years was the only campus, in Berkeley (named after the British philosopher Bishop George

Despite the name, Santa Barbara College was a private elementary and high school. It was located on the southwest corner of State and Anapamu streets. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

NOTICIAS

120 Berkeley), the university quickly developed an exceptional reputation.

California’s constitution called for a public university.

In 1870, the Santa Barbara Press published a local inventory. Santa Barbara had three “colleges” at the time—Franciscan for boys, St. Vincent’s for girls, and Santa Barbara College. The last of these had started the previous year and would remain open until 1880. According to local educator Dorothy Brubeck, Santa Barbara College was the first “nonsectarian coeducational college in southern California.”10 Though referred to as colleges, these schools would have been more similar to later high schools and even grammar schools, as stu-

dents were of a wide range of ages and some boarded. None of these early “colleges” lasted, but it was through Santa Barbara College that Charles Storke came to the area to teach. He was the father of Thomas More Storke, who would play a leading role in founding UCSB. In 1875, Santa Barbara High School opened in the Santa Barbara School District. It was one of the first high schools in California. It catered mostly to higher socioeconomic and welleducated students and established a reputation for excellence that carried over into Santa Barbara State Teachers College as the latter emerged. During the later 1890s, Santa Barbara High School was sometimes referred to as

Santa Barbara High School became the home of the second junior college in California in 1911. This high school building was destroyed in the 1925 earthquake.

Santa Barbara Historical Museum

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THE RISE OF UCSB

A graduation ceremony on “The Quad” at the Santa Barbara State College campus located in the city’s Riviera neighborhood. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

Santa Barbara College because terminology had not developed to the point that “college” was only for students who had completed high school, which was less than ten percent of young people at the time.11 Another of UCSB’s local forerunners was the Anna S. C. Blake Manual Training School—or sloyd school—this being a Swedish term for handicraft and handiwork. This school dated to the 1890s, when a private domestic science and manual arts program was incorporated into the Santa Barbara School District’s curriculum. In 1906, a summer program for teacher training was added to the sloyd school, and in 1907 the state Board of Education cer-

tified this program (meaning that graduates would be accredited to teach in California public schools). Between 1906 and 1909, the college portion of the manual training school was run by the Santa Barbara School District. In 1909, the teacher training program became year-round and the state of California took responsibility for it, though the Santa Barbara School District continued to provide facilities and some staffing for several years.

The final root of local educational antecedents of UCSB was a junior college—the second in California—that opened at Santa Barbara High School in 1911, but whose organization may be traced to 1909.12 This program was

122 administered by the Santa Barbara School District and operated independently of the teachers college until 1921. The original Santa Barbara State Normal School of Manual Arts and Home Economics was located one block up on De la Vina Street from the old Santa Barbara High School bounded by De la Vina, Chapala, Anapamu, and Victoria streets.

In 1913, the Santa Barbara State Normal School moved to the Riviera, where it and its successors remained through the 1950s (“normal” is derived from the French term designating a teacher-training school). The first president of the teachers college was Ednah Rich, who served in this position until 1916. An early historian of Santa Barbara State Teachers College, Edmund O’Reilly, described the Riviera site: “Nature was wonderfully kind in furnishing a setting for the school. The site upon Mission Ridge...commands a view of the city, bay, islands, valleys, and mountains that is probably unexcelled by any institution in the world.”13 The move to the Riviera enabled expansion of the teacher-training college. In 1917, however, with the entry of the United States into World War I, some of the school’s students and teachers were drafted into the armed services. In the coming years, enrollment fell sharply, to 174 students in 1920-21, and the school was considered for closure by the state. Fortunately, a capable young doctoral student from Stanford University became president of the college in 1918: Clar-

NOTICIAS ence Phelps, after whom Phelps Hall at UCSB is now named. Phelps led higher education in Santa Barbara for the next twenty-eight years until his retirement in 1946. He was an exceptional college administrator.14 One of his lasting directions was to expand the curriculum from exclusively training teachers to the liberal arts.

In 1921-22, the two-year teachers college became a four-year institution and the junior college at Santa Barbara High School was incorporated into it. It became known as, “Santa Barbara State Teachers College and Junior College.”15 Both the expansion to four years and amalgamation with the junior college followed broader state trends enacted in legislation, and were decisive developments. According to William Ellison, who taught and was dean at the junior college and state college: “It was clear to discerning President Phelps that the annexing of the local junior college...could have desirable results. It would add to the numbers in the college and increase the proportion of men....Also it would necessitate additional academic studies so that those enrolled could get the approved preparation needed for transfer to universities as juniors after two years of junior college studies. The increased enrollment would justify the addition of a few more well-equipped teachers in academic fields.”16 During its first year on the state teachers college campus in 1921-22, the junior college provided more than one-third of total campus enrollment.17 These changes had an almost im-

123

THE RISE OF UCSB mediate impact. In 1922, Santa Barbara State Teachers College was the first teachers college from California to be admitted into the prestigious American Association of Teachers Colleges.

Later that year, the first program leading to the awarding of a bachelor’s degree was approved. In 1925, La Cumbre—Santa Barbara State Teachers College’s student yearbook, and UCSB’s to this day—observed that “this institution has the great honor of being the first teachers college on the Pacific Coast with a ‘Class A’ rating, a factor that gives a distinct preference to the students of this institution.”18 In 1931, the state college was admitted to the Pacific Association of Colleges and Universities, another leading group.

As Santa Barbara State Teachers College began to give bachelor’s degrees, junior college students remained at it for their junior and senior years.

It was through the junior college The football fortunes of the State College were avidly followed by the community as evidenced here. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

that Santa Barbara’s first link with the University of California was formed.

As reported in the 1922 La Cumbre, upon its transfer to the Riviera, the junior college became “one of four junior colleges to be affiliated with the University of California.” As a result, “its work and credits are on a par with the University of California...any student may transfer to the University of California and get full credit and recognition for all work credited in this institution.”19 In 1926, the junior college was absorbed into the teachers college when the teachers college was reorganized into upper and lower divisions.

The early Santa Barbara State alma mater sheds light on the era: Santa Barbara College Proudly may your colors fly for ages yet untold.

Dear old halls of knowledge Thou hast better things for us than gold.20 The following poem from the 1922 yearbook also merits recitation: ! S.B.S.C. We can razz it, we can jazz it; We can roast it, we can toast it; But let’s boost S.B.S.C. another way— !Let us laud it and applaud it, !Let’s commend it and defend it, ‘Til all S.B. knows the things we have to say.

124 We can make it, or forsake it; We can rake it, we can break it; For we’re the ones that give the school its rep— ! Why not sing and shout its praises, ! Mention all its happy phases, Show the world the synonym for S.B.C. is PEP.21 A proverb has it that happy are the people whose pages of history are blank. The early 1920s were good times, in the United States and in Santa Barbara. War had receded into the past. The economy was booming.

It was a great time to be a college student.

The 1922-23 school year was the largest in the history of Santa Bar-

NOTICIAS bara State Teachers College to date—it had a total enrollment of 622. Of these, 309 were from Santa Barbara. Women outnumbered men by more than three-to-one at times during the early years, as teaching was a predominantly female occupation. Most of the students not from the immediate area were from the rest of California, with a smattering of students from other states.

There were about 150 graduates per year from Santa Barbara High School at this time, indicating that as many as half of local high school graduates may have attended Santa Barbara State Teachers College.

A letter from an alumnus in the 1923 La Cumbre gives further insight:

William Ellison, at rear, conducts a seminar on Abraham Lincoln at Santa Barbara State College.

Ellison Hall on today’s UCSB campus is named after him. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

125

THE RISE OF UCSB My Dear Pals: Have you a memory? Every one of you will never think of Santa Barbara College without recalling a beach tea, with that grand old Pacific beckoning the swimmer and later after “eats,”gently splashing its romantic waves on the beach, under the light of the moon. About that campfire, the beach is dotted with earnest listeners of a thrilling ghost story, a twice told tale, or a good joke! And can’t you hear that uke a-strumming this very moment? And then that island trip!22 The 1923 La Cumbre also noted: “Our school is a member of the American Association of Teachers Colleges and a recent rating from an official study of faculties made by the State Department of Education ranks

Santa Barbara State Teachers College first.”23 O’Reilly remarked that in 1926 “the college rated seventh among all the teachers colleges in the country.”24 During the 1920s and 1930s, Santa Barbara State College developed a reputation as an excellent institution.

Greek letter fraternities and sororities came to Santa Barbara State Teachers College early, by the mid 1920s.

Some of the sororities remain on campus to this day. Athletics was also a focus of campus life from an early time.

The site of the current Santa Barbara Tennis Club on Foothill Road behind the campus was where the track and field were located, together with a few other facilities. The basketball team practiced in the gym at the National Guard Armory on East Canon Perdido Street adjacent to Santa Barbara High School and Santa Barbara Junior High.

The 1938 State College track team poses proudly. The field is now the site of the Santa Barbara Tennis Club. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

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Santa Barbara State College was, than a quarter of a century. It is clear according to sports writer Mark Patthat without his foresight, and ton, “one of the first California schools friendly determination, this branch of 25 to recruit black athletes,” starting in the University of California would not football in the mid 1930s. This resulted be in existence today. His leadership in the cancellation brought the colof at least one lege through a football game, series of steps when a team from from an instituTexas would not tion devoted to play against Santa only a limited Barbara. In 1941, curricula of SBSC basketball teacher training player Lowell to a broad proSteward was gram of general barred from pareducation and a ticipating in a growing emphatournament in sis on the liberal Missouri because arts.”26 In his a u t o b i o g r a p h y, he was African longtime Santa American. StewBarbara Newsard later became a Press publisher T. member of the M. Storke wrote famed Tuskegee that the standing Airmen. UCSB’s of Santa Barbara school team State College was name, “Gauchos,” “due largely to was established the leadership of during the Santa A key figure in the transition and growth of its president, Dr. Barbara State the educational institution that today is UCSB was Clarence L. Phelps. He served as Clarence Phelps.”27 Teachers College the school’s president for twenty-six years Perhaps Phelps’ years. and two years as provost. Santa Barbara most significant On Clarence Historical Museum accomplishment Phelps’ passing in was the faculty he 1964, one of his employed. This included Ellison and successors, Vernon Cheadle, said: “It is Russell Buchanan in history, Harry with deep regret that we learned of Girvetz in philosophy, Elmer Noble in the death of our friend Clarence biology, John Snidecor in speech, and Phelps who was the head of this instiTheodore Harder in athletics—after all tution and its predecessors for more

THE RISE OF UCSB of whom important buildings or other facilities are named at UCSB to this day. The decision was made during the state college years only to employ individuals with a Ph.D. for positions in the social sciences, humanities, and physical sciences. Many of the faculty graduated from distinguished schools, and Ellison wrote that by 1940, faculty members carried on research and “books and studies were prepared and published by them.”28 T. M. Storke and Establishment of UC Santa Barbara College The institutional roots of UCSB are found in two distinct loci. In addition to local educational antecedents, UCSB emerged from the University of California. In totality, the University of California is the most significant institution of higher education and research in the world. Of its two purposes—education and research—the university prioritizes research. The mission of the University of California is to grow human knowledge.

Following Berkeley, a University Farm School opened in 1905 in Davis, and a Citrus Experiment Station opened in Riverside in 1907. In 1919, a teacher-training school in Los Angeles became the Southern Branch of the University of California, and then the University of California at Los Angeles in 1927.

Storke wrote in his memoirs: “Two things have been outstanding in my life, in terms of personal satisfaction.

127 They are: my eighteen-year struggle for Cachuma Dam, and my successful efforts to get Santa Barbara State College into the University of California system.”29 Santa Barbara was known for the excellence of its schools from early in the twentieth century. In 1906, a Chamber of Commerce publication remarked: “Santa Barbara has taken hold of her school problems with a vigor and a breadth of view that is rapidly advancing her system to a foremost place among the leaders—East or West.”30 The 1920s and 1930s were an an early peak for public education in Santa Barbara. The construction of four schools in Santa Barbara which are architectural masterpieces—Santa Barbara High School, La Cumbre Junior High, Santa Barbara Junior High, and McKinley Elementary School, all of which are now designated historical landmarks—attests to the value the community placed on education at this time, and was also reflected in the development of Santa Barbara State College. “Santa Barbara is justly noted for its education opportunities,”31 local education leaders noted in 1927. A 1941 publication of the Southern California Writers’ Project of the Depression-era WPA, Santa Barbara: A Guide to the Channel City and Its Environs, observed: “Today, Santa Barbara’s school system, in a State which maintains an exceptionally high standard of education, is in the vanguard.”32 Following the successful leader-

128

NOTICIAS One of the strongest advocates for the transition of Santa Barbara State College into a member institution of the University of California was local newspaper publisher, Thomas More Storke. Storke rated his involvement in the development of UCSB as one of his proudest achievements. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

ship of Clarence Phelps in carrying what became Santa Barbara State College in 1935 to statewide recognition, Storke and others starting in the mid1930s began to advocate for turning Santa Barbara State College into a branch of the University of California, as had occurred in Los Angeles. Storke recalled: “For many years the Santa Barbara school had been in the state college system and had gained an enviable place among the many other fine state colleges in California...

Although many of us in Santa Barbara were proud of the place our state college commanded in California educational circles, we still believed there should be a place for us in the University. We felt that the cultural background of Santa Barbara offered a real

asset to the University family; that no community in the west had so much to give. It was with this feeling that a few of us began a campaign to convince the Legislature, the State school authorities, and the Regents...that Santa Barbara should join the UC family.�33 The University of California was uncertain of its plans, if any, for campus expansion in the 1930s. Many on the Board of Regents felt that campuses in Berkeley and Los Angeles were enough. California was not yet the juggernaut it became during and after World War II through the 1960s.

Particularly in the person of University of California President Robert Gordon Sproul, who served from 1930 to 1958, the continuing development of intellectual distinction and prominence at Berkeley was emphasized.

Sproul did not favor the creation of more University of California general education and research campuses.

Moreover, in Sproul’s view, Berkeley and Los Angeles were essentially one university on two campuses. There was not the individualization of campuses that subsequently developed in the University of California.

THE RISE OF UCSB Storke and others were at first unsuccessful in their efforts to obtain legislative approval to place Santa Barbara State College into the University of California. The proposal was not initiated by the University, which was focused on other matters. The proposal was not even supported by the local administration and faculty of Santa Barbara State College. In a noteworthy passage in his prehistory of UCSB, Ellison wrote: For several years as faculty and administration witnessed the growing recognition of the importance of the Santa Barbara [State] College, they were at times disturbed by rumors of change or displacement of the growing college by the establishment of a branch of the university within the county. As early as 1939 the State Council on Educational Planning and Coordination was authorized by the legislature to make a comprehensive survey of the entire higher educational system of the state, with particular reference to the need and possibility of the establishment of a branch of the University of California in Santa Barbara County or in some central point in the San Joaquin Valley.

At the same time there developed in Santa Barbara a move for putting an end to the State College as such and having it become a branch of the University of California. At no time was there an extensive general movement in Santa Barbara for such a change. A

129 few persons or small groups from time to time would paint a glowing picture of what such a change would do for Santa Barbara. Their talk was stimulated by the development of the University of California, Los Angeles...

The prominent publisher, politician and influential citizen of Santa Barbara and the state, Thomas M. Storke,...had reflected for some years on the advantages to Santa Barbara of a university growing out of the State College. This became a major project of the political representatives of the area and the newspaper.34 It really was just Storke and a few others who obtained the legislation to transfer Santa Barbara State College to the University of California. Signal among those who assisted him were State Assemblyman Alfred Robertson, after whom Robertson Gym at UCSB was dedicated; State Senator Clarence Ward, in whose memory the boulevard to UCSB is named; and Santa Barbara civic leader Pearl Chase. Robertson’s daughter-in-law remembers that Robertson was “responsible for getting the legislative bill passed designating Santa Barbara College as part of the UC system.”35 The Santa Barbara County Chamber of Commerce supported affiliation of Santa Barbara State College with the University of California from the beginning.36 Storke’s contributions to UCSB went beyond being its leading civic booster. He was the master planner

130 who made it happen on the ground.

Santa Barbara had sought a municipal airport since the early 1930s. As a result of his connections (which in part stemmed from a short spell as an appointed United States Senator from California in 1938), Storke was able to secure federal funding for the airport project. Building began shortly after a city bond passed in February 1941.

Then on December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. The new airport was needed for the war effort, especially after a Japanese submarine shelled the Ellwood oil field in February 1942—the first attack on the continental United States since the War of 1812. An invasion of the west coast was feared to be imminent. Development plans for the airport were greatly expedited. Mescalitan Lagoon was filled in with dirt scraped from what is now UCSB’s main campus and surrounding areas, flattening the topography and removing top soil. The new airport was ready to go in just two months.

It was as a result of the new airport that the Navy (which then oversaw the Marines) established a Marine base for training fighter pilots at the Santa Barbara airport and on the adjacent mesa. The portion of the Marine base on the mesa comprised UCSB’s main campus after the war. Slightly more than two thousand enlisted men and officers were stationed there at a time. John Wayne’s character in the 1951 war movie, Flying Leathernecks, was stationed at Goleta. More than

NOTICIAS one hundred wooden buildings were constructed on what became UCSB, as was an Olympic-size swimming pool which remains to this day. According to local historian Walker Tompkins: “It was an open secret in the Marine Corps that the air station at Goleta was the plushiest assignment”37 in the service. A few of the buildings put up during the war remain on UCSB’s main campus and along Hollister Avenue west of Fairview Avenue.

As well as securing the airport for Santa Barbara that made location of a Marine air base at the airport and on the Goleta mesa possible—leading after the war to acquisition of the mesa for a University of California campus—Storke was the driving force behind construction of Bradbury Dam after World War II. Water from Lake Cachuma made expansion of the South Coast, including UCSB, possible in the later 1950s and 1960s. The population of the Goleta valley tripled from 19,000 in 1960 to more than 60,000 in 1970.38 Santa Barbara State College and its predecessors served the community and state in war and peace—in the prosperity of the 1920s, and during depression and war in the 1930s and The growth of Santa Barbara State College necessitated larger quarters. The first facility on the proposed new campus on Santa Barbara’s Mesa was the Industrial Arts building, completed in 1941.Today it is the MacDougall Administration Center for Santa Barbara City College. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

THE RISE OF UCSB first half of the 1940s. Enrollment fluctuated over the course of its existence from a variety of factors, but it was generally in an upward direction. After the worst of the Great Depression was over in the early 1930s, enrollment came increasingly from the entire state, especially the Los Angeles area, though local students continued to provide the largest contingent of enrollment. The college grew substantially in the later 1930s, doubling in size between 1935 and 1941 to 1,918 students at the outbreak of World War II.39 President Phelps noted in his 1940 message in La Cumbre: “This year

131 the college has moved decisively into the ranks of the larger state colleges. It is definitely out of the local, or even regional type, as evidenced by the fact that new students came this year from thirty counties of this state and from twenty-seven other states and from foreign countries.�40 Santa Barbara State College was vitally influenced by World War II. In the peak war year of 1944, forty-three percent of United States gross domestic product was spent on the military, up from less than one percent spent on defense in 1929. Of 132 million Americans in the 1940 census, 16 million

132 served in the war, about 15 million men. Essentially, close to one out of four males of all ages in the United States served in the military during World War II. Virtually all able-bodied young men were in military service.

During the peak war years, there were few men on campus, and all of the fraternities closed down. For the fraternity section in La Cumbre, a blank page was displayed. The campus again became very predominantly women students.

Santa Barbara State College was located less than half a mile from the Santa Barbara Mission. The lower Riviera in the area between the college, Micheltorena Street, and Roosevelt School was largely inhabited by students. “Greek Row” was on Grand Avenue. After the war, following UCSB’s move to Goleta in 1954, many students continued to live on the lower Riviera for as much as another decade, before housing was built on campus and in Isla Vista. Homecoming week was an especially important tradition. Held in connection with a regularly scheduled football game in late October or early November, homecoming week featured the Galloping Gaucho Review on Wednesday through Friday nights before Homecoming Weekend. There was a parade up State Street on Saturday with elaborate and colorful floats. The parade’s grand marshall was an alumnus chosen by students. On Saturday evening, a dance was held at which the homecoming queen was crowned. Fra-

NOTICIAS ternities and sororities held breakfasts with their alumni on Sunday.41 Local students were the most prominent group in Santa Barbara College through the 1950s. Santa Barbara State’s focus was the liberal arts, together with a strong emphasis on manual arts in the important teachertraining program of the college.

Through its entire history, teacher education enrolled half or more of students at Santa Barbara State College and its predecessors.

Santa Barbara College was located in the city of Santa Barbara, minutes from downtown. Leading faculty and administrators were more involved in the community than their successors would be. For many years, Santa Barbara State College ran an elementary school attended by local students as part of its curriculum.

On July 1, 1944, Santa Barbara State College became the Santa Barbara College of the University of California and the property of the state college was transferred to the university, which became responsible for the school and its program. This date may be considered the birthday of UCSB. It became the third general education campus in the University of California, following Berkeley and UCLA. At first, the University of California was not exactly enthused about the transfer of Santa Barbara State to it. In fact, it had to be persuaded of the move after the enabling legislation finally passed the state legislature. The final vote on the Board of Regents to

THE RISE OF UCSB In 1948 portions of the former Marine air base in Goleta became available for development of a campus. Initial plans called for a student body of 2500 at the new site. University Archives, UC Santa Barbara Library

accept Santa Barbara was merely fourteen to four. Some of the regents and the office of the president were concerned that the forced amalgamation of Santa Barbara might set a precedent for other legislated transfers of state colleges to the university.

Moreover, the state Board of Education and Superintendent of Public Instruction (which at the time were responsible for state colleges), and other state colleges, opposed the transfer

133 because it was removing a state college from their control and ranks.

The debate over incorporating Santa Barbara State College into the University of California had wideranging repercussions. The acceptance of Santa Barbara led to the conclusion that the university should grow geographically in the number of its campuses throughout the state. Before the Santa Barbara discussion, there had been no direction toward creating a multicampus system. In addition, for a brief time in the mid 1940s, as Santa Barbara was coming into the university, President Sproul and the Regents hatched the idea of expanding by taking over the other former teachers colleges and current state colleges in Chico, Fresno, Humboldt, San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose. This caused a strong backlash, and in 1946 the state Board of Education and superintendent co-sponsored a successful state ballot initiative which, among other provisions, proscribed the transfer of any further state colleges to the University of California.42 As a result, when the university began to expand a few years later, it established entirely new campuses or elevated and expanded preexisting specialty units rather than absorb state colleges.

Santa Barbara College had a subordinate position within the Univer-

134 sity of California for its first decade.

Harold Williams, who replaced Clarence Phelps as provost in 1946 and remained in this position until 1955, lived in Los Angeles, precluding effective leadership. Santa Barbara College was originally not intended to become a full-fledged member of the university, like Berkeley and Los Angeles. Instead, in President Sproul’s words, it would become the “Williams College of the west” (Williams being one of the “Little Ivies,” a 2,000-student four-year liberal arts college in Massachusetts with diverse majors). At first, Santa Barbara College was to be an exclusively undergraduate institution. As late as 1953, the Regents stated that instruction at Santa Barbara should be “restricted to fundamentals and graduates should be properly prepared... to engage in professional studies and reTransition embodied, 1944: former president of the Santa Barbara State Normal School, Ednah Rich Morse, is flanked by Santa Barbara State College President Clarence Phelps at left and University of California President Robert Sproul.

University Archives, UC Santa Barbara Library

NOTICIAS search elsewhere.”43 Almost twothirds of Santa Barbara College’s faculty was in the social sciences and humanities. Research was not expected of faculty. Teaching was their focus. Training teachers remained the primary purpose of the school.

Social scientists dominated the administration.

For its first decade, from 1944 to 1954, Santa Barbara College remained at the former Santa Barbara State College site on the Riviera, with a few facilities on the Leadbetter property on Santa Barbara’s mesa. Initially, Santa

THE RISE OF UCSB Barbara College inherited much of the spirit, as well as the faculty and program, of the former state college. But the Santa Barbara College of the University of California was headed in a different direction than the old state school. In 1948, the War Assets Administration offered the residential portion of the decommissioned Marine air training base on the Goleta mesa to the Regents of the University of California (the airport portion of the property had already reverted to the City of Santa Barbara). The Regents accepted this offer, and the main campus of UCSB was purchased for ten dollars.

The plan originally had been for Santa Barbara State College to move to the Leadbetter property on Santa Barbara’s mesa, where Santa Barbara City College is now located.44 The Riviera campus was far too small for expansion. But the move to the Santa Barbara mesa never came for the Santa Barbara College of the University of California. Instead, the even better opportunity of the Goleta mesa came up, and the campus headed nine miles west.

Campus Point, General Campus, and Expansion The University of California began to develop big plans for expansion in the 1950s. California’s population was growing like never before. The state’s population increased from 5.7 million in 1930 to 10.6 million in 1950 to 15.7 million in 1960 to 20.0 million in 1970.

135 In addition to internal migration to California within the United States, the nation was, through the early ‘60s, in the midst of the baby boom. The number of children in California was increasing at an even faster rate than the population as a whole. It was evident that many new educational facilities would be required at all levels in the coming years.

The 1954 relocation to Goleta was the fundamental step in creation of the present-day UCSB. At the time, Goleta was an entirely separate community.

Before World War II, Santa Barbara’s city limits ended at about Constance Avenue, and there was not a good street connection between the former Marine airbase and what has become U.S. Highway 101. What are now the city of Goleta and unincorporated area west of the city of Santa Barbara were largely lemon groves. Goleta was much more isolated from Santa Barbara than today. The move to Goleta was initially not welcomed by all—a joke at the time had it that Santa Barbara College was moving from “the campus with a view to the campus in the slough.”

The site at Goleta Point (now Campus Point) was, at first, not much more than the buildings of the former residential quarters of the Marine air base, some of which were converted into classrooms. UCSB historian Robert Kelley, who attended Santa Barbara College, remembered: “It would have been difficult to find a more physically isolated college in American higher

136 education than the Santa Barbara College of the University of California in the next few years. The campus itself was a bleak, dusty, weed-grown place. Rows of one and two-story barracks and former mess halls dominated the scene.”45 Earlier, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, UCSB’s main campus had an asphaltum mine on it with several shafts located near what is now the Faculty Club, from which more than 30,000 tons of asphaltum were removed.46 In addition, a bean farm and other modest agricultural operations once occupied parts of main campus.

It should be noted again that the natural topography of UCSB was not exactly what it is today. Though the pre-World War II Goleta mesa was relatively flat, it was not the “piece of Kansas” that characterizes main campus today, after it was scraped to provide dirt fill for the Santa Barbara airport. The removal of top soil has also had the effect of discouraging plantings on campus.

It was on the largely vacant former Marine base that the idea of a campus and mission far larger than the 3,500-student institution into which Santa Barbara College had been planned to grow took hold. The old Santa Barbara State College in its last years and the new Santa Barbara College of the University of California in its first years had about 1,600 to 2,000 students, with an influx of veterans following World War II.

NOTICIAS In March 1955, Dr. Clark G. Kuebler, at left, was inaugurated as Provost of the University of California Santa Barbara College. Also in attendance were California Governor Goodwin Knight, fifth from left, and UC President Robert Sproul, sixth from left. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

The first buildings on campus, including the original library, were small. The future UCSB had a mere 1,883 students in 1954—the first year in Goleta. But California was growing by leaps and bounds, and the economy was booming. Projecting forward, as a result of the national baby boom, it could be anticipated that the demand for more college enrollment would increase substantially in the years ahead. The postwar decades experienced the greatest expansion of the college and university system ever in the United States. As a result of the G.I. Bill, millions of former soldiers went to college in the years immediately after the war, significantly increasing the proportion of the population who attended college.

Following Harold Williams, Clark Kuebler, a classicist who had served as president of Ripon College in Wisconsin, became provost in February 1955.

He resigned just nine months later. As reported in the Chicago Daily Tribune on November 7, 1955, Kuebler, who was from Chicago, was arrested on a “morals charge and a charge of assaulting the detective who arrested him.”47 Kuebler, who was in New York at the time attempting to recruit teach-

THE RISE OF UCSB

ers, allegedly propositioned a male detective whom he met—then against the law. According to Kuebler, as also reported in the Daily Tribune, his arrest was a “great mistake.”48 As reported in the Tribune two months later, Kuebler thereafter resigned as provost of Santa Barbara College, and “morals and assault charges lodged against him were dismissed . . . after hearing of testimony of character witnesses on his behalf.”49 John Snidecor and Elmer Noble served successively as acting provosts after Kuebler’s sudden exit. Jim Mills recalls Noble, a zoologist, as a “sound mind in a sound body”50 and giving a great demonstration on the parallel bars. In 1958, UCSB became the third general campus in the University of

137

California. Clark Kerr had recently become president of the University of California. He provided leadership for the process whereby a three-part higher education system was established in California, with the University of California at its apex, the California state university system serving the next tier of students, and community colleges serving all students. It was and it remains an inspiring vision that has largely been realized.

Crucial to the idea of the University of California is intellectual quality and talent. The California Master Plan for Higher Education enshrined the idea that the University of California is for the top students in the state. The University of California is intended to be a just meritocracy. Perseverance,

138 effort, and character count for much, but they do not guarantee admission into the university. Rather, raw brain power is required.

In early 1958, Santa Barbara submitted an Academic Master Plan to President Kerr. Provost Noble wrote: “During the past two years there has been a widely accepted conviction at Santa Barbara College and throughout the local community that this campus must expand far beyond the limits originally envisioned.”51 Ph.D.’s would be granted, admissions standards would be raised, and the campus would grow to nearly 5,500 students by 1964. This was the era of the Sputnik crisis, after the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into outer space. There was a call nationally for increased emphasis on education at all levels.

It was on the basis of the Academic Master Plan that the campus was renamed the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1958 with, in higher education historian John Douglass’ words, “the responsibility to develop graduate and research programs.”52 Following Berkeley in 1873, Los Angeles in 1927, and Santa Barbara in 1958, Davis and Riverside became general campuses of the University of California in 1959, San Diego in 1960, Santa Cruz and Irvine in 1965, and Merced in 2005.

The installation of Samuel Gould in the fall of 1959 as the first chancellor of what was now UCSB was a milestone in the campus’ develop-

NOTICIAS ment. Gould was a talented leader but unpopular among faculty for his autocratic style and lack of academic credentials. Enrollment climbed dur-

ing his brief chancellorship from 2,803 in 1959 to 3,981 in 1961. Many buildings went up on campus during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and the pace quickened in the middle and late 1960s after Vernon Cheadle became chancellor in 1962, following Gould’s resignation to become president of the Educational Broadcasting System and later chancellor of the State University of New York. Gould In 1958 the school was re-designated University of California, Santa Barbara, and the following year Samuel Gould became UCSB’s first chancellor. University Archives, UC Santa Barbara Library

THE RISE OF UCSB was a skilled fundraiser and established the University Affiliates. He traveled up and down the state promoting the campus to high schools, revived the Alumni Association, and established the Education Abroad program, which was headquartered at Santa Barbara for the University of California.

Perhaps Gould’s most significant accomplishment was the establishment of a School of Engineering in 1961, with respect to which—and particularly who would select the initial faculty—he went to battle with existing faculty. At the same time, authority was granted to appoint ten associate, rather than assistant, professors during his years as chancellor and eight full professors, allowing a more distinguished and senior faculty, including this writer’s father, William Ebenstein, in Political Science.53 The College of Letters and Science and Graduate Division were established in 1961, and the Graduate School of Education started in 1962. In 1960, the Department of Social Sciences was split into separate Departments of Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Philosophy, Political Science, and Sociology.

The strength of UCSB in its early years as Santa Barbara College and as a general campus of the University of California was in the social sciences. Harry Girvetz, Russell Buchanan, and others in the social sciences were important figures on campus, as their names live on today in the buildings named after them.

139 Prominent faculty in the natural sciences included Herbert Broida in Physics, after whom Broida Hall is named, and Garrett Hardin, author of “The Tragedy of the Commons.”

A program initiated during the 1950s was the Tutorial Program, which remained at UCSB through at least the mid-1960s. Gordon Baker of Political Science was chair. The Tutorial Program’s purpose was to provide “rigorous training in the art of critical reading, discussion, and writing”54 to exceptional students. The program was an early interdisciplinary major on campus. Another early focus was summer school. As reported in 1966: “Many special programs and institutes have been presented in the Summer Sessions.

These include: symposia on the arts at mid-century (1955), the graphic arts at mid-century (1956), Spanish Colonial arts (1957); colloquia on the practice of criticism in the arts (1960), the age of Newton (1961); National Science Foundation institutes in marine science (1959, 1960), secondary mathematics (1961-1965), and anthropology (1961); intensive foreign language program (1963-64); and the summer session program for high school students who have completed the junior year.”55 Storke encouraged the growth and development of UCSB from a place on the Board of Regents from 1955 to 1960, together with fellow regents Edwin Pauley and Samuel Mosher and President Kerr. In his valedictory

140 I Write for Freedom (1962), Storke wrote, “I am not alone in believing that the Santa Barbara Campus of the University of California is probably the most pleasing spectacle in the world, occupying as it does a beautiful, green shelf of headland that drops away into the Pacific Ocean. More important, however, the campus is undergoing a planned growth that will eventually make it the seat of learning for a student body of more than 10,000. The impact of this institution on the culture of Santa Barbara, and its role in our future, can hardly be overestimated.”56 Storke said when UCSB became a general campus of the University of California in 1958, in the last words he added to his autobiography: “I consider this to be the greatest cultural advance of any community activity with which I have been associated. Truly, UCSB faces a glorious future and will, in time, take its place among the greatest educational facilities in the United States.”57 Regarding campus architecture, Herbert Muschamp, the influential architecture critic of the New York Times, wrote in the first line of his obituary of Charles Luckman, the original campus supervising architect of UCSB, that Luckman had the “misfortune to design the building that replaced New York’s Penn Station.”

Considered by many to be among the worst prominent architects in the twentieth century, Luckman, Muschamp also wrote, “may well be remembered less for the buildings he

NOTICIAS designed than for inadvertently spurring architectural preservation to become a major national movement” as a result of the uproar that followed demolition of Penn Station.

Muschamp noted that Luckman’s design for Madison Square Garden and its adjacent office tower, “without distinction in themselves, brought discredit on modern architecture throughout the United States.”58 An obituary in the Los Angeles Times observed that another Luckman project in New York, Lever House, was known as “Luckman’s Folly.”59 In the American Institute of Architecture “Guide to New York City,” Luckman’s design of the United States Pavilion at the 1964-65 World’s Fair is described as an “embarrassing—but perhaps accurate—symbol for America. Razed in 1977. Hooray!”60 Luckman’s style at UCSB could perhaps be described as “Frank Lloyd Wrong in cinder blocks.”

Notwithstanding their recency and often substantial nature, a surprising number of Luckman’s buildings have been razed or otherwise destroyed.

Concerning his work at UCSB, he himself once commented: “We might recommend a building with three medium-size wings, instead of one big one, so that three people could give the wings and have them named after them,”61 which may perhaps explain what can only be called the bizarre designs of the campus’ original student residence halls, including Anacapa, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz, which, together with De La Guerra

THE RISE OF UCSB dining commons, were built at low cost in the 1950s and early 1960s as the first and easternmost student housing.

Other Luckman buildings on campus include Robertson Gymnasium and Cheadle Hall. It clearly would be a significant enhancement to the university’s ambiance and aesthetics if all of these buildings were razed or, perhaps in the case of Cheadle Hall (as a result of the expense entailed), restyled on its facade to obscure the original exterior.

At the same time, Luckman designed Campbell Hall, which is an asset to campus, and which was financed with proceeds from the sale of the Santa Barbara Riviera and Mesa properties of Santa Barbara College.62 Vernon Cheadle was formidable

141 and popular in his early years as chancellor. Raised in South Dakota, he was a straight arrow who received his Ph.D. in botany from Harvard. His early years as chancellor coincided with UCSB’s period of greatest enrollment growth. In the ten-year period from 1959 to 1969, UCSB’s total enrollment increased by more than 10,000 from 2,800 in 1959-60 to 13,300 in 1969-70.63 UCSB was the largest developing campus in the University of California. In the 1965-66 academic The campus of UCSB shortly after the 1962 completion of Campbell Hall, at center. Campbell Hall is used as a lecture hall and as an arts and entertainment venue. University Archives, UC Santa Barbara Library

142

NOTICIAS 1965–1966 Enrollment, University of California

Campus!

Undergrad!

!

Graduate!

!

Total

Berkeley! !

Los Angeles! !

Santa Barbara! !

Davis! ! !

Riverside! !

Irvine! ! !

San Diego! !

Santa Cruz! !

16,610! !

17,132! !

9,569! !

5,717! !

2,540! !

1,449! !

868! !

635! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

10,224! !

8,987! !

930! !

1,609! !

784! !

140! !

568! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

26,834 26,119 10,499 7,326 3,324 1,589 1,436

—! !

!

635

Total!

54,520! !

!

23,242! !

!

77,762

!

!

!

year, enrollment in the University of California as a whole was as above:64 In 1965, a development plan called for 25,000 students at UCSB by 1986.65 UCSB was a predominantly undergraduate campus from the start.

Though, exclusive of UCSB, the ratio of undergraduate to graduate students was approximately two-to-one in the University of California in 1965-66, at UCSB the ratio was more than ten-to-one undergraduate to graduate students.

The number of faculty increased with the growth in the student body.

In 1966-67, 159 faculty members were hired, bringing the total number of full-time faculty positions to 706.66 In 1962, the campus had merely 249 ladder-rank faculty positions, meaning that the number of faculty increased by an average of more than

100 positions per year between 1962 and 1966. Though increasingly few faculty remained from Santa Barbara State College or even UCSBC, some of these occupied key positions and there remained a certain suzerainty of the past at the higher levels of the campus. The 1954 move to its current site was the decisive development in the history of UCSB. Over time, additional properties adjacent to or near main campus have been acquired, including Storke Campus north of El Colegio and West Campus encompassing the former Devereux School. The campus now completely encircles Isla Vista to the Pacific Ocean.

The early- and mid-1960s was a Students on their way to class, early 1960s.

University Archives, UC Santa Barbara Library

THE RISE OF UCSB period of tremendous growth and vitality in American higher education. The ravages of the Vietnam War had not yet struck colleges and universities across

143 the country. The first half of the Cheadle chancellorship was for the most part a period of confidence and accomplishment. The University of California rose

144

NOTICIAS

like a comet in the firmament of higher did not match the quality of the instieducation and research. On Cheadle’s tution coming into existence. As a rearrival in 1962, there were 30 baccalausult of the unique social circumstances reate programs at UCSB; on his retireof an almost exclusively undergradument in 1977 there ate student comwere 81. The nummunity immediber of master’s proately adjacent to grams increased campus—Isla Visfrom 19 to 44, and ta—and the almost the 5 Ph.D. properfect weather grams grew into 29. and site on the PaThe library expericific coast, UCSB enced a ten-fold did not gain a increase in titles to reputation for acamore than a million. demic excellence Robert Kelley dedion the part of its cated his history of overwhelmingly UCSB to Cheadle undergraduate and his wife, Mary, student body in its “for turning a colearly years as a lege into a general University 67 university.” of California camThe years from pus commensurate 1959 to 1969 were with the stature of a period of fantas- Vernon Cheadle’s tenure as chancellor the emerging and tic growth. Build- (1962–1977) saw tremendous growth in future faculty and ings went up eve- student population and physical plant as institution, a probwell as deep disturbances over academic and rywhere on camlem that continues pus. Streets and political issues on campus and in the neighto vex UCSB. boring community of Isla Vista.

University parking were reRather, the camArchives, UC Santa Barbara Library designed and repus was seen as a arranged, at times party school on what seemed an annual basis. The mostly attended by affluent students new library, administration building, because only they could afford the what became Ellison and Phelps high cost of living and housing in halls, and Storke Tower all went up Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara State almost simultaneously, together with College and its predecessors did not dozens of other buildings. It was an have a party school reputation; this exciting, chaotic decade. really started with the move of the The typical UCSB undergraduate student community to Isla Vista.

THE RISE OF UCSB Cheadle once remarked to political scientist Henry Turner that it was advantageous to grow as much as possible in the 1960s when resources and students were available and plentiful, but growth consisted too much of undergraduates. Although many master’s and Ph.D. programs were developed, they typically were smaller than those at Berkeley and UCLA, and resulted in a lopsided student body with a significantly smaller proportion of graduate students than elsewhere.

This was especially the case because of the lack of professional schools on campus. This led to a less mature student body, which contributed to the disturbances at UCSB and in Isla Vista during the Vietnam War.68 During the mid-1960s, graduate students comprised about 10 percent of the entire student body. This increased to about 15 percent by the late 1960s, and graduate students have since remained in the vicinity of about 12 to 14 percent of total enrollment.

In 1966, the campus prepared an inventory of programs in connection with the forthcoming 100th anniversary of the University of California.

This is a fascinating document providing a glimpse of where UCSB was at that time. It was clearly a growing institution. The student body came from all over California—the local focus had been lost. Some student traditions remained at UCSB through 1967 that would be discontinued in the next year or two. As described in the inventory of

145 programs, “frosh camp” and “frosh traditions” included the following: Frosh camp is a traditional part of the fall semester orientation week and consists of a three-day residence program on campus for new students.

For a fee, new students are provided room and board in residence halls.

Sponsored and directed by the Associated Students, the camp provides three days of informational, recreational, and social activities. Student counselors and faculty members guide small discussion groups on such topics as the grading system, courses offered, student activity programs, athletics, scholarships, and loans. In addition, there are organized and informal social and recreational opportunities, including campfires, dances, group singing, and beach games.

Members of the freshman class are required to memorize the Frosh Bible.

Any freshman student who is not wearing the Frosh Beanie or who cannot demonstrate his study of the bible to the satisfaction of members of Squires, the sophomore men’s honorary society, is ‘branded’ by having green X’s rubber-stamped on his forehead. Delinquent freshmen may be tried and sentenced at the Frosh Tribunal. Freshmen celebrate the end of registration week by burning their bibles in the traditional Frosh Bonfire.

Members of the class wear their green beanies until the first touchdown of the fall football season.69

146 How quickly and soon this all was to change.

Vietnam War Era and Burning of the Bank of America It is hard now to remember the society that existed before 1967. So much changed so fundamentally in a few years. The cultural, political, and social revolution that swept the United States between about 1965 to 1975 was so profound that it is even now difficult to have a clear, perceptive, and accurate picture of it. The Vietnam War wounded and traumatized American society, youth culture in particular. The years between 1967 and 1969 were the crucial transformation. Everything in society changed, especially on college and university campuses. Traditional ways of doing things were suspect for that very reason. The mantra of the day became “Don’t trust anyone over 30.”

At first, UCSB students were not leaders in anti-draft or antiwar protests. Despite assertions to the contrary, the bulk of antiwar students were not motivated mostly by idealism. Rather, they and their friends understandably did not want to be drafted and go to Vietnam, and possibly be killed or injured. The year 1968 was perhaps the most chaotic in American history since the Civil War. The year started with the seeming ascendancy of the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong in Vietnam. Eugene McCarthy challenged President Lyn-

NOTICIAS don Johnson for the presidential nomination and Johnson dropped out of the race. Martin Luther King was assassinated in Memphis. Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in Los Angeles. Radicals and hippies stormed the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Segregationist former Alabama Governor George Wallace mounted a third party campaign for the White House. Richard Nixon was elected president in November.

The Vietnam War divided America, razing preexisting comity and amity on college campuses. By the fall of 1968, UCSB—like almost all colleges and universities in the United States—was a radically different place than it had been even a year or so earlier. It was not just that students’ hair was longer and the music had changed. It was that students’ outlooks were totally different. No longer was it time to find a place in the system. Rather, it was far past time to change, challenge, and, for some students, to destroy the system.

Experiences at UCSB were a part of much larger currents. The campus was almost all Caucasian through the mid-later 1960s. In October 1968, sixteen African American students occupied North Hall, and—to considerable criticism, including from Governor Ronald Reagan—Chancellor Cheadle negotiated with these students, committing UCSB to an increased number of minority students and faculty and to programs in Black and Chicano Studies. Protests escalated during the remainder of the 1968-69 school year

147

THE RISE OF UCSB as Santa Barbara county sheriffs raided the Isla Vista apartment of African-American student leaders, alleging nonpayment of rent and arresting them on drug charges.

The larger community of Santa Barbara burst into national and even international consciousness in January 1969, as the Santa Barbara oil spill galvanized opinion on environmental issues. President Nixon, who had just been inaugurated, flew here and said: “The Santa Barbara incident has frankly touched the conscience of the American people.”70 In the wake of

the Santa Barbara oil spill, the Environmental Protection Agency was established at the national level and state voters passed the California Environmental Quality Act. The first Environmental Studies program in the United States was started at UCSB. In February 1969, a United Front comprised of the Black Students Union, Students for a Democratic Society, and the Mexican-American Students Association, broke off negotiations with the chancellor and occupied the University Center. With Cheadle’s blessing, students began

The University Center, which opened in the spring of 1966, was just one of the many buildings that went up on the rapidly developing campus during the 1960s.

Santa Barbara Historical Museum

148 to hold spontaneous and make-shift classes on issues of the day, declared a New Free University, and allowed homeless young people and street people to sleep at the UCEN. In April 1969, a conference of college students was held at UCSB that was instrumental in the founding of MEChA—the "Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán".

On April 11, 1969, Dover Sharp, a caretaker at the Faculty Club, was fatally injured as he investigated a package that had been left next to a wall where faculty members often gathered. Sharp examined the package and it exploded, sending fragments of glass through his body. He died two days later. This tragedy was a crucial event in crystallizing opinion on student protests. Events now seemed to move and take a momentum of their own.

Troubles started in the 1969-70 academic year when an Anthropology assistant professor, Bill Allen, was not granted tenure. Petitions supporting his retention were signed by thousands of students and rallies in his support were held in front of the administration building (now Cheadle Hall).71 At one point, three hundred California Highway Patrol officers, Santa Barbara city police, and county sheriff’s deputies were required to maintain access to the administration building. In the following days, students and a professor “liberated” the Faculty Club, damaging furnishings.

There were calls for student strikes.

NOTICIAS Protests of one sort or another, and even bomb threats, became an almost daily occurrence. Emergency meetings of faculty departments were called to discuss what to do if campus buildings were taken over.

On February 25, 1970, William Kunstler, attorney for the “Chicago Seven” who disrupted the 1968 Democratic convention, spoke in Harder Stadium to several thousand students. He said: “The idea of this prosecution [in Chicago] was to chill all of us ... to set an example to show you what could happen if you became involved in any social movement—to put fear where fervor was and destroy fervor, to destroy involvement.”72 He closed his speech on this note: “If resistance is not heeded, it can lead to revolution. I hope the government is listening to what is being said. Fill the streets so they can see you! Power to the People!”73 Kunstler’s closing line was met with clenched fists from the crowd, and with shouts of “Right on!” and “To the Streets!”74 Later that day and evening, there was rock-throwing at police cars, one of which was set ablaze. Lawlessness spread through Isla Vista as some commercial offices were vandalized and windows were Thomas Storke gave $600,000 towards the construction of the plaza and tower which bear his name. Storke Plaza became home to a special interest of the newspaper publisher’s—the Student Publications Building. Santa Barbara Historical Museum

THE RISE OF UCSB broken. Law and order were lost in Isla Vista that night. Circumstances became even more chaotic than during the day. Public safety officers were required for a time to leave the student community. After three successive attempts, the Bank of America at the top of the Isla Vista loop on Embarcadero del Norte was burned to the ground.

UCSB was now at the top of the national news. Governor Reagan flew to Santa Barbara the next afternoon and declared a state of emergency. After local police were not able to restore

149 order, National Guard troops were ordered into Isla Vista. An innocent student, Kevin Moran, was killed on April 17, 1970, in Isla Vista, when a deputy sheriff’s weapon inadvertently discharged. A plaque in Moran’s memory remains in Isla Vista to this day in front of where the Bank of America stood and what is now the university’s Embarcadero Hall.

Malcolm Gault-Williams, the father of current California State Assembly member Das Williams, lived in Isla Vista in 1970. He remembers the scene: Following the Kunstler speech, numerous police units patrolled I.V. ... Suddenly, in full view of many who attended, Rich Underwood— another student leader who had figured prominently in the Bill Allen demonstrations...—was stopped by county police...and beaten.

As then-Associated Students Vice President Greg Kneli put it, “It was this incident, one more incident of wanton police harassment, of police brutality, [to] which the community people in Isla Vista—the students—said, ‘I’ve had enough! This is our community and this occupying army must be driven out.’”

That’s exactly what happened

150 later that night. Police cars were set on fire, further attacks were mounted on the bank, and several waves of police forces were repelled, beaten back and out of I.V. by street-fighting Isla Vistans....

Between 11:30 and 12:30 that night, unidentified persons successfully lit a fire inside the Isla Vista branch of the Bank of America...It was this fire that resulted in the complete destruction of the building. Hundreds of people were involved.75 An older brother of this writer attended UCSB at the time and remembers the huge crowd watching the Bank of America burn and people close to the bank cheering as it went up in flames. Another student remembers watching the flames from the Trout Club, overlooking the South Coast, while listening to broadcasts from KCSB. Though the county grand jury later indicted seventeen individuals for burning the bank, at least one of these, a leading African-American activist, was in jail that night. Subsequently, two thousand protestors gathered on campus signing statements that they all took responsibility for the destruction. Charges were ultimately dropped.

As the campus gradually cooled down—though not until after further disturbances, known as “I.V. II” and “I.V. III”—various studies pointed to the student community as the linchpin in the student riots. According to the

NOTICIAS UC Board of Regents’ Trow Report: “If there is one thread running through all our deliberations and recommendations, it is that the University can no longer ignore, if it ever could, the conditions under which the bulk of its students live and spend the greater part of their time while at the university. What goes on in Isla Vista is as central to the university’s life and functions as what goes on in its laboratories and lecture rooms.”76 Unlike elsewhere, graduate students at UCSB did not play a prominent role in student disturbances in part because there were relatively few graduate students on campus.

The burning of the Bank of America shaped the popular image of UCSB. The campus became perceived as a center of student unrest in the early 1970s. Enrollment declined from 13,254 in 1969-70 to 11,828 in 1972-73.

This coincided with a move on the part of the UCSB student body to the political left.77 In some respects, UCSB went from a conservative party school to a liberal political school as a result of the student riots. A number of Isla Vista institutions emerged in the early 1970s that improved the community for many years and in some cases to the present, including the Isla Vista Recreation & Park District and I.V. Medical Clinic. The Isla Vista Community Council was also an important institution for a number of years.

Perhaps the best words to describe the attitude of UCSB faculty and administrators was stunned and

THE RISE OF UCSB shocked, and, in the case of Cheadle, wounded and perhaps even incapacitated. David Gardner, who would later become president of the University of California, was a young administrator at UCSB at the time. He remembers that, before the student disturbances, “when the chancellor handled problems...his questions...were to the point, his reactions clear, and his decisions crisp.” After 1970, subordinate administrators would “explain a problem to him, share our analysis, and select a preferred option.”78 No one saw the national student movement and accompanying violence coming. Academic standards declined

151 in their wake, locally, across the nation, and even around the world, as there were student uprisings of one sort or another almost everywhere from the late 1960s to early 1970s.

The United States constitutional amendment giving eighteen-year-olds the right to vote in 1971 had profound influence on national and local politics. Many leading Democratic and progressive political leaders have received their start or support over the years from liberal college communities. The combination of eighteenyear-olds having the right to vote and college and university expansion with thousands and tens of thousands of

The razing of the Bank of America in Isla Vista in 1970 was part of a period of violence and protest which garnered national attention. Isla Vista Archives, UC Santa Barbara Library

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Anisq ’Oyo’ Park in Isla Vista is a popular gathering place for UCSB students. During the school year, Isla Vista has one of the highest population densities in the country. Isla Vista Archives, UC Santa Barbara Library

students living in particular jurisdictions has fundamentally changed American politics. Intellectuals have had greater influence and power.

In Santa Barbara, it was not long before the new electoral circumstances were felt at the ballot box. UCSB History Professor Frank Frost was elected county supervisor in 1972 with support of the student vote, and Bill Wallace was elected supervisor five times between 1976 and 1992 with support from the same source. In races higher up the political food chain—in particular, the 1996 congressional race that saw longtime UCSB Religious

Studies Professor Walter Capps defeat incumbent conservative Republican Andrea Seastrand—the student vote has been crucial in determining election outcomes.

One of the most familiar faces at UCSB during the 1960s was Donn “Bernie” Bernstein, the sports information director, but far more than that. Bernstein was an omnipresent figure on campus, known and trusted by all—athletic teams, student government, Greeks, faculty, administration, and the local community. Bernstein was not a member of, though he was affiliated with, the local Cal Eta

THE RISE OF UCSB chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. This chapter later became known as the “fraternity of local principals,” as no fewer than four local public school principals—J. R. Richards at Santa Barbara High School, Bob Bowen at La Colina Junior High, Guido Dal Bello at La Cumbre, and Dennis Naimann in the Goleta Union School District—were members of it.79 As the Vietnam War drew to a close, the intensity, scale, and frequency of protests diminished. At UCSB, as elsewhere, unrest reached its peak in 1970. But it took a long time for the scars to heal. The declining number of students at UCSB following the student riots and the burning of the Bank of America was completely unexpected and contrary to the campus’ recent experience. Enrollments elsewhere continued to trend up.

The decline in enrollment had significant curricular repercussions. No longer was it the case that there were scores of new faculty members each year. Instead, faculty positions were cut. Economist and faculty leader Walter Mead remembers that Vice Chancellor Alec Alexander emerged as the leading educational figure on campus in the early 1970s. With Cheadle’s blessing, Alexander piloted the reallocation of faculty from declining enrollment to emerging departments with exceptional success. By 1979, about one in five students was enrolled in a major that had been created since 1970 though enrollment was

153 only about a thousand students more than in 1970.

As significantly, renewed emphasis was placed on the quality of appointments to the faculty, particularly at the assistant professor level. Alexander recalled: “In the last year of Vernon’s administration, the campus had 630 ladder faculty. Of these, one in four had been appointed in the last three or four years of...Cheadle’s administration, appointments meeting very demanding standards. The campus now had a new rich infusion of academic talent. By 1977, with the number of faculty positions approximately the same as it was in 1971, there had been a new quantum leap in quality.”80 Alexander, more than Cheadle, was the de facto institutional leader at UCSB from about 1972 through 1977.

At the time of his departure, most (perhaps almost all) thought that Cheadle had outlasted effective leadership. He was perceived by many as having shown poor leadership especially during some of the most active phases of student unrest.

In particular, his absence from campus during the demonstrations for Bill Allen and his subsequent decision to ban Jerry Rubin from speaking on campus were criticized. Even Kelley, a great friend of Cheadle, remarked in his history of UCSB that by the early 1970s, the “Cheadle administration was widely held, among the faculty, to be bereft of ideas” and that the chancellor was

154 “sapped in energy and creative force.”81 The lopsided, rushed, and inorganic growth that characterized the middle and late 1960s continues to plague UCSB to this day. In the area of facilities, a genuine architectural moment was lost. The construction of “Irvine on the Pacific” on the campus—surrounded by a mile of beach overlooking the Channel Islands and with a lagoon and magnificent views of the mountains, yet with none of these features prominent in (and even obscured by) campus layout—was a great blunder, as was the hodgepodge of architectural styles and absence of a coherent campus plan. The inability to establish graduate schools in law, architecture, business, health, and other areas, when funding was available, was a significant mistake. The unwillingness to integrate Isla Vista into UCSB, or at least to maintain conditions there as it grew in pell-mell fashion, has had and continues to have negative consequences. The small proportion of graduate students was a crucial error.

The excessive growth of undergraduates in the mid-1960s was, to the present, a mistake. It is worthwhile to comment again that Santa Barbara State College and UCSBC were not known as party schools as long as the campus was on the Riviera in Santa Barbara. The “party school” identification really emerged with the development of Isla Vista. A local historian wrote in 1966 that Isla Vista was known as “Sin City”82 by the college crowd.

NOTICIAS Gardner wrote of his years at UCSB, starting in 1964: “The campus remained more or less free of exceptional or even markedly untoward student behavior or protests during my early years there. All that ended with the fall term of 1968 when our comfortable, congenial, and somewhat insulated campus was catapulted into the mainstream of minority aspirations and anti-Vietnam War protests that over the next two to three years would change UCSB almost beyond recognition.”83 In The Campus by the Sea Where the Bank Burned Down, a study submitted in 1970 to the President’s Commission on Campus Unrest, UCSB professors Bob Potter and Jim Sullivan noted that a student commencement speaker had said recently, “When we came here four years ago, it was known as ‘the campus by the sea,’ now it’s known as ‘the campus where the bank burned down.’” Potter and Sullivan wrote of UCSB: “Its public image, from the beginning, was one of a ‘party’ school, populated chiefly by surfers and blonde California beach girls.... UCSB students were, as late as the opening of classes in 1968, still perceived as happy and fortunate inhabitants of a campus by the sea. With the exception of a moderate, well-dressed, coatsand-ties march to Sacramento in 1967, urging reconsideration of the firing of Clark Kerr and University budget cuts ...the campus had been peaceful and politically inactive.”84 In The Way We Were: A Photo Jour-

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nal of UCSB’s Golden Years 1954 to 1970 (2013), Glory Lamb paints an idyllic picture of the campus community in the 1950s and 1960s. It was a unique and enchanting place in those years, particularly before the enrollment and building booms of the mid1960s—“halcyon years,”85 as Lamb puts it. At the same time, as Potter and Sullivan wrote, even in 1970, UCSB was becoming an “ambitious research institution.”86 Chancellor Saga The arrival of Robert Huttenback as chancellor in January 1978 was a decidedly mixed blessing. On the one hand, there was a feeling that it was time to get moving again, that UCSB would benefit from a charismatic, forward-looking leader. This is exactly what it received in Bob Huttenback.

But, in the long run, he proved not to have the right combination of skills and abilities to gain collaboration from almost all constituencies on campus.

When it appeared that he had engaged in personal improprieties with respect to university funding of his offcampus residence, his career was over.

Born in 1928 in Frankfurt, Huttenback was Jewish by descent. He and his family left Germany in 1933 following Hitler’s ascension to power.

They came to the United States in 1939, and he attended UCLA following the war. After military service during the Korean War, he returned to UCLA for his doctorate in history.

Robert Huttenback served as UCSB chancellor from 1978 until 1987. Although the school continued to enjoy a growing academic reputation during these years, his time as chancellor was also marred by controversy and conflict.

Office of the Chancellor, UC Santa Barbara

As a historian, he focused on British imperialism; his family lived in England en route to the United States and he always retained Britishisms in speech and manner. His major scholarly works included The British Imperial Experience (1966), Gandhi in South Africa (1971), Racism and Empire (1976), and Kashmir and the British Raj (2004).

These books reveal him to have been a solid practitioner of his craft—his final and another of his works were pub-

156 lished by Oxford University Press. A book he wrote with Lance E. Davis of Caltech, Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire (1986), was published by Cambridge University Press.87 He undertook much original archival research.

He concluded in the British Imperial Experience: “British colonial administrators were often more right than wrong and frequently knew better what would benefit the lands they governed than the local population ...

Paternalism, however, is always resented.”88 More than one Huttenback associate has ironically commented that, as a result of his personal manner, he aptly chose imperialism as his scholarly focus.

When he became chancellor, he reportedly was not the first choice of the committee advising on appointment of UCSB’s next chief campus officer. The university was in low standing at the time; it remained largely identified as where the Bank of America had burned down. Grants to campus were low. In October 1977, the UCSB Committee on Educational Policy and Academic Planning said that in “total dollar amount UCSB ranks next to last [in the University of California], barely ahead of Santa Cruz, even though UCSB is the fourth largest campus.”89 Even from the more limited pool of candidates than might otherwise have been expected, Huttenback was selected only after the first two candidates declined the position.90 His time at UCSB did not begin auspiciously. Alexander, who had

NOTICIAS been given the title of “acting for the chancellor”, resigned as vice chancellor because, it was said, Huttenback did not want a competitor in the ranks. This immediately soured relations with some of the faculty, among whom Alexander was popular. Alexander’s support was particularly strong in the social sciences and humanities, which contained some of the most vociferous of Huttenback’s opponents.91 Ironically, Huttenback did not appreciate the history of the institution he was attempting to lead. He was once quoted late in his career that the reason he came to UCSB was because he considered it an opportunity “to build the ship and chart a whole new course.”92 Needless to say, such sentiments did not endear him to the entire faculty. Although fund-raising was low when he arrived, this was the case, Alexander convincingly argued, because the campus did not have major professional schools in medicine, law, and other areas.93 This was before the explosion of high-income and high-wealth individuals in the United States as a result of the Reagan tax cuts in the 1980s. Moreover, UCSB had a relative paucity of alumni compared to Berkeley and UCLA, and is not located in a major metropolitan area that could assist in providing major gifts.

At first, Huttenback was welcomed on campus. He appeared open, buoyant, vital, and optimistic. After the hard years with the burning of the Bank of America and student unrest,

157

THE RISE OF UCSB he would set UCSB on a more stable and continuing upward course. Unfortunately, he turned off a considerable part of the faculty almost from the start as a result of his haughty and even arrogant manner. Though he brought a breath of fresh air to campus—together with a new focus on the physical sciences—he seemed to identify the university as much as a personal concern as a common enterprise, or in any event he saw his own role as especially central. He did not practice the consultation or shared governance with faculty that was and is standard

in the University of California and elsewhere in higher education. In late 1985, after he had been chancellor for eight years and before the scandals surrounding his personal residence became widely known, he was opposed by much of the faculty throughout campus and many students and alumni as well. Perhaps his major falling-out with departments occurred when he turned candidates down for tenured appointments.

In a memorable 1995 interview with the California Institute of Technology Archives, he commented on

A portion of the Music complex on campus includes this small, elegant amphitheater.

Santa Barbara Historical Museum

158 some of his faculty practices and philosophy at Caltech (where he previously had been professor and dean) and UCSB: There should be some differentials—you know, the better people who work harder should get paid more than the people who don’t.

Anyway, this effort to try and professionalize the division was not met with universal glee.... I might add, it didn’t endear me in Santa Barbara, either, where there were some of the same problems.94 Externally, the campus was quiet during the middle and late 1970s—it had been exhausted by the late 1960s and early ‘70s. Enrollment rebounded to 13,277 in 1974-75, still much larger than San Diego (8,200), Irvine (8,000), Santa Cruz (5,600), and Riverside (5,000). Though Davis was now slightly larger in total enrollment than Santa Barbara, UCSB’s College of Letters and Science remained the third largest in the University of California system following Berkeley and Los Angeles.

The passage of Proposition 13 in June 1978 reducing property taxes had significant influence on the University of California. Following the cuts UCSB experienced in the early 1970s, positions had to be eliminated again. The future of funding for public higher education was cloudy. It was during the Carter administration and a time

NOTICIAS of uncertainty. The birth dearth following the baby boom resulted in fewer college-age young people in California and a lull in enrollment growth. The diversity of the state was increasing by leaps and bounds, particularly of Hispanics and Asians.

New family patterns were emerging.

In his 1979 inaugural address at UCSB, Huttenback said: “Only thirtyfive years young this year [from 1944], we are a campus on the highroad to intellectual distinction and a leading position among the world’s 95 universities.” He was the first chief campus officer to talk of UCSB as a world-leading institution. Perhaps the most significant development during his years as chancellor was establishment of the Institute for Theoretical Physics (or ITP, now the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics)96 in 1979.

In a 2012 obituary of Huttenback, Walter Kohn, who was the first director of the ITP, and James Hartle, Douglas Scalapino, and Robert Sugar, cofounders, remembered his recruiting style. One prospective faculty member “arrived at LAX from the east coast, intending to travel...on his own to visit the campus. However, Huttenback insisted on meeting him at LAX, and he drove up beautiful Highway 1, while extolling the virtues of the campus and his vision for its future.”97 Hartle, Kohn, Scalapino, and Sugar also write that Huttenback’s “enthusiasm and his vision were instrumental in recruiting the first ITP director, Walter Kohn; the first ITP

THE RISE OF UCSB faculty appointment, Frank Wilczek; and physics department members J. Robert Schrieffer and Alan Heeger.”

Schrieffer was a Nobel laureate when he came to UCSB, and the others received the Nobel Prize after their appointments at UCSB. “There is no doubt that Huttenback’s strong support for the ITP stemmed from his devotion to intellectual quality across all disciplines. He realized that an internationally renowned institute or department in one area could foster excellence across the campus.”98 In his 1995 interview with the Caltech Archives, Huttenback concluded, after being asked about connections he kept with Caltech following his move to Santa Barbara: “When I was chancellor, I used to at least administratively keep some connections. And we were on the point of transforming Santa Barbara. You know who’s up there now is Bob Sinsheimer [who had also been at Caltech and later was chancellor of UC Santa Cruz]. And they [UCSB] got admitted into the AAU this year. And he was nice enough to write me a note and say, ‘This only happened because of you.’ I got the staff that made it possible.”99 Present UCSB Chancellor Henry Yang said on Huttenback’s death: “Dr. Huttenback dedicated nine years to our campus as chancellor at a pivotal time in UC Santa Barbara’s growth and development, and we will always be grateful for his vision and his lasting contributions.”100 The campus flag was lowered to half-staff in his memory.

159 At the same time, different evaluations of his leadership are possible.

Though he was instrumental in the final and crucial negotiations that brought the Institute for Theoretical Physics to UCSB, others had developed and carried the proposal through to that stage. Some of his own initiatives—the American Institute of Wine and Food and various foreign exchanges, for example—did not go anywhere. His attempt to revive the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions at UCSB failed. It also should be said in his favor that he strongly supported the College of Engineering, in particular through the appointment of Robert Mehrabian as its dean in 1983. Huttenback’s ability to recruit top scholars in the physical sciences and engineering as faculty has had long-lasting and substantial positive influence on UCSB. The sequence of events that resulted in his resignation as chancellor and later felony conviction was initiated by the resignation of Vice Chancellor Ray Sawyer in January 1986.

Sawyer, a physicist widely respected on campus, was officially leaving his post because he wanted to return to teaching and research. However, it quickly became known that the real reason for his departure was disagreement with Huttenback over the latter’s plan for a $160 million cogeneration power plant to be located on campus that would provide electricity for UCSB and an offshore oil platform.

160 Opposition to the cogeneration plan centered not merely on the proposal itself, which many environmentalists criticized for its offshore oil development and growth-inducing potential, but on a seemingly insider’s deal emerging for Huttenback confidante and UCSB contributor Barney Klinger.

The Academic Senate launched an investigation and found “a number of distressing things ... that raise questions about the 101 administration.”

On April 7, 1986, nine members of the UCSB faculty—including Academic Senate chair Keir Nash and vice chair Richard Flacks—sent a confidential letter to UC President David Gardner castigating Huttenback’s “judgment, priorities and effectiveness in academic matters,” “diminished capacity to provide the moral authority to lead and represent this campus,” and “alienation of student leaders.”

These faculty leaders concluded: “It is in the best interests of the campus and university that Chancellor Huttenback consider resigning.”102 Twelve days later, a bombshell hit: the Los Angeles Times ran a front-page article reporting that the University of California was “investigating whether UCSB Chancellor Robert Huttenback misused university funds to refurbish the kitchen of his home.”103 On the same day, the letter from what Huttenback now dubbed the “gang of nine” was leaked to the press. The fat was truly in the fire.

NOTICIAS Huttenback lashed back at opponents in typical form. As reported in the media: “This letter contains extremely broad and possibly libelous charges...If the people I greatly respected, the productive faculty, wanted me to resign, I would. But I think we’re doing the right things and as long as it meets the approval of people who are the heart and soul of the university, I’ll keep doing them.”104 Opposition to Huttenback ran across the political and disciplinary spectrums.

Though the April 19th Los Angeles Times article was the first public report of problems concerning his kitchen remodel, rumors had been circulating around campus for months that Huttenback and his wife, Freda, were spending university and UCSB Foundation funds on their private residence in Santa Barbara, that campus staff were doing personal errands and gardening for them, and that the Huttenbacks had submitted a fraudulent insurance claim for silverware. The kitchen remodel took place during the second half of 1985. When Huttenback came to UCSB, he did not want to live in the chancellor’s residence on campus in large part because he had a young daughter for whom he did not believe a campus residence was appropriate. Moreover, the campus chancellor’s residence was not conducive for the kind of entertaining and fund-raising he wanted to do.

Huttenback negotiated with the

THE RISE OF UCSB University of California President’s office and Board of Regents about his housing and entertainment costs and expenditures almost from the time he became chancellor of UCSB. From the start, he received a housing allowance.

In July 1982, the Regents “authorized and instructed” UC President David Saxon “to develop at the earliest possible date a long-term solution for housing for the chancellor of the Santa Barbara campus.”105 Also in 1982, the Regents assumed some of the costs for Huttenback’s use of his private residence as an official UCSB entertainment center.106 However, perhaps in part because there was a transition in the UC presidency in 1983, no permanent solution was ever developed.

It may well be that in the scandal concerning his kitchen remodel at his off-campus residence that ended his career, Huttenback was the victim of a miscarriage of justice. It is not possible here to go into all of the details of this drama, which played out for more than five years until November 1991, when the 2nd District Court of Appeal upheld his conviction (though overturned that of his wife). In July 1988, Robert and Freda Huttenback were unanimously convicted by a jury in Santa Maria of embezzlement of university funds stemming from expenditures on their personal residence and, in his case, of tax evasion on the value of these expenditures. They were found not guilty of insurance fraud.107 The primary case against Hutten-

161 back was that UC presidents Saxon and Gardner had not authorized expenditures he made on his private residence. However, it was specifically concerning Saxon’s and Gardner’s testimony at Huttenback’s trial that he did not have their authorization that Ray Sawyer wrote in a remarkable letter to the editor after Huttenback’s death: “There were aspects of the testimony of then-President Gardner and of ex-President Saxon that I did not understand.”108 Sawyer also says that he “had always been sympathetic with Bob over the house problem. Having been in most of the other Chancellor’s houses in the system, I can say that the others are mansions, while UCSB’s is a middle range 1960s Goleta tract house, transplanted to what is a great location in some respects and a terrible one in others. Bob’s decision not to live there was understandable.”109 The Huttenbacks’ legal trials were, however, in the future as events in the spring and early summer of 1986 played themselves out. On July 11, 1986, under intense scrutiny and pressure from multiple directions, he resigned as chancellor effective September 1. He was to reimburse the University of California $174,000 for expenses on his residence and would remain a tenured professor of history.

He was replaced on an interim basis

by Daniel Aldrich, who had served as chancellor of UC Irvine.

There was a significant institutional argument against Huttenback’s

162 continued chancellorship—notwithstanding his contributions and apart from his personal indiscretions. Kelley wrote the following letter to the editor to the Santa Barbara News-Press the month before Huttenback resigned: Concerning the Huttenback controversy at UCSB, it is often said that he has lured many prestigious faculty and programs, and has transformed a weak and undistinguished institution into one that is nationally respected.

Chancellor Huttenback arrived in 1978. Two years later, long before he could have influenced more than a department or two, the Associated Research Council in Washington, D.C., asked...top professors to rank the departments in their fields....UCSB won a strong national ranking ...

In sum: In the seven most strongly rated departments [Anthropology, Chemistry, German, Geology, History, Physics, and Sociology], there are presently 133 full professors of whom Huttenback appointed only 17, and 10 of those in one department [Physics].

A new theme is needed in place of ‘he transformed UCSB into a strong institution.’110 Kelley criticized Huttenback in his history of UCSB five years earlier as well: “The new chancellor, the Santa Barbara Division of the Academic Senate, and the existing senior administra-

NOTICIAS tive staff experienced difficult times in the months following Huttenback’s arrival on campus. From his background in private higher education, he was used to thinking of authority as being much more centralized in the person of the chief campus officer than was the usual custom in the University of California....In a chancellorship still in its early stages...whether or not this administrative style would produce, in the long run, more benefits than costs was a question which could not as yet be given a settled answer.”111 Rather than Huttenback, Kelley emphasized the roles of Alexander and Sawyer in the rebirth of UCSB in the later 1970s. The UCSB faculty legislature passed a resolution in 1978 on Alexander’s departure from the administration that “[d]uring his six years as Vice Chancellor, his leadership, his working relations with the Senate, and—in the outcome—his lasting contributions toward guiding this campus to a high academic distinction, have surely earned him a truly significant place in the history of the University of California, Santa Barbara.”112 Sawyer’s part in the development of the Institute for Theoretical Physics proposal and with development of the materials program, together with his role in Huttenback’s departure, truly was significant.

It is hard to be an effective chancellor without the support of most of the faculty and with the active opposition of much of it. If students and alumni

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are against the chancellor, that’s not alumni, and administration, he did not helpful either. But this does not mean work effectively with important parts Huttenback was a crook, which—that of the larger, non-campus community. he was not a crook—is the view here.113 This included Isla Vista and the He was certainly neglectful in his perCounty of Santa Barbara, probably the sonal affairs; former two most important Vice Chancellor Ed local jurisdictions Birch calls Huttenwith which the uniback’s handling of his versity interacted. A personal affairs, local reporter at the 114 Kelley “sloppy.” time noted that he presented a good case “showed disdain for that UCSB was on the Isla Vista and reupswing, including jected county efforts with respect to fundto make sure camraising, before Hutpus expansion plans tenback became did not overwhelm chancellor.115 Huttenthe overcrowded back himself comstudent enclave.”117 According to former mented, in his first assistant chancellor address to campus Richard Jensen, who faculty in October was also a neighbor 1977: “UCSB is a first- Barbara Uehling became UCSB’s of Huttenback: “He rate research institu- fourth chancellor in 1987. By the time of her departure in 1994, was by nature comtion and also an outpetitive—he wresstanding undergradu- student enrollment had reached 19,000.

University Archives, UC tled, played soccer ate and graduate uniand rugby at UCLA versity.... [There are] Santa Barbara Library as an undergradumany excellent deate. He often dealt with conflict by partments and distinguished faculty in confrontation rather than comproall departments. Somehow, we must mise.” Jensen also recalls that Huttenget more of this true image to the out116 back was in constant conflict with loside world.” Alas, he himself increasingly forgot this image as his arrogance cal environmentalists and the Goleta and disrespect for many at UCSB and Water District board.”118 Barbara Uehling, who had been in the community grew during his chancellor of the University of Miseight and a half years on campus. souri at Columbia and who had preIn addition to alienating large viously served as provost of the segments of the faculty, student body,

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University of Oklahoma, was inaugurated as UCSB’s fourth chancellor in May 1987. Unfortunately, the “curse of the UCSB chancellor” struck again, and in the week before her inauguration she was arrested for driving under the influence.

Though the charge was later reduced to reckless driving, the damage was done. During Uehling’s chancellorship, the School of Environmental Science and Management (now the Bren School) was established—the first new professional school on campus since the College of Engineering. Uehling’s relations with the community were good, but those with the faculty were never strong.

Her tenure as chancellor ended in 1994 with her resignation while facing the possibility of a vote of no confidence in her by the Faculty Senate. During her seven years at UCSB, the campus reached an enrollment of 19,000 in 1989.

Walter Kohn Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1998 Tony Mastres photograph

The Nobel Era The arrival of Henry Yang as chancellor in July 1994 was welcomed by almost all on campus. In a feature article on Yang a year after he became chancellor, Jerry Cornfield of the Santa Barbara Independent, who as a student wrote for the Daily Nexus, remarked: “The last two chancellors—Barbara Uehling and Robert Huttenback— were driven from office, pummeled by personal controversy, alienated fac-

David Gross Nobel Prize in Physics, 2004 Rod Rolle photograph

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THE RISE OF UCSB

Herbert Kroemer Nobel Prize in Physics, 2000 Tony Mastres photograph

Alan Heeger Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000 Tony Mastres photograph

Finn Kydland Nobel Prize in Economics, 2004 Tony Mastres photograph

Shuji Nakamura Nobel Prize in Physics, 2014 Randall Lamb photograph

166 ulty, and irate students.” Cornfield also commented on Yang’s “effort to heal the campus soul.”119 Born in mainland China, Yang grew up in Taiwan. His father served in the Chinese Nationalist air force and the family moved from military base to military base. Chancellor Yang had four siblings, two of whom also immigrated to the United States.

A younger brother is a distinguished professor of chemical engineering at the University of Michigan. His older sister worked at the Johnson Space Center.

Henry Yang came to the United States to study mechanical engineering, and received his doctorate from Cornell University. He subsequently became the Neil A. Armstrong Distinguished Professor of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering at Purdue.

Students there chose him as the top teacher eleven times. He continues to teach an undergraduate course and supervise Ph.D. students at UCSB. On his arrival, he said: “My role is to seek out wisdom and a vision from our faculty, students, staff, alumni, the community, and the governing administration, and to continue to help build this university to be an absolute and enviable After world-class university.”120 moving on to campus, he and his wife, Dilling, often ate in the student dining commons. They have two daughters. He personally monitors Halloween and other events in Isla

NOTICIAS Vista, and is vitally involved in campus life.

While chancellor, he has served as chair of the Association of American Universities and the Association of Pacific Rim Universities. He currently chairs the project to build a $1.4 billion telescope—the “Thirty Meter Telescope”—on top of Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii. He is the longest-serving chancellor of a University of California campus at this time.

The celebration of UCSB’s fiftieth anniversary following establishment of the University of California, Santa Barbara College, in 1944 coincided with Yang’s inauguration as the university’s fifth permanent chancellor.

UCSB faculty members, including former Vice Chancellor Robert Michaelsen, wrote on the campus’ fiftieth anniversary: Recent election to membership in the prestigious Association of American Universities recognizes the excellence of UCSB’s academic programs and our contributions to the national research base. Last year the Carnegie Commission accorded UCSB ‘Research 1’ status, designating it as a major research institution.

A recent study ranks UCSB second in the nation in per capita research productivity in the arts and humanities, sixth in the sciences, and sixth in the social sciences. In other studies, 45 percent of UCSB’s academic depart-

THE RISE OF UCSB ments and programs are ranked among the top 20 in the United States.121

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“fifty years of excellence at UCSB,” noting as well the university’s “rich traditions and tremendous momentum” and its “high quality and The process to become a member great potential.”123 of the Association of American UniPolitical scientist Keir Nash says versities (AAU) was of Yang: “Among initiated by ChanUCSB chancellors cellor Uehling, and he has been the Yang carried it best by so far that a through to successcomment made ful achievement. long about about Santa Barbara was Chief Justice John the fourth UC camMarshall seems pus, following Berlocally applicable: keley, UCLA, and ‘Marshal was first, UCSD, to be sewith no other chief lected for memberjustice second.’”124 According to Santa ship in this august Barbara News-Press organization, which co-publisher Aris comprised now thur von Wiesenof the sixty-two berger, Yang has leading public and done “truly amazprivate universities ing things as in the United States Henry Yang became chancellor at UC 125 c h a n c e l l o r. ” and Canada.

Santa Barbara in the summer of 1994.

Yang has said of Membership in Office of the Chancellor, UC President Clark the AAU truly did UC Santa Barbara Kerr’s memoirs mark UCSB’s comthat they have ing of stature. been a “great source of inspiration”126 AAU President Cornelius Pings said to him. There, Kerr closed the first on this occasion: “UCSB is an outvolume, Academic Triumphs, on this standing institution that is making a thought—in words that could be apmajor contribution to the advanceplied to Yang himself—quoting Plato ment of the nation’s research base in the Republic: “When the wheel [of and to the education of the nation’s education] has once been set in monext generation of scientists and tion, the speed is always scholars.”122 Chancellor Yang said 127 that the reason for admission was increasing.”

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NOTICIAS University of California Nobel Laureates, 1998–2014, by Category

Location!

Physics

Chemistry

Berkeley

2

Santa Barbara

3

Economics

Total

1

3

6

2

1

6

1

2

1

2

Los Angeles

1

San Diego

1

Irvine

1

San Francisco Total

Medicine

1 1

5

5

The 1998 awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to UCSB faculty member Walter Kohn initiated a remarkable series of UCSB Nobel laureates to the present, including Herbert Kroemer in Physics and Alan Heeger in Chemistry in 2000, David Gross in Physics and Finn Kydland in Economics in 2004, and Shuji Nakamura in Physics in 2014. Also in 2004, Frank Wilczek, who had taught at UCSB, received the Nobel Prize in Physics. Robert Schrieffer, who was a faculty member at UCSB from 1979 to 1992, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972. In 2009, Carol Grie-

1

2

6

18

der, who received her B.A. from UCSB in the College of Creative Studies, received the Nobel Prize in Medicine.128 UCSB’s record of Nobel laureates since 1998 exceeds that of all but a few institutions in the world:129 Faculty Nobel Laureates, 1998-2014, Leading Institutions in the World 1. !!2. !!3. !!4. !!5.

Stanford!! 8 Columbia!! 7 Harvard!! 7 UC Berkeley!! 6 UCSB!! 6

THE RISE OF UCSB Within the University of California, a number of faculty members received Nobel Prizes during the same period (see chart opposite).130 UCSB’s contributions to knowledge are substantial. The campus is on the cutting edge in many disciplines throughout the natural and social sciences and humanities. In 2013, the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University in the Netherlands ranked UCSB second in the world, among universities, in scientific impact.131 According to Chancellor Yang: “We are very proud of UC Santa Barbara’s number 2 ranking in Leiden University’s four-year study of the top 500 universities in the world.

Such recognition is a resounding affirmation of our faculty’s unwavering commitment to excellence. The high citation rate of our colleagues’ publications in prestigious journals reflects the far-reaching impact of the research being conducted on our campus.”132 Many campus graduate programs are among the top in the nation according to the National Research Council. In a landmark 2010 report evaluating more than 5,000 doctoral programs in 62 fields at 212 universities, the National Research Council gave each program a range of different rankings, depending on how much weight was given to various aspects of the programs. Chancellor Yang is again the best source: “UC Santa Barbara is very proud that among our 31 doctoral programs assessed by the

169 NRC, 10 programs, or nearly a third, have a range of rankings reaching into the top five in the country; 14, or 45 percent, are in the range of the top 10; and 20, or nearly two-thirds, are in the range of the top 20. These new rankings reflect UC Santa Barbara’s rapid rise in our world-class stature over the decades, and serve as resounding affirmation of the quality and diversity of our doctoral programs, which form the fundamental basis of a strong research university.”133 The top rated program was the Materials Department, which ranked number one across its entire range. Other top graduate programs included those in Chemical Engineering, Communication, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Geography, Marine Science, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Theater and Dance, Anthropology, Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Hispanic Languages and Literature, History, Art History, Chemistry & Biochemistry, Comparative Literature, English, Psychology, Spanish and Portuguese, and Religious Studies.134 One member of the UCSB faculty, Michael Freedman, has received the Fields Medal, equivalent to the Nobel Prize for mathematicians under the age of forty. Scores of UCSB faculty are members of the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Engineering, among other significant scholarly associations and dis-

170 tinctions. More than eighty UCSB faculty have been Guggenheim Fellows over the years.

Three research endeavors in 2010 give a flavor of the diversity and influence of the university.135 In March, several UCSB astronomers helped to identify a new planet in the constellation Serpens Cauda, 1,500 light years from Earth. The planet was the first body identified outside of the solar system similar in mass, radius, and temperature to Jupiter and Saturn. In April, UCSB researchers participated in analysis of the anti-cancer properties of the short-chain peptide, iRGD. It was discovered that iRGD could enhance the anti-cancer capabilities of many cancer drugs simply when coadministered with them, rather than being chemically bonded with them, thus improving cancer treatments.

That summer, UCSB unveiled a new state-of-the-art stem cell research lab.

UCSB's research productivity in the humanities and fine arts is impressive. As UCSB has developed as a leading research university, the humanities and fine arts have expanded dramatically both in the number and quality of departments and programs. The Division of Humanities and Fine Arts now includes more than twenty departments and programs, offering twenty-nine undergraduate degrees, twenty-two minors, and twenty-eight graduate degrees.136 In addition to their central role on campus, the humanities

NOTICIAS and arts play an essential role in connecting UCSB to the larger Santa Barbara community. In 2009, both former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the Dalai Lama spoke in Santa Barbara during the same week as a result of their participation in UCSB programs. There are few communities anywhere of any size which regularly have the wide array of prominent speakers, artists, and others who visit it and speak to the public which is the case in Santa Barbara because of UCSB. UCSB was one of the original sites from which the precursor to the Internet was launched. In addition to the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, eleven other national research centers are located on campus, including the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, the Center for Spatial Studies, the Southern California Earthquake Center, and the California Nanosystems Institute. In the social sciences, economics chair Peter Kuhn remarked when Finn Kydland received the Nobel Prize that part of the goal in recruiting him was to help build UCSB Economics “into one of the world’s top departments.”137 Edward Prescott, who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2004, has been a visiting professor at UCSB. In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change received the Nobel Prize in Peace—the panel included representation from the UCSB economics department.

THE RISE OF UCSB Jensen considers the key to UCSB’s development to be the “willingness of the faculty to work with others in interdisciplinary ways. This willingness seems to have eliminated the ‘silos’ which often characterize academic environments ... Our National Science Foundation Institute for Theoretical Physics was due in part to our willingness to ... collaborate across subdiscipline lines.”138 Political scientist Stephen Weatherford suggests that the campus’ interdisciplinary nature stems in part from the broad liberal arts history of UCSB and close interdisciplinary contacts when the campus was smaller.139 Executive Vice Chancellor David Marshall calls attention to the “distinct and distinctive campus profile for interdisciplinary research, which in part emerged from a culture of innovation and collaboration on a campus not dominated by professional schools. This extends to every discipline and part of the campus.”140 UCSB’s current enrollment is about 22,000, comprising about 19,000 undergraduates and 3,000 graduate students. Ethnically, the undergraduate student body in 2012 was 42 percent white, 24 percent Hispanic, 23 percent Asian, 4 percent African American, and 7 percent other or international. By way of contrast, UCSB was 5 percent minority in 1968.141 Women comprise slightly more than 55 percent of undergraduates and slightly less than 50 percent of gradu-

171 ate students. About one-fifth of graduate students are international. As with colleges and universities nationally, an increasingly greater proportion of the campus’ undergraduate enrollment is transfer students and juniors and seniors, to some extent following a longer local trend than elsewhere.

The relationship between UCSB and Santa Barbara City College has grown increasingly important in recent years as SBCC has emerged as the major partner institution with UCSB as the number of students who attended City College who subsequently enroll in UCSB has grown substantially. In the most recent three years for which data are available, 2010-11 through 2012-13, 1,095 SBCC students transferred to UCSB.142 The number of out-of-state and international students attending UCSB has also increased, following a trend even more pronounced elsewhere in the University of California.143 SAT scores of freshmen increased from 1801 in 2009 to 1852 in 2012. The 2013-14 school year marked the most selective year for undergraduate admissions in UCSB’s history, which was again the case in 2014-15.144 There were a total of 66,803 applicants to UCSB for 2014-15, for whom the average high school GPA was 4.05 and the average SAT score was 1902.145 The influence of the events of 2014 on UCSB admissions at both the undergraduate and graduate levels remains to be seen.

172 Looking to the future, the UCSB Long Range Development Plan foresees increased enrollment to 25,000 students in the coming years. New student residence halls and new campus faculty and staff housing will accommodate all growth in students, faculty, and staff on property owned by the university. This will enable a more geographically contiguous institution in which a greater proportion of students, faculty, and staff live close to and on campus. A practical accomplishment of recent years has been the acquisition of properties adjacent to the campus to the west of main campus, including the former Ocean Meadows Golf Course, which was donated to the university by the Trust for Public Land in 2013. Chancellor Yang said: “The addition of this land will allow us to collectively implement a more inclusive, coherent, and comprehensive management plan for the entire Devereux Slough. We look forward to working together to preserve this beautiful and ecologically important area for education, research, and public enjoyment, now and for generations to come.”146 It is likely that, as a result of the April 2014 Deltopia disturbance, different government options from the status quo for Isla Vista will again be considered. Government organization proposals currently being discussed include establishing a parking, community services, or municipal improvement district. Many are in-

NOTICIAS volved in these discussions, including community members, students, elected officials, and the UC Santa Barbara Foundation. The election of past UCSB Associated Students president and current Isla Vista resident Jonathan Abboud to the Santa Barbara Community College District Board of Trustees in November 2014 may signal a return to greater student political activism.

Student growth in the coming years is planned to consist disproportionately of graduate students, whose percentage of the total student body is projected to increase from 13.5 to 17 percent. Thus the campus student body—including in Isla Vista—would become more mature. It is not possible for Isla Vista to possess a more mature profile unless UCSB increases its proportion of graduate students.

The total number of graduate students is intended to climb from about 2,800 to 4,200 under the Long Range Development Plan, an increase of about 50 percent. In order to reach this goal by the time the campus has total enrollment of 25,000, additional numbers of graduate and undergraduate students will have to be admitted on almost a one-to-one basis. Departments will become larger.

The amount of space available for research and academic use will become about five million square feet, an increase of about three-quarters in UCSB’s physical plant.147 Thousands of housing units will be built on uni-

THE RISE OF UCSB versity land to accommodate greater enrollment and employment.

Ed Keller, an earth scientist at UCSB, wrote in his regular column in the Santa Barbara News-Press: “The University of California, Santa Barbara, must have one of the most spectacular settings of any university in the world. We like to say we have a beautiful location with beautiful minds—after all, UCSB is also a leading research and teaching institution that is world famous.”148 As much as possible, new graduate student, staff, and faculty housing should be located in and adjacent to Isla Vista.

It will be important for UCSB to integrate itself more with the greater Santa Barbara area and community in the coming years.149 The relationship with Santa Barbara City College, which was recognized in 2013 as the number one community college in the nation, will be especially important as a result of the large and growing number of SBCC students who transfer to UCSB and who live in Isla Vista.

In addition, the town and gown relationship should be strengthened through greater interaction between the campus and the local nonprofit and governmental communities—particularly in education. The relationship with the business community is good, in part as a result of the work of the UCSB Economic Forecast Project, currently led by Peter Rupert, including its annual Economic Summit.

The relationship of UCSB with lo-

173 cal public schools should be vital, building on the historical relationship between local public schools and UCSB and its predecessors. It would benefit the campus if more local high school students, including the top students, enrolled in it, as well as top students from around the state, nation, and world. Perhaps a special association could be formed with Santa Barbara High School, with which UCSB’s own history is shared.

The Deltopia disturbance of April 5, 2014, should lead to positive changes in Isla Vista. Chemical engineer and UCSB benefactor Duncan Mellichamp has been as involved as anyone on campus with the student community. In a series of thoughtful opinion pieces, he has called for a variety of changes in Isla Vista, including the possibility of a parking district.

Others—particularly students—are calling for a community services district. Goleta Mayor Michael Bennett supports a municipal improvement district. A leading Isla Vista property owner and UCSB graduate, Chuck Eckert, could also play an important role. Mellichamp observes that, especially with the advent of social media, young people from hundreds of miles away can travel to the area and display a level of callousness “scarcely imaginable in the shadow of a major educational/research institution, certainly not one that has spent decades successfully building its case for greatness.”150 It will be necessary to

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NOTICIAS

spend tens of millions of dollars on capital and public infrastructure in Isla Vista in the coming years, including street lighting, sidewalks, parking improvements, and community services buildings. The “eucalyptus curtain� now separating Isla Vista and main campus should be removed, and the Pardall expansion project, which would eliminate the tunnel between UCSB and Isla Vista, should be completed.

UCSB can shed its image as an undergraduate party school, but it will take the combined effort of the community, administration, faculty, and students. Discontinuing the heavy reliance on a Monday-Wednesday/Tuesday-Thursday schedule (as opposed to having most classes on Monday-Wednesday-Friday, as was traditionally the case) would be a positive step. Longtime economist Steve LeRoy suggests bringing more leading professors to campus on a visiting and temporary basis. Out-of-state attendance at Santa Barbara City College may be limited.

UCSB will continue to grow, develop, and evolve for as far as the eye can see.

The year 2014 marked the seventieth anniversary of the affiliation of Santa Barbara with the University of California. The history of the campus during this period places it among the top handful of institutions of higher education and research in the world. It is an open question whether any other university founded since its time has climbed so far and fast, and is as prominent. UCSB is a meteor in the intellectual firmament and public consciousness.

To date, more than 200,000 undergraduate and graduate students have attended UCSB, and about 15,000 graduates live in the greater Santa Barbara area.

In the long run, as with other great centers of learning and knowledge, Santa Barbara will be predominantly known for UCSB, if it is not already. UCSB is Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara is UCSB.

175

THE RISE OF UCSB Afterword

The above history was almost finished when the tragic shooting of May 23, 2014, occurred. This history is dedicated to the memories of the innocent UCSB students who lost their lives—George Chen, Katherine Cooper, Cheng Yuan “James” Hong, Christopher Ross Michaels-Martinez, David Weihan Wang, and Veronika Weiss. George was 19 years old, Katie was 22, James was 20, Chris was 20, David was 20, and Veronika was 19. Almost 20,000 students, faculty, and friends attended the memorial service on campus in their honor.

Acknowledgements A number of good individuals assisted by providing information, reviewing drafts, or in some other way. I thank Hattie Beresford, Ed Birch, Henning Bohn, Phil Bugay, Todd Capps, Londi Ciabattoni, Margaret Connell, Roger Davidson, Bob Deacon, John Aubrey Douglass, Andy Ebenstein, Rob Ebenstein, George Eskin, Dick Flacks, Mary and Steve Forsell, Bob Foss, Frank FrostLee Gientke, Ron Harkey, Peter Haslund, Ed Heron, Fred Hofmann, Ken Hough, Diana Hull, Dick Jensen, John Kay, Steve LeRoy, Nelson Lichtenstein, Sheila Lodge, John Lofthus, John Longbrake, Gene Lucas, David Marshall, Walter and Thelma Mead, Duncan Mellichamp, Jim Mills, Daisy Muralles, Keir Nash, Eduardo and Judy Orias, Lynn Rodriguez, Justin Ruhge, Ray Sawyer, Tom Schrock, Patricia Sheppard, Bob Sherman, Pete Sigal, Virginia Sloan, Jon Sonstelie, Jen Thorsch, George Thurlow, Arthur von Wiesenberger, Steve Weatherford, Nick Welsh, Natalie Wong, and the late Alec Alexander, Gordon Baker, Waldo Phelps, and Henry Turner. I would especially like to express my thanks to Chancellor Henry Yang for reviewing a manuscript draft. Needless to say, none of these good people is responsible for the contents or interpretation here. I finally thank Michael Redmon of the Santa Barbara Historical Museum for his exemplary editing.

Left: Graduation Day, 2014.

Spencer Bruttig photograph

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NOTICIAS

Notes Derek Bok in Clark Kerr, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, vol. 1 Academic Triumphs (University of California Press, 2001), inside flap.

2 Maynard Geiger, The Indians of Mission Santa Barbara in Paganism and Christianity (Santa Barbara: Franciscan Fathers of the Old Mission, 1986), 3. Cf. Lynne McCall and Rosalind Perry (coord.s), California’s Chumash Indians (Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2002), 11.

3 Lynn H. Gamble, The Chumash World at European Contact (University of California Press, 2008), 86.

4 Ibid. 86. Interestingly, slightly more than one-tenth of the population of Santa Barbara County’s south coast now lives in the immediate Isla Vista-UCSB area.

5 It merits notice that the area immediately surrounding what is today UCSB is apparently among the oldest continuously inhabited and reasonably densely populated places in the Americas. Human remains more than 7,000 years old have been found near Highway 101 about two miles northwest of campus (Walker A. Tompkins, Goleta: The Good Land [Fresno: Pioneer Publishing, 1966], 5-6), and Chumash predecessors, the Oak Grove people, on Santa Rosa Island have been dated to 13,000 years ago-possibly among the first humans to be identified in North and South America (Torben C. Rick, “Radiocarbon Dating and Interpretation on Santa Rosa Island: Final Report,” Western National Parks Association [July 2007], 1).

6 Robert Nelson Christian, A Study of the Historical Development of the Santa Bar1

bara School District (M.A. thesis, University of Southern California, 1963), 26.

7 Ibid. 31.

8 Ibid. 32.

Santa Barbara School District and Santa Barbara State Teachers College 9 Ellison wrote of a period slightly later than the school district’s founding: “It is well to note ... the significant link between the private Anna S. C. Blake Manual Training School ... and the Santa Barbara city schools” (William Ellison, Antecedents of the University of California, Santa Barbara, 1891-1944 [UCSB Special Collections, 1964], 18).

10 Dorothy W. Brubeck, A Salute to 100 Years, Santa Barbara High School 18751975 (Santa Barbara High School Alumni Association, 1975), 11.

11 Lanny Ebenstein, “Celebrating Santa Barbara High School’s 125 Years,” Noticias (Autumn 2000), 47.

12 Leslie Andrea Westbrook, A Century of Success: A Future of Possibilities (Santa Barbara: Boehm Group, 2010), 16. Westbrook writes in her history of Santa Barbara City College, “The creation of the junior college should not be confused with the creation of the Santa Barbara State Normal School ... However, the junior college established by the high school district would be later absorbed into” (17) the teachers college. ! Lee Gientke writes in his unpublished history of UCSB: “From an educational standpoint, UCSB can trace its roots to two facilities: one being Santa Barbara High School and the other being the Anna S. C. Blake Manual Training School. Most attribute the Blake school

177

THE RISE OF UCSB as the sole antecedent to UCSB but in truth both schools served to provide essential parts of the institution that would become UCSB.” It should also be noted, as Gientke writes: “It would be incorrect ... before 1906 to characterize the sloyd school--or its successor, the Santa Barbara Manual Training School--as anything other than an auxiliary program for elementary and secondary students in Santa Barbara. No students of college age were enrolled”; and: “UCSB really traces its roots to two college programs in Santa Barbara: the teacher training program initially organized in 1906 at the old sloyd school and the junior college program organized at Santa Barbara High School” (Lee Gientke, “A Tradition of Education: Santa Barbara and UCSB,” Santa Barbara Historical Museum [June 20, 2002], 6, 9, 17). Gordon Baker, too, disagreed with emphasis on the elementary and secondary manual training program as the primary antecedent of UCSB (conversations with author, 1990-2004).

UCSB’s institutional predecessors are the teachers college and the junior college, which together became Santa Barbara State College. See also Lanny Ebenstein, “Note on the History of the First Santa Barbara Junior College, 1909-1926,” unpub., 2014. On file at Santa Barbara Historical Museum.

13 Edmund O’Reilly, A History of Santa Barbara State Teachers’ College (M.A. thesis, Stanford University, 1928; UCSB Special Collections), 2.

14 See Waldo Phelps, “Clarence Lucien Phelps,” Noticias (Summer 1996), for the best presentation of Clarence Phelps’ life and career. This article also provides perhaps the best history of Santa Barbara State College.

15 Ellison, 136. The broader nature of the

absorption of junior colleges into normal and teachers colleges in California is indicated by the experience elsewhere in the state: “Humboldt State Normal School became Humboldt State Teachers College and Junior College in the 1920s” (Paul Mann, “Humboldt State University: A History,” Humboldt: The Magazine of Humboldt State University [Fall 2013], 29).

16 Ibid. 135-136.

17 Ibid. 120, 142.

18 La Cumbre (Santa Barbara State College, 1925), 14.

19 La Cumbre (Santa Barbara State College, 1922), 12, 24.

20 Ibid. 10.

21 Ibid. 73.

22 Harry Hambly in La Cumbre (Santa Barbara State College, 1923), 78.

23 Ibid. 36.

24 O’Reilly, 88.

25 Mark Patton, “UCSB not immune to racial struggles,” Santa Barbara NewsPress (21 January 2003), C1.

26 In Phelps, 41.

27 Thomas M. Storke, California Editor (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1958), 433.

In addition to being the essential work on Storke, California Editor provides one of the best histories of Santa Barbara during the first sixty years of the twentieth century, including the early development of UCSB. Earl Warren, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, wrote in the Foreword: “If it were possible for a community to publish its autobiography, this could well be called such of Santa Barbara.”, vii.

28 Ellison, 166.

T. M. Storke and Establishment of UC Santa Barbara College 29 Storke, 431.

178 “The Public Schools of Santa Barbara,” Santa Barbara (Chamber of Commerce, March 1906), 7.

31 In Landmarks Committee Staff Report, “McKinley School Designation” (City of Santa Barbara, March 31, 1993), 2.

32 Santa Barbara: A Guide to the Channel City and Its Environs (New York: Hastings House, 1941), 88.

33 Storke, 433-434.

34 Ellison, 170-171.

35 Correspondence from Lee H. Robertson to Lanny Ebenstein (11 May 2010). Lee Robertson also writes, “Why is it when you talk about Thomas Storke as the founder of UCSB, you never mention that he worked hand-in-hand with Alfred Robertson who was Santa Barbara’s Assemblyman for 18 years? It was Mr. Robertson who was responsible for initiating and finally getting passed the bill that would allow Santa Barbara College to become UCSB.” (Lee Robertson, “Where is praise for Robertson?”

Santa Barbara News-Press [6 June 2013], A6).

36 John Aubrey Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan (Stanford University Press, 2000), 339.

37 Tompkins, Goleta: The Good Land, 308309.

38 Walker A. Tompkins, Santa Barbara: Past and Present (Santa Barbara: Tecolote Books, 1975), 112.

39 Ellison, 169.

40 In Phelps, 33.

41 The Riviera campus created strong loyalty among its students. For many years, an annual reunion of former students was held on the former campus itself. More recently, this reunion has been folded into the All Gaucho Reunion at UCSB and continues to draw par30

NOTICIAS ticipants more than sixty years after the last class left the Riviera.

42 Cf. John Aubrey Douglass, “On Becoming an Old Blue: Santa Barbara’s Controversial Transition from a State College to a Campus of the University of California,” Coastlines (Spring 1994).

43 In John Aubrey Douglass, “High Hopes: UCSB Academic Planning in Historical Perspective,” Coastlines (Spring 1995), 10.

44 The Riviera campus was the site of Santa Barbara Junior College (the initial name of Santa Barbara City College), from 1955 to 1959, before SBCC moved to the Santa Barbara mesa in 1959. The current Santa Barbara City College was organized through the Santa Barbara High School District in 1946. Former Coastlines editor Jon Bartel observes: “The old campus is by no means gone-it remains remarkably unchanged as an office park today” (Editor’s letter, Coastlines [Winter 2005], 4). Most of the Riviera campus is now owned by Santa Barbara business leader and philanthropist Michael Towbes.

Campus Point, General Campus, and Expansion 45 Robert Kelley, Transformations: UC Santa Barbara 1909-1979 (Santa Barbara: Associated Students, University of California, 1981), 12. Former campus engineer Londi Ciabttoni remembers seeing asphalt veins in the ground on UCSB when buildings were being built.

46 Robert E. Kallman and Eugene D. Wheeler, Coastal Crude in a Sea of Conflict (San Luis Obispo, Cal.: Blake Printery, 1984), 23.

47 “Prof Insists He’s Innocent in Sex Case,” Chicago Daily Tribune (7 November 1955), 1.

THE RISE OF UCSB Ibid.

“Dr. Clark Kuebler Resigns College Post,” Chicago Daily Tribune ( 2 January 1956), B7.

50 Jim Mills comment to author (28 July 2014). Cf. “Elmer Ray Nobel, 1908-2001: Former Campus Chief Executive,” Coastlines (Spring 2001), 12.

51 In Douglass, “UCSB Academic Planning,” 10.

52 Ibid. 10-11.

53 This writer’s father was quoted in an article on the University of California shortly after coming to Santa Barbara: “There’s something exciting about this state ... the field of education is so far ahead of that of any other state that it cannot be compared--not just in size but in concept and approach” (William Ebenstein in “Clamor of Freshmen, Lure of Fine Teachers,” Life [1963]).

54 In Glory Lamb, The Way We Were: A Photo Journal of UCSB’s Golden Years 1954 to 1970 (Santa Barbara: Alternative Digital Printing, 2013), 47.

55 Lewis F. Walton in Verne A. Stadtman (comp. and ed.), The Centennial Record of the University of California (University of California, 1967), 501.

56 Thomas M. Storke, I Write for Freedom (Fresno, Cal.: McNally and Loftin, 1962), 157.

57 Storke, California Editor, 443. Clark Kerr remembered that at the meeting he was appointed UC president in 1957, Storke came up to him and said twice, “Don’t forget Santa Barbara” (Gold and the Blue, 310). Kevin Starr writes in his monumental history of California, “In the decade following the war, the University of California transformed itself ... into a first-rate world university ... [P]ostwar California conceptualized itself as a higher 48 49

179 education utopia” (Starr, California: A History [New York: Modern Library, 2007], 244).

58 Herbert Muschamp, “Charles Luckman, Architect Who Designed Penn Station’s Replacement, Dies at 89,” New York Times (28 January 1999).

59 Myrna Oliver, “Architect Charles Luckman Dies,” Los Angeles Times (27 January 1999).

60 In Muschamp, “Charles Luckman.”

61 Ibid.

62 In Stadtman, 489. In addition, the chancellor’s residence was designed by Luckman; it, too, should be replaced.

63 Carmen Lodise & Friends, Isla Vista: A Citizen’s History (Isla Vista Ink, 2009), 64.

64 Stadtman, 47, 153, 313, 330, 433, 451, 485, 503.

65 Kelley, 29.

66 Ibid. 23.

67 Ibid. iv.

68 Peter Haslund, himself a graduate student at UCSB in the mid-1960s and later Professor of Political Science at Santa Barbara City College, agrees with this analysis of the influence of the disproportionate number of undergraduates on UCSB during the Vietnam War (comment on manuscript draft, March 2014).

69 In Stadtman, 501.

Vietnam War Era and Burning of the Bank of America 70 In Lanny Ebenstein, “Santa Barbara and Earth Day,” Santa Barbara News-Press (22 April 2011), A8.

71 The members of the Committee on Privilege and Tenure who later found Allen guilty of unprofessional conduct for his activities during the demonstrations on his behalf were Harry Girvetz (Philosophy), Walter Mead (Economics),

180 Robert Reynolds (Psychology), Thomas Schrock (Political Science), and Julian Weissglass (Education).

72 In Lodise, 17.

73 Jim Garrett, “Rioters Destroy Bank, Burn Car in Isla Vista,” Santa Barbara News-Press (26 February 1970), A1, A3.

74 Ibid.

75 Malcolm Gault-Williams, “The Isla Vista Riots I, II, & III,” in Carmen Lodise & Friends, Isla Vista: A Citizen’s History from an Indian Village to the 1990’s, 1st ed.

(Isla Vista Ink, 1990), 6-7.

76 In Lodise, Isla Vista (2009), 165.

77 Kelley, 105.

78 David Pierpont Gardner, Earning My Degree: Memoirs of an American University President (University of California Press, 2005), 59.

79 Later, during the so-called “era of Jarrett,” the fraternity provided a disproportionate share of student leaders, including Brett Doney, Stu Schwartz, Dave Dixon, Scott Pinker, and Gary Rhodes, who attempted, unsuccessfully, to bring football back to UCSB and played a considerable role in Isla Vista and elsewhere in the larger community.

80 Alec P. Alexander, “Vernon Cheadle and the Foundations of Excellence at UCSB,” Santa Barbara Historical Museum (October 9, 1995), p. 9.

81 Kelley, 55, 59.

82 Tompkins, Goleta, 332.

83 Gardner, 36.

84 Robert A. Potter and James J. Sullivan, The Campus by the Sea Where the Bank Burned Down (Santa Barbara: Faculty and Clergy Observer’s Program, 1970), 1, 2.

85 Lamb, 5.

86 Potter and Sullivan, 1.

NOTICIAS Chancellor Saga 87 That Huttenback used UCSB research funds for his personal research with a former colleague from Caltech was criticized by some UCSB faculty.

88 Robert A. Huttenback, The British Imperial Experience (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 204.

89 In Kelley, 98.

90 According to another source, however, UC President David Saxon strongly supported Huttenback.

91 Some of Huttenback’s most strident critics were in the Department of History, including Kelley and Huttenback’s most obdurate foe, Brownlee.

92 John Wilkens, “UCSB in turmoil,” Santa Barbara News-Press (4 May 1986), B1.

93 Kelley, 98.

94 Robert Huttenback interview with the California Institute of Technology Archives (14 September; 6 November 1995).

95 In Kelley, 132-133.

96Chancellor Yang wrote following Kavli’s death that he was “an innovative industrialist, a visionary, a philanthropic scientist, and a humanist. When he passed away, science lost a legendary giant, but he left behind a global legacy” Henry Yang, “Fred Kavli 1927-2013,” Santa Barbara Independent (12 June 2014), 21.

97 James Hartle, Walter Kohn, Douglas Scalapino, and Robert Sugar, “Robert Huttenback: 1928-2012,“ Santa Barbara Independent (25 July 2012).

98 Ibid. Birch, too, emphasizes that Huttenback sought an internationally recognized physics institute in part because of spillover benefits this would have across disciplines. Birch also says that Huttenback changed the “trajectory” of UCSB (conversations with author, 2011).

THE RISE OF UCSB Huttenback interview with Caltech Archives, 50.

100 Henry T. Yang, “Sad News--Dr. Robert A. Huttenback,” Memo to Campus (20 July 2012).

101 In “Major events led up to resignation,” Santa Barbara News-Press (11 July 1986), A1.

102 In “Possible funds misuse focus of UCSB probe,” Santa Barbara News-Press (19 April 1986), A1. The seven other signatories of the letter to President Gardner were Elliot Brownlee (History), Laurence Iannaccone (Education), Bruce Johnson (Economics), Henry Offen (Marine Science Institute/Chemistry), Robert Odette (Chemical and Nuclear Engineering), Eduardo Orias (Biological Sciences), and Cedric Robinson (Center for Black Studies/Political Science).

103 Ibid.

104 Ibid. A1, A4.

105 In Robert A. Huttenback, “Kitchen revelations astounded me--UCSB’s Chancellor Huttenback,” Santa Barbara News-Press (24 June 1986), A6.

106 Ibid.

107 On a personal note, this writer’s family home in Mission Canyon was fifty yards away from the Huttenbacks’ residence, and I frequently saw him jogging in the neighborhood. Though his daughter was too young to be in my own circle of acquaintances, she was the younger friend of a younger friend of my own, and I heard, almost contemporaneously, about the party of teenagers at which the Huttenbacks’ silverware was found under a sofa, which was exactly what the Huttenbacks maintained at the time. I was very familiar with the Huttenback residence, as it previously had belonged to the family of a friend of mine, and had been in it perhaps 99

181 twenty times before the Huttenbacks owned it. I also visited him once at home while he was chancellor (if what his wife said at the time remained the case, I may have been the only student ever to meet him there). ! From this personal perspective, I am sympathetic to Huttenback with respect to some of his housing issues. The kitchen needed remodeling for the kind of entertaining he wanted to do. The previous style was California-Spanishfamily decor and arrangement, which was not consistent with the Huttenbacks’ style and taste, which tended to British colonial and formal.

108 Ray Sawyer, “It Wasn’t About the House,” Santa Barbara Independent (17 July 2012). Sawyer also says, “To put some things into perspective, at that time a chancellor’s salary was about the same as that of a top professor; it was before the explosion in salaries for upper administration.” In 1984, Huttenback received an annual salary of $97,200 and a housing allowance of $37,040 that was taxable income above his salary. John Wilkens, “Top UC officials launch audit of Huttenback loan,” Santa Barbara News-Press (10 June 1986), B1.

109 Sawyer, “It Wasn’t About the House.”

Jensen notes the inconvenience of the proximity of the chancellor’s residence on campus to a student dining commons delivery dock (email to author, 26 April 2014).

110 Robert Kelley, “Give debate an historical tone,” Santa Barbara News-Press (5 June 1986), A14. This writer, too, wrote a letter to the editor criticizing Huttenback’s administrative leadership: “Huttenback’s resignation as chancellor of UCSB closes a stormy era in the univer-

182 sity’s administration. In a tenure marked by controversy from the outset, he disturbed much of the faculty and many long-time friends of the campus” (Lanny Ebenstein, “Let’s sail straight on in wake of the storm,” Santa Barbara News-Press [16 July 1986], A18). Also to criticize Huttenback in a letter to the editor was Lois Capps, “UCSB now a source of humiliation ...,” Santa Barbara News-Press (10 June 1986), A20.

111 Kelley, Transformations, 122-123.

112 In Ibid. 122.

113 Retired Santa Barbara County Superior Court Judge and former Huttenback attorney George Eskin believes that Huttenback was a victim of injustice (interview with author, 28 March 2014). Diana Hull is currently at work on a book about Huttenback, The Chancellor’s Kitchen. Also see Nick Welsh, “The Rise of UCSB and the Fall of Bob Huttenback,” Santa Barbara Independent (12 July 2012); and “Barney Klinger Dies,” Santa Barbara Independent (1 May 2013).

114 Ed Birch, conversations with author (2011).

115 Cf. Kelley, Transformations, esp. 114-115, 119.

116 In Ibid. 113. The summary treatment of the Huttenbacks’ legal travails in the main text does not consider the role of Chris Ferdinandson, the felonious UCSB facilities manager who oversaw the project. A posthumous pardon for Robert Huttenback should be explored.

117 Jerry Cornfield, “Oh, Henry! Chancellor Yang’s First Year at UCSB Has Almost Everyone Smiling,” Santa Barbara Independent (16 June 1995), 28.

118 Richard Jensen, emails to author (7, 8 April 2014).

NOTICIAS The Nobel Era In Cornfield, “Oh, Henry!” 23.

120 Ibid. 25.

121 W. Elliot Brownlee and Robert S. Michaelsen, “An Exciting Past, Even Better Future,” Santa Barbara News-Press (1 October 1995), G1.

122 “UCSB Gains Top University Status,” Coastlines (Spring 1995), 15.

123 Ibid.; in Cornfield, “Oh, Henry!” 27.

124 Keir Nash, email to author (27 April 2014).

125 Arthur von Wiesenberger, comment to author (22 August 2013).

126 Mark Van De Kamp, “Kerr and UCSB,” Santa Barbara News-Press (2 December 2003), B2.

127 Kerr, Gold and the Blue, 419.

128 Kim Dae-jung, President of South Korea from 1998 to 2003, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. He was associated with the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions during the middle 1970s; the Center was later affiliated with UCSB. 129 www.nobelprize.org, official website of the Nobel Prize.

130 Ibid.

131 UCSB Public Affairs, “UCSB Ranked No. 2 in the World in Leiden Ranking of Top 500 Universities” (17 April 2013).

132 Ibid.

133 UCSB Public Affairs, “UCSB Graduate Programs Among Top in U.S., According to New NRC Assessment” (28 September 2010).

134 Ibid.

135 Lanny Ebenstein, “UCSB on the cutting edge,” Santa Barbara News-Press (10 January 2011).

136 David Marshall, email to author (31 March 2014).

137 Morgan Green, “With economics prize, 119

THE RISE OF UCSB Nobels piling up at UCSB,” Santa Barbara News-Press (12 October 2004).

138 Jensen, email to author (7 April 2014).

139 Stephen Weatherford, comment to author (16 May 2014).

140 Marshall, email to author. Jensen remarks that UCSB may have benefited from a relative dearth of professional schools in developing its existing program: “Professional schools would have served the campus poorly in light of the cap on campus enrollment. The excellent programs that exist now would not have been able to grow to where they are if other programs had been added. Some

183 [professional programs] were or could have been interdisciplinary, but not likely. The result might have been limiting of some of our currently best programs.” Email to author (12 April 2014).

141 Kelley, Transformations, 96.

142 Lori Gaskin, email to author (25 August 2014).

143 Mitchell White, “UCSB nearly triples non-resident freshmen over past five years,” Santa Barbara News-Press (9 August 2014), A1.

144 “2013 Marks Most Selective Year in UCSB History,” Santa Barbara Independent (1 May 2013).

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