2010 - 2014 Export Forecast
the change is afoot The outlook for Italian exports
On the cover: Thomas Struth Audience 10 Florence, 2004 chromogenic color print 179,5x304,0cm Š2010 Thomas Struth
December 2010
THE CHANGE IS AFOOT The outlook for Italian exports
2010 - 2014 Export Forecast
This report, coordinated by Camilla Cionini Visani, was written by Alessandro Terzulli, Eleonora Padoan, Federica Pocek and Valentina Cariani, members of the SACE Economic Research team. SACE wishes to thank Gloria Bartoli, lecturer on Global Macroeconomic Trends at the LUISS University in Rome. Chapter 5 was written by Prometeia, under the supervision of Giuseppe Schirone. We wish to thank Andrea Dossena, Carmela Di Terlizzi and Giulia Della Rocca for their help. SACE wishes to thank Oxford Economics for their assistance with the forecasting model.
CONTENTS 1 Executive summary
5
2 Recovery, risks and Italian exports
14
2.1 The macroeconomic picture: after the “rebound�
14
2.2 Italian exports: a changing structure
18
3 New and traditional landscapes
23
3.1 Asia and Latin America: two important drivers
23
3.2 The Mediterranean countries
25
3.3 Broadening horizons in Sub-Saharan Africa
28
3.4 Different faces for Emerging Europe
30
3.5 Advanced countries: light and shade
33
4 The puzzle of sectors
36
4.1 Intermediate goods benefit of industrial recovery
36
4.2 Capital goods: slower but growing
39
4.3 Agricultural and consumer goods: more moderate growth
42
5 Focus: mechanical engineering
46
6 Geographical and sectoral coordinates
51
7 If the euro appreciates
61
References
64
Appendix 1: The Italian trade model (ITRADE)
65
Appendix 2: Prometeia forecast
67
Appendix 3: Detailed tables of forecast exports
69
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
“The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity; the optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty” Winston Churchill The ratio of world trade to GDP has risen in recent decades and now, after rebounding following a dip connected to the financial crisis, it is set to accelerate. World trade is expected to have advanced 12.5% in 2010, an increase that far out paces the 4.4% growth in world GDP (4.4%). Fig. I World trade and growth World trade
GDP (PPP)
15 10
% change
5 0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
-5 -10 -15 Source: Calculations by SACE based on Oxford Economics data.
States intervened to save the markets, now who’s going to save those states? The EU and IMF have adopted measures to enable Greece and Ireland to avert bankruptcy. The countries of Western European have implemented restrictive fiscal policies to control large government deficits caused by increased spending to save banks and to finance anti-crisis support measures. Companies are still not working at full capacity and consequently unemployment remains high. While credit availability has improved, there is still a shadow of concern over the economic recovery and banks continue to exercise greater selectivity in the face of an increase in non-performing loans. All of these factors contribute to the risk of a slowdown in world growth, which is forecast to stand at 4.4% in 2010 and 4.2% in 2011. Financial markets will also remain in flux due to the tension created by growing public debt.
Risk of a slowdown in world growth.
5
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
More volatile exchange rates also constitute a risk. There is downward pressure on the dollar, following the Federal Reserve’s use of “non-conventional” monetary policies to increase the money supply. These measures, and the Chinese exchange rate management have led to an increase in the value of currencies such as the yen, the Brazilian real and other emerging currencies that float freely. The euro responded quickly to America’s monetary policies but also to important weaknesses in the eurozone. The USD/EUR exchange rate is expected to average 1.30 in 2011 and in 2012. Unless there is some form of international coordination some in the foreign exchange market, countries could resort to protectionist measures that would hamper the economic recovery.
Italian exports of goods: +8.3% in 2010-2011.
The full recovery of Italian exports of goods and services will arrive in the first quarter of 2013 when the value returns to the level reached in the first quarter of 2008. Following a 19.5% drop in sales of goods and services in 2009, these are forecast to grow by 7.1% in 2011. Exports of goods will increase by an average of 8.3% in the three-year period, a faster pace than what is expected for services. This growth will not be enough to prevent Italy from gradually losing market shares.
The change is afoot. Although exporters were badly affected by the crisis, there have been signs of reaction, with evidence of a shift in focus towards highgrowth markets. This does not apply across the board, but only to enterprises that had restructured prior to the crisis. According to some preliminary findings of surveys conducted by Banca d’Italia, these companies were less exposed to the slump in demand and the drop in profitability. The crisis did not manage to cancel the positive effects of the restructuring.
6
The geographical spread of exports will change, albeit more slowly than the shift in world trade. The share of exports to advanced countries will continue to fall (from 61% in 2009 to 58% in 2014); the weight of the “advanced” emerging economies, which include the BRIC countries and, among others, Turkey, South Korea and Poland, will increase. Intermediate and capital goods are expected to account for a greater share of total exports (rising from 27.3% to 30% and from 40.7% to 41.5%, respectively), while in the weight of consumer goods will be restrained.
The crisis: impact on companies, markets and sectors.
Credit insurance can help sustain these changes. Italian exports will look increasingly to emerging markets where it will be important for commercial offerings to include risk coverage and competitive financing packages. Financial and insurance products can make it easier for companies, especially smaller ones, to get access to credit to fund their internationalisation projects. The perception of “Made in Italy” is also an issue. According to a recent study by the ISPO research centre, both importers and Italians alike consider food and wine, fashion and fashion accessories to be the most representative Italian products. This perception gives only partial insight into the strengths of Italian exports, which also perform well in less traditional sectors where growth will speed up in the coming years. The “advanced” emerging markets will offer the best prospects for more traditional Italian products (table I). The expected growth will be well above average in all three of the more traditional sectors: food and beverages (average growth of 6.4% in the five-year period 20102014), furniture (+7.3%) and fashion (+6.7%). There will also be some good opportunities in the emerging markets that are just embarking on the early stages of development. The fashion sector shows a varied picture. Demand for luxury goods, especially accessible luxury goods, will grow quickly. At the same time, exports of more standard products will be exposed to harsher local competition. The demand for fashion products will continue to wane in advanced countries, although demand for high-end luxury and accessible luxury goods will be relatively stable.
7
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table 1. Outlook for Italian exports* Advanced
Advanced Emerging
Emerging
Made in Italy Food and beverages Furniture Fashion Luxury
not significant
Accessible luxury
not significant
Standard “New” Made in Italy Mech. engineering Extremely positive
Positive
Negative
Extremely negative
Stable
*Forecast period 2010-2014. This qualitative data is based on expected growth rates for each area with respect to the world. Source: SACE.
Italian exporters will look increasingly to “advanced” emerging markets.
The “advanced” emerging economies will also be an important driving force for Italian capital goods, including mechanical engineering. The development of stronger industrial capabilities by these countries will further boost Italy’s leadership in many machinery and equipment building industries. Growth will not be as dynamic in the emerging markets, where the increase in Italian exports will fall slightly short of the world average (+6.3% in the fiveyear period 2010-2014). Demand in industrialised countries is a more complex picture and will mainly be driven by the need to replace equipment rather than to expand production plants. However, in some individual markets, such as Germany and the U.S., Italian exports will continue to enjoy brisk growth. The scenario is somewhat varied for the Italian industrial districts. Up until now those specialised in food products have enjoyed the fastest recovery, along with some fashion districts, although performance is extremely variable with complete recovery by some and others lagging far behind. Notwithstanding some good results in 2010, the outlook for foreign sales of tiles is uncertain due to difficulties affecting property markets in several key economies. Exports by districts specialising in furniture and mechanics continue to be slack, with the prospects for the latter somewhat brighter.
8
Global recovery is geographically fragmented, reflecting the diverse impact of the crisis. The best performance will be achieved by the emerging markets of Asia and Latin America, where GDP will grow at an average rate of 8.7% and 4.6% respectively in 2010-2012. The Middle East and North Africa are enjoying stronger economic growth thanks to increased government spending. With the introduction of economic reforms and robust demand for raw materials, the economic outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa is good, despite the severe shortage of infrastructure. Emerging Europe, one of the areas worst hit by the crisis, is benefitting from a rise in international trade, although domestic demand continues to be weak. Recovery in the advanced countries is slower and more diversified: the U.S. appears more reactive than the eurozone but both are burdened with high fiscal deficits. It will be some time before the increase in middle-class consumers in the emerging economies, especially in Asia and Latin America, has any effect on consumption levels. As incomes rise over the next few years, there will be more people in the middle class, although their incomes will not be high enough to enable them to buy sophisticated consumer goods. In order to benefit from an increase in demand, exporters will have to focus on upper middle class consumers, and adapt their products to their purchasing power and local needs. Emerging Asia and Latin America will also drive growth of Italian exports (average growth of 10% and 14.2% respectively for 2010-2012). After contracting very slightly in 2009, Asia continues to be Italy’s third-biggest export destination thanks to well-established markets such as China and India (average growth of 13.1% and 12% respectively for 2010-2012), as well as developing economies such as Indonesia and Malaysia. In Latin America, where sales recovered at a decidedly positive pace in 2010, exports to Brazil will enjoy substantial growth (average growth of 16.9% for 2010-2012) thanks to the surge in demand for manufactured goods and mechanical engineering. Chile is also a fast growing market worthy of note (11.1%).
Asia: middle class from 23% to 40% by 2020.
Exporters are looking to new markets alongside traditional destinations.
9
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Fig. II Top exporters by region 2010
2011
2012-2014
Brazil Turkey Tunisia China Nigeria Germany Russia United States Czech Republic Qatar 0 Source: SACE.
Exports to Africa will grow by an average of 7.5% in 2010-2012
5
10
15 % change, in value
20
25
30
While all of the Africa has reacted positively, the Middle East is paying the consequences of the property bubble. In North Africa, where the average growth rate for 2010-2012 is 7.6%, Italian exports are driven by demand from Tunisia, particularly for intermediate goods. The outlook for Algeria and Libya is also good. The gradual urbanisation of Sub-Saharan Africa represents an opportunity for Italian exports, which will rise by an average of 7.4% in 20102012. However, sales are concentrated in three countries, Angola, Nigeria and, above all, South Africa. Export growth to the Middle East will be shrink again in 2010 (-2%), before starting to recover in 2011-2012 (+5.8%). Saudi Arabia and Qatar will continue to be the most dynamic markets. Exports to the advanced markets and to emerging European countries will recover more slowly, by 7% and 8.4% respectively in 2010-2012. It will be some time before the advanced markets recover to pre-crisis levels, enjoyed before the sharp fall in demand. The performance of exports to Europe will vary. The recovery of production in Germany will boost Italian exports, especially of intermediate goods. Exports to Belgium, France and Sweden will grow faster than the regional average. Demand in the U.S. has benefitted from
10
the depreciation of the euro against the dollar at the end of 2009. In emerging Europe, Turkey and Russia continue to be strategic markets, with average exports in excess of ₏ 7 billion. even with a slower dynamic than in previous years (average growth of 7.1% for 2010-2012), the country will still be the main destination market in the region. Intermediate and capital goods will drive Italian export growth. As good predictors of future activity, the former have reacted to signs of recovery of industrial activity. On average, intermediate goods exports will rise significantly (11.3%) during the three-year period 2010-2012, exceeding the overall rate for goods (8.3%). Exports of intermediate goods will be driven by mineral products (13.9%) and chemicals-pharmaceuticals (12.3%). World demand for capital goods will peak in 2012-2013, with the complete recovery of investment activity in the advanced markets. Italian exports in this sector will rise by an average of 8.7% in 2010-2102, in line with last year’s forecast. Economic recovery will bring opportunities for electrical equipment and mechanical engineering, which in 2012 will rise above pre-crisis levels.
Capital goods will pick up from 2012.
Fig. III Growth of Italian exports by sector 2010
2011
2012-2014
Mineral Products Chemicals Plastic and rubber Metals Electrical Equipment Transport Equipment Mechanical Engineering Wood Food and beverages Textiles & Clothing 0
2
4
6
8
10 12 % change in value
14
16
18
20
Source: SACE.
11
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Agricultural and consumer goods will show more moderate growth, increasing by 5.7% and 4.9% respectively over the 2010-2012 forecast period. The agri-food sector approach ed pre-crisis growth already in 2010. Consumer goods will grow more slowly due to increased competition from Asia. Exports of textiles and clothing will grow no more than 5%, but the recovery will award those companies which implemented restructuring projects prior to the crisis and those exporters operating in accessible luxury goods.
Machine tools and machinery for the food industry are the top performers in mechanical engineering.
Mechanical engineering will continue to be one of the pillar of Italian exports. Despite a significant drop in sales, Italy remains a key player in this field. As the world fourth-biggest exporter of mechanical engineering with a 9% market share, Italy’s success in this sector is based on it’s ability to integrate traditional aspects of machinery production (good quality and high-level specialisation and customisation) with marketing strategies that have proved crucial. In addition to the traditional import markets of France, Germany and China, Italian mechanical engineering exporters are looking increasingly towards new markets such as Russia, Poland and Turkey, where demand is dynamic even in difficult times. According to Prometeia, this sector will experience average growth of 7% in 2011, with machine tools (+6% in 2010 and +7% in 2011) and machinery for the food industry (+4.6% in 2010 and +4.5% in 2011) attaining the best results. The forecasts for Italian exports have highlighted promising opportunities for certain sectors in some geographical areas (Table II). Average growth rates for these combinations over the three-year period 2010-2012 are: 19.4% for rubber and plastic in Turkey; 15.6% for mechanical engineering in Brazil; 14% for electrical equipment in China; 12.3% for chemicals in Germany; 7.5% for wood in Russia. Other markets are potential sources of opportunity, with sales in specific sectors currently fairly low but growing fast. Average growth rates for these combinations over the three-year period 2010-2012 are: 13.7% for electrical equipment in Malaysia; 11.4% for mechanical engineering in Chile; 11% for means of transport in South Africa; 5.9% for textiles and clothing in Egypt.
12
Table II Opportunities by geographical area and sector Country - Sector
Rating SACE
2010 â‚Ź bn
2010 % change
2011-12 % change
9.3
6.6
Opportunities
Russia - Wood
M2
Egypt - Textiles and clothing
M2
97.0
5.4
6.2
Yarns and textiles
Germany - Organic chemicals
L1
3,777.6
18.9
9.1
Pharmaceuticals and organic chemicals
Turkey - Plastic and rubber
M2
524.5
29.7
14.3
Motor vehicles and manufactured goods
Tunisia - Metals
M1
388.3
30.0
11.9
Copper products
Brazil - Mechanical engineering
L3
1,297.8
23.9
11.5
Machinery for industry
Chile - Mechanical engineering
L3
281.8
19.5
7.4
Machinery for building infrastructure
China - Electrical equipment
L3
629.1
20.0
11.1
Expansion of the power sector
Malaysia - Electrical equipment
M1
122.9
24.2
8.5
Input for component production
South Africa - Means of transport
L3
133.9
14.5
9.3
Motor vehicles and components
890.4
Furniture for the tourist sector
Source: SACE.
We cannot rule out the possibility of a stronger euro, although this is less likely than the baseline scenario despite the increased volatility of exchange rates linked to uncertainty about public finances in some of the region’s weakest markets. A 10% appreciation of the euro against the dollar in 2011, with a relatively stable exchange rate the following year would produce a two percentage point fall in the growth of the value of goods exported for the two-year period 2011-2012 (which would decrease from +7.4% in the baseline scenario to +5.1%). Should China decide to speed up the revaluation of the yuan, this impact of the weak dollar would be mitigated and the reduction in the value of exports would be only 1.6 percentage points. Exports of consumer goods would be most negatively impacted, especially in the fashion sector, as well as sales of goods to North America and the Middle East.
A strong euro would put consumer goods at risk.
13
2. Recovery, risks and Italian exports
2.1 The macroeconomic picture: after the “rebound” World trade volumes recorded a year-on-year increase of 18.4% in the first eight months of 2010; in August the relative index was only 2% short of the peak level reached in 2008 (Fig. 1). Just as the sharp fall in this variable worsened the recession in 2009, now it is a crucial element for overcoming the crisis. However, while imports by emerging markets had already fully recovered by the beginning of the year, demand in advanced countries remains slack. Among the former, sales to Asian countries picked up quickly, a sign of renewed dynamism in intra-regional trade of components, semi-finished products and raw materials. Sales to Latin America have also shown brisk growth, while those to Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East have not yet recovered to pre-crisis levels. Fig. 1 World trade and foreign orders* 170
World trade (LH scale) PMI new foreign orders (RH scale)
Index, 2000 = 100
160
70
60
150 50 140 40 130 30
120 110 2007
Diffusion Index
World trade recovering well.
20 2008
2009
2010
* On the PMI index, marks above 50 indicate expansion. Source: Calculations by SACE based on CPB Netherlands and JP Morgan data.
There are signs of a slowdown in demand. The global Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) for new foreign orders - which is a very good predictor of trends in trade - remained above 50, which indicates expansion, but began to fall during the summer. Starting from mid-2009, manufacturers began restocking and public demand increased, fostering expansion. This is now slowing due to slack economic growth and the worsening of public finances in the industrialised countries.
14
The improvement in overall financial conditions is also reflected in the trade finance segment, in terms of reduced counterparty risk and lower costs of credit for international trade and the relative insurance policies. However, credit continues to be more expensive and more difficult to access than in 2007, due to ongoing vulnerability in the financial sector. According to a survey by the International Chamber of Commerce, involving 161 banks in 75 countries, 86% of those interviewed forecast that commissions for confirmation of letters of credit would remain stable at the highest levels reached in 2009. In international trade loans, liquidity premiums will continue to be relatively high.
“Liquidity premiums� remain high.
The forecast that world trade of goods will expand below the historical mean supports the hypothesis that post-crisis growth will be slower than pre-crisis growth. After growing by an estimated 13% throughout 2010, due to the effects of the rebound, trade volumes will increase by 7% in 2011 and at less than 9% (the average rate for 2004-2007) during the following years. This scenario reflects previous experiences of economies hit by a financial crisis. As the IMF has pointed out, such crises produce longer-lasting negative effects on international trade, due to worsening credit terms and more volatile exchange rates. There is the risk of a downswing in economic activity. Our baseline scenario envisages a rise in world GDP, in terms of purchasing power parity, of 4.4% in 2010 and 4.2% in 2011, before accelerating in 2012 but remaining below the 5% rate of 2006-2007. Growth is being seriously hampered by reduced use of productive capacity and high unemployment rates in the advanced countries. The latter variable has stabilised in recent months, but remains high. The unemployment rate in OECD countries is 8.5%, with 45 million people out of work. The unemployment rate is 9.6% in the U.S. and around 10% in the eurozone. No significant improvement in these figures is forecast for the short term. It will be at least two years before unemployment rates fall below 8% and 9.5%, respectively, in these two regions, with subsequent negative repercussions on available income and consumer spending. The effects of restrictive fiscal policies, which have already been introduced in Western Europe, will also be felt at a time when private demand is not yet strong enough to compensate for reduced public spending. Public finances must be shored up because, even assuming reduced deficits, in the advanced economies the ratio of public debt to GDP will increase from 74% in 2009 to 86% in 2015.
Unemployment and public debt are hindering economic activity.
15
2. Recovery, risks and Italian exports
Non-performing loans, a problem for banks.
Credit and the relative terms will improve, but remain weak. Banking crises are generally preceded by a substantial increase in domestic credit in relation to GDP: based on mean data for 15 previous crises, we can expect a 40% reduction1. It is therefore necessary to reduce the level of debt and bring bank capitalisation into line with new requirements, which are currently being defined, in order to return to a more brisk expansion of loans. Demand by companies remains weak due to uncertainties about economic recovery and banks continue to be more selective as they face a significant increase in nonperforming loans in almost every western country (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 Non-performing bank loans* 12 10
7.9 6.8
6 4.5
4.8
10.9 5.4
6.5 4.7
United States
United Kindom
Switzerland
Spain
Portugal
Japan
Italy
Ireland
Greece
5.5 Germany
5.7 France
0
5.0
Canada
4 2
2009/2010*
6.1
8
Australia
% of total loans
2008
5.7
* The numbers in the graph indicate the ratio, as a percentage, between capital and total assets for the banking system; for 2009/2010 the last available figure for each country is shown. Source: Calculations by SACE based on IMF data.
The risk of a downturn is also related to trends in exchange rates and the relative volatility. Our assumptions are based on an exchange rate of 1.30 euro against the dollar in 2011 and 1.27 in 2012, but the so-called “currency wars” will accentuate exchange rate volatility, as will China’s exchange rate policy, aimed at sustaining the country’s exports, and America’s response. The Federal Reserve has decided to purchase more long-term Treasury bonds which will increase the monetary base and probably depress the dollar exchange rate2. The effects might be influenced by the reserve role of the U.S. dollar, as borne out by the flow of international capital towards the dollar during the crisis that originated in the United States.
Cf. C. Reinhart and V. Reinhart (2010). At the meeting of 3 November 2010, the central bank announced the purchase of more long-term U.S. Treasury Bonds for $ 600 billion up to the end of the first half of 2011 (approx. $ 75 billion per month), and confirmed that it would reinvest repayments on its holdings of securities. 1
16
2
U.S. monetary policy and Chinese exchange rate practices will both foster the appreciation of exchange rates of currencies such as the euro, yen, Brazilian real and other free-floating currencies. In terms of bilateral nominal exchange rates, for 2010 the yen, the Swiss franc and the euro are estimated to be more than 10% overvalued - compared to the equilibrium rate - with record values for the yen (Fig. 3). This will have an even stronger impact in the emerging economies like Brazil, Turkey and South Africa. For all these countries, the loss of competitiveness due to currency appreciation will negatively impact exports. Some consider the Chinese yuan to be undervalued by as much as 27% against the dollar (20% according to our calculations), despite the return of “managed flexibility� in June 2010, immediately prior to the G20 summit in Canada.
The gap between exchange rates and equilibrium levels is widening.
Fig. 3 Differences between the exchange rate with the USD and the equilibrium level 2009
2010 estimeed
20
30
Brazil Turkey South Africa Euro area Switzerland %
Japan Russia Mexico India United Kindom South Korea China -30
-20
-10
0
10
40
Source: Calculations by SACE based on Oxford Economics data.
Currency tensions will lead to an increased risk of protectionist policies. Attempts by Japan and Switzerland to depreciate their exchange rates, albeit in accordance with international regulations, have proved unsuccessful. The emerging economies, where exchange rates appreciated following adjustments to the rates of countries, whose currencies are almost inconvertible, have seen substantial capital inflows and have started to control
The currency war, a new form of protectionism?
17
2. Recovery, risks and Italian exports
capital movements to curb these inflows. Brazil introduced a 6% tax on financial capital inflows. A series of competitive devaluations could negatively impact international trade as a whole, since they have the same effect as the introduction of export subsidies or import duties3, with the risk of every country adopting protectionist measures, like in 1931, thus worsening the ongoing financial crisis. The alternative is some form of international coordination; the G20 summit held in November 2010 aimed to increase the flexibility of the yuan exchange rate and curtail imbalances between trade surplus and deficit nations. This objective was not reached. Moreover, the problem of an international monetary system that is not based on a national currency such as the dollar has not yet been resolved.
2.2 Italian exports: a changing structure
Exports of goods and services + 9% in 2010 and +7% in 2011.
In terms of value, Italian exports of goods and services will recover fully at the beginning of 2013. The peak recorded in the first quarter of 2008 will not be exceeded until the first quarter of that year (Fig. 4). Italian exports fell to their lowest in the second half of 2009, dropping to levels recorded in early 2005. Under current conditions, foreign sales will be 11% higher than their lowest point last year and fall 15% short of their pre-recession peak. After dropping by 19.5% in 2009, exports are expected to grow by about 9% in 2010 and then slow to about 7% over the following three years, on average one percentage point lower than the growth rate for 2004-2007. This trend will benefit from price increases, while volumes of exports will grow more slowly and will not recover until 2014. However, this will not prevent net exports from making a positive contribution to real GDP in 2010 and 2011, even though growth in exports will remain slower until 2012.
3
18
Cf. Eichengreen (2010).
Fig. 4 Italian exports of goods and services 450
Value
Volume
400
Index, 1990 T1=100
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
0
Source: SACE.
In terms of value, foreign sales of goods will increase faster than those of services, , which have been less exposed to the effects of the crisis. In 2009 exports of services fell by around 13%, eight percentage points less than goods. While in 2010 and 2011 exports of goods will increase at a significantly faster rate, they will grow at more similar rates during the following years, with services performing just slightly better. Exports of goods are forecast to rise by 10% in 2010, slowing to 8% in 2011 and standing between 6% and 7% over the following years. Italy will continue to gradually lose shares of the market. The weight of goods as a proportion of total exports will remain unchanged, at slightly more than 81%; this is less than in France and Germany, where goods account for around 90%, and more than in the UK and the U.S., where they account for approximately. 60% and 70%.
Export of goods are losing ground.
The outlook for Italian exports is different from that for its main competitors. The value of Italian sales of goods abroad is forecast to grow at a slower pace than that of goods sold abroad by Germany and the U.S., in line with France and other non-EU export-led countries such as Canada and Japan. The German economy is reaping the benefits of a significant increase in industrial productivity4 that took place between 2002 and 2006. In the U.S., we await the effects of the new exchange rate and to see the impact of an economic policy aimed at doubling exports, to reduce the trade balance deficit. 4 This factor lies at the heart of the German trade surplus which constitutes a problem for market equilibrium within the eurozone. Increased productivity ought to have led to increased salaries and higher prices and appreciation of the country’s real exchange rate. This was not the case, and this has had negative effects on growth throughout the eurozone. Cf. De Nardis (2010).
19
2. Recovery, risks and Italian exports
Italy’s competitive edge has been eroded, not only by lower productivity, but also by higher inflation than in the rest of the eurozone and the strengthening of the currency has limited trade with the rest of the world.
New indications for destination markets.
Italian exports continue to address more geographically diversified areas, but this change is not keeping pace with the shift in world trade. In 2009 advanced economy countries absorbed more than 61% of Italian exports. By 2014 this will have fallen to 58% (Fig. 5). Italian exports to the more “advanced� emerging economies5 are expected to show average growth of more than 9% in 2010-2014, three percentage points higher than sales to more traditional markets. However, foreign sales to emerging markets strictu sensu of the term will be closer to the overall growth rate; the weight of these countries will remain unchanged between 2009 and 2014, at around 11%. The scenario presents some innovative aspects for Italy, both in terms of the faster growth of exports toward the biggest emerging markets, such as China, and in terms of more dynamic approach towards lesser-known destinations.
Fig. 5 Italian exports of goods to advanced and emerging countries* 20
World
Advanced
"Advanced" Emerging
Emerging
15 10
57.8 11.1
% change
5 0
61.3 11.6 100 17.3
-5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30
100 15.9 2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
* The numbers in the graph indicate the weight as a percentage of total exports of goods. Each area is defined on the basis of the 54 countries included in the study; the sum of shares for these areas is thus less than 100. Source: SACE.
20
5 These include the BRIC countries plus Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Turkey, Mexico, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan.
Positive indications come from the “most active” internationalisation processes. Net foreign direct investments (FDI) by Italy amounted to over € 31 billion in 2009, exceeding the previous year’s figure. This went against world trends. World FDI outflows contracted by 43% to € 790 billion. This downturn was widespread across the advanced countries. When considering foreign investments by Italian companies it is important to remember that these are often smaller than their counterparts in competitor countries6. However, Italian FDI abroad are projected to increase and stabilize around € 33 billion untill 2014. This will foster greater diversification in markets even further afield.
Good prospects for growth in Italian FDI.
The structure of export sectors will also change. The main groups of industries will grow at different rates, with intermediate goods - which are driving the current economic recovery - recording the fastest growth, albeit slowing gradually over the following years (Fig. 6). There will also be a marked increase in the value of capital goods exports, though falling short of the double-figure rate seen in 2006-2007; this will grow at an average of between 9% and 10% in 2010-2011, before levelling at 7%. Expansion will be slower for agricultural goods, which will grow at an average rate of 5.5%, slightly below the mean historical rate and changing very little. Consumer goods exports are not likely to grow at a rate of more than 5% during the forecast period. These increases will result in an increased weight of capital and intermediate goods (whichh will rise to 41.5% and 29.9%, respectively, in 2014) compensated for by a reduction in the share of total consumer goods exports.
Greater weight of capital and intermediate goods.
6
Cf., in particular, Barba Navaretti, Bugamelli et al (2010).
21
2. Recovery, risks and Italian exports
Fig. 6 Italian exports of goods to advanced and emerging countries* 20
Total goods
Agricultural
Consumer
Intermediate
Investiment
15 10
100 20.9 41.5
% change
5 0
8.5 27.3 7.7 29.9
-5 -10 -15 -20
23.5 100
40.7
-25 -30
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
* The numbers in the graph indicate the ratio, as a percentage, between exports of industry aggregates and total exports of goods. Source: SACE.
The role of SACE.
22
Export credit insurance can help to speed up the transformations involved. The structure of Italian exports will increasingly but very gradually focus on demand from markets that carry new and greater risks and will also be conditioned by the need to grant more extended terms of payment. This is our traditional area of business. SACE supplies products which can add considerable value to the financing packages that accompany commercial offerings. They can also make it easier for companies to get access to credit, especially smaller companies whose internationalisation projects are limited by their financial obligations.
3. New and traditional landscapes
3.1 Asia and Latin America: two important drivers
% growth Italian exports
2010 2011
Latin America
21.7
11.8
Brazil
26.3
14.1
international crisis remarkably well and are seeing brisk recovery. The
Chile
16.9
8.8
slackening of world trade, the weakness of key trade partners such as the U.S.,
Mexico
12.9
9.5
Asia
12.5
9.2
China
16.7
11.8
were the most immediate consequences of the crisis in these two regions and
Indonesia
18.1
11.2
the main factors that triggered the slowing of their economies. However, their
South Korea
11.5
7.9
The emerging economies of Asia and Latin America withstood the
waning market confidence and the subsequent contraction of capital inflows
governments reacted quickly. The adoption of public investment programs (by China and India, for example, but also by smaller countries such as Peru and Indonesia) and schemes to boost private spending (India and Brazil), accompanied by a gradually improving global economy, enabled these countries to achieve a full recovery of economic activity by the end of 2009. Thanks to macroeconomic stability and having built up their financial strength in recent years, both regions performed reasonably well even in the middle of
Fiscal stimulus packages to sustain growth.
the crisis. In 2009 GDP increased by 6.8% in emerging Asia, spurred by growth in China. In South America GDP fell slightly, by -1.7/%7. For 2010 the forecast is for sustained growth in Asia (9.3%) and South America (5.7%), albeit with significant differences. In Asia, Chinese industrial activity is the regional powerhouse for other sectors related either directly (raw materials, manufactured goods, energy) or indirectly (mechanical engineering, services). A number of other markets, much smaller than China and India, but with positive growth trends, are also gaining importance in Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaysia). Recovery in Latin America is more varied and linked to the driver markets (Brazil, Columbia and Chile), which have picked up quickly. Economies linked to the economic cycle of the U.S. (Mexico) and with less diversified structures, will recover more slowly. In the medium term, the two areas have some important factors in common the Italian exports could benefit from. The expanding middle class will have a positive impact on private consumption in Asia and Latin America (for instance in China, 12% of the population is in the middle class but currently only accounts for 3% of the world’s consumer goods) while strategic public investments will increase the appeal of some Asian and South American markets (Fig. 7). Strong economies such as China, India and Brazil will continue to play an ever more important role, alongside newer markets such as Indonesia and Vietnam in Asia and Columbia and Peru in Latin America, which are becoming key players. 7
The middle class will drive private consumption in the medium term.
Asian Development Bank and Inter American Development Bank data.
23
3. New and traditional landscapes
Fig. 7 Global middle class spending, % share by area a) 2009 Sub-Saharan Africa 1%
b) 2020
Middle East and North Africa 4%
Sub-Saharan Africa 1%
Middle East and North Africa 4%
North America 26%
North America 17%
Asia 23%
Asia 40%
Europe 29%
Latin America 7%
Europe 39%
Latin America 9%
Source: SACE calculations based on OECD data for 2010.
Malaysia, Indonesia and Chile show dynamic growth…
Different trends are forecast for Italian exports in the two regions. (Fig. 8) There was a 9.6% contraction in the value of Italian exports to Asia in 2009. This figure includes the strong fall in exports to some markets (Indonesia -19%; India -11%; Japan -12%), and the increase in exports to China (up 3%). Asia remains the third most important destination for Italian goods and is expected to maintain this position throughout 2010-2011. The prospects are brilliant for exports to China, Italy’s biggest market in the region, where the forecast is for a growth rate of 16% in 2010 and 11% in 2011. Italian exports to Malaysia and Indonesia will grow at the fastest pace (+20% and +18%, respectively, in 2010 and +10% and +11% in 2011), although they will continue to be “less important” markets in terms of the quantity of exports. The best growth rates in the region will be in the metals and mechanical engineering sectors, thanks to the recovery of industrial activity and investments by Asian companies. Exports to all of the main countries of Latin America, Italy’s fifth-largest destination market, fell by 26% in 2009. The figures and forecasts paint a somewhat variegated picture for 2010 and 2011: Brazil, the main market for Italian exports in the region, will recover from and overcome the contraction that occurred in the middle of the crisis (+26% in 2010 and +14% forecast
24
3. New and traditional landscapes
for 2011) thanks to demand for finished products and mechanical equipment; while reporting positive growth, exports to Mexico will not return to pre-crisis levels (growing by about 10% in 2010 and 2011), due to delayed recovery of industrial activity in that country, which depends heavily on demand from the U.S.; the value of exports to smaller markets, such as Chile, will increase, by 17% in 2010 and 8% in 2011.
‌as well as China and Brazil.
Fig. 8 Italian exports of goods by sector a) In Latin America 40 30
30
20
20
10
10
0 -10
0 -10
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
-50
2009
2010
2011
Total goods Metals Mechanical engineering
40
% change
% change
b) in Asia
Total goods Metals Mechanical engineering
-50
2009
2010
2011
Source: SACE.
3.2 The Mediterranean countries 2010 ended with stronger economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa (+5.2%) compared to 2009 when the region’s economies maintained positive but limited growth (+2.7%). These countries were affected by the recession that hit the economies of European countries, their main trading partners, which had repercussions in terms of trade, reduced income from tourism and fewer remittances and foreign investments. On the other hand, the oil-exporter economies were penalised by the drop in commodity prices in international markets and the subsequent fall in income. However, countries with less fiscal space and those able to count on income from energy resources introduced support measures to stimulate domestic demand, especially consumption levels, thus reducing the fiscal surplus (Fig. 9).
% growth Italian exports
2010 2011
North Africa
7.4
7.8
Egypt
5.1
5.9
Libya
5.5
7.2
Tunisia
17.1
11.4
Middle East
-2.0
4.2
Saudi Arabia
2.2
5.2
UAE
-5.6
3.0
Qatar
0.5
5.8
25
3. New and traditional landscapes
Fig. 9 Budget balance in North Africa and the Middle East 40
Algeria
Saudi Arabia GCC*
35
UAE Maghreb**
Kuwait
Libya Mashreq***
30 25
% of GDP
20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15
2008
2009
2010
2011
* GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council): Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar. ** Maghreb: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. *** Mashreq: Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Source: IMF.
Government investment is the key to recovery.
Increased public spending made it possible to launch large state investment programmes in Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Libya and sustain companies hit hardest by the crisis8, in order to pursue economic diversification while at the same time supporting strategic sectors. Expansive government spending, which will continue in some cases into 2011, accompanied by rising oil prices, will speed up economic growth in the region in 2011-2012 (+5.5%). Italian exports to the region will also pick up again, but at different speeds in the Middle East and North Africa (Fig. 10). In 2009, Italian exports to North Africa contracted less (-11.2%) than those to the Middle East (-25.9%). Italian exports of goods to Algeria, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia are forecast to grow by 7.4% in 2010, and by 7.8% in 2011. The outlook for Italian exports to Tunisia is particularly favourable, with growth expected to exceed 17% in 2010 (+10% for 2011-2012). In particular, Tunisian demand for intermediate goods is expected to grow, also driven by the fact that Italian and other foreign firms are more and more often relocating to this country. Buoyant consumption and private investments and the presence of a diversified industry sector capable of reacting at the first signs of recovery are other positive factors. Expansion of exports to Algeria and Libya is linked to government investments 8
26
United Arab Emirates, with specific reference to Dubai.
3. New and traditional landscapes
in infrastructure and the construction industry, which are driving sales of intermediate and capital goods. After contracting again in 2010 (-2.0%), Italian exports to the Middle East will start growing in 2011 (+4.2%), but without reaching pre-crisis levels. Exports will be affected by the weakness of Italy’s main market in the region, the United Arab Emirates (-5.6% in 2010), which was hit badly by the Dubai real estate bubble. The forecast is for a moderate recovery of Italian exports to Saudi Arabia and Qatar, fostered by government investments in transport, residential building and energy, with an average increase of 5.8% in 2011 and 7.1% in 2012.
MENA: exports for over â‚Ź 18 billion in 2010.
Fig. 10 Italian exports to the Middle East and North Africa (value)
14,000
25
12,000
20
EUR million
10,000 8,000
15
6,000
10
4,000
5
2,000
% change
16,000
0
0
-5 Middle East levels (LH scale) Middle East % change (RH scale) North Africa levels (LH scale) North Africa % change (RH scale) 2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
-10 -15 -20 -25 -30
Source: SACE.
27
3. New and traditional landscapes
% growth Italian exports
Sub-Saharan Africa Angola
2010 2011 6.9
7.9
-13.1
3.2
Nigeria
13.8
9.0
South Africa
10.8
8.7
Funding infrastructure to foster growth.
28
3.3 Broadening horizons in Sub-Saharan Africa Following the crisis, the forecast is for real GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa to grow by 4.9% in 2010, and 5.5% in 2011, exceeding the 2009 growth rate (2.5%). The sub-continent was able to deal with the effects of the crisis by establishing self-contained financial systems, adopting prudent fiscal and monetary policies and thanks to the role of donors, international institutions and bilateral lenders. The demand for raw materials by the emerging markets, especially China, also mitigated the impact of weak demand from the advanced countries and strengthened economic recovery. Positive growth will not be restricted to the oil-exporter countries such as Angola, Nigeria and Ghana. It will also be seen in countries with mineral resources, such as Namibia and Botswana, or those with relatively diversified productive structures, such as South Africa, Kenya and Mozambique. Economic growth in the region will continue to be held back by the lack of national and regional infrastructure (Fig. 11). Governments have allocated increasing amounts to the development of transport networks, improvements to the generation and distribution of electricity and the upgrading and distribution of ICT services. However, extra funds are needed, compatibly with reduced tax margins as a result of the counter-cyclical measures that have been adopted. Infrastructure construction projects, frequently implemented in conjunction with IFIs, are not only essential for economic growth and to increase domestic and regional trade, but also represent interesting opportunities for international investors as they always involve public/private partnerships.
3. New and traditional landscapes
Fig. 11 Spending on infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa 45
Current expenditure
Funding gap
40 35 USD bn, per year
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ICT
Irrigation
Energy
Transport
Water supply and health infrastructure
Source: AICD.
Italian exports to Sub-Saharan Africa picked up better and faster after the crisis than those to other regions, having only contracted in 2008 (-4.4%) and recovering to positive figures the following year (+1.3%). Although the overall level of exports to this region is low, growth in 2010 should exceed precrisis levels. In 2009 African demand for imported goods fell but Italian exports held their ground and thus gained market shares. This trend will be reversed in 2010 due to more dynamic competition and the limited propensity of Italian exporters to address these markets (Fig. 12). Italian exports to this continent continue to be highly concentrated, with over half of all sales to just 3 of the region’s 48 countries.
Italian firms have yet to seize the opportunities associated with development in this region.
South Africa will reinforce its position as the main market for Italian exporters, drawn by the country’s expanding production capacity and the size of its economy. Exports are expected to increase by about 11% in 2010, driven by intermediate and capital goods. This will be followed by Nigeria where, thanks to the petrol industry and an economy that is more diversified than most in Africa, exports grew by 14% in 2009-2010, a trend that looks set to continue in 2011-2012 (+8%). Angola is the only one of the three countries where exports will decline in 2010 (-13.1%). This follows extremely positive growth rates in 2009 (130.9%) and the forecast is for renewed growth (+ 3.2%) in 2011. The gradual urbanisation of
29
3. New and traditional landscapes
Effects of urbanisation.
the main countries in the region can also represent an opportunity in terms of increased consumption and greater demand for goods and services. Fig. 12 Sub-Saharan Africa: imports from the world and from Italy* Imports from the world Imports from Italy
30 20
% change
10 0 -10 -20 -30
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
*The aggregate for Sub-Saharan Africa refers to demand by Angola, Nigeria and South Africa. Source: SACE; EIU Bureau Van Dijk. % growth Italian exports
2010 2011
Emerging Europe
8.4
8.0
Czech Republic
8.9
8.5
Russia
10.2
7.5
Slovakia
10.6
8.4
Turkey
24.1
14.1
8.1
7.8
Hungary
Recovery is underway but private demand remains weak.
3.4 Different faces for Emerging Europe For emerging Europe, one of the regions hit hardest by the economic crisis, the forecast is for modest recovery over the two-year period 20102011. The recession was fuelled by external factors, such as reliance on capital inflows from advanced Europe, and by internal aspects, such as financial imbalance and growth based almost entirely on domestic demand. Growth is expected to reach 3.9% in 2010 and 3.8% in 2011 (-6% in 2009), driven mainly by the recovery of exports. Private domestic demand remains weak (Fig. 13) especially in certain countries, due to: i) the weakness of capital flows, ii) lack of investments due to build-up of stocks, iii) low consumption rates linked to negative trends in unemployment9 which impact the wealth and confidence of consumers. This will affect the growth of imports into the region. After contracting by 19% in 2009, we should see a 10.7% increase in 2010 and then 5.4% in 2011, slightly below the average growth rate of 15% in 2003-2007.
9
30
Characterised by the drop in real salaries and the high unemployment rate (8.2% in 2009).
3. New and traditional landscapes
Fig. 13 Changes in private demand in emerging Europe 2009
15
2010
2011
% change
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20
Hungary
Bulgaria
Romania
Czech Rep.
Poland
Slovakia
Average for Emerging Europe
Source: FMI.
The recovery in this region will be highly variable, with Turkey and Russia performing best in 2010. The banking systems in both countries took the crisis in their stride, albeit in different ways. While Turkey was able to count on a solid financial sector following IMF intervention after the 2001 crisis, in Russia the state intervened to prevent its banking system from collapsing10 and avert the deterioration of the banks’ assets11. Net investment flows picked up in both countries, thanks to renewed market confidence. Recovery in the EU emerging economies reflects the diverse impact of the recession and the “maturity” of their economies. Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were less severely affected and are now enjoying sustained GDP growth compared to the rest of the region. Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary have suffered the effects of significant underlying macroeconomic imbalances and failure by the authorities to implement any effective measures during the crisis. Strong economic recovery is not expected to begin until 2011 and will depend on governments’ ability to make structural changes to their economies12.
Russia
Turkey
Russia and Turkey lead the field of emerging markets for Italian exports.
The pattern in Italian exports to emerging Europe reflects the overall trend in the region’s economy. After contracting by more than 30% in 2009, the value of total exports of goods is forecast to rise by 8.4% in 2010 (Fig. 14) and at a similar rate in 2011 (8.7%). This is Italy’s second-biggest export market, thanks to its geographical and cultural closeness. It accounts for an average share of 12% of total Italian exports, a figure that will remain unchanged from The government intervened by injecting liquidity into the economy through the main public banks. High share of non-performing loans (9% of total loans) and low profitability (ROE 4.9%). 12 Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia recorded average GDP growth of -2.4% in 2009 and 3.2% in 2010, while Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary recorded average GDP growth of -6.1% in 2009 and -0.4% in 2010. 10 11
31
3. New and traditional landscapes
2009 until 2011. In Turkey, a particularly important market, total exports of goods are expected to grow by 24.1% in 2010, following a contraction for the same amount the previous year; growth should slow to 14% in 2011, although sales will remain buoyant (€ 8 billion). Exports to Russia will also begin to grow again. Sales to this traditionally important market fell by 38.1% in 2009. Exports are forecast to rise by 10.2% in 2010, with amounting to € 7 billion. Fig. 14 Italian exports of goods to selected countries in emerging Europe* 2009 30
2010
2011
7 bn
1.7 bn
7.1 bn
3.1 bn
38.7 bn
2.6 bn
4.2 bn
8.2 bn
Turkey
Slovakia
Russia
Czech Republic
Emerging Europe (average)
Hungary
Romania
Poland
20
% change
10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40
* The numbers above the columns indicate export in value in 2010. Source: SACE.
A varied picture for emerging European markets.
32
In 2010 the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary continued to be increasingly important markets for Italian products, in terms of both value and growth. The average value of goods exported to the three countries was € 2.5 billion and exports increased by more than 9%. Good growth rates are expected to continue in 2011, when the average value of exports to the three countries is expected to be € 2.7 billion, with a growth rate of 8.2%. Exports to Poland and Romania will recover more slowly, by 4.9% and 5.3% respectively in 2010, representing sales for € 8.2 and € 4.2 billion, respectively. Poland accounted for 21.1% of Italian exports in 2010 and remains the biggest destination market in this region, having overtaken Russia in 2009; sales to this country grew more slowly than those to other markets in the region in 2010, but should improve in 2011, increasing at a rate of 8.7%. The negative trend continued in 2010 for exports to Bulgaria (-1.2%), Belarus (-0.6%), Croatia (-6.2%) and Ukraine (-6.4%).
3. New and traditional landscapes
3.5 Advanced countries: light and shade
% growth Italian exports
Recovery continues in the advanced economies but is modest and diversified. In 2009 the drop in private demand led governments to step up public spending to counterbalance or at least mitigate the effects. Fiscal expansion resulted in higher budget deficits, which reached an average of 8% of GDP in the region in 2010 (Fig. 15). This triggered an increase in sovereign CDS spreads, especially in high-risk countries13. In 2010 the region returned
2010 2011
Advanced
7.7
7.6
Belgium
7.9
7.3
Germany
10.6
7.6
France
7.9
7.1
Sweden
10.0
7.1
USA
10.1
6.7
to positive growth, mainly driven by the recovery in world trade activity. However, the forecast is for limited and differentiated growth, with the U.S. economy proving more reactive than the eurozone14. Fig. 15 Government budgetary positions 2007
4
2010
2014
2
As % of GDP
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12
Germany
Canada
Italy
Greece
Advanced Economies (average)
France
Spain
Japan
UK
USA
Source: IMF.
In the eurozone, private demand and, as a consequence, growth and imports are being held back by: i) fiscal austerity measures, introduced by governments to contain public debt15; ii) high unemployment rates and lack of confidence among households and companies; iii) structural rigidity of the employment market. There are also differences within Europe, with GDP growth ranging from -4% in Greece to 3.3% in Germany. With all the other advanced economies recovering slowly, Germany is an exception. This country exceeded its forecast growth potential for 2010, mainly due to its export-led economy and ability to meet the demand for imports by emerging countries. Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. Forecasts for GDP growth are: i) eurozone: 1.7% in 2010 and 1.5% in 2011; ii) U.S.: 2.6% in 2010 and 2.3% in 2011. 15 The following fiscal restrictions were adopted in 2010: Germany, € 80 billion in 4 years; France, € 45 billion in 3 years; Italy, € 25 billion in 2 years, Spain € 15 billion (+50 billion in January) in 2 years; Greece, € 35 billion in 3 years.
Advanced countries face fiscal austerity.
13 14
33
3. New and traditional landscapes
The positive impact of this growth on private demand in Germany and, in turn, on imports, could act as a stimulus for recovery in the entire region.
Slow recovery of imports, in the advanced economies.
Growing importance of the German market.
34
Italian exports to advanced countries have started to pick up, but it will be a long time before they return to pre-crisis levels (Fig. 16). Exports to the advanced economies of the region began to fall in 2008, and complete recovery is not expected until 2012-2013. Demand by these countries was particularly weakened by the recession. After falling by 21.8% in 2009, total sales are expected to grow by 7.8% in 2010, 2.5 percentage points less than total Italian exports; in 2011 this difference should be halved, with exports to advanced countries rising by 6.7% (total exports to the world will increase by 7.9%). Trends will vary from country to country. In Germany, where exports of goods are forecast to rise by 10.6% (7.6% in 2011), growth will be driven by the recovery of German productivity and the role of Italian goods in the production chain, partly borne out by the figures for Italian exports of intermediate goods to Germany: +17.9% in 2010. Italian exports to the U.S. are also expected to rise by 10% in 2010 (6.7% in 2011); the depreciation of the euro against the dollar between the end of 2009 and early 2010 played a positive role. Exports to Belgium (7.6%), France (7.5%), and Sweden (8.6%) will also grow at more than the regional average over the two-year period 20102011. After accelerating in 2010, sales to the UK and Switzerland will slow more significantly in 2011, while those to the Netherlands will recover more slowly in 2010 before picking up speed the following year. Sales to Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Spain grew at different rates in 2010, but all fell short of the regional average. However, of these countries only Spain is a consolidated market with average sales amounting to â‚Ź 18 billion in the twoyear period 2010-2011. Sales to Greece, Ireland and Portugal were negative in 2010 and will continue to be sluggish in 2011, given the serious problems these countries face.
3. New and traditional landscapes
Fig. 16 Italian exports of goods to selected advanced countries*
10
2010
2009
15 40 bn
19 bn
3 bn
16 bn
15 bn
2011
36 bn
2 bn
17 bn
6 bn
France
Canada
Spain
Greece
5 0
% change
-5 -10
Advanced Economies (average)
-15 -20 -25 -30 -35
Germany
USA
Sweden
UK
Switzerland
* The numbers in the graph indicate levels of goods exported in 2010 in EUR. Source: SACE.
35
4. The puzzle of sectors
Industrial activity picks up: intermediate goods the first to benefit.
4.1 Intermediate goods benefit of industrial recovery The recovery has boosted world demand for intermediate goods (such as mineral products, chemicals, rubber and plastics and metals), wthanks to their predicting nature. After losing over a quarter of their value in 2009, world imports of intermediate goods are expected to increase by 23% in 2010. The forecast for subsequent years shows an halved growth rate, even continuing in double-digit figures (Fig. 17). This increase in value reflects the rising price of raw materials, which benefitted especially from Chinese demand. The commodity price index fell sharply in the wake of the crisis and is not expected to return to 2007 levels before 2011. Gold is regarded as a safe investment and its price is inversely correlated to that of the dollar. Commodity prices are not expected to stabilize until 2012 and at a time of abundant global liquidity, which is also a result of monetary expansion in the United States, there is an inflationary risk. The mineral products sector rebounded by 35% in 2010, after falling by 38% in 2009, and will increase by an average of about 15% in the following years. This sector represents around one third of world imports of intermediate goods. Imports of chemicals, rubber and plastic products and metals will grow fairly briskly and in a homogeneous pattern, especially from 2011 onwards. Fig. 17 World imports of intermediate goods by sector: forecasts 2010
2011
Average 2012-2014
Intermediate Mineral Products Chemicals Plastic & Rubber Metals 0
Source: Global Insight.
36
5
10
15
20 25 % change, in value
30
35
40
Italian exports will grow at a faster pace for intermediate sectors than goods as a whole. Mineral products will enjoy the biggest growth, as world demand in this sector increases. The growth rate is expected at 18.5% in 2010 and 13% in 2011, with an average increase of 8.5% over the following threeyear period (Fig. 18). However since Italy has few natural resources, this sector represents a relatively small proportion of the country’s exports and accounted for just 4.8% in 2009. Italian exports in this sector consist almost entirely of fossil fuels (coal, oil and similar), the value of which will be sustained by the increase in international prices. The energy commodity price index is expected to rise over 30% in 2010, before falling by 8% in 2011 and by 3% in 2014. Brent crude oil is expected to average approx. $ 80 per barrel in 2010 and 2011, gradually increasing to $ 95 by the end of the forecast period. Stone products, namely marble and granite, have a lesser role, but with some important niche markets, as significant sales of top-of-range production and processing in Asia and North Africa.
Mineral products: the most dynamic intermediate goods category, even with a reduced weight.
Fig. 18 Italian exports of intermediate goods by sector: forecasts 2010
2011
Average 2012-2014
Intermediate Mineral Products Chemicals Plastic & Rubber Average total goods
Metals 0
2
4
6
8 10 12 % change, in value
14
16
18
20
Source: SACE.
The forecast is for a robust increase in the weight of the chemicalspharmaceuticals sector. By 2014 this segment will account for one tenth of the value of Italian sales abroad and be the country’s third-biggest export sector. Chemicals-pharmaceuticals accounted for slightly less than 8% of exports in 2007. In 2010 exports were well above this figure, thanks to renewed foreign demand. The forecast is for a growth rate of 18.2% in 2010, slowing to
Chemicals: the third-biggest export sector in 2010.
37
4. The puzzle of sectors
10% for 2011 and averaging around 7% for the following three-year. Exports of chemicals are driven by the expansion of some major emerging markets, such as China, Russia, Turkey, Poland and Egypt, and industrialised countries like Germany (cf. chapter 6). The results by industry will vary, depending on the propensity to export and the orientation toward the most dynamic market. The outlook is particularly favourable for the most innovative and specialised products, such as certain paints and varnishes16. The pharmaceuticals sector weathered the crisis well and will experience increased demand, especially by the emerging countries in Asia and Pacific region. However, there is some uncertainty as regards demand since some countries are trying to reduce their budge deficits by cutting funding to the health services. This industry is also undergoing some important structural changes associated with ageing population in the advanced economies and the expiry of major patents.
Rubber and plastic are shifting towards higher technological content.
Growth in exports of rubber and plastic products will show double-digit figures only in 2010 (+15%). Foreign sales in this sector will be less dynamic than in the aggregate of intermediate goods. The rubber goods sector has been facing strong competition by the emerging countries, especially China, since the nineties. This has led to a shift towards more sophisticated products with a higher technological content. These products are mainly used in the motor vehicle sector, especially for tyres; they are also used in the construction, pharmaceuticals and mechanical industries. In Europe, where new car registrations have fallen, demand for tyres was sustained in 2010 by replacements for cars and heavier vehicles. The world market is expected to return to 2008 levels in 2010 with the annual growth rate averaging 7% from 2010 until 2015. Pressure could come from the price of rubber, which is rising faster than that of crude oil, on which it depends. This is due to a series of unfavourable natural events (floods, cyclones and monsoons), especially in Thailand, the world’s top producer, and the appreciation of the exporting countries’ currency.
Demand for steel boosts metal exports.
Metal exports will be back on growth, even if the full recovery will be accomplished only in 2014. Foreign sales in this sector fall sharply in 2009 (-34%) after remaining almost unchanged in the previous year. They felt the effects of the massive and widespread wave of destocking at the end of 2008 linked to the significant restriction on trade finance. Italian exports are expected to rise by around 14.4% in 2010, slowing to 8.7% in 2011 and averaging below 16
38
Cf. Federchimica (2010) and Prometeia (2010).
7% for the following three-year. The value of goods exported will only exceed â‚Ź 40 billion at the end of the forecast period (about 10% of total exports). Italy is the second-biggest steel manufacturer in the EU 27, after Germany. This sector accounts for a large share of metal exports and is more generally internationally oriented; this is particularly the case for the pipe, conduit and hollow section bar industries, one of the most highly specialised sector in Italy17. Demand in this sector is mainly driven by plants for the oil and gas sector, another important industry for Italian exports. In this sector as a whole there is a need to develop more international production networks, for more structured companies and to enhance the distribution capabilities for smaller players.
4.2 Capital goods: slower but growing Investments will account for one fourth of world GDP in 2014, two points higher than in 2007. The increase will be driven by the accumulation of capital in the emerging economies; the ratio between investments and GDP, in these economies, will rise from 29% in 2007 to 31.8% in 2014. In industrialised countries this ratio, which fell sharply with the crisis, will start to grow again but without reaching pre-crisis levels (20.3%, down from 21.6%). The forecast for world imports of capital goods, in value, after rebounding by 16% in 2010, is for higher growth in the two-year period 2012-2013 (approx. +11%), compared to 2011 (+9%). The growth rate will peak later, when the recovery of investment activity in the industrialised economies has reached a more advanced stage. The electrical and electronic equipment sector will experience the biggest rise in demand. Italian exports of capital goods are forecast to grow at an average of just one percentage point less than in 2004-2007. The value of these exports will increase during the five-year forecast period, at an average annual rate of around 8%. Growth for 2010-2011 will stand in the region between 9%10%, falling to about 7% for the following years (Fig. 19). In line with expected trends in demand, the electrical equipment sector will see the most dynamic growth. Other capital goods, which mainly include optical, photographic, measurement, precision and medical instruments, will also enjoy higher growth rates.
Investments on the upswing thanks to the build-up of capital in emerging countries.
Increase in installed energy capacity driving exports of electrical equipment.
Italian exporters of electrical equipment look well set to take advantage of significant investments in installed capacity. At world level, the latter will 17
Cf. Unicredit (2010).
39
4. The puzzle of sectors
be 13% higher than in 2007 (Fig. 20). There is clearly a big difference between expectations for OECD countries (+4.3%) and non-OECD countries, especially in Asia (+35.1%). In the former, consumption is mature, while in the latter there is still a significant portion of demand to be met. Electricity represents an increasing share of world energy demand, with the forecast for generation to increase at a higher rate than for other energy sources in all sectors of use, except transport. The biggest increase will regard electricity generated from renewable sources, with hydroelectricity and wind power accounting for 80%. Emerging Asia countries will offer a number of opportunities in the renewable energy sector, within the scope of major projects, especially in China and India, but also in smaller plants in Malaysia, Pakistan and Vietnam. Fig. 19 Italian exports of capital goods by sector: forecasts 2010
2011
Average 2012-2014
Investment goods Mechanical engineering Electrical products Average total goods
Transport equipment Other 0 Source: SACE.
40
2
4
6
8 10 % change, in value
12
14
16
Fig. 20 Installed electricity generation capacity by area 2007
6,000 5,000
2015
+13%
Gigawatt
4,000 3,000
+4.3%
2,000
+35.1%
1,000 0
World
OECD
Asia
+1.5%
+17.2%
+13.7%
+18.8%
Europe & CSI
Latin America
Middle East
Africa
non-OECD Source: US Energy Information Administration.
The prospects for exports of means of transport are good, but from 2012 growth will be slower than the average growth rate for capital goods. While foreign sales of means of transport will increase by 10.6% in 2010 and by 9.8% in 2011, average growth for the following three-year period will be 6.2%, the lowest among the different industries in this sector. The motor vehicle market is mature in the most advanced economies; sales in these markets are more volatile as they are mainly driven by the need to replace existing stocks. Despite the introduction of incentive schemes in several of these countries and the positive results attained in 2010, it will be some time before sales return to pre-crisis levels and this will take place more slowly in Europe than in the U.S. The outlook for demand in the emerging markets, especially China, India and Brazil, is much brighter. New car registrations look set to rise sharply in the coming years, even when some of these countries will abolished the stimulus packages adopted in 2009. These markets offer important opportunities for Italian exporters, especially for bottom-of-the-range vehicles; however, competitive pressures arise also in this segment. World production of light vehicles will increase by some 30 million units, in 2014, from 58 million in 2009.
More new car registrations in emerging countries: opportunities for means of transport.
41
4. The puzzle of sectors
In the aviation sector, both passenger and cargo planes have returned to normal growth levels, with demand picking up after the crisis however the figures for 2010 are not good enough to reverse the trend, as demonstrated by the fact that companies are still cautious about expanding production capacity. Airline companies have recorded positive financial results, but there is much uncertainty as to whether this trend will continue in North America and Europe. In the shipbuilding sector, the main driver of demand is passenger ships, especially cruise liners , one of Italy’s the most specialized manufacture production in this sector. The main geographical reference market for this segment is North America, where the average annual transport capacity is expected to increase by 3.8% between 2010 and 2014, at half the historical rate.
Mechanical engineering: key role in shifting sectoral specialisation.
Exports of mechanical engineering will amount to more than € 80 billion in 2012. This segment was heavily affected by the collapse of investments caused by the crisis, but with growth standing at around 9% in 2010 and 2011, and 8% in 2012, foreign sales will exceed 2007 levels. Sales will slow in 2013-2014, though remaining above 7%. Many of the changes in the sectoral specialisation of Italian exports that have taken place over the last decade regard mechanical products, which account for 21.5% of total foreign sales of goods. This figure is expected to rise, albeit slightly, until 2014 (22.1%). The “advanced emerging” markets generate over 20% of all foreign demand for mechanical engineering, more than five percentage points above the demand for exports of goods, and this is set to increase over the forecast period.
4.3 Agricultural and consumer goods: more moderate growth The anti-cyclic nature and competition from Asia will slow agricultural and consumer goods.
42
Foreign demand for these two categories of goods will increase, in value, in the range of 5% and 6%. In particular, for the agri-food chain, export growth rates will come very close to 5.5% for the entire forecast period (Fig. 21). On the basis of this forecast, exports will almost have recovered to their pre-crisis levels by 2010, considering this group withstood the recession better than others with a 7.4% reduction in foreign sales in 2009. For consumer goods, growth will be less than 5% for the two-year period 2010-2011, and then slightly higher, on average, for the following years. The forecast is in line with average growth trends between 2000 and 2007 and confirms the more stable pattern of expansion for the group of goods hardest hit by increased
competition from the emerging Asian economies. Demand for agricultural and consumer goods will grow much faster in regions with the most robust economic fundamentals and positive demographic trends. These include emerging Asia and Latin America. Fig. 21 Italian exports of agricultural and consumer goods by sector: forecasts 2010
2011
Average 2012-2014
Agricultural goods Food & beverages Other agricultural Consumer goods Average total goods
Woods and furniture Textiles and clothing Other consumer 0
1
2
3
4
5 6 7 % change, in value
8
9
10
11
Source: SACE.
Italy is the world’s seventh-biggest exporter of agri-food products, with a 4% market share (Fig. 22). The 2015 Universal Expo in Milan is closely linked to this sector, its theme being “Feeding the planet, Energy for life�. While the value of Italian exports in this sector increased at less than the world average between 2004 and 2009, it grew at a faster pace than in major exporting countries such as the Netherlands, France, Belgium and Spain. On the basis of these forecasts, we can anticipate a similar trend over the next five-year. Other agricultural goods will enjoy stronger growth than food and beverages throughout the forecast period. In the former, the pace of change will be slower whereas in the latter it will accelerate (from 4.3% in 2010 to 5.3% on average for 2012-2014). Trends in the value of exports of agricultural goods are influenced by the prices of raw materials, which are forecast to increase by around 10% in 2010-2011 before remaining relatively stable for the rest of the period. The Italian food sector has several strengths, ranging from the wide
The strengths of the agri-food sector: quality and safety.
43
4. The puzzle of sectors
assortment of high-quality products (such as those bearing the DOP mark) to high safety standards. There are, however, some critical aspects such as fragmented production and the absence of international distribution chains, that undermine performance in foreign markets.
Export in value (% yearly average change) 2004-2009
Fig. 22 Main world exporters, agri-food sector 16 Brazil
14
Argentina
12 Thailand
10
Germany China
8
Canada Italy
6
Belgium
4
Australia
World, % change (+8,4%)
Netherlands
United States
France
Spain
Denmark United Kindom
2 0 0
2
4
6 8 Market share 2009
10
12
14
Source: Calculations by ISMEA using GTIS data.
In the fashion sector foreign sales will recover very slowly. Exports will grow at a rate of 3.3% in 2010 and, though increasing over the following years, will not exceed the 5% evel. We will not see the results achieved in 2007 until 2014. In this sector companies that had already implemented restructuring processes prior to the crisis will recover more quickly. This applies especially to companies that have differentiated their products, focussing on better quality or characteristics to suit the tastes of the most demanding customers, as in the case of so-called accessible luxury goods18. Exports by some industrial districts19 in this sector had already recovered to above the levels of the first half of 2008 by the first half of 2010. These include the clothing district of Rimini and the footwear district of Lucca. However, the picture is extremely varied and in some districts such as the textiles and clothing of Treviso and the footwear district of Vigevano, foreign sales are lagging behind.
18
44
19
Cf. CSC, Prometeia and SACE (2010). Cf. Intesa San Paolo (2010).
Wooden products and furniture will also recover at a modest pace, with growth rates in these sectors forecast between 5% and 5.5% for the entire period. Foreign demand is picking up again, albeit very slowly, especially for furniture which represents the biggest share of exports in this sector. Sales in this category continue to be concentrated in advanced markets and are still feeling the effects of the crisis that struck property markets in some key importing countries such as the U.S. and Spain, as well as sluggish recovery in an important emerging market like Russia. Demand by other emerging countries is more dynamic but the value of furniture exported to these countries is still not enough to counterbalance the results of other less vibrant markets. In this scenario, with the renewed appreciation of the euro and oversupply due to the recent expansion of production capacity in some countries, Italian exporters are reducing their margins in an attempt to maintain competitive prices. The prospects for world trade in the sector, at least in the short term, are modest, although growth will be brisk in the Asia Pacific region and, to a lesser extent, in the Middle East and Africa20.
20
Weakness in property markets slows sales of wood and furniture.
Cf. CSIL (2010).
45
5. Focus: mechanical engineering By Prometeia*
5.1 A glimpse of recent events Mechanical engineering accounts for 3.7% of export of manufactured goods. Prior to 2009 this sector had enjoyed growth at well above the average rate for manufactured goods, but the advent of the crisis brought about a sharp decline (almost 30% in 2009) that nullified out the previous 4 years’ growth (Fig. 5.1 and cf. Appendix 2). Fig. 5.1 World trade growth of manufactured goods and mechanical engineering Manufacturing Total mechanical Engineering
30 % change (current prices)
The crisis followed four years of expansion.
20 10 0 -10 -20 -30
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Source: Prometeia.
Asia consolidated its role as the leading player, even during the crisis. The region (especially China) remains the biggest importer of machinery thanks to a smaller reduction in economic activity. Imports of machinery by closer emerging countries21 and Western Europe fell much more sharply, with imports of mechanical engineering falling by 35% and 32%, respectively, in 2009. In Europe, demand was highest in Germany which, although it has weakened, remains a key market. Germany, the U.S. and Japan continue to be the world’s three biggest exporters of machinery. Key advanced markets, such as Switzerland and the UK, fell behind, losing about 30% of their share in 2009 alone. Italy is the world’s fourth exporter, with a market share of around 9% (Table 5.1).
46
* This analysis is based on a different model to that used in the other chapters (cf. Appendix 2). The baseline macroeconomic variables considered in the two models are, however, similar. 21 This region includes Eastern Europe, the Southern Mediterranean region and the Middle East.
Italy accounts for one tenth of world sales.
Table 5.1 The world’s top 10 exporters of mechanical engineering Country
Level 2009 EUR million*
2009 % change
2003 - 2008 % change
2003 - 2008 A.a.** % change
Share As %
Germany
43,773
-27.7
59.1
7.7
17.4
U.S.
32,820
-21.7
66.8
5.6
13.1
Japan
24,454
-43.5
47.5
8.0
9.7
Italy
21,810
-27.3
45.4
6.2
8.7
China
15,111
-16.9
207.8
22.6
6.0
Netherlands
8,741
-31.8
161.7
19.3
3.5
France
8,513
-29.9
31.1
3.9
3.4
Korea
8,235
-25.1
111.5
15.7
3.3
Great Britain
7,580
-33.3
24.8
3.1
3.0
Switzerland
6,962
-28.3
16.5
1.4
2.8
* Figures in current EUR. ** Annual average. Source: Prometeia.
The ability to satisfy the demand of emerging economies has been crucial for Italian exporters since emerging countries represent a key markets22. Latin America has been an important source of opportunities, specially in the automotive sector and due to partership between exporters and Italian companies working in the region. Italian companies only have a shadowy presence in Asia (cf. Appendix 2).
Still limited weight of Italian goods in Asia.
5.3 Outlook World demand for capital goods was extremely sensitive to the economic cycle during the crisis. There are two reasons for this: i) companies’ uncertainties about the medium-term prospects for the world economy ii) difficulty getting credit. Weak international economic activity, fears associated with the imbalances of financial systems and industries’ production still under potential level have all contributed to the creation of a sense of uncertainty so that enterprises limit their demand for capital goods. In 2011-2012, world demand for mechanical engineering should grow at an annual rate of about 7%, after increasing by around 4% in 2010 (Table 5.6). The emerging regions will drive economic recovery: countries where investments start growing again, especially Asia, Latin America and NAFTA countries, will see the most dynamic growth.
22
Mechanical engineering: trade growth more than 7% in 2011.
In particular Poland, Russia, Turkey.
47
5. Focus: mechanical engineering
Table 5.2 Imports of mechanical engineering by area: outlook (% change) Area
2008
Western Europe Nearby emerging economies Asia and Pacific
2009
2010
2011
2012
2012 index*
-2.6
-34.8
-1.3
5.4
4.8
70
4.9
-33.0
-0.7
6.7
7.2
78
1.5
-26.1
7.2
8.3
8.4
94
NAFTA
-0.6
-37.4
5.6
8.5
6.5
76
Latin America
29.2
-25.3
15.0
8.6
9.6
115
1.3
-31.6
3.7
7.3
7.0
82
Total World
* Average for 2007-’08=100. Source: Prometeia.
In Europe, Mediterranean and Middle-East regions demand will grow slowly. West European countries are characterised by excess production capacity and weak domestic demand. Growth in Eastern Europe, the Southern Mediterranean and Gulf regions is sluggish due to the slow recovery of economic activity and low companies’ investments by companies. Within this context, internationalised companies continue to be an excellent source of demand. These companies will be equipped to tackle competition by enhancing the quality of their products (product innovation and differentiation) and productivity (process innovation and efficiency), to better satisfy demand for machinery. Machine tools
Asia and Latin America drive economic recovery.
Machine tools will follow the same overall trend as mechanical engineering. In the first half of 2010 demand in Asia and Latin America will recover, while remaining weak in other areas (cf. Appendix 2). Growth is also forecast, albeit at a slower pace, for the U.S. and Germany, thanks to the ability of their industrial systems to tackle international competition. Challenging scenario for Italy, the world third exporter. Italian companies will need to integrate high-level specialisation and product customisation with strategic decisions. In the biggest markets, such as Germany and China, they will need to maintain their competitive edge, while it will be crucial to concentrate on more high growth markets, such as those of Asia and South America to gain shares of markets in emerging countries.
48
Brisk recovery.
Table 5.3 Outlook for imports of machinery by geographical area (% change) Area
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2012 index*
Imports of machine tools by area: outlook Western Europe Nearby emerging economies Asia and Pacific
1.3
-44.3
-1.7
5.7
4.7
61
3.8
-39.4
1.6
5.6
5.6
70
-0.4
-32.2
14.0
7.7
7.1
89
NAFTA
-0.2
-43.5
1.5
8.4
6.4
66
Latin America
49.6
-37.6
11.4
7.7
8.4
97
1.8
-38.9
6.0
7.0
6.3
74
Total World
Imports of metal working machinery by area: outlook Western Europe Nearby emerging economies Asia and Pacific
8.7
-24.0
-13.7
8.3
5.8
78
19.2
-17.4
-8.5
11.4
11.3
102
30.0
-0.5
-1.5
10.4
10.8
136
NAFTA
19.6
-27.3
9.0
13.3
8.5
106
Latin America
32.9
25.7
65.5
9.7
7.7
281
Total World
22.1
-10.3
0.7
10.5
9.6
120 93
Imports of machinery for the food. beverage and tobacco industry by area: outlook Western Europe Nearby emerging economies Asia and Pacific NAFTA Latin America Total World
5.6
-17.2
1.9
3.8
3.6
-2.3
-26.4
5.2
3.2
2.3
81
6.0
-19.3
10.2
5.4
6.1
102
4.8
-20.9
-0.4
5.8
3.1
88
11.7
-21.5
7.0
5.2
7.3
100
4.0
-20.7
4.6
4.5
4.1
92
Imports of paper and cardboard processing machinery by area: outlook Western Europe Nearby emerging economies Asia and Pacific
-14.2
-26.3
0.5
1.9
2.1
71
7.0
-33.2
-5.1
5.1
7.9
74
-7.5
-27.6
-4.1
4.5
5.7
74
NAFTA
-8.7
-32.7
16.1
4.6
3.9
81
Latin America
16.2
-27.5
-5.2
6.7
10.4
87
Total World
-7.2
-28.8
0.3
3.8
4.7
75
* Average for 2007-’08=100. Source: Prometeia.
Metal working machinery Demand for machinery in this sector is picking up. In ttwo years expected world trade should grow by more than the average growth rate for mechanical engineering (approx. 10%), although we are unlikely to see a return to precrisis levels. Two factors will sustain demand for this type of machinery: dynamic growth of the steel-making industry in the emerging economies, especially the BRIC countries, and the demand for increasingly advanced machinery by mature emerging markets. Russia, Turkey, China and Brazil should contribute most to growth of sales in this sector.
The steel-making sector will have an important role.
49
5. Focus: mechanical engineering
Italian manufacturers are equipped to take advantage of recovery, having strengthened their leadership over the years and made effort to penetrate all the markets and consolidate their position. Contingent problems in some Middle-Easte countries could hinder the growth of exports in 2010 and, in part, in 2011. However, once the situation eases, foreign sales should expand in line with world demand. Machinery for the food, beverage and tobacco industry The food sector has taken the crisis in its stride without any significant decline. Some large markets, such as China, Brazil, the U.S., France and Canada, where economic activity in the food sector is expanding, offer good opportunities. The relaunching of the Italian food sector abroad will enable Italy to hold on to good shares of machinery exports in this sector. The outlook is excellent in markets such as South America, the Middle East and North Africa, while the shadowy presence of Italian companies in Asia continues to be a weak point.
Machinery for the paper industry: Russia, Turkey, Poland and Latin America.
Paper and cardboard processing machinery The expansion of international trade of paper and cardboard processing machinery has been penalised by the fact that the paper industry is extremely mature in advanced economies, which slows new investments, and by the secondary role of high-growth emerging countries. Demand will be bolstered by two regions in particular, nearby emerging countries (especially Russia, Turkey and Poland) and Latin America. Growth in Asia will be in line with the average, as this region is not yet a primary market for this sector. Italy is once again in a good position to exploit the opportunities offered by world demand. Italian manufacturers already have a very high and increasing share of the market in Latin America and Western Europe on which to leverage. Good export results bear witness to the ongoing competitiveness of Italian companies and above all their ability to offer technological solutions capable of optimising production processes.
50
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
Italian furniture for Russian interiors Italy is a leading exporter of wood and wooden products to Russia, especially in the furniture category, which accounts for 80% of total exports in the sector. Italy is the second-biggest exporter of wood to Russia, with a market share that grew in 2009 compared to 2007 (Fig. 24). This result was achieved despite a 34.5% contraction in the value of exports in 2009, which however corresponded to an overall reduction in Russian imports of furniture that was more than proportional. After surging in 2007-2008 (+43%), the Russian construction sector suffered a 33% drop in turnover in 2009, in line with the severe economic recession that hit the country; the modest recovery forecast for 2010, with sales in the construction industry rising by 9.4%, also explains why the growth in Italian exports will not reach the double-figure rates of previous years. Sales are expected to rise at a rate of more than 9% in 2010, for a value of â‚Ź 890 million. Growth should slow over the following years (averaging 6% for 2011-2014), but with sales once again topping the â‚Ź 1 billion mark starting from 2012.
The quality of Italian furniture drives wood exports to Russia.
The success of Italian furniture in Russia is not merely linked to the economic cycle. The expansion of the middle class, which has contributed to the increase in sales of furniture in Russia in recent years (turnover increased by an average of 34% from 2005-2008), and the absence of Russian design brands, foster interest in Italian products which are regarded as a byword for quality; middle and high-range Italian furniture are used to furnish Russian cruise ships. Tourism will also be a source of opportunity for Italian exports; in the run-up to the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games, projects will be implemented to increase the capacity of the hotel sector.
51
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
Fig. 24 Exports of furniture to Russia: market shares (%) 2007
2009
China Italy Germany Poland Ukraine Turkey Finland South Korea France Spain 0
5
10
15 %
20
25
30
Source: Global Trade Atlas.
Italian textiles for the Egyptian clothing industry
Italy is the only advanced country among the 9 exporters of textiles and clothing to Egypt.
Italian exports have benefitted from the elimination of import restrictions in the Egyptian textiles sector. Introduced at the beginning of 2009 to prevent imports of products below the cost of production, these safeguard measures were removed when prices in the sector stabilised and also in the wake of international pressure to abolish protectionist policies. Egypt had already introduced special customs tariffs for textiles under the bilateral EU-Egypt Association Agreement, which came into force in 2004, with the condition that these would gradually be reduced over the years (Fig. 25). This has been a stimulus for Italian textile exports, which account for almost two thirds of the country’s textile and clothing exports to Egypt. Italy is the only advanced economy among the top nine exporters in this sector to Egypt, and together they represent a 75% share of the market. In 2010 Italian exports to Egypt will grow by 5.4% (after contracting by 14% in 2009) and then stabilise at an average of over 6% for 2011-2014. The production and export of clothing is an expanding sector in Egypt. Local importers, who are often also the owners of the sales outlets, tend to
52
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
import large amounts of yarns and textiles which offer a more competitive quality to price ratio than local products. This is also a consequence of the inadequacy of the country’s industrial policies for the textile sector, 60% of which is state owned, in contrast with the dynamism of the clothing industry, which is mostly privately owned. Some operational aspects (especially the huge amount of red tape) make it difficult for exporters to penetrate the market. Fig. 25 Customs duties before and after the EU-Egypt Association Agreement (2004)* (as a % of exported value) Category** Cotton, not carded or combed
2002
2008
2011
2014
5
0
0
0
Cotton yarn
12
5,4
0
0
Cotton fabric
22
20
10
0
Non-tufted carpets
40
36
18
0
* Which includes free trade agreements. ** The HS codes are, in order: 5201, 5202, 5208, 5702. Source: Assistance for Trade Reform.
Gearing up in South Africa The expansion of the South African motor vehicle market has broadened the potential for exports in the means of transport sector. The increase in new car registrations is reflected in a rise in purchases of motor vehicles and the relative components in this country; overall imports should rise by an average of almost 11% in 2010-2012 (Fig. 26). Moreover, the automotive sector in the most dynamic country of Sub-Saharan Africa is a major powerhouse for the economy, with an overall turnover in the region of € 12 billion in 2009, that is forecast to almost double in 2010. South Africa is a production hub for the entire sub-continent, and for the world’s main multinational car manufacturers, which have relocated some stages of the production process to this country.
Strong increase in components for means of transport.
Italy is benefiting from dynamic expansion in this sector, where exports are expected to reach double-figure growth for 2010 (+14.5%). This trend of brisk growth should continue for the following years (9.9% in 2011 and 8.7% in 2012). While the value of exports is still low (about € 150 million on average for 2010-2012), South Africa appears to be one of the most promising of the emerging markets. Components has a particular relevance. South Africa is home to companies that assemble imported components and others that manufacture the single parts locally. In the first eight months of 2010 Italian exports of parts and
53
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
accessories rose by 73.5%. Components for vehicles with a capacity of ten or more passengers account for a significant proportion of these. One source of expansion is the National Scholar Transport Policy promoted by the department of transport as part of the 2014 Millennium Development Goals project, with the aim of developing and modernising the school transport sector. However, exporters do face competition from local operators. Fig. 26. Imports of motor vehicles and their parts in South Africa Components for vehicles
18,000
Vehicles
16,000 14,000
USD, mln
12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Source: Global Insight.
A more important role in the German production chain
High valueadded intermediate goods in the German production chain.
Germany continues to be Italy’s biggest trading partner, with the value exported goods estimated to be in excess of ₏ 40 billion in 2010. Exports of intermediate goods appear particularly healthy: in 2010 foreign sales in this sector will have grown by 17.9% (-29.7% in 2009), for a value of $ 16.7 billion. This reactivity has a double connotation. On the one hand there is the economic climate, associated with robust economic recovery in Germany. On the other there are structural aspects, with the increasing weight of Italian exports of intermediate goods to Germany. In 2000 exports in this sector accounted for 20% of total exports of goods to Germany (Fig. 27); in just seven years this percentage rose to 29% and has remained unchanged even after the crisis. This share is expected to rise to 31% by 2014. Such expansion could herald the increasingly important role of Italian exports in
54
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
the German production chain, thanks to products with higher added value. 2010 was a particularly good year for the chemicals sector, with Italian exports expected to grow by 18.9%, for a value in the region of â‚Ź 4 billion. Favourable results are also forecast for the following years, with growth averaging around 8% for 2011-2014. Pharmaceuticals account for 40% of total exports in this sector, but organic chemicals, which represent 20%, also play a significant role. These products are mainly used in the food industry and to manufacture detergents and sanitising products. Chemical extracts used in the production of paints and mastics will also show dynamic growth, with a year on year increase of 15% in the first eight months of 2010. Fig. 27 Weight of intermediate goods in relation to total exports to Germany and world World
Germany
35 30
31.0
29.1 28.4
28.7 28.8
2007
2010
29.7
% of total
25 20
20.1
22.7
15 10 5 0
2000
2014
Source: SACE.
Mechanical engineering in Brazil and Chile: two sides of the same sector. Mechanical engineering remains a key sector of Italian exports to Latin America. In Brazil and Chile, following the downturn in 2009 (-15% and -2%, respectively), 2010 began on a positive note with signs of recovery in both countries, albeit with considerable differences. Italian exports to Brazil in this sector amount to a value of around â‚Ź 1 billion and mainly consist of machinery for industrial processes. The brisk growth of industrial production (which had increased by 6% in October compared to the same month in 2009) and renewed investments by local enterprises (investments by companies to
55
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
Machinery for Brazilian assembly lines and Chilean infrastructure.
purchase machinery rose by 30% in the first six months of 2010 compared to 2009) constitute the main source of demand for exports of machinery for industrial processes (handling, packaging, labelling, etc.). The household appliances sector offers good opportunities. Tax incentives and favourable terms for consumer credit have had positive repercussions on the household appliances sector in Brazil, which has also benefitted indirectly from recovery in the construction industry. This sector offers excellent opportunities for Italian exporters, who have been present in this sector for several years. Chile is a smaller market for Italian exports, generating a turnover of ₏ 300 million. Exports of mechanical engineering to this country withstood the 2009 crisis well thanks to demand in heavy duty sectors such as the construction industry, mineral products and infrastructure, which continue to be dynamic. State and private funding of major projects and investments in the energy sector will continue to show a positive trend in 2010 and 2011, sustaining the demand for machinery to construct infrastructure, mining facilities and power stations (such as turbines, motors, pumps, industrial trucks and cranes). There will also be interesting opportunities for exporters in some niche sectors, such as Italian agricultural machinery. In particular, equipment for the wine-making industry has recorded positive growth in recent years (Chilean wine exports generate a turnover of around ₏ 1.3 billion, making it the world’s fifth-biggest exporter in this sector) and the prospects are excellent, considering that in the first eight months of 2010 sales of this type of machinery recovered to pre-crisis levels.
56
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
Fig. 28 Exports of mechanical engineering to Brazil and Chile Brazil
Chile
2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 EUR, mln
1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Source: SACE.
Copper products: opportunities in Tunisia Investments in development projects are driving Italian exports of metals to Tunisia. In 2010 these will increase in value by 30%, to around € 400 million. Although not particularly high in absolute terms, the prospects are good. Positive growth will continue over the coming years and, although not increasing at the same speed (average growth of 9% for 2011-2014), sales will exceed € 0.5 billion (Fig. 29). Exports of copper products, especially cables, are enjoying particularly dynamic growth. These increased by 134% in the first eight months of 2010, accounting for 38% of Italian exports of metals to this country, compared to 24% for the same period in 2009.
Demand for copper is driving metal exports to Tunisia.
The rising demand for copper products is driven by projects to modernise various sectors of the economy. Over the next ten years the Tunisian government plans to restructure the country’s 2100 km rail network to make it more efficient. Tunisia is also involved in the High Speed Maghreb Rail Network project, which will link the country with the rest of the Maghreb region. In the renewable energy sector, the Tunisian Solar Plan was set up in December 2009 with the aim of increasing the use of renewable energy sources from 0.4% in 2008 to 10% in 2020. The Tunisian Solar Plan encompasses forty projects to be implemented between 2010 and 2016. One of these, in partnership with Italy, is called Power Interconnection with Italy and will be launched in 2016. ICT,
57
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
which accounts for 10% of Tunisia’s GDP, will also benefit from investments to increase added value and diversify the economy. Fig. 29 Exports of metals to Tunisia: volumes and changes Metal export in Tunisia Export growth, %
600
35
550 500
25
EUR, mln
450 400
15
350 300
5
250 200
-5
150 -15
100 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Source: SACE.
Turkey’s motor vehicle sector will drive exports of rubber and plastic. Italian exports of rubber and plastic to Turkey recovered in 2010, after contracting in 2009 (-17%). In the first eight months of the year the value of these exports rose by 40% compared to the same period for the previous year. Exports in this sector are expected to grow by 29% in 2010 to reach € 520 million, and by 17% in 2011 (to € 616 million), but at different rates in the two categories in this sector.
Automotive and manufacturing are sources of demand for rubber and plastic exports.
58
Buoyant growth in the Turkish motor vehicle sector, where turnover is forecast to increase by around 40% in 2010, will have an extremely positive effect on Italian exports of rubber goods, such as tyres and other products. The recovery of exports of plastic products is linked to a number of factors, as demand for unprocessed plastic materials, the biggest item of Italian exports, comes from various manufacturing industries (consumer goods, motor vehicles, construction). There are particularly favourable prospects for exports of plastic materials used in industrial processes (moulds, rollers and packaging materials), consumer goods (flooring, earthenware, products for the cosmetics industry) and, as in the case of rubber products, in the motor vehicles industry (gaskets, car interiors).
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
Fig. 30 Italian market share of rubber and plastic in Turkey Turkish imports plastic & rubber
Turkish imports plastic & rubber from Italy
4,000 3,500 3,000
EUR, mln
2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Source: SACE and Global Insight.
Electrical equipment in China and Malaysia: “high power” markets. Exports of electrical equipment to Asia are highly dynamic, having rebounded by 17% in 2010 2010 following a similar contraction in 2009. This growth is linked to the increased power generation capacity of emerging Asia which is forecast to grow by 35% between 2007 and 2015, faster than anywhere else in the world. There are differences in the value of Italian exports to the various markets in the region. While China is a well-established destination for Italian exports, first in size with Poland among the emerging markets, with exports in this sector worth € 630 million in 2010 (forecast to average more than € 800 million for 2011-2014), Malaysia is an expanding market, where sales are lower (€ 120 million in 2010) but on the rise. Growth in both markets was extremely dynamic in 2010 (Fig. 31), 20% in China and 24.2% in Malaysia, with forecast for more moderate but still positive growth in the coming years (10% and 7.4%, respectively, on average, in 2011-2014).
Expansion in the power sector will increase demand for electrical equipment.
Between 2007 and 2015, China’s electricity generation capacity will increase from 716 to 1021 gigawatts (42%). The country has different sources of electricity, the main one being coal, which accounted for almost 70% of its total electricity generation in 2007 (61% forecast for 2015). However, renewable energy is gathering momentum, not only hydroelectric power,
59
6. Geo-sectoral coordinates
which is expected to exceed 250 gigawatts in 2015 (145 in 2007), but also solar power (the “Golden Sun” project launched by the Chinese Ministry of Finance) and wind power which is currently only a minor industry but is expected to grow by 550% between 2007 and 2015. Italian exports of electrical equipment to Malaysia mainly consist of parts used to produce components (circuits and micro-assemblies) as this country is a major manufacturer of semi-conductors and electronic components. In the first eight months of 2010 Italian exports to Malaysia of integrated circuits and electrical micro-assemblies grew by 417%.
a) Electrical equipment: export in China
b) Electrical equipment: import/export Italy Malaysia
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 2012
2013
2014
-5
-10
-20 -25 -30
42%
2008
2009
60
2011 2012
2013
2014
-25 2007
2015
-30 -35
Italian export in China
-40
* The bar chart shows the growth in China’s electricity production capacity, in gigawatts. Source: SACE and International Energy Outlook 2010.
2010
-20
-35 -40
2007
-5
-15
1.000 0
0
-10
2.000 Gigawatt*
-15
% change
% change
Fig. 31 Italian exports of electrical equipment to China and Malaysia
Source: SACE and Global Insight.
Malaysian import (world) Italian export in Malaysia
7. If the euro appreciates
Although far less likely than the baseline scenario, an appreciation of the euro cannot be excluded. We have already seen an appreciation of the bilateral exchange rate against the dollar as a result of new, non-conventional expansionary monetary policies introduced by the Federal Reserve. However, the recent joint EU - IMF intervention in Ireland has stoked concern about the euro. Foreign exchange rates have thus become more volatile. Following the elections, the United States has made adjustments to its public finances. This, combined with a gradual easing of tensions in the weakest eurozone economies, could lead to further appreciation of the euro. An alternative scenario (euro scenario) might be characterised by a 10% nominal appreciation of the euro in 2011, and a relatively stable exchange rate the following year23. This would have a significant impact on the value of Italian exports of goods and the forecast growth for 2011-2012 would fall by more than two percentage points (from +7.4% to +5.1%). The impact would be mitigated, dropping to 1.6 percentage points, if China were to speed up the revaluation of the yuan against the dollar (euro yuan scenario; Fig. 32)24.
In 2011 a 1.43 exchange rate will cut export growth by 2.3 pp.
Fig. 32 Exports of goods by group: alternative scenarios Baseline
10
Euro alternative
Euro yuan alternative
% change in value, average 2011-12
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Total goods
Agricultural
Consumer
Intermediate
Investment
Source: SACE.
Exports of consumer goods would be hit hardest by a stronger euro. If the euro were to appreciate, the average growth of Italian exports of these products would fall by about 40% in 2011-2012 (from 4.9% to 3%). Exports would decrease by about 30% in all the other groups, with intermediate goods
The USD-EUR exchange rate would therefore rise to 1.43 in 2011 and then fall to 1.41 the following year. The alternative scenario envisages a revaluation of 15% in 2011 and of 11% in 2012 (6% and 5%, respectively, in the baseline scenario).
Appreciation would have less impact on chemicals, rubber and plastic.
23 24
61
7. If the euro appreciates
falling the least (from 9.2% to 6.6%). This group includes sectors that are more closely linked to trends in commodity prices, which would therefore benefit more from the effects of a high exchange rate on the cost of raw materials. If the appreciation of the euro were to be accompanied by a more flexible yuan, exports in these groups would fall by around 20% (30% for consumer goods). The sectors within each group that would be affected the most in the “euro scenario� are: food in agricultural goods; textiles and clothing in consumer goods; metals and mechanical engineering in intermediate and capital goods (Fig. 33). Exports of chemicals, rubber and plastic products and electrical appliances would however continue to grow at a rate of at least 6%. Fig. 33 Exports of goods by sector: alternative scenarios Baseline
% change in value, average 2011-12
14
Euro alternative
12 10 8
Average total goods
6 4 2 0
Source: SACE.
North Africa and other European countries would be affected less by a strong euro.
62
The growth of Italian exports of goods to markets in North America and the Middle East would be hit the hardest (Fig. 34). The result is not entirely obvious, considering the fact that in Middle Eastern countries, especially Saudi Arabia and Qatar, the exchange rate is practically fixed against the dollar. Italian sales to the two regions would slow, respectively, by 2.8 (from +6.5% to +3.7%) and by 2.1 percentage points (from +5.8% to +3.7%). Growth in exports to other European countries (which would slow from +7.6% to +6.1%), including important markets such as Russia and Turkey, and to North Africa (which would fall from +8.2% to +6.1%) would be less negatively impacted and come into line, in both cases, with growth rates for sales to Asia, unlike
in the baseline scenario25. Latin America would continue to be the liveliest growth area for the two-year forecast period, even with a stronger euro.
% change in value, average 2011-12 (euro alternative)
Fig. 34 Exports of goods by area*: alternative scenarios 8 Latin America 7 Other Europe
North Africa Asia
6 World 5
Sub-saharan Africa
EU 15 Middle East
4 3
Other EU
North America 5
6
7 8 9 % change in value, average 2011-12 (baseline)
10
11
* The diameter of the circles indicates the weight of Italian exports to the area (2010). Source: SACE.
25 According to Felettigh and Federico (2010), the sectoral and geographical composition of Italian exports does not expose them to a relatively more elastic demand compared to competitors such as France, Germany and Spain.
63
REFERENCES
Barba Navaretti, Bugamelli et al (2010). The Global Operations of European Firms, The Second EFIGE Policy Report, June. CSC, Prometeia and SACE (2010). Esportare la dolce vita. Le nuove opportunità per il lusso accessibile Italiano, April. CSIL (2010). Previsioni sul settore dell’arredamento in Italia e nel mondo nel 2011, November. De Nardis (2010). Se la locomotive va nella direzione sbagliata, article published in www.lavoce.info, October. EIA (2010). International Energy Outlook, July. Eichengreen (2010). Come evitare la guerra delle valute, article published in www.lavoce.info, October. Federchimica (2010). L’industria chimica italiana e nel mondo, Memo, June. Felettigh and Federico (2010). Measuring the price elasticity of import demand in the destination markets of Italian exports, Banca d’Italia working paper No. 776, October. IMF (2010a). World Economic Outlook. Recovery, Risk, and Rebalancing, October. IMF (2010b). Global Financial Stability Report, Sovereigns, Funding, and Systemic Liquidity, October. ICE (2010). Annual Report 2009-2010. L’Italia nell’economia internazionale, July. International Chamber of Commerce (2010). Rethinking Trade Finance, April. Intesa San Paolo (2010). Monitor dei distretti, October. Prometeia – Intesa SanPaolo (2010). Analisi settori industriali. October. Reinhart and Reinhart (2010). After the Fall, NBER Working Paper No. 16334, September. Unicredit (2010). Strategie d’acciaio, Il punto sul corporate, No. 11, October.
64
Appendix 1 The Italian trade model (ITRADE) The Italian trade model (ITRADE) is a bilateral-sectoral model used to analyse the trends and key drivers of Italian export performance. It is based on the Oxford Economics (OE) Global Macroeconomic Model (GMM). The GMM is a quarterly macroeconometric model that covers 44 economies (including Italy) together with the other regional blocks that complete the world picture. In this model, each economy has a specific module covering variables such as prices, labour market, income and wealth, public finances and financial markets. The modules reflect the different ways in which economies interact with one another within the global system. SACE uses the GMM for the Italian economy as the basis for the ITRADE model, replacing the single equation for goods exports with a set of equations covering exports in four main categories (agriculture - which also includes food, beverages and tobacco - consumer, intermediate and capital goods) to each country. Data for Italian exports of goods to other countries are released by Eurostat and are available for each month starting from January 1995. These data are classified according to the Harmonised System (HS) of codes. Similarly, the single equation for service exports has also been replaced with a bilateral trade linkage. These equations are based on the concept that Italian exports are determined by increased demand of trade partners and trends in the relative prices (competitiveness). This implies that, in the absence of changes in competitiveness or changes in exogenous factors such as trade sanctions or tariffs, Italy’s market shares should remain stable. The main categories named above are divided into sectors in order to provide a more detailed analysis of exports of goods. Mineral products, for instance, are classified as a component of the intermediate goods category and mechanical engineering is a component of capital goods (Diagram 1). To summarise, in this detailed trade model:
Italian exports are modelled by sector for each of the trade partners specified, with the addition of 11 other countries not included in the GMM model (54 countries);
Sectoral trends with key trading partners determine Italy’s total exports, which, in turn, impact GDP and other economic variables;
65
Appendix 1
Demand growth in the destination countries is the most important factor that influences export performance, especially in the short term. The determinants of this demand are thus important;
Price competitiveness is also a determinant of export performance and is itself influenced by developments in the domestic economy (wages, employment, other cost factors) as well as changes in the economies of trade partner countries;
Competitiveness indicators, based on relative wage costs, are determined consistently across the countries included in the model. Thus, for Italy, the measure of competitiveness is based on relative Italian prices compared with a weighted average of competitors’ prices.
Diagram 1: Model structure Goods Intermediate goods
Agricolture & food
Food, drink & tobacco (16-24)
Other (01-15)
Mineral products (25-27)
Consumer goods
Woods products (44-49, 94)
Textiles & clothing (50-67)
Plastics & rubbers (39-40)
Metals (72-81, 83)
Investment goods
Other (41-43, 68-71, 91-92, 94-97)
Mechanical engineering (82, 84)
The codes of the HS classification system for the sector aggregates are shown in brackets.
66
Chemicals (28-38)
Electrical products (85)
Transport equipment (86-89)
Other (90, 93)
Appendix 2 Prometeia forecast Methodology The scenarios used for chapter 5 are based on the MOPICE model, developed by Prometeia in partnership with the Italian Institute for Foreign Trade. This model deflates the flows of value in the FIPICE database, in order to divide the changes at current prices into a quantity component and a price component, to generate a projected value. The FIPICE contains trade flow data, at annual rates and current dollar prices, between about 70 countries and geographical regions (giving an overall picture of world trade) for more than 120 product categories. The data set is based on information provided by Unctad/WTO and Global Trade Atlas. Price trends are estimated on the basis of changes in consumer prices in importer countries, costs of production in exporter countries and international prices of the various raw materials involved in the production processes of each single sector. The model calculates trends in quantities on the basis of changes in a specific indicator of demand for each importer country and group of sectors; projections of estimated performance by the various exporters are linked to their specific market power, in each single country and sector, to differences between the various exporters’ costs of production and the elasticity of the specific exchange rates relevant to each exporter, always in relation to the specific sector and market of reference. Additional tables App.2 Table I World trade for mechanical engineering Sector and category Manufacturing industry
Level 2009
2009
2003 - 2008
2003 - 2008
EUR million*
% change
% change
A.a.** % change
6,847,978
-13.7
45.0
5.9
Total Mechanical
668,136
-21.5
60.0
7.8
Total Mechanical engineering
251,417
-27.7
64.1
8.3
Machine tools
26,036
-34.7
53.2
6.6
Machinery for the paper and cardboard industry
14,448
-26.8
7.2
0.0
Machinery for the food and beverages industry
8,937
-19.1
47.7
6.4
Machinery for hot metallurgy
7,255
-7.1
121.5
14.3
of which:
* Figures in current EUR. ** Annual average. Source: Prometeia.
67
Appendix 2
App.2 Table II Top 10 importers of Italian mechanical engineering Country
Level 2009 EUR million*
2009 % change
2003 - 2008 % change
Weight As %
Share As %
Germany
1,754
-27.5
7.2
8.0
11.7
France
1,673
-25.2
3.0
7.7
16.6
China
1,555
1.5
3.1
7.1
6.3
U.S.
1,341
-34.7
2.6
6.1
5.9
Russia
866
-44.6
25.3
4.0
11.8
Iran
853
-5.4
7.5
3.9
35.6
Spain
711
-44.4
-3.1
3.3
20.0
Poland
655
-27.7
11.2
3.0
16.2
India
614
-14.6
22.2
2.8
9.7
Turkey
548
-32.1
5.3
2.5
19.3
* Figures in current EUR. ** Annual average. Source: Prometeia.
App.2 Table III Machinery imports by geographical area Area
Level 2009 EUR million*
2009 % change
2003 - 2008 % change
2003 - 2008 A.a.** % change
Weight As %
Machine tools Asia and Pacific
9,659
-20.7
34.2
6.2
Western Europe Neighbouring emerging economies NAFTA
7,507
-43.3
54.4
5.5
28.8
4,572
-37.1
117.6
14.3
17.6
3,388
-41.5
26.2
1.4
13.0
910
-34.1
210.8
18.5
3.5
Latin America
37.1
Machinery for metallurgy Asia and Pacific Neighbouring emerging economies Western Europe
3,319
8.5
133.5
16.7
45.7
1,628
-15.8
180.7
22.3
22.4
1,247
-23.8
81.3
8.9
17.2
NAFTA
602
-27.2
62.9
6.1
8.3
Latin America
459
29.0
201.4
15.5
6.3
Machinery for the food, beverage and tobacco industry Western Europe
2,698
-20.2
26.5
4.3
30.2
Asia and Pacific Neighbouring emerging economies NAFTA
2,405
-5.7
57.3
8.0
26.9
2,195
-27.3
67.2
8.6
24.6
970
-22.6
16.6
1.1
10.9
669
-20.7
176.0
13.8
7.5 34.8
Latin America
Machinery for the paper and cardboard industry Western Europe
5,034
-27.4
-3.3
-2.4
Asia and Pacific Neighbouring emerging economies NAFTA
4,352
-18.6
6.8
0.8
30.1
2,345
-33.8
52.1
7.6
16.2
Latin America
1,796
-33.5
-18.3
-4.7
12.4
921
-23.4
103.9
10.1
6.3
* Figures in current EUR. ** Annual average. Source: Prometeia.
68
Appendix 3 Detailed tables of forecast exports by sector* Index of tables Values in millions of euro and % changes
Table 1
Exports of goods and services by destination country
Table 2
Exports of goods by destination country
Table 2.1
Exports of agricultural goods by destination country
Table 2.1.a Exports of food, beverages and tobacco by destination country
Table 2.1.b Exports of other agricultural goods by destination country
Table 2.2
Table 2.2.a Exports of wood products by destination country
Table 2.2.b Exports of textiles and clothing by destination country
Table 2.2.c Exports of other consumer goods by destination country
Table 2.3
Table 2.3.a Exports of mineral products by destination country
Table 2.3.b Exports of chemicals by destination country
Table 2.3.c Exports of rubber and plastic by destination country
Table 2.3.d Exports of metals by destination country
Table 2.4
Table 2.4.a Exports of mechanical engineering by destination country
Table 2.4.b Exports of electrical equipment by destination country
Table 2.4.c Exports of means of transport by destination country
Table 2.4.d Exports of other capital goods by destination country
Table 3
Exports of consumer goods by destination country
Exports of intermediate goods by destination country
Exports of capital goods by destination country
Exports of services by destination country
* Area sub-totals are calculated as sums of exports to countries included in the ITRADE model only.
69
Table 1 Value of exports of goods and services by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 (€ mln) World
452,093.8
EU 15
224,281.8
1.0
(€ mln)
2010 %
364,043.0 -19.5
(€ mln) 396,167.1
-3.0 177,627.0 -20.8 188,730.8
2011 % 8.8
(€ mln) 425,129.9
6.3 199,905.7
2012 % 7.3
(€ mln) 454,334.6
5.9 212,610.3
2013 % 6.9
(€ mln) 484,928.2
6.4 225,176.7
2014 % 6.7
(€ mln)
%
515,516.7
6.3
5.9 237,271.1
5.4
Austria
10,804.1
-2.2
8,569.7 -20.7
9,074.3
5.9
9,587.8
5.7
10,132.1
5.7
10,655.6
5.2
11,158.4
4.7
Belgium
12,157.7
-5.6
10,090.5 -17.0
10,774.5
6.8
11,478.9
6.5
12,222.0
6.5
12,912.8
5.7
13,585.6
5.2
Germany
58,778.4
1.1
46,861.9 -20.3
50,949.2
8.7
54,361.6
6.7
57,999.6
6.7
61,561.3
6.1
64,937.9
5.5
Denmark
3,193.0
-8.1
2,223.8 -30.4
2,324.3
4.5
2,472.3
6.4
2,624.9
6.2
2,771.7
5.6
2,905.7
4.8
27,432.0 -10.9
19,230.8 -29.9
20,302.1
5.6
21,256.7
4.7
22,506.1
5.9
23,756.4
5.6
25,034.3
5.4
2,005.0 -19.3
1,433.0 -28.5
1,485.3
3.6
1,590.2
7.1
1,704.8
7.2
1,817.3
6.6
1,928.8
6.1
Spain Finland France
48,747.7
-1.0
39,832.9 -18.3
42,694.0
7.2
45,429.9
6.4
48,428.3
6.6
51,384.1
6.1
54,325.6
5.7
United Kindom
28,703.3
-8.3
23,015.8 -19.8
24,567.7
6.7
25,777.0
4.9
27,230.8
5.6
28,745.5
5.6
30,123.6
4.8
Greece
8,511.3
2.1
6,553.7 -23.0
6,220.0
-5.1
6,398.5
2.9
6,769.3
5.8
7,157.6
5.7
7,512.6
5.0
Ireland
3,090.0
-9.2
2,277.4 -26.3
2,199.8
-3.4
2,263.5
2.9
2,422.4
7.0
2,593.0
7.0
2,753.0
6.2
12,321.0
6.5
10,203.5 -17.2
10,800.4
5.8
11,506.3
6.5
12,304.7
6.9
13,087.6
6.4
13,814.9
5.6
Portugal
3,887.7
-0.1
4,053.3
4.3
3,762.2
-7.2
3,966.0
5.4
4,196.0
5.8
4,414.9
5.2
4,624.1
4.7
Sweden
4,650.6
-0.4
3,280.7 -29.5
3,577.0
9.0
3,817.0
6.7
4,069.3
6.6
4,318.9
6.1
4,566.6
5.7
Netherland
Other EU
31,015.7
3.6
22,776.9 -26.6
24,068.0
5.7
25,919.7
7.7
27,935.1
7.8
29,930.7
7.1
31,943.8
6.7
Bulgaria
2,100.0
8.9
1,345.4 -35.9
1,334.6
-0.8
1,424.3
6.7
1,523.7
7.0
1,602.5
5.2
1,679.3
4.8
Czech Republic
4,618.9
1.7
3,385.9 -26.7
3,663.2
8.2
3,959.6
8.1
4,265.0
7.7
4,572.1
7.2
4,879.7
6.7
Hungary
4,354.7
-0.7
3,026.2 -30.5
3,233.2
6.8
3,463.3
7.1
3,727.6
7.6
3,993.5
7.1
4,259.3
6.7
Poland
10,628.8
5.2
8,604.2 -19.0
9,017.3
4.8
9,763.0
8.3
10,510.2
7.7
11,251.9
7.1
12,002.2
6.7
Slovakia
2,367.4
4.8
1,845.7 -22.0
2,021.8
9.5
2,182.1
7.9
2,351.3
7.8
2,513.5
6.9
2,670.7
6.3
Romania
6,945.9
3.2
4,569.5 -34.2
4,797.9
5.0
5,127.4
6.9
5,557.3
8.4
5,997.2
7.9
6,452.6
7.6
46,655.0
7.3
36,644.9 -21.5
39,909.0
8.9
42,947.2
7.6
46,311.5
7.8
49,644.3
7.2
52,953.9
6.7
Other Europe Belarus
489.3
38.0
380.6 -22.2
378.7
-0.5
394.1
4.1
413.0
4.8
437.2
5.9
466.1
6.6
Croatia
3,396.6
10.5
2,507.0 -26.2
2,365.1
-5.7
2,465.4
4.2
2,652.3
7.6
2,828.0
6.6
3,006.3
6.3
Russia
11,389.2
11.7
7,251.1 -36.3
7,945.1
9.6
8,540.7
7.5
9,176.0
7.4
9,804.8
6.9
10,426.7
6.3
Ukraine
2,523.9
17.6
1,330.2 -47.3
1,254.7
-5.7
1,292.3
3.0
1,387.9
7.4
1,486.5
7.1
1,585.7
6.7
Turkey
7,840.3
2.9
5,992.1 -23.6
7,366.9
22.9
8,372.8
13.7
9,163.8
9.4
9,925.8
8.3
10,672.8
7.5
Norway Switzerland North America Canada United States
70
2009 %
2,213.9
14.1
18,801.8
3.5
32,872.0
1,639.3 -26.0
1,665.8
1.6
1,730.3
3.9
1,837.3
6.2
1,946.8
6.0
2,050.9
5.3
-6.7
18,932.7
7.9
20,151.6
6.4
21,681.2
7.6
23,215.2
7.1
24,745.4
6.6
-7.8
25,532.4 -22.3
27,591.1
8.1
29,148.8
5.6
31,121.5
6.8
33,188.4
6.6
35,222.8
6.1
3,501.4
-4.2
2,855.1 -18.5
3,031.1
6.2
3,168.2
4.5
3,356.0
5.9
3,561.0
6.1
3,761.8
5.6
29,370.6
-8.2
22,677.3 -22.8
24,560.0
8.3
25,980.6
5.8
27,765.5
6.9
29,627.4
6.7
31,461.0
6.2
17,544.6
2008 (€ mln) World
2009 %
(€ mln)
2010 %
(€ mln)
452,093.8
1.0
364,043.0 -19.5
8,679.4
3.6
6,516.3 -24.9
Argentina
1,131.7
2.6
805.6 -28.8
992.3
Brazil
3,986.6
28.6
3,266.8 -18.1
Chile
596.2
-0.7
Latin America
Mexico Asia Australia
2,964.9 -17.0 30,794.4
0.6
3,767.5
2.2
396,167.1
2011 % 8.8
7,748.7 18.9
(€ mln) 425,129.9
2012 %
(€ mln)
2013 %
(€ mln)
2014 %
(€ mln)
%
7.3
454,334.6
6.9
484,928.2
6.7
515,516.7
6.3
8,587.7 10.8
9,366.4
9.1
10,128.7
8.1
10,871.1
7.3
6.6
1,305.2
5.9
23.2
1,078.1
8.6
1,155.6
7.2
1,232.2
4,001.2
22.5
4,510.4
12.7
4,968.8
10.2
5,417.2
9.0
5,852.5
8.0
-6.2
645.3
15.4
699.4
8.4
752.7
7.6
806.4
7.1
858.3
6.4
1,884.6 -36.4
2,109.9
12.0
2,299.8
9.0
2,489.3
8.2
2,672.9
7.4
2,855.1
6.8
31,004.7 11.7
33,731.4
8.8
36,603.6
8.5
39,480.5
7.9
42,314.7
7.2
3,636.1
6.6
3,873.4
6.5
4,114.1
6.2
4,351.4
5.8
559.3
27,766.1
-9.8
3,123.9 -17.1
3,411.9
9.2
China
6,866.9
2.8
7,057.4
2.8
8,201.8
16.2
9,165.1
11.7
10,182.2
11.1
11,218.2
10.2
12,236.4
9.1
Hong Kong
3,498.9
0.0
2,952.1 -15.6
3,329.2
12.8
3,562.2
7.0
3,797.4
6.6
4,020.7
5.9
4,234.0
5.3
640.6
7.5
516.3 -19.4
606.5
17.5
672.7
10.9
729.8
8.5
787.1
7.9
844.4
7.3
India
3,366.1
0.6
2,989.7 -11.2
3,409.4
14.0
3,768.0
10.5
4,131.3
9.6
4,500.1
8.9
4,864.7
8.1
Japon
5,055.1
-4.2
4,463.9 -11.7
4,525.0
1.4
4,675.9
3.3
4,964.7
6.2
5,249.4
5.7
5,527.8
5.3
South Korea
2,288.9 -16.3
Indonesia
2,733.4
0.5
2,544.8
11.2
2,740.7
7.7
2,953.4
7.8
3,170.9
7.4
3,392.1
7.0
Malaysia
731.9
-8.2
747.7
2.2
892.8
19.4
979.4
9.7
1,049.6
7.2
1,117.9
6.5
1,182.4
5.8
Philippines
290.4
12.9
241.9 -16.7
271.9
12.4
294.5
8.3
318.4
8.1
341.8
7.3
364.4
6.6
Singapore
1,834.7
-0.5
1,611.7 -12.2
1,763.6
9.4
1,973.8
11.9
2,146.1
8.7
2,311.8
7.7
2,481.0
7.3
Thailand
1,037.2
17.1
861.1 -17.0
975.9
13.3
1,061.9
8.8
1,147.4
8.1
1,231.3
7.3
1,313.0
6.6
971.7
-5.5
911.5
-6.2
1,071.9
17.6
1,201.1
12.1
1,309.9
9.1
1,417.2
8.2
1,523.1
7.5
Taiwan North Africa
10,625.7 -11.1
11,400.4
7.3
12,279.7
7.7
13,326.0
8.5
14,323.7
7.5
15,352.6
7.2
Algeria
3,095.8
60.4
2,679.9 -13.4
2,738.3
2.2
2,914.7
6.4
3,150.2
8.1
3,366.5
6.9
3,587.4
6.6
Egypt
3,111.4
33.2
2,801.9
-9.9
2,941.7
5.0
3,111.8
5.8
3,402.2
9.3
3,689.2
8.4
3,983.4
8.0
Libya
2,640.1
62.9
2,448.7
-7.2
2,582.4
5.5
2,767.3
7.2
2,989.2
8.0
3,203.2
7.2
3,429.4
7.1
Tunisia
3,109.2
1.8
2,695.2 -13.3
3,138.0
16.4
3,485.9
11.1
3,784.4
8.6
4,064.8
7.4
4,352.4
7.1
2,808.9
-5.5
2,976.3
6.5
3,200.0
7.5
3,439.6
7.5
3,675.8
6.9
3,908.8
6.3
Angola
222.1
14.0
459.8
3.2
494.9
7.6
529.1
6.9
564.4
6.7
Nigeria
1,024.6
-6.7
1,102.5
7.6
1,234.9
12.0
1,337.0
8.3
1,438.6
7.6
1,541.1
7.1
1,645.1
6.7
South Africa
1,562.2
-6.9
1,178.2 -24.6
1,295.9
10.0
1,403.2
8.3
1,506.1
7.3
1,605.6
6.6
1,699.3
5.8
10,108.8 11.4
7,487.1 -25.9
7,333.9
-2.0
7,644.3
4.2
8,200.7
7.3
8,770.4
6.9
9,358.2
6.7
Sub-saharan Africa
Middle east
11,956.5 33.7
2,793.4
-0.6
512.7 130.8
445.5 -13.1
Qatar
1,526.2
-5.9
1,215.4 -20.4
1,221.7
0.5
1,292.4
5.8
1,401.5
8.4
1,506.8
7.5
1,614.2
7.1
Saudi Arabia
3,314.4
9.4
2,449.1 -26.1
2,502.1
2.2
2,631.9
5.2
2,799.7
6.4
2,968.2
6.0
3,147.8
6.1
UAE
5,268.2
19.2
3,822.6 -27.4
3,610.1
-5.6
3,720.0
3.0
3,999.5
7.5
4,295.4
7.4
4,596.2
7.0
71
Table 2 Value of exports of goods by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 (€ mln)
(€ mln)
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
World
369,220.2
1.2
291,898.3 -20.9
322,028.3
10.3
348,065.7
8.1
371,387.3
6.7
395,168.7
6.4
419,422.9
6.1
EU 15
179,442.8
-3.9
138,830.0 -22.6
149,178.8
7.5
159,225.2
6.7
169,217.9
6.3
178,531.4
5.5
187,688.7
5.1
Austria
8,757.1
-0.4
6,761.3
-22.8
7,212.3
6.7
7,715.6
7.0
8,184.9
6.1
8,621.9
5.3
9,051.2
5.0
Belgium
9,713.7
-7.8
7,939.7
-18.3
8,570.1
7.9
9,192.0
7.3
9,765.1
6.2
10,259.4
5.1
10,750.6
4.8
Germany
46,879.4
-0.2
36,409.4
-22.3
40,283.6
10.6
43,353.9
7.6
46,230.9
6.6
48,889.7
5.8
51,439.9
5.2
Denmark
2,701.0
-5.8
1,811.6
-32.9
1,902.6
5.0
2,036.2
7.0
2,158.9
6.0
2,271.3
5.2
2,375.1
4.6
Spain
23,937.0
-11.9
16,338.0
-31.7
17,469.8
6.9
18,414.1
5.4
19,473.7
5.8
20,485.5
5.2
21,551.8
5.2
Finland
1,703.0
-13.7
1,186.5
-30.3
1,232.3
3.9
1,327.5
7.7
1,422.5
7.2
1,512.4
6.3
1,603.5
6.0
France
41,189.7
-1.2
33,275.5
-19.2
35,909.0
7.9
38,445.8
7.1
41,011.4
6.7
43,425.5
5.9
45,863.2
5.6
United Kindom
19,196.3
-9.1
14,776.3
-23.0
16,170.4
9.4
17,121.2
5.9
18,006.3
5.2
18,825.1
4.5
19,592.4
4.1
Greece
7,812.3
0.9
5,957.2
-23.7
5,628.4
-5.5
5,798.6
3.0
6,123.2
5.6
6,458.5
5.5
6,764.2
4.7
Ireland
1,399.0
-18.5
892.8
-36.2
826.4
-7.4
859.0
3.9
918.2
6.9
973.4
6.0
1,027.9
5.6
Netherland
8,621.0
0.2
7,001.5
-18.8
7,515.2
7.3
8,094.3
7.7
8,645.0
6.8
9,144.4
5.8
9,625.2
5.3
Portugal
3,568.7
1.1
3,771.7
5.7
3,478.0
-7.8
3,673.9
5.6
3,884.7
5.7
4,080.8
5.0
4,268.0
4.6
Sweden
3,964.6
-1.2
2,708.5
-31.7
2,980.7
10.0
3,193.1
7.1
3,393.1
6.3
3,583.5
5.6
3,775.7
5.4
19,770.8 -28.0
Other EU
27,449.7
5.2
20,962.5
6.0
22,668.6
8.1
24,408.8
7.7
26,089.8
6.9
27,810.8
6.6
Bulgaria
1,917.0
7.8
1,187.9
-38.0
1,173.9
-1.2
1,260.4
7.4
1,351.6
7.2
1,420.9
5.1
1,490.1
4.9
Czech Republic
4,005.9
3.7
2,880.6
-28.1
3,137.2
8.9
3,404.7
8.5
3,660.3
7.5
3,910.0
6.8
4,164.5
6.5
Hungary
3,619.7
-2.4
2,410.2
-33.4
2,604.7
8.1
2,808.4
7.8
3,016.8
7.4
3,218.9
6.7
3,426.2
6.4
Poland
9,681.8
9.2
7,789.7
-19.5
8,169.1
4.9
8,878.7
8.7
9,555.8
7.6
10,215.9
6.9
10,890.9
6.6
Slovakia
2,029.4
5.9
1,551.9
-23.5
1,715.9
10.6
1,859.9
8.4
1,999.8
7.5
2,132.1
6.6
2,261.8
6.1
Romania
6,195.9
3.8
3,950.5
-36.2
4,161.7
5.3
4,456.5
7.1
4,824.5
8.3
5,192.0
7.6
5,577.3
7.4
39,919.0
9.4
30,726.7 -23.0
33,760.3
9.9
36,412.7
7.9
39,097.0
7.4
41,639.1
6.5
44,191.2
6.1
Belarus
467.3
40.9
362.0
-22.5
359.8
-0.6
374.7
4.1
392.4
4.7
415.1
5.8
442.5
6.6
Croatia
3,122.6
11.6
2,274.6
-27.2
2,132.7
-6.2
2,224.5
4.3
2,392.8
7.6
2,546.7
6.4
2,704.2
6.2
Russia
10,443.2
9.5
6,466.1
-38.1
7,123.6
10.2
7,658.0
7.5
8,194.5
7.0
8,710.7
6.3
9,226.0
5.9
Ukraine
2,353.9
19.9
1,188.1
-49.5
1,112.0
-6.4
1,145.1
3.0
1,230.1
7.4
1,317.0
7.1
1,406.2
6.8
Turkey
7,397.3
4.5
5,611.0
-24.1
6,964.6
24.1
7,943.5
14.1
8,684.8
9.3
9,386.1
8.1
10,086.6
7.5
Norway
1,738.9
13.3
1,241.9
-28.6
1,261.5
1.6
1,318.6
4.5
1,398.2
6.0
1,474.1
5.4
1,547.8
5.0
14,395.8
8.6
13,583.0
-5.6
14,806.1
9.0
15,748.3
6.4
16,804.2
6.7
17,789.4
5.9
18,777.9
5.6
25,514.0
-5.1
19,192.9 -24.8
21,077.1
9.8
22,453.4
6.5
23,888.0
6.4
25,306.5
5.9
26,732.2
5.6
2,594.4
-5.0
2,076.6
-20.0
2,230.8
7.4
2,346.9
5.2
2,484.8
5.9
2,619.4
5.4
2,754.4
5.2
22,919.6
-5.1
17,116.3
-25.3
18,846.3
10.1
20,106.5
6.7
21,403.2
6.4
22,687.1
6.0
23,977.8
5.7
Other Europe
Switzerland North America Canada United States
72
2009 %
2008 (€ mln) World Latin America Argentina
2009 %
(€ mln)
369,220.2
1.2
7,493.4
2.5
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
291,898.3 -20.9
322,028.3
10.3
348,065.7
8.1
371,387.3
6.7
395,168.7
6.4
419,422.9
6.1
5,497.2 -26.6
6,690.0
21.7
7,481.5
11.8
8,168.3
9.2
8,823.0
8.0
9,464.0
7.3
876.7
3.0
589.3
-32.8
771.0
30.8
847.8
10.0
905.9
6.9
960.7
6.0
1,013.8
5.5
Brazil
3,309.6
30.1
2,684.7
-18.9
3,389.7
26.3
3,868.3
14.1
4,271.1
10.4
4,653.7
9.0
5,026.9
8.0
Chile
528.2
2.6
497.4
-5.8
581.4
16.9
632.8
8.8
680.7
7.6
728.2
7.0
774.3
6.3
2,778.9
-18.3
1,725.8
-37.9
1,947.9
12.9
2,132.6
9.5
2,310.6
8.3
2,480.4
7.3
2,649.0
6.8
27,465.4
1.7
24,825.7
-9.6
27,932.5
12.5
30,488.4
9.2
33,063.4
8.4
35,597.7
7.7
38,104.3
7.0
Australia
2,866.5
3.7
2,365.3
-17.5
2,626.2
11.0
2,817.1
7.3
2,989.7
6.1
3,155.2
5.5
3,322.9
5.3
China
6,409.9
2.4
6,629.0
3.4
7,733.8
16.7
8,647.9
11.8
9,592.6
10.9
10,543.6
9.9
11,475.6
8.8
Hong Kong
3,227.9
-2.1
2,707.2
-16.1
3,071.9
13.5
3,290.8
7.1
3,503.1
6.5
3,700.3
5.6
3,889.0
5.1
612.6
11.0
492.6
-19.6
581.6
18.1
646.5
11.2
701.6
8.5
756.6
7.8
811.8
7.3
India
3,049.1
3.3
2,707.3
-11.2
3,113.9
15.0
3,459.1
11.1
3,797.1
9.8
4,136.5
8.9
4,473.7
8.2
Japon
4,209.1
-1.9
3,704.9
-12.0
3,748.2
1.2
3,863.3
3.1
4,086.0
5.8
4,296.6
5.2
4,505.7
4.9
South Korea
Mexico Asia
Indonesia
2,573.4
2.7
2,154.3
-16.3
2,403.1
11.5
2,591.8
7.9
2,791.5
7.7
2,993.5
7.2
3,200.1
6.9
Malaysia
702.9
-2.5
720.7
2.5
864.2
19.9
949.3
9.8
1,016.4
7.1
1,081.2
6.4
1,142.4
5.7
Philippines
267.4
15.1
222.0
-17.0
251.2
13.2
272.7
8.6
294.7
8.1
315.9
7.2
336.4
6.5
1,706.7
-0.2
1,498.9
-12.2
1,646.5
9.8
1,850.8
12.4
2,012.3
8.7
2,165.6
7.6
2,322.8
7.3
Thailand
971.2
20.5
804.8
-17.1
917.7
14.0
1,001.1
9.1
1,081.4
8.0
1,159.2
7.2
1,235.1
6.5
Taiwan
868.7
-5.6
818.7
-5.8
974.2
19.0
1,098.0
12.7
1,197.0
9.0
1,293.5
8.1
1,388.8
7.4
10,197.2 -11.2
Singapore
North Africa
11,477.4
35.3
10,954.9
7.4
11,811.5
7.8
12,817.1
8.5
13,767.9
7.4
14,753.7
7.2
Algeria
2,998.7
63.3
2,593.4
-13.5
2,647.9
2.1
2,819.1
6.5
3,046.0
8.0
3,252.8
6.8
3,464.8
6.5
Egypt
2,893.4
35.7
2,604.4
-10.0
2,738.1
5.1
2,898.8
5.9
3,171.5
9.4
3,437.9
8.4
3,712.7
8.0
Libya
2,640.0
62.9
2,448.6
-7.3
2,582.3
5.5
2,767.2
7.2
2,989.1
8.0
3,203.1
7.2
3,429.3
7.1
Tunisia
2,945.3
1.8
2,550.8
-13.4
2,986.6
17.1
3,326.4
11.4
3,610.5
8.5
3,874.1
7.3
4,146.9
7.0
2,408.8
-4.4
2,441.3
1.3
2,609.5
6.9
2,814.9
7.9
3,021.9
7.4
3,219.9
6.6
3,416.7
6.1
Angola
222.0
14.0
512.6 130.9
445.4
-13.1
459.7
3.2
494.8
7.6
529.0
6.9
564.3
6.7
Nigeria
775.6
-4.9
877.9
13.2
999.4
13.8
1,088.9
9.0
1,168.9
7.3
1,246.3
6.6
1,326.4
6.4
South Africa
1,411.2
-6.6
1,050.8
-25.5
1,164.7
10.8
1,266.3
8.7
1,358.2
7.3
1,444.6
6.4
1,526.0
5.6
Middle east
10,101.8
11.5
7,481.2 -25.9
7,328.0
-2.0
7,638.2
4.2
8,194.1
7.3
8,763.3
6.9
9,350.7
6.7
Qatar
1,525.1
-5.9
1,214.5
-20.4
1,220.8
0.5
1,291.5
5.8
1,400.5
8.4
1,505.7
7.5
1,613.1
7.1
Saudi Arabia
3,311.5
9.5
2,446.6
-26.1
2,499.6
2.2
2,629.3
5.2
2,796.9
6.4
2,965.2
6.0
3,144.6
6.1
UAE
5,265.2
19.2
3,820.1
-27.4
3,607.6
-5.6
3,717.4
3.0
3,996.7
7.5
4,292.4
7.4
4,593.0
7.0
Sub-saharan Africa
73
Table 2.1 Value of exports of agricultural goods by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
World
26,754.6
8.9
24,785.8
-7.4
26,176.9
5.6
27,548.5
5.2
29,247.5
6.2
30,862.9
5.5
32,472.5
5.2
EU 15
16,571.1
7.0
15,522.7
-6.3
16,271.5
4.8
17,014.6
4.6
17,980.3
5.7
18,882.3
5.0
19,777.7
4.7
Austria
950.5
9.5
876.5
-7.8
916.3
4.5
956.3
4.4
1,018.6
6.5
1,081.8
6.2
1,145.2
5.9
Belgium
798.1
5.8
781.1
-2.1
819.9
5.0
857.7
4.6
904.4
5.4
941.4
4.1
975.5
3.6
Germany
5,268.4
5.7
4,911.4
-6.8
5,180.7
5.5
5,442.4
5.1
5,756.3
5.8
6,040.1
4.9
6,321.4
4.7
Denmark
418.7
9.7
377.2
-9.9
394.5
4.6
412.2
4.5
438.0
6.3
462.7
5.6
488.1
5.5
1,143.4
-0.8
1,025.0
-10.4
1,063.7
3.8
1,091.2
2.6
1,148.7
5.3
1,201.3
4.6
1,251.1
4.2
101.5
10.4
100.8
-0.7
104.8
4.0
109.3
4.3
114.9
5.1
119.9
4.4
124.8
4.0
France
3,107.6
9.3
3,025.7
-2.6
3,186.1
5.3
3,355.5
5.3
3,565.1
6.2
3,765.4
5.6
3,968.4
5.4
United Kindom
2,476.3
6.0
2,270.2
-8.3
2,398.0
5.6
2,505.1
4.5
2,620.7
4.6
2,731.6
4.2
2,842.2
4.1
Greece
722.3
10.3
682.5
-5.5
673.1
-1.4
685.4
1.8
726.8
6.0
766.7
5.5
808.0
5.4
Ireland
128.1
3.2
106.0
-17.3
103.2
-2.7
107.4
4.2
114.6
6.7
121.9
6.3
129.2
6.0
Netherland
875.4
11.0
828.1
-5.4
873.9
5.5
907.0
3.8
952.1
5.0
989.9
4.0
1,022.8
3.3
Portugal
177.6
16.6
177.2
-0.3
173.4
-2.1
180.8
4.3
191.7
6.0
204.7
6.8
219.5
7.2
Sweden
403.2
13.7
361.0
-10.5
383.9
6.3
404.3
5.3
428.4
6.0
454.9
6.2
481.5
5.8
1,461.7
21.2
1,230.1 -15.8
1,291.3
5.0
1,361.7
5.5
1,457.7
7.1
1,554.0
6.6
1,653.6
6.4
84.1
30.1
70.3
-16.5
69.3
-1.4
72.3
4.4
76.6
5.9
80.5
5.1
84.4
4.8
Czech Republic
289.0
10.8
267.0
-7.6
282.4
5.8
297.6
5.4
316.7
6.4
337.6
6.6
360.0
6.6
Hungary
270.2
23.2
206.9
-23.4
215.9
4.3
225.2
4.3
238.8
6.1
251.9
5.5
264.9
5.1
Poland
408.5
13.1
371.4
-9.1
395.1
6.4
421.7
6.7
457.3
8.4
492.5
7.7
528.8
7.4
Slovakia
86.7
7.8
73.3
-15.5
78.2
6.7
82.3
5.2
87.4
6.2
92.1
5.4
97.0
5.3
Romania
323.2
47.0
241.2
-25.4
250.4
3.8
262.6
4.9
280.9
7.0
299.4
6.6
318.5
6.4
2,122.4
10.7
1,891.2 -10.9
1,978.6
4.6
2,064.8
4.4
2,204.3
6.8
2,336.2
6.0
2,468.3
5.7
Belarus
12.9
27.7
8.8
-31.6
8.7
-1.3
8.9
2.7
9.6
7.4
10.2
6.8
10.9
6.5
Croatia
179.7
9.6
164.4
-8.5
154.8
-5.8
156.4
1.1
166.6
6.5
176.5
5.9
186.0
5.4
Russia
438.1
10.3
326.2
-25.5
349.3
7.1
368.6
5.5
398.7
8.2
427.9
7.3
457.3
6.9
Ukraine
56.6
-2.6
45.3
-20.1
45.3
0.1
47.0
3.8
50.3
6.9
53.4
6.3
56.6
5.9
Turkey
150.0
24.6
96.4
-35.7
105.7
9.7
113.5
7.3
121.7
7.2
129.5
6.5
137.5
6.2
Norway
162.0
10.0
159.4
-1.6
158.4
-0.6
162.6
2.6
172.2
5.9
181.3
5.3
190.3
5.0
1,123.1
10.1
1,090.7
-2.9
1,156.4
6.0
1,207.8
4.4
1,285.2
6.4
1,357.4
5.6
1,429.7
5.3
2,714.5
0.5
2,479.8
-8.6
2,645.2
6.7
2,785.1
5.3
2,950.7
5.9
3,105.7
5.3
3,260.9
5.0
476.5
5.8
456.2
-4.3
486.2
6.6
514.2
5.8
541.3
5.3
565.8
4.5
589.7
4.2
2,238.0
-0.6
2,023.6
-9.6
2,159.0
6.7
2,270.9
5.2
2,409.4
6.1
2,539.9
5.4
2,671.2
5.2
Spain Finland
Other EU Bulgaria
Other Europe
Switzerland North America Canada United States
74
2009
(€ mln)
2008
World Latin America
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
26,754.6
8.9
24,785.8
-7.4
26,176.9
5.6
27,548.5
5.2
29,247.5
6.2
30,862.9
5.5
32,472.5
5.2
185.8
23.7
164.8 -11.3
186.0
12.9
201.5
8.3
214.6
6.5
226.8
5.7
239.1
5.4
Argentina
16.7
3.4
15.2
-8.9
17.0
11.3
18.5
9.1
19.4
5.0
20.8
7.2
22.6
8.2
Brazil
91.5
35.3
84.3
-7.8
97.1
15.1
105.8
9.0
112.7
6.5
118.4
5.0
123.9
4.7
Chile
18.0
54.3
11.8
-34.0
14.3
20.3
16.1
13.1
17.2
6.7
18.5
7.7
19.8
7.1
Mexico
59.6
8.9
53.5
-10.3
57.6
7.7
61.1
6.0
65.3
6.9
69.1
5.8
72.8
5.4
1,189.9
9.1
1,214.9
2.1
1,267.1
4.3
1,330.3
5.0
1,414.7
6.3
1,497.0
5.8
1,579.7
5.5
272.4
3.7
262.3
-3.7
277.1
5.6
291.5
5.2
309.6
6.2
327.3
5.7
345.9
5.7
China
70.2
13.5
93.3
33.0
100.2
7.3
106.7
6.5
113.7
6.6
120.7
6.2
127.7
5.8
Hong Kong
93.2
33.1
91.4
-1.9
98.2
7.5
104.7
6.6
112.4
7.4
120.1
6.8
127.8
6.4
9.1
4.5
11.6
27.1
12.5
7.7
13.2
5.9
14.2
7.0
15.0
6.3
16.0
6.0
India
21.6
29.1
23.0
6.3
24.9
8.0
26.7
7.5
28.7
7.2
30.5
6.6
32.4
6.2
Japon
513.5
7.9
514.4
0.2
519.3
0.9
537.2
3.5
568.6
5.9
599.2
5.4
629.1
5.0
Asia Australia
Indonesia
South Korea
76.2
-3.9
82.0
7.5
88.0
7.4
93.5
6.3
99.6
6.5
105.5
5.9
111.4
5.6
Malaysia
14.3
12.6
14.5
1.9
16.2
11.2
17.5
8.1
18.6
6.6
19.7
6.0
20.8
5.6
Philippines
19.4 105.9
18.1
-6.4
19.1
5.4
20.3
6.2
21.8
7.7
23.3
6.6
24.7
6.0
Singapore
32.3
5.2
33.1
2.4
35.3
6.7
37.7
6.9
40.6
7.4
43.3
6.7
45.9
6.0
Thailand
25.4
12.9
28.1
11.0
30.2
7.3
32.2
6.5
34.3
6.7
36.3
5.8
38.3
5.4
Taiwan
42.3
5.0
43.1
1.8
46.1
7.1
49.1
6.5
52.6
7.1
56.1
6.6
59.7
6.5
248.4 -19.9
North Africa
310.0
57.4
265.7
7.0
282.0
6.1
302.9
7.4
322.0
6.3
341.6
6.1
Algeria
35.4
24.1
38.4
8.6
40.4
5.2
43.0
6.5
46.2
7.4
49.0
6.0
52.0
6.1
Egypt
44.6
29.8
45.5
2.1
48.3
6.1
51.5
6.6
55.7
8.1
59.4
6.8
63.3
6.5
Libya
105.8
51.5
102.0
-3.6
109.4
7.3
115.7
5.7
124.0
7.2
131.5
6.0
139.0
5.7
Tunisia
124.2
92.8
62.5
-49.7
67.6
8.2
71.8
6.2
77.0
7.2
82.1
6.6
87.3
6.4
Sub-saharan Africa
150.6
-2.3
155.8
3.5
162.1
4.0
169.0
4.3
178.7
5.7
189.0
5.8
199.1
5.3
Angola
54.5
14.7
40.9
-24.9
37.9
-7.4
38.5
1.5
40.0
3.9
41.5
3.8
43.2
4.1
Nigeria
34.6
0.6
53.6
55.1
58.0
8.3
60.0
3.4
63.3
5.5
67.6
6.8
71.6
5.9
South Africa
61.5
-15.0
61.3
-0.4
66.2
8.1
70.5
6.5
75.4
6.9
79.9
5.9
84.3
5.5
Middle east
195.6
21.3
185.9
-5.0
190.1
2.3
200.2
5.3
215.6
7.7
229.8
6.6
243.6
6.0
9.6
31.7
9.9
3.0
10.5
6.0
11.2
6.5
12.0
7.5
12.9
6.8
13.6
5.9
Saudi Arabia
96.3
20.6
85.4
-11.3
90.2
5.6
96.3
6.8
103.0
6.9
109.0
5.8
115.0
5.5
UAE
89.7
21.2
90.6
1.0
89.4
-1.4
92.7
3.7
100.6
8.5
107.9
7.3
115.0
6.6
Qatar
75
Table 2.1.a Value of exports of food, beverages and tobacco by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
World
14,746.0
9.3
14,111.8
-4.3
14,716.7
4.3
15,435.4
4.9
16,397.5
6.2
17,309.5
5.6
18,219.3
5.3
EU 15
8,848.4
8.6
8,525.2
-3.7
8,828.6
3.6
9,205.7
4.3
9,737.2
5.8
10,228.7
5.0
10,717.9
4.8
Austria
412.8
9.8
391.5
-5.1
401.6
2.6
416.4
3.7
443.0
6.4
469.6
6.0
497.1
5.9
Belgium
440.5
3.5
460.3
4.5
477.3
3.7
497.9
4.3
525.8
5.6
547.6
4.1
567.7
3.7
Germany
2,688.6
8.2
2,627.7
-2.3
2,745.2
4.5
2,878.9
4.9
3,050.8
6.0
3,201.3
4.9
3,350.3
4.7
Denmark
219.9
7.4
215.5
-2.0
223.1
3.5
233.0
4.4
248.4
6.6
262.8
5.8
277.2
5.5
Spain
522.8
0.5
466.8
-10.7
478.3
2.5
489.1
2.3
515.5
5.4
539.0
4.6
561.4
4.2
59.4
8.0
59.2
-0.4
60.9
2.9
63.5
4.3
67.1
5.6
70.4
4.9
73.6
4.6
France
1,579.1
9.9
1,559.5
-1.2
1,624.5
4.2
1,711.6
5.4
1,828.3
6.8
1,941.4
6.2
2,056.9
6.0
United Kindom
1,700.6
11.0
1,577.1
-7.3
1,635.6
3.7
1,693.2
3.5
1,764.1
4.2
1,831.2
3.8
1,897.6
3.6
Greece
334.5
8.3
319.1
-4.6
311.7
-2.3
317.7
1.9
338.8
6.7
359.5
6.1
381.1
6.0
Ireland
79.5
6.8
67.9
-14.5
64.8
-4.6
67.0
3.3
71.3
6.5
75.8
6.3
80.4
6.0
Netherland
452.6
8.7
440.8
-2.6
460.4
4.4
478.3
3.9
505.0
5.6
528.2
4.6
548.9
3.9
Portugal
113.8
15.8
114.6
0.7
110.2
-3.9
114.1
3.6
120.8
5.9
129.0
6.8
138.3
7.2
Sweden
244.3
14.7
225.2
-7.8
235.0
4.3
245.0
4.3
258.3
5.4
272.9
5.7
287.4
5.3
Other EU
551.5
13.5
498.9
-9.5
517.9
3.8
544.9
5.2
584.6
7.3
624.7
6.9
666.3
6.7
27.0
27.3
22.9
-15.2
22.2
-3.0
22.9
3.2
24.0
5.0
25.1
4.3
26.1
4.0
Czech Republic
127.0
9.9
117.0
-7.8
122.5
4.7
129.3
5.6
138.6
7.2
149.2
7.7
160.7
7.7
Hungary
116.2
10.5
94.4
-18.8
97.7
3.5
101.8
4.2
108.3
6.3
114.2
5.5
120.1
5.1
Poland
168.1
16.2
156.3
-7.0
164.5
5.2
175.5
6.7
191.3
9.0
207.1
8.3
223.4
7.9
Slovakia
26.3
-7.7
23.4
-10.8
24.7
5.6
26.0
5.1
27.7
6.5
29.2
5.4
30.7
5.3
Romania
86.9
22.6
84.9
-2.4
86.3
1.7
89.4
3.6
94.7
6.0
99.9
5.5
105.3
5.4
1,144.4
7.8
1,068.9
-6.6
1,106.4
3.5
1,155.7
4.5
1,242.6
7.5
1,326.5
6.8
1,411.7
6.4
Belarus
4.2
21.3
2.8
-33.7
2.7
-3.3
2.7
1.9
2.9
7.2
3.1
6.8
3.3
6.5
Croatia
92.5
10.0
86.8
-6.1
80.8
-6.9
81.9
1.3
87.8
7.2
93.7
6.7
99.5
6.2
Russia
247.0
2.6
191.1
-22.6
200.9
5.1
210.3
4.7
227.0
8.0
243.6
7.3
260.4
6.9
Ukraine
31.9
-9.4
24.6
-22.8
24.2
-1.7
24.9
3.0
26.6
6.6
28.2
6.3
29.9
5.9
Turkey
76.4
9.9
56.8
-25.7
61.8
8.9
66.3
7.3
71.5
7.7
76.1
6.5
80.8
6.2
Norway
91.9
16.4
100.0
8.8
98.2
-1.8
101.0
2.8
108.1
7.0
115.0
6.4
122.0
6.1
600.5
9.2
606.8
1.0
637.8
5.1
668.6
4.8
718.7
7.5
766.8
6.7
815.8
6.4
1,786.9
-0.6
1,688.0
-5.5
1,771.0
4.9
1,852.9
4.6
1,961.8
5.9
2,066.1
5.3
2,170.7
5.1
336.9
4.4
326.9
-3.0
344.5
5.4
363.8
5.6
383.4
5.4
402.2
4.9
420.7
4.6
1,450.0
-1.6
1,361.1
-6.1
1,426.5
4.8
1,489.1
4.4
1,578.4
6.0
1,663.9
5.4
1,750.0
5.2
Finland
Bulgaria
Other Europe
Switzerland North America Canada United States
76
2009
(€ mln)
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
14,746.0
9.3
14,111.8
-4.3
14,716.7
4.3
15,435.4
4.9
16,397.5
6.2
17,309.5
5.6
18,219.3
5.3
130.5
27.3
114.7 -12.1
126.2
10.0
135.0
7.0
142.4
5.5
149.0
4.6
155.5
4.4
9.1
1.9
6.9
-24.1
7.5
9.0
8.1
8.0
8.4
4.4
9.1
7.2
9.8
8.2
Brazil
62.8
38.4
54.5
-13.1
61.4
12.6
66.0
7.4
69.5
5.3
72.1
3.8
74.6
3.4
Chile
11.5
64.3
8.5
-25.6
10.1
18.8
11.5
12.9
12.3
7.1
13.2
7.8
14.2
7.1
Mexico
47.1
14.1
44.8
-5.0
47.2
5.4
49.4
4.5
52.2
5.7
54.6
4.6
56.9
4.2
Asia
766.5
13.4
797.8
4.1
814.4
2.1
844.2
3.7
889.9
5.4
933.3
4.9
975.9
4.6
Australia
189.1
11.7
181.8
-3.9
188.3
3.6
196.0
4.1
206.9
5.6
217.5
5.1
228.5
5.1
China
45.8
11.2
63.9
39.5
67.0
4.9
70.1
4.7
73.7
5.1
77.1
4.6
80.3
4.2
Hong Kong
51.4
13.9
49.5
-3.6
52.6
6.3
55.9
6.3
60.1
7.4
64.2
6.8
68.3
6.4
Indonesia
5.0
-3.7
7.5
50.9
8.0
5.8
8.4
5.1
8.9
6.8
9.5
6.3
10.1
6.0
India
8.1
15.9
9.4
15.9
10.1
7.2
10.9
8.3
11.9
8.8
12.8
8.1
13.8
7.8
331.3
17.2
345.8
4.4
341.1
-1.4
347.6
1.9
363.5
4.6
378.5
4.1
392.6
3.7
47.4
0.3
46.6
-1.7
48.9
5.1
51.2
4.6
53.6
4.8
55.9
4.2
58.0
3.8
9.8
7.1
9.8
1.0
10.9
10.2
11.7
8.2
12.6
6.9
13.3
6.0
14.1
5.6
Philippines
15.5 132.4
14.6
-6.1
15.0
3.4
15.8
5.3
17.0
7.5
18.1
6.6
19.2
6.0
Singapore
24.2
4.4
25.3
4.6
26.4
4.3
27.8
5.5
29.6
6.4
31.3
5.6
32.8
5.0
Thailand
18.4
10.3
22.1
20.2
23.3
5.2
24.5
5.3
26.0
6.0
27.3
5.2
28.6
4.8
Taiwan
20.5
-8.0
21.5
5.1
22.8
6.0
24.3
6.3
26.1
7.5
27.8
6.6
29.6
6.5
Japon South Korea Malaysia
North Africa
138.2
46.9
125.2
-9.4
132.3
5.7
139.7
5.6
150.3
7.6
159.6
6.2
169.2
6.0
Algeria
21.3
39.7
18.0
-15.7
18.6
3.3
19.6
5.6
21.0
7.2
22.3
6.0
23.6
6.1
Egypt
29.5
34.5
22.8
-22.6
24.0
5.1
25.5
6.5
27.7
8.3
29.5
6.8
31.5
6.5
Libya
79.5
58.2
73.7
-7.2
78.2
6.1
82.4
5.4
88.5
7.3
93.8
6.0
99.2
5.7
7.9
16.8
10.7
35.3
11.5
6.9
12.2
6.0
13.1
7.5
14.0
6.6
14.9
6.4
124.3
5.0
131.1
5.5
134.0
2.2
138.7
3.5
146.4
5.6
154.5
5.5
162.7
5.3
Angola
49.5
30.3
37.8
-23.7
34.6
-8.4
35.0
1.2
36.4
4.1
37.8
3.8
39.4
4.1
Nigeria
31.3
5.9
49.4
57.6
52.9
7.2
54.6
3.1
57.7
5.7
61.6
6.8
65.3
5.9
South Africa
43.5
-14.3
43.9
0.8
46.5
6.1
49.1
5.5
52.3
6.5
55.1
5.4
58.0
5.1
Middle east
139.3
20.0
131.4
-5.7
132.5
0.8
138.8
4.8
149.4
7.6
159.2
6.6
168.8
6.0
8.9
30.9
8.7
-3.0
9.0
4.0
9.5
5.6
10.2
7.2
10.9
6.8
11.5
5.9
Saudi Arabia
64.2
11.5
62.5
-2.7
65.4
4.7
69.7
6.6
74.7
7.1
79.1
5.8
83.5
5.5
UAE
66.2
28.0
60.2
-9.1
58.1
-3.5
59.6
2.7
64.5
8.2
69.2
7.3
73.8
6.6
Tunisia Sub-saharan Africa
Qatar
77
Table 2.1.b Value of exports of other agricultural goods by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008
2010
%
(€ mln)
World
12,008.6
8.4
10,674.0 -11.1
EU 15
7,722.6
5.2
6,997.3
Austria
537.7
9.3
Belgium
357.5
8.8
Germany
2,579.8
Denmark
198.8
Spain
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
11,460.2
7.4
12,113.1
5.7
12,850.0
6.1
13,553.4
5.5
14,253.2
5.2
-9.4
7,442.8
6.4
7,809.2
4.9
8,243.0
5.6
8,653.5
5.0
9,059.7
4.7
485.0
-9.8
514.6
6.1
539.9
4.9
575.7
6.6
612.2
6.3
648.1
5.9
320.8
-10.3
342.6
6.8
359.8
5.0
378.6
5.2
393.8
4.0
407.8
3.5
3.2
2,283.7
-11.5
2,435.6
6.7
2,563.5
5.3
2,705.4
5.5
2,838.9
4.9
2,971.0
4.7
12.2
161.7
-18.6
171.4
6.0
179.2
4.6
189.5
5.8
199.9
5.5
210.9
5.5
620.6
-1.9
558.2
-10.1
585.4
4.9
602.1
2.9
633.2
5.2
662.2
4.6
689.7
4.2
42.1
14.0
41.6
-1.0
43.9
5.5
45.8
4.3
47.8
4.3
49.6
3.7
51.2
3.3
1,528.5
8.7
1,466.2
-4.1
1,561.6
6.5
1,643.9
5.3
1,736.8
5.6
1,824.0
5.0
1,911.5
4.8
United Kindom
775.7
-3.5
693.2
-10.6
762.3
10.0
811.9
6.5
856.6
5.5
900.3
5.1
944.6
4.9
Greece
387.8
12.1
363.4
-6.3
361.4
-0.6
367.8
1.8
388.0
5.5
407.2
5.0
426.9
4.8
Ireland
48.6
-2.2
38.0
-21.8
38.3
0.7
40.5
5.6
43.3
7.0
46.0
6.3
48.8
6.0
422.8
13.6
387.3
-8.4
413.6
6.8
428.8
3.7
447.1
4.3
461.7
3.3
473.9
2.6
Portugal
63.8
18.2
62.5
-2.0
63.2
1.1
66.7
5.5
70.9
6.3
75.7
6.8
81.2
7.2
Sweden
158.9
12.2
135.7
-14.6
148.9
9.7
159.3
7.0
170.1
6.8
182.0
7.0
194.1
6.6
Other EU
910.4
26.4
731.1 -19.7
773.5
5.8
816.8
5.6
873.2
6.9
929.5
6.4
987.5
6.2
57.2
31.5
47.4
-17.1
47.1
-0.6
49.5
4.9
52.6
6.3
55.5
5.5
58.4
5.2
Czech Republic
162.0
11.4
149.9
-7.5
159.9
6.7
168.3
5.2
178.1
5.9
188.4
5.8
199.3
5.8
Hungary
154.0
35.0
112.5
-26.9
118.2
5.0
123.4
4.4
130.5
5.8
137.7
5.5
144.8
5.1
Poland
240.4
11.0
215.1
-10.5
230.7
7.2
246.1
6.7
266.0
8.1
285.5
7.3
305.4
7.0
Slovakia
60.5
16.3
49.9
-17.6
53.5
7.2
56.3
5.3
59.7
6.1
62.9
5.4
66.3
5.3
Romania
236.3
58.5
156.3
-33.8
164.1
5.0
173.2
5.5
186.3
7.5
199.5
7.1
213.3
6.9
Other Europe
978.0
14.3
822.2 -15.9
872.2
6.1
909.3
4.3
961.7
5.8
1,009.5
5.0
1,056.7
4.7
Belarus
8.7
31.0
6.0
-30.6
6.0
-0.4
6.2
3.1
6.7
7.5
7.1
6.8
7.6
6.5
Croatia
87.2
9.2
77.6
-11.1
74.0
-4.6
74.6
0.8
78.8
5.6
82.8
5.1
86.6
4.6
Russia
191.1
22.0
135.1
-29.3
148.4
9.8
158.3
6.7
171.7
8.4
184.2
7.3
196.9
6.9
Ukraine
24.7
7.9
20.6
-16.6
21.1
2.3
22.1
4.7
23.7
7.2
25.2
6.3
26.7
5.9
Turkey
73.6
44.6
39.6
-46.2
43.9
10.9
47.2
7.4
50.2
6.4
53.4
6.5
56.7
6.2
Norway
70.1
2.7
59.4
-15.3
60.2
1.4
61.6
2.3
64.1
4.1
66.2
3.4
68.3
3.1
Switzerland
522.6
11.2
483.9
-7.4
518.6
7.2
539.3
4.0
566.5
5.0
590.6
4.3
613.9
3.9
North America
927.5
2.5
791.8 -14.6
874.3
10.4
932.1
6.6
988.9
6.1
1,039.6
5.1
1,090.3
4.9
Canada
139.6
9.4
129.3
-7.4
141.7
9.6
150.4
6.1
157.9
5.0
163.6
3.6
169.0
3.3
United States
787.9
1.4
662.5
-15.9
732.6
10.6
781.7
6.7
831.0
6.3
876.0
5.4
921.3
5.2
France
Netherland
Bulgaria
%
2011
(€ mln)
Finland
78
2009
(€ mln)
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
2010
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
12,008.6
8.4
10,674.0 -11.1
55.4
15.9
50.2
-9.4
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
11,460.2
7.4
12,113.1
5.7
12,850.0
6.1
13,553.4
5.5
14,253.2
5.2
59.7
18.9
66.7
11.7
72.3
8.4
77.9
7.7
83.8
7.6
7.7
5.1
8.4
9.1
9.5
13.1
10.4
10.0
11.0
5.4
11.8
7.2
12.8
8.2
Brazil
28.7
28.9
29.8
3.7
35.7
19.7
39.9
11.8
43.3
8.6
46.3
7.0
49.3
6.6
Chile
6.5
39.1
3.3
-49.0
4.1
24.2
4.7
13.5
4.9
5.8
5.3
7.3
5.7
7.1
12.5
-7.1
8.7
-30.3
10.4
19.0
11.7
12.9
13.1
12.0
14.5
10.7
16.0
10.0
423.2
1.9
417.2
-1.4
452.7
8.5
486.1
7.4
524.9
8.0
563.7
7.4
603.7
7.1
Australia
83.2
-10.7
80.6
-3.2
88.8
10.2
95.5
7.6
102.7
7.4
109.8
7.0
117.4
6.9
China
24.4
18.0
29.4
20.8
33.2
12.7
36.6
10.2
40.0
9.4
43.6
9.1
47.4
8.6
Hong Kong
41.8
67.8
41.9
0.2
45.6
8.9
48.8
6.9
52.4
7.4
55.9
6.8
59.5
6.4
4.1
16.5
4.1
-1.6
4.5
11.3
4.9
7.2
5.2
7.2
5.6
6.3
5.9
6.0
India
13.5
38.6
13.6
0.7
14.8
8.5
15.8
7.0
16.8
6.1
17.7
5.5
18.6
5.1
Japon
182.2
-5.7
168.6
-7.5
178.2
5.7
189.6
6.4
205.1
8.2
220.7
7.6
236.5
7.2
Mexico Asia
Indonesia
South Korea
28.8
-10.0
35.4
22.7
39.1
10.5
42.4
8.4
46.0
8.5
49.6
7.9
53.4
7.5
Malaysia
4.5
26.5
4.7
4.0
5.3
13.2
5.7
8.0
6.1
5.8
6.4
6.0
6.8
5.6
Philippines
3.9
41.4
3.6
-7.7
4.1
13.6
4.4
9.5
4.8
8.4
5.1
6.6
5.4
6.0
Singapore
8.1
7.4
7.8
-4.2
8.9
14.5
9.9
11.3
11.0
10.5
12.0
9.6
13.1
8.8
Thailand
6.9
20.5
6.0
-13.5
6.9
15.3
7.6
10.5
8.3
8.8
9.0
7.9
9.6
7.4
21.8
20.9
21.5
-1.4
23.3
8.2
24.9
6.7
26.5
6.8
28.3
6.6
30.1
6.5
123.2 -28.2
Taiwan North Africa
171.7
66.9
133.5
8.4
142.2
6.5
152.6
7.3
162.5
6.5
172.4
6.1
Algeria
14.1
6.2
20.5
45.4
21.9
6.9
23.4
7.2
25.2
7.6
26.8
6.0
28.4
6.1
Egypt
15.1
21.5
22.7
50.6
24.3
7.2
26.0
6.7
28.0
7.8
29.9
6.8
31.8
6.5
Libya
26.3
34.3
28.3
7.4
31.2
10.4
33.2
6.5
35.5
6.9
37.7
6.0
39.8
5.7
116.2 101.8
51.7
-55.5
56.1
8.4
59.6
6.2
63.9
7.2
68.1
6.6
72.4
6.4
26.2 -26.8
24.8
-5.3
28.2
13.7
30.3
7.4
32.3
6.6
34.4
6.5
36.5
6.1
Tunisia Sub-saharan Africa Angola
5.0
-47.6
3.2
-36.0
3.4
4.8
3.5
3.6
3.6
2.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.1
Nigeria
3.2
-32.3
4.2
30.9
5.1
20.9
5.4
6.1
5.6
3.3
6.0
6.8
6.3
5.9
South Africa
18.0
-16.4
17.4
-3.2
19.7
13.2
21.4
8.8
23.1
7.9
24.7
6.9
26.3
6.5
Middle east
56.3
24.8
54.6
-3.0
57.6
5.5
61.3
6.4
66.1
7.8
70.6
6.8
74.8
5.9
0.7
42.9
1.2
80.4
1.5
20.4
1.7
11.7
1.8
9.3
2.0
6.8
2.1
5.9
Saudi Arabia
32.1
44.0
22.9
-28.6
24.8
8.1
26.6
7.3
28.2
6.3
29.9
5.8
31.5
5.5
UAE
23.5
5.6
30.5
29.7
31.3
2.8
33.0
5.5
36.1
9.1
38.7
7.3
41.2
6.6
Qatar
79
Table 2.2 Value of exports of consumer goods by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 %
(€ mln)
World
83,908.4
-3.1
EU 15
38,872.2
-6.5
Austria
1,763.5
-3.5
1,467.7
Belgium
1,906.3
-8.1
1,682.6
Germany
8,315.1
-7.6
Denmark
603.6
2010
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
68,727.8 -18.1
72,028.9
4.8
75,388.3
4.7
79,250.8
5.1
83,483.9
5.3
87,599.4
4.9
32,199.3 -17.2
33,225.9
3.2
34,281.1
3.2
35,820.1
4.5
37,509.3
4.7
39,114.5
4.3
-16.8
1,507.1
2.7
1,554.1
3.1
1,612.8
3.8
1,673.2
3.7
1,729.1
3.3
-11.7
1,748.4
3.9
1,808.8
3.5
1,866.2
3.2
1,924.1
3.1
1,976.6
2.7
7,096.0
-14.7
7,441.0
4.9
7,781.4
4.6
8,153.1
4.8
8,542.9
4.8
8,898.1
4.2
-10.9
433.9
-28.1
450.8
3.9
466.7
3.5
489.2
4.8
513.2
4.9
535.3
4.3
4,645.1
-12.3
3,467.2
-25.4
3,472.9
0.2
3,522.5
1.4
3,677.1
4.4
3,863.3
5.1
4,060.4
5.1
273.3
-3.9
221.9
-18.8
226.9
2.3
233.0
2.7
243.1
4.3
254.1
4.5
264.6
4.1
10,448.7
-1.2
9,176.0
-12.2
9,526.0
3.8
9,864.8
3.6
10,370.9
5.1
10,924.8
5.3
11,463.5
4.9
United Kindom
4,844.3
-13.5
3,864.3
-20.2
4,075.4
5.5
4,181.4
2.6
4,352.4
4.1
4,538.6
4.3
4,712.2
3.8
Greece
2,222.4
0.5
1,675.2
-24.6
1,615.7
-3.6
1,620.5
0.3
1,665.6
2.8
1,740.8
4.5
1,804.0
3.6
Ireland
313.1
-18.5
187.9
-40.0
176.1
-6.3
178.4
1.3
185.2
3.8
192.2
3.8
198.8
3.4
Netherland
1,918.7
-0.2
1,571.2
-18.1
1,621.3
3.2
1,674.9
3.3
1,748.5
4.4
1,826.5
4.5
1,899.7
4.0
Portugal
1,018.9
-5.2
882.7
-13.4
858.7
-2.7
871.9
1.5
911.7
4.6
948.6
4.0
982.8
3.6
Sweden
599.2
-6.4
472.7
-21.1
505.6
7.0
522.7
3.4
544.3
4.1
567.0
4.2
589.4
4.0
4,597.3 -22.7
Finland France
Other EU
%
2011
(€ mln)
Spain
5,950.9
-2.7
4,685.4
1.9
4,829.5
3.1
5,078.5
5.2
5,345.0
5.2
5,621.5
5.2
Bulgaria
589.7
0.2
470.8
-20.2
464.4
-1.4
484.2
4.3
504.5
4.2
510.8
1.2
515.0
0.8
Czech Republic
735.9
-1.4
557.0
-24.3
582.3
4.5
601.5
3.3
628.5
4.5
657.6
4.6
685.4
4.2
Hungary
685.1
-14.7
511.1
-25.4
515.9
0.9
526.5
2.1
546.9
3.9
569.1
4.1
589.5
3.6
Poland
1,523.7
3.4
1,212.0
-20.5
1,257.4
3.7
1,316.7
4.7
1,390.6
5.6
1,472.3
5.9
1,552.4
5.4
Slovakia
376.2
4.8
318.9
-15.2
328.3
2.9
340.0
3.6
357.4
5.1
376.5
5.3
395.0
4.9
Romania
2,040.3
-4.9
1,527.5
-25.1
1,537.1
0.6
1,560.6
1.5
1,650.6
5.8
1,758.7
6.5
1,884.2
7.1
12,885.4
7.2
10,599.0 -17.7
11,051.5
4.3
11,508.6
4.1
12,120.3
5.3
12,795.6
5.6
13,451.7
5.1
Belarus
100.9
12.0
73.5
-27.2
72.0
-2.0
74.7
3.8
78.9
5.6
83.4
5.7
87.8
5.3
Croatia
741.2
-7.8
599.3
-19.1
562.0
-6.2
571.9
1.8
603.0
5.4
636.4
5.5
668.7
5.1
4,174.0
11.8
2,697.6
-35.4
2,906.9
7.8
3,093.3
6.4
3,259.1
5.4
3,442.3
5.6
3,618.6
5.1
915.0
12.2
540.7
-40.9
502.1
-7.1
514.3
2.4
548.8
6.7
587.2
7.0
626.3
6.7
Other Europe
Russia Ukraine Turkey Norway Switzerland North America Canada United States
80
2009
(€ mln)
1,276.9
-7.7
943.9
-26.1
1,064.7
12.8
1,150.0
8.0
1,226.9
6.7
1,311.2
6.9
1,395.7
6.4
317.5
-2.1
249.9
-21.3
250.0
0.0
254.7
1.9
267.6
5.1
282.3
5.5
296.6
5.1
5,359.9
10.1
5,494.1
2.5
5,693.8
3.6
5,849.7
2.7
6,136.0
4.9
6,452.8
5.2
6,758.0
4.7
4,319.6 -30.7
4,487.1
3.9
4,644.8
3.5
4,855.1
4.5
5,109.1
5.2
5,354.1
4.8
6,236.2 -17.0 667.9
-5.6
511.9
-23.4
533.9
4.3
550.1
3.0
572.5
4.1
597.2
4.3
620.5
3.9
5,568.3
-18.2
3,807.7
-31.6
3,953.2
3.8
4,094.7
3.6
4,282.6
4.6
4,511.9
5.4
4,733.6
4.9
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
83,908.4
-3.1
793.9
1.2
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
68,727.8 -18.1
72,028.9
4.8
75,388.3
4.7
79,250.8
5.1
83,483.9
5.3
87,599.4
4.9
595.2 -25.0
647.9
8.9
687.5
6.1
726.4
5.7
768.2
5.8
808.5
5.2
87.4
11.3
67.3
-23.0
73.9
9.8
79.1
7.0
82.8
4.7
86.6
4.6
90.3
4.3
Brazil
221.1
1.9
175.9
-20.4
194.0
10.3
208.5
7.5
222.9
6.9
237.7
6.6
252.1
6.1
Chile
68.2
12.9
51.0
-25.2
55.3
8.4
57.4
3.8
60.7
5.7
64.6
6.4
68.2
5.6
417.2
-2.6
301.0
-27.9
324.7
7.9
342.5
5.5
360.0
5.1
379.3
5.4
397.9
4.9
7,243.5
-4.0
6,185.6 -14.6
6,653.2
7.6
7,000.4
5.2
7,456.6
6.5
7,951.5
6.6
8,438.5
6.1
545.3
3.8
412.9
-24.3
431.1
4.4
449.1
4.2
467.9
4.2
488.6
4.4
508.2
4.0
Mexico Asia Australia China
1,122.3
4.5
1,109.2
-1.2
1,196.3
7.9
1,295.3
8.3
1,432.5
10.6
1,592.8
11.2
1,759.0
10.4
Hong Kong
2,109.2
-2.8
1,748.3
-17.1
1,999.5
14.4
2,123.2
6.2
2,244.6
5.7
2,361.0
5.2
2,467.7
4.5
Indonesia
102.6
17.7
97.1
-5.4
103.1
6.2
109.8
6.5
117.3
6.8
126.2
7.6
135.8
7.6
India
330.2
9.8
275.5
-16.6
295.3
7.2
315.5
6.8
338.1
7.2
363.3
7.5
388.8
7.0
1,626.1
-12.6
1,369.0
-15.8
1,387.7
1.4
1,404.0
1.2
1,471.1
4.8
1,540.7
4.7
1,607.4
4.3
Japon South Korea
714.9
-9.2
574.2
-19.7
598.8
4.3
627.4
4.8
668.6
6.6
719.7
7.6
771.1
7.1
Malaysia
73.5
-6.1
55.9
-23.9
59.7
6.8
63.4
6.2
67.3
6.2
71.4
6.1
75.1
5.2
Philippines
52.1
-20.5
43.8
-15.9
47.0
7.3
49.3
4.9
52.4
6.3
55.7
6.3
59.0
5.9
Singapore
201.6
1.4
188.2
-6.6
198.1
5.3
208.8
5.4
219.8
5.3
231.3
5.2
242.4
4.8
Thailand
148.4
-8.5
134.1
-9.6
139.6
4.1
146.6
5.0
156.3
6.6
166.8
6.7
177.1
6.2
Taiwan
217.3
-7.1
177.4
-18.4
197.0
11.0
208.0
5.6
220.7
6.1
234.0
6.0
246.9
5.5
North Africa
1,620.7
6.4
1,543.7
-4.8
1,637.3
6.1
1,717.2
4.9
1,813.3
5.6
1,918.7
5.8
2,022.4
5.4
Algeria
149.5
1.6
127.5
-14.7
130.3
2.2
134.0
2.8
140.9
5.1
148.4
5.3
155.8
5.0
Egypt
236.6
22.2
205.7
-13.1
218.2
6.1
230.2
5.5
244.6
6.3
260.4
6.5
276.1
6.0
Libya
210.0
35.0
258.5
23.1
279.1
8.0
291.0
4.3
305.9
5.1
322.2
5.3
338.1
4.9
1,024.6
-0.2
952.0
-7.1
1,009.7
6.1
1,062.0
5.2
1,121.9
5.6
1,187.7
5.9
1,252.4
5.4
283.7
-6.0
249.7 -12.0
257.8
3.2
269.3
4.5
284.3
5.6
300.0
5.5
315.2
5.1
Angola
19.7
6.5
24.1
22.3
20.9
-13.3
21.5
2.9
23.1
7.4
24.7
6.9
26.3
6.5
Nigeria
89.1
1.3
91.2
2.4
98.1
7.6
103.7
5.7
110.3
6.4
116.9
6.0
123.3
5.5
South Africa
174.9
-10.4
134.4
-23.2
138.8
3.3
144.1
3.8
150.9
4.7
158.4
5.0
165.6
4.5
Middle east
2,260.0
26.4
1,807.4 -20.0
1,772.1
-2.0
1,827.4
3.1
1,941.9
6.3
2,065.7
6.4
2,184.5
5.8
Qatar
149.8
63.9
147.7
-1.4
144.9
-1.9
148.5
2.5
158.4
6.7
169.2
6.8
180.1
6.4
Saudi Arabia
488.0
13.4
451.1
-7.6
450.6
-0.1
468.5
4.0
496.2
5.9
526.8
6.2
557.3
5.8
1,622.2
28.1
1,208.6
-25.5
1,176.6
-2.6
1,210.4
2.9
1,287.3
6.4
1,369.7
6.4
1,447.1
5.7
Tunisia Sub-saharan Africa
UAE
81
Table 2.2.a Value of exports of wood products by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 %
(€ mln)
World
20,464.0
-1.7
EU 15
11,544.2
-6.9
Austria
544.4
-8.5
418.0
Belgium
521.9
-6.9
462.2
Germany
2,452.3
-5.8
Denmark
149.5
2010
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
16,486.1 -19.4
17,331.7
5.1
18,244.8
5.3
19,261.9
5.6
20,339.9
5.6
21,389.3
5.2
9,449.4 -18.1
9,828.0
4.0
10,215.7
3.9
10,730.4
5.0
11,277.0
5.1
11,799.6
4.6
-23.2
433.8
3.8
453.1
4.5
478.2
5.5
504.6
5.5
529.2
4.9
-11.4
481.1
4.1
497.7
3.5
513.1
3.1
528.5
3.0
542.4
2.6
2,130.1
-13.1
2,269.0
6.5
2,417.3
6.5
2,570.7
6.3
2,732.2
6.3
2,886.0
5.6
-11.4
114.4
-23.5
120.5
5.3
126.5
4.9
134.1
6.1
142.0
5.9
149.5
5.3
1,168.4
-14.5
879.1
-24.8
877.8
-0.2
889.6
1.3
926.8
4.2
969.0
4.6
1,013.5
4.6
71.3
-1.4
52.6
-26.2
53.7
2.1
56.1
4.3
59.3
5.8
62.7
5.8
66.1
5.3
France
3,417.5
0.8
3,001.3
-12.2
3,138.3
4.6
3,262.9
4.0
3,437.2
5.3
3,620.7
5.3
3,799.3
4.9
United Kindom
1,641.0
-15.9
1,168.2
-28.8
1,221.7
4.6
1,242.5
1.7
1,280.4
3.0
1,317.8
2.9
1,350.1
2.5
Finland
%
2011
(€ mln)
Spain
Greece
664.7
-4.7
507.6
-23.6
494.1
-2.7
498.7
0.9
514.1
3.1
537.3
4.5
556.8
3.6
Ireland
115.8
-21.9
59.3
-48.8
55.1
-7.1
55.8
1.2
57.9
3.8
60.1
3.8
62.2
3.4
Netherland
449.9
-4.0
373.5
-17.0
391.5
4.8
409.5
4.6
431.8
5.4
454.9
5.3
477.1
4.9
Portugal
171.0
-7.7
152.5
-10.8
150.5
-1.3
155.7
3.5
165.6
6.3
174.8
5.6
183.7
5.1
Sweden
176.5
-5.8
130.6
-26.0
140.9
7.9
150.3
6.7
161.2
7.3
172.4
6.9
183.7
6.6
1,087.3
5.0
823.1 -24.3
852.1
3.5
887.4
4.1
938.4
5.7
989.8
5.5
1,042.5
5.3
91.9
5.3
60.0
-34.7
58.4
-2.7
60.9
4.3
63.5
4.2
64.0
0.9
64.4
0.5
Czech Republic
173.4
0.5
131.7
-24.1
139.8
6.2
146.5
4.7
154.9
5.7
163.7
5.7
172.3
5.3
Hungary
167.6
-0.6
132.3
-21.1
136.5
3.2
140.2
2.7
146.2
4.3
152.1
4.1
157.6
3.6
Poland
296.2
5.2
238.5
-19.5
251.5
5.5
265.8
5.7
282.1
6.1
298.7
5.9
315.0
5.4
Slovakia
72.1
7.4
57.5
-20.3
59.7
4.0
62.7
5.0
67.1
7.0
72.0
7.3
76.9
6.8
Romania
286.1
10.8
203.1
-29.0
206.2
1.5
211.3
2.4
224.6
6.3
239.3
6.6
256.3
7.1
2,909.0
8.1
2,200.1 -24.4
2,303.9
4.7
2,420.4
5.1
2,559.5
5.7
2,705.8
5.7
2,847.7
5.2
Belarus
41.0
13.0
28.6
-30.2
28.0
-2.2
29.0
3.5
30.6
5.6
32.4
5.8
34.1
5.2
Croatia
204.0
-0.1
152.4
-25.3
141.3
-7.2
143.3
1.4
151.1
5.4
159.5
5.5
167.6
5.1
1,244.4
16.2
814.6
-34.5
890.4
9.3
955.5
7.3
1,011.1
5.8
1,068.0
5.6
1,122.7
5.1
Ukraine
268.3
15.8
176.4
-34.3
166.2
-5.7
172.9
4.0
185.9
7.6
199.5
7.3
212.8
6.7
Turkey
226.5
-6.0
200.4
-11.5
229.7
14.6
250.7
9.1
269.1
7.3
287.6
6.9
306.1
6.4
Norway
80.0
-6.2
60.3
-24.6
59.6
-1.3
60.5
1.5
63.6
5.1
67.0
5.5
70.4
5.1
844.8
3.0
767.4
-9.2
788.7
2.8
808.5
2.5
848.1
4.9
891.8
5.2
934.0
4.7
779.1 -30.3
819.1
5.1
861.0
5.1
911.8
5.9
969.4
6.3
1,026.2
5.9
Other EU Bulgaria
Other Europe
Russia
Switzerland North America
82
2009
(€ mln)
1,117.8 -16.3
Canada
122.8
-9.0
103.0
-16.2
109.1
6.0
113.7
4.2
119.2
4.8
124.4
4.3
129.2
3.9
United States
995.0
-17.1
676.1
-32.0
710.0
5.0
747.3
5.3
792.6
6.1
845.0
6.6
897.0
6.2
2008
2009
2010
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
20,464.0
-1.7
214.1
12.2
Argentina
27.9
12.7
16.8
-39.8
Brazil
56.6
18.9
49.2
-13.2
Chile
26.2
13.6
18.9
103.4
8.5
61.3
1,009.9
6.0
Australia
189.1
China
World Latin America
Mexico Asia
%
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
16,486.1 -19.4
17,331.7
5.1
18,244.8
5.3
19,261.9
5.6
20,339.9
5.6
21,389.3
5.2
146.2 -31.7
160.6
9.8
171.4
6.7
182.2
6.3
193.5
6.2
204.7
5.8
18.4
9.2
20.3
10.5
21.9
7.7
23.5
7.6
25.2
7.3
55.0
11.9
59.3
7.9
63.6
7.1
67.8
6.6
71.9
6.0
-27.8
21.3
12.2
22.3
4.8
23.7
6.4
25.3
6.8
26.9
6.2
-40.7
65.9
7.6
69.5
5.4
73.0
5.1
76.9
5.3
80.7
4.9
860.9 -14.8
921.0
7.0
983.2
6.8
1,062.3
8.0
1,148.6
8.1
1,237.4
7.7
12.3
132.9
-29.7
136.9
3.0
141.8
3.6
148.1
4.4
154.6
4.4
160.8
4.0
205.5
27.4
206.1
0.3
224.8
9.1
248.6
10.6
280.4
12.8
316.9
13.0
355.7
12.2
Hong Kong
84.4
5.3
73.8
-12.6
85.1
15.3
90.9
6.9
96.3
5.9
101.3
5.2
105.9
4.5
Indonesia
38.9
82.3
42.3
8.8
45.9
8.6
49.5
7.7
53.4
7.8
57.8
8.4
62.7
8.4
India
102.8
26.6
93.6
-8.9
102.2
9.2
110.8
8.3
120.0
8.4
130.2
8.5
140.7
8.1
Japon
125.0
-27.8
100.5
-19.5
100.9
0.4
101.9
1.0
106.8
4.8
111.8
4.7
116.7
4.3
South Korea
108.5
-7.0
81.9
-24.5
84.3
2.9
88.9
5.5
95.7
7.6
103.7
8.4
111.9
7.9
28.5
-0.2
17.5
-38.6
18.9
8.1
20.2
7.2
21.6
6.6
22.9
6.1
24.1
5.3
Philippines
8.1
8.6
7.9
-2.7
8.7
9.1
9.1
5.5
9.7
5.9
10.2
5.8
10.8
5.4
Singapore
51.7
-1.5
50.9
-1.7
54.4
7.0
58.6
7.6
62.8
7.1
67.1
7.0
71.5
6.5
Thailand
23.3
24.0
20.2
-13.5
21.5
6.4
22.8
6.5
24.5
7.1
26.1
6.7
27.7
6.2
Taiwan
44.1
1.1
33.3
-24.5
37.4
12.4
40.1
7.1
43.0
7.3
46.0
6.9
48.9
6.4
Malaysia
North Africa
322.0
16.9
320.3
-0.5
338.9
5.8
356.0
5.0
376.7
5.8
398.2
5.7
419.3
5.3
Algeria
79.8
14.5
75.6
-5.4
78.1
3.4
80.9
3.6
85.3
5.4
89.8
5.3
94.3
4.9
Egypt
75.4
28.9
61.6
-18.3
64.8
5.3
69.5
7.1
74.4
7.1
79.2
6.5
84.0
6.0
Libya
93.4
14.9
103.3
10.6
110.6
7.1
115.0
4.0
120.9
5.1
127.4
5.3
133.7
4.9
Tunisia
73.4
11.0
79.8
8.7
85.4
7.0
90.6
6.1
96.1
6.1
101.8
5.9
107.3
5.4
Sub-saharan Africa
86.1
-3.7
84.1
-2.3
86.1
2.4
90.2
4.8
95.5
5.9
101.0
5.8
106.3
5.2
Angola
11.1
-11.0
15.5
39.7
13.7
-11.7
14.1
2.7
15.1
7.4
16.2
6.9
17.2
6.5
Nigeria
26.6
-9.9
32.5
22.2
35.5
9.4
37.8
6.5
40.3
6.5
42.7
6.0
45.1
5.6
South Africa
48.4
2.0
36.1
-25.5
36.9
2.4
38.3
3.6
40.1
4.7
42.1
5.0
44.0
4.5
Middle east
499.3
32.6
425.1 -14.9
423.2
-0.4
440.9
4.2
470.6
6.7
502.2
6.7
531.4
5.8
Qatar
62.1 124.8
51.9
-16.5
50.1
-3.4
51.0
1.7
54.1
6.2
57.9
6.9
61.6
6.4
Saudi Arabia
137.7
4.0
163.8
18.9
167.3
2.1
176.7
5.7
189.1
7.0
201.7
6.7
213.4
5.8
UAE
299.5
38.4
209.4
-30.1
205.8
-1.7
213.2
3.6
227.4
6.6
242.6
6.7
256.4
5.7
83
Table 2.2.b Value of exports of textiles and clothing by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 %
(€ mln)
World
35,706.6
-3.5
EU 15
16,804.5
-5.8
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
28,867.3 -19.2
29,811.6
3.3
30,997.0
4.0
32,418.8
4.6
33,987.9
4.8
35,498.1
4.4
14,031.0 -16.5
14,194.6
1.2
14,500.5
2.2
14,996.2
3.4
15,550.3
3.7
16,057.9
3.3
Austria
767.9
2.6
647.6
-15.7
650.4
0.4
666.0
2.4
689.8
3.6
714.2
3.5
736.9
3.2
Belgium
893.6
-6.9
801.0
-10.4
809.9
1.1
831.5
2.7
854.5
2.8
878.3
2.8
899.6
2.4
Germany
3,712.4
-9.2
3,175.7
-14.5
3,290.8
3.6
3,406.9
3.5
3,541.1
3.9
3,683.0
4.0
3,807.6
3.4
Denmark
296.4
-11.5
217.4
-26.7
219.8
1.1
223.9
1.9
230.5
2.9
237.8
3.2
244.0
2.6
2,304.1
-7.6
1,792.7
-22.2
1,756.2
-2.0
1,775.2
1.1
1,853.1
4.4
1,946.9
5.1
2,046.2
5.1
109.3
-5.4
88.0
-19.4
88.1
0.0
89.3
1.4
92.2
3.3
95.3
3.4
98.2
3.0
France
3,923.1
-1.7
3,466.9
-11.6
3,534.3
1.9
3,615.0
2.3
3,753.1
3.8
3,903.6
4.0
4,043.7
3.6
United Kindom
1,848.1
-14.2
1,477.7
-20.0
1,529.3
3.5
1,544.0
1.0
1,563.7
1.3
1,590.4
1.7
1,609.5
1.2
Spain Finland
Greece
959.5
1.5
762.2
-20.6
720.6
-5.5
722.7
0.3
735.4
1.8
760.9
3.5
780.6
2.6
Ireland
124.3
-6.1
87.2
-29.8
80.5
-7.7
80.8
0.3
83.0
2.7
85.3
2.8
87.3
2.4
1,060.6
2.4
855.1
-19.4
863.9
1.0
888.3
2.8
923.1
3.9
959.8
4.0
993.6
3.5
Portugal
552.6
-4.5
458.1
-17.1
438.3
-4.3
440.5
0.5
455.9
3.5
469.5
3.0
481.4
2.5
Sweden
252.6
-5.2
201.4
-20.2
212.5
5.5
216.4
1.8
220.8
2.0
225.3
2.1
229.3
1.8
2,425.8 -19.3
Netherland
Other EU
3,005.8
-4.4
2,453.7
1.2
2,525.0
2.9
2,653.7
5.1
2,790.4
5.2
2,933.4
5.1
Bulgaria
349.4
0.6
298.7
-14.5
288.9
-3.3
300.2
3.9
312.1
4.0
315.3
1.0
317.1
0.6
Czech Republic
341.7
-6.3
266.9
-21.9
279.4
4.6
290.0
3.8
306.1
5.5
323.9
5.8
341.5
5.4
Hungary
290.7
-22.0
228.9
-21.3
233.1
1.8
239.6
2.8
249.4
4.1
259.5
4.1
268.9
3.6
Poland
666.8
6.1
580.6
-12.9
593.8
2.3
617.2
3.9
647.0
4.8
679.9
5.1
711.5
4.6
Slovakia
173.0
3.1
146.7
-15.2
150.0
2.2
155.6
3.7
163.6
5.1
172.3
5.3
180.8
4.9
Romania
1,184.2
-6.2
904.0
-23.7
908.5
0.5
922.4
1.5
975.5
5.8
1,039.5
6.6
1,113.6
7.1
5,730.7
6.1
4,294.6 -25.1
4,502.6
4.8
4,721.8
4.9
4,979.1
5.4
5,262.9
5.7
5,537.2
5.2
Other Europe Belarus
41.4
4.7
32.7
-21.0
32.1
-1.7
33.5
4.2
35.6
6.2
37.8
6.3
39.9
5.6
Croatia
335.9
-1.9
292.6
-12.9
275.7
-5.8
281.5
2.1
296.8
5.4
313.2
5.5
329.2
5.1
2,130.4
10.2
1,440.7
-32.4
1,549.6
7.6
1,652.2
6.6
1,740.7
5.4
1,838.5
5.6
1,932.7
5.1
Ukraine
468.7
10.7
265.0
-43.5
240.4
-9.3
244.6
1.8
261.0
6.7
279.3
7.0
297.9
6.7
Turkey
610.2
-10.1
465.6
-23.7
528.1
13.4
572.8
8.5
611.1
6.7
653.2
6.9
695.2
6.4
Norway
146.0
10.3
118.3
-18.9
116.8
-1.3
116.8
0.1
120.6
3.2
124.8
3.6
128.7
3.1
1,998.1
7.8
1,679.7
-15.9
1,759.9
4.8
1,820.4
3.4
1,913.3
5.1
2,016.1
5.4
2,113.6
4.8
1,711.2 -29.6
1,770.5
3.5
1,822.7
2.9
1,894.7
4.0
1,982.9
4.7
2,066.6
4.2
Russia
Switzerland North America Canada United States
84
2009
(€ mln)
2,430.2 -12.4 255.8
-5.2
185.4
-27.5
190.2
2.6
193.1
1.5
197.9
2.5
203.3
2.7
208.0
2.3
2,174.4
-13.2
1,525.8
-29.8
1,580.3
3.6
1,629.6
3.1
1,696.8
4.1
1,779.6
4.9
1,858.6
4.4
2008
World Latin America
2009
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
35,706.6
-3.5
296.6
1.0
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
28,867.3 -19.2
29,811.6
3.3
30,997.0
4.0
32,418.8
4.6
33,987.9
4.8
35,498.1
4.4
222.0 -25.2
240.4
8.3
253.7
5.5
265.2
4.5
277.3
4.6
288.7
4.1
Argentina
23.3
9.6
18.5
-20.4
19.9
7.4
21.2
6.5
22.1
4.4
23.1
4.4
24.0
4.1
Brazil
75.6
-5.1
54.9
-27.4
60.4
10.0
65.6
8.6
70.9
8.1
76.4
7.8
81.9
7.2
Chile
21.5
3.5
17.4
-19.1
18.9
8.6
19.7
4.5
21.0
6.4
22.3
6.3
23.6
5.7
176.2
2.3
131.2
-25.5
141.2
7.7
147.2
4.2
151.2
2.8
155.5
2.8
159.2
2.4
3,257.7
-6.2
2,657.4 -18.4
2,837.4
6.8
2,985.6
5.2
3,189.0
6.8
3,409.0
6.9
3,626.9
6.4
141.1
-1.5
112.2
-20.5
117.0
4.3
122.3
4.5
127.8
4.5
133.7
4.6
139.2
4.1
Mexico Asia Australia China
427.1
12.5
410.1
-4.0
445.0
8.5
489.7
10.0
550.2
12.4
621.5
12.9
696.9
12.1
1,029.9
-4.3
811.0
-21.3
924.0
13.9
991.1
7.3
1,058.3
6.8
1,124.2
6.2
1,186.6
5.5
Indonesia
17.8
-0.4
11.9
-32.9
12.5
4.5
13.3
6.6
14.2
7.0
15.3
7.7
16.5
7.8
India
85.5
-3.4
66.3
-22.4
69.9
5.3
75.4
7.9
81.6
8.2
88.6
8.5
95.7
8.1
Japon
980.2
-11.2
842.3
-14.1
853.4
1.3
861.4
0.9
897.8
4.2
935.3
4.2
970.6
3.8
South Korea
Hong Kong
348.2
-12.1
228.1
-34.5
231.4
1.4
239.7
3.6
256.4
7.0
277.0
8.1
298.0
7.5
Malaysia
13.5
0.0
12.0
-11.1
12.9
7.4
13.3
3.0
13.7
2.9
14.1
2.7
14.3
1.8
Philippines
16.6
-52.4
12.6
-24.4
13.4
6.9
14.4
7.2
15.6
8.4
17.0
8.7
18.4
8.1
Singapore
51.4
-3.5
42.2
-17.8
42.8
1.3
44.3
3.5
46.0
3.9
47.8
3.9
49.5
3.4
Thailand
50.1
-12.2
35.0
-30.2
35.7
2.1
37.7
5.5
40.3
6.9
43.1
6.8
45.8
6.3
Taiwan
96.3
-12.2
73.7
-23.5
79.4
7.8
83.0
4.5
87.1
5.0
91.4
4.9
95.4
4.4
771.8 -11.6
North Africa
873.3
1.4
795.8
3.1
832.9
4.7
878.0
5.4
929.8
5.9
980.7
5.5
Algeria
23.6
-3.7
22.6
-4.3
23.1
2.1
23.8
3.3
25.0
5.1
26.4
5.3
27.7
4.9
Egypt
107.0
26.1
92.0
-14.0
97.0
5.4
102.8
6.0
109.2
6.3
116.2
6.5
123.2
6.0
Libya
25.8
50.9
32.9
27.5
36.0
9.6
37.9
5.2
39.8
5.1
42.0
5.3
44.0
4.9
716.9
-2.5
624.3
-12.9
639.7
2.5
668.4
4.5
704.0
5.3
745.2
5.9
785.8
5.4
79.9
-4.7
76.4
-4.4
79.9
4.6
84.0
5.1
89.4
6.4
95.2
6.5
100.7
5.8
Angola
2.6
-11.9
3.7
43.6
3.2
-12.8
3.3
2.8
3.6
8.1
3.9
7.3
4.1
6.8
Nigeria
23.9
13.2
27.1
13.6
29.2
7.7
30.7
4.9
32.6
6.4
34.6
6.0
36.5
5.6
South Africa
53.4
-10.6
45.6
-14.7
47.5
4.1
50.0
5.4
53.2
6.3
56.7
6.6
60.1
6.1
Middle east
474.0
20.8
394.3 -16.8
385.6
-2.2
399.9
3.7
425.6
6.4
453.3
6.5
480.4
6.0
37.1
36.4
35.6
-4.3
34.1
-4.1
34.9
2.3
37.2
6.6
39.7
6.9
42.3
6.4
Saudi Arabia
163.9
20.2
136.3
-16.8
131.3
-3.7
136.0
3.6
144.1
5.9
152.9
6.2
161.8
5.8
UAE
273.0
19.3
222.4
-18.5
220.2
-1.0
229.0
4.0
244.3
6.7
260.7
6.7
276.3
6.0
Tunisia Sub-saharan Africa
Qatar
85
Table 2.2.c Value of exports of other consumer goods by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 %
(€ mln)
World
27,737.8
-3.6
EU 15
10,523.7
-7.2
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
23,374.4 -15.7
24,885.6
6.5
26,146.5
5.1
27,570.1
5.4
29,156.1
5.8
30,712.0
5.3
8,718.6 -17.2
9,203.5
5.6
9,565.1
3.9
10,093.7
5.5
10,682.1
5.8
11,257.0
5.4
Austria
451.3
-6.7
402.1
-10.9
422.9
5.2
435.0
2.9
444.8
2.3
454.5
2.2
462.9
1.9
Belgium
490.9
-11.5
419.3
-14.6
457.5
9.1
479.6
4.8
498.6
4.0
517.2
3.7
534.6
3.4
Germany
2,150.4
-6.9
1,790.3
-16.7
1,881.2
5.1
1,957.2
4.0
2,041.3
4.3
2,127.7
4.2
2,204.5
3.6
Denmark
157.6
-9.2
102.1
-35.2
110.5
8.2
116.4
5.3
124.6
7.1
133.4
7.0
141.9
6.4
1,172.5
-18.5
795.4
-32.2
839.0
5.5
857.8
2.2
897.3
4.6
947.4
5.6
1,000.6
5.6
92.7
-4.0
81.2
-12.4
85.1
4.7
87.7
3.0
91.6
4.5
96.1
4.8
100.3
4.4
France
3,108.1
-2.7
2,707.8
-12.9
2,853.4
5.4
2,986.9
4.7
3,180.7
6.5
3,400.5
6.9
3,620.5
6.5
United Kindom
1,355.3
-9.3
1,218.4
-10.1
1,324.4
8.7
1,394.9
5.3
1,508.3
8.1
1,630.4
8.1
1,752.6
7.5
Spain Finland
Greece
598.2
5.1
405.4
-32.2
401.0
-1.1
399.1
-0.5
416.1
4.3
442.6
6.4
466.6
5.4
Ireland
73.0
-29.6
41.3
-43.4
40.4
-2.2
41.8
3.5
44.3
5.8
46.8
5.7
49.3
5.3
Netherland
408.2
-2.2
342.7
-16.1
365.9
6.8
377.0
3.0
393.6
4.4
411.9
4.6
429.1
4.2
Portugal
295.3
-5.1
272.0
-7.9
270.0
-0.8
275.7
2.1
290.2
5.3
304.3
4.9
317.8
4.4
Sweden
170.2
-8.9
140.6
-17.4
152.2
8.3
156.0
2.5
162.3
4.0
169.3
4.4
176.3
4.1
1,348.4 -27.4
Other EU
1,857.5
-4.1
1,379.6
2.3
1,417.0
2.7
1,486.5
4.9
1,564.7
5.3
1,645.8
5.2
Bulgaria
148.5
-3.8
112.2
-24.5
117.2
4.5
123.0
5.0
129.0
4.8
131.5
2.0
133.6
1.6
Czech Republic
220.7
5.9
158.3
-28.3
163.1
3.0
165.0
1.2
167.6
1.5
170.0
1.4
171.6
0.9
Hungary
226.8
-13.5
149.9
-33.9
146.3
-2.4
146.7
0.3
151.3
3.1
157.4
4.1
163.1
3.6
Poland
560.6
-0.5
392.9
-29.9
412.1
4.9
433.7
5.2
461.4
6.4
493.7
7.0
526.0
6.5
Slovakia
131.0
5.7
114.7
-12.4
118.5
3.3
121.6
2.6
126.7
4.1
132.1
4.3
137.3
3.9
Romania
569.9
-8.8
420.4
-26.2
422.4
0.5
427.0
1.1
450.5
5.5
480.0
6.6
514.2
7.1
4,245.7
8.2
4,104.3
-3.3
4,245.1
3.4
4,366.4
2.9
4,581.5
4.9
4,826.8
5.4
5,067.0
5.0
Other Europe Belarus
18.5
29.2
12.2
-34.3
11.9
-2.3
12.2
2.8
12.7
4.2
13.3
4.3
13.9
4.3
Croatia
201.3
-21.9
154.4
-23.3
144.9
-6.1
147.1
1.5
155.1
5.4
163.7
5.5
172.0
5.1
Russia
799.2
9.5
442.3
-44.7
466.9
5.6
485.7
4.0
507.2
4.4
535.8
5.6
563.2
5.1
Ukraine
178.0
10.9
99.3
-44.2
95.5
-3.8
96.8
1.4
101.8
5.2
108.3
6.4
115.6
6.7
Turkey
440.1
-5.2
277.9
-36.9
306.9
10.4
326.4
6.4
346.6
6.2
370.5
6.9
394.4
6.4
Norway
91.6
-14.2
71.2
-22.2
73.7
3.5
77.4
5.0
83.5
7.9
90.4
8.3
97.5
7.8
2,517.0
14.8
3,047.0
21.1
3,145.3
3.2
3,220.8
2.4
3,374.6
4.8
3,544.8
5.0
3,710.4
4.7
1,829.3 -32.0
1,897.4
3.7
1,961.0
3.4
2,048.6
4.5
2,156.9
5.3
2,261.3
4.8
Switzerland North America Canada United States
86
2009
(€ mln)
2,688.2 -21.1 289.2
-4.5
223.5
-22.7
234.5
4.9
243.3
3.7
255.4
5.0
269.6
5.6
283.3
5.1
2,399.0
-22.7
1,605.8
-33.1
1,662.9
3.6
1,717.7
3.3
1,793.2
4.4
1,887.3
5.2
1,978.0
4.8
2008
2009
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
27,737.8
-3.6
283.2
-5.5
Argentina
36.2
11.5
31.9
Brazil
88.8
-1.0
71.8
Chile
20.5
23.7
137.7
-14.4
2,975.7
-4.5
Australia
215.1
0.6
167.8
China
489.7
-8.0
Hong Kong
994.9
-1.9
45.9
India
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
23,374.4 -15.7
24,885.6
6.5
26,146.5
5.1
27,570.1
5.4
29,156.1
5.8
30,712.0
5.3
227.0 -19.8
247.1
8.9
262.6
6.3
279.2
6.3
297.2
6.4
315.1
6.0
-11.8
35.7
11.7
37.7
5.5
38.8
3.0
39.9
3.0
41.0
2.6
-19.1
78.7
9.5
83.6
6.2
88.5
5.9
93.5
5.7
98.3
5.1
14.7
-28.6
15.1
3.3
15.4
1.5
16.1
4.4
16.9
5.5
17.8
4.9
108.6
-21.1
117.6
8.3
125.9
7.1
135.8
7.8
146.9
8.2
158.0
7.6
2,667.3 -10.4
2,894.6
8.5
3,031.4
4.7
3,205.3
5.7
3,393.8
5.9
3,574.2
5.3
-22.0
177.2
5.6
184.9
4.3
192.0
3.9
200.3
4.3
208.2
3.9
493.0
0.7
526.5
6.8
557.0
5.8
601.9
8.1
654.5
8.7
706.4
7.9
863.6
-13.2
990.4
14.7
1,041.1
5.1
1,090.0
4.7
1,135.5
4.2
1,175.2
3.5
-4.4
42.9
-6.6
44.7
4.2
47.0
5.2
49.7
5.8
53.0
6.6
56.6
6.7
141.9
8.2
115.5
-18.6
123.1
6.6
129.3
5.0
136.5
5.5
144.5
5.9
152.4
5.4
Japon
520.9
-10.5
426.1
-18.2
433.4
1.7
440.7
1.7
466.5
5.9
493.6
5.8
520.1
5.4
South Korea
World Latin America
Mexico Asia
Indonesia
%
258.2
-5.8
264.2
2.3
283.2
7.2
298.8
5.5
316.5
5.9
338.9
7.1
361.2
6.6
Malaysia
31.5
-13.1
26.4
-16.2
27.8
5.3
29.8
7.0
32.0
7.4
34.4
7.5
36.7
6.7
Philippines
27.4
18.8
23.4
-14.7
24.9
6.5
25.8
3.7
27.1
5.0
28.5
5.2
29.8
4.7
Singapore
98.4
5.8
95.1
-3.4
100.9
6.0
106.0
5.0
111.0
4.8
116.4
4.8
121.4
4.4
Thailand
74.9
-13.2
78.9
5.3
82.4
4.5
86.1
4.4
91.5
6.3
97.6
6.7
103.6
6.2
Taiwan
76.9
-4.4
70.4
-8.5
80.1
13.8
84.9
5.9
90.6
6.7
96.6
6.7
102.6
6.2
North Africa
425.5
10.2
451.7
6.2
502.6
11.3
528.4
5.1
558.6
5.7
590.8
5.8
622.4
5.3
Algeria
46.1
-12.8
29.3
-36.4
29.1
-0.7
29.3
0.8
30.6
4.3
32.2
5.3
33.8
4.9
Egypt
54.2
7.8
52.1
-3.9
56.4
8.1
58.0
3.0
61.1
5.2
65.0
6.5
68.9
6.0
Libya
90.9
59.0
122.4
34.6
132.5
8.3
138.1
4.2
145.1
5.1
152.9
5.3
160.4
4.9
Tunisia
234.3
3.7
247.9
5.8
284.6
14.8
303.0
6.5
321.8
6.2
340.7
5.9
359.3
5.4
Sub-saharan Africa
117.8
-8.3
89.2 -24.3
91.8
2.9
95.1
3.6
99.5
4.6
104.0
4.5
108.2
4.0
Angola
6.0
93.0
4.9
-18.4
4.1
1.9
4.4
7.1
4.7
6.6
4.9
6.2
Nigeria
38.7
3.3
31.6
-18.4
33.4
5.7
35.2
5.4
37.4
6.3
39.6
6.0
41.8
5.6
South Africa
73.1
-16.9
52.7
-27.8
54.4
3.1
55.8
2.6
57.7
3.3
59.7
3.5
61.5
3.0
Middle east
1,286.7
26.2
988.0 -23.2
963.2
-2.5
986.7
2.4
1,045.8
6.0
1,110.0
6.1
1,172.8
5.7
50.6
38.4
60.3
19.2
60.6
0.6
62.7
3.3
67.0
7.0
71.6
6.9
76.2
6.4
186.4
15.3
151.0
-19.0
152.0
0.7
155.8
2.4
163.1
4.7
172.1
5.5
182.1
5.8
1,049.7
27.8
776.7
-26.0
750.6
-3.4
768.2
2.3
815.7
6.2
866.3
6.2
914.5
5.6
Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE
4.0 -17.8
87
Table 2.3 Value of exports of intermediate goods by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 (€ mln)
(€ mln)
2010 %
(€ mln)
2011
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
World
107,919.2
4.0
79,654.9 -26.2
92,707.9
16.4
101,980.3
10.0
110,472.2
8.3
117,742.0
6.6
125,230.7
6.4
EU 15
55,121.8
-3.0
40,191.3 -27.1
45,009.8
12.0
49,154.3
9.2
52,958.0
7.7
56,097.9
5.9
59,318.3
5.7
Austria
3,019.1
0.2
2,065.4
-31.6
2,298.7
11.3
2,523.2
9.8
2,699.3
7.0
2,843.6
5.3
2,983.4
4.9
Belgium
3,703.1
-15.0
3,036.7
-18.0
3,402.7
12.1
3,726.0
9.5
4,008.3
7.6
4,223.1
5.4
4,439.1
5.1
Germany
14,669.2
3.0
10,307.0
-29.7
12,156.9
17.9
13,410.4
10.3
14,547.6
8.5
15,547.6
6.9
16,579.7
6.6
Denmark
577.1
-7.3
393.1
-31.9
427.7
8.8
470.4
10.0
507.5
7.9
536.4
5.7
562.2
4.8
9,247.5
-5.2
6,177.1
-33.2
6,824.7
10.5
7,322.0
7.3
7,827.4
6.9
8,238.6
5.3
8,661.3
5.1
453.2
3.7
294.4
-35.0
311.2
5.7
344.1
10.6
375.5
9.1
401.3
6.9
427.9
6.6
11,632.4
-2.9
8,690.5
-25.3
9,865.1
13.5
10,797.7
9.5
11,639.0
7.8
12,306.5
5.7
13,000.0
5.6
United Kindom
4,122.6
-10.3
3,142.7
-23.8
3,608.2
14.8
3,917.2
8.6
4,153.7
6.0
4,336.7
4.4
4,520.8
4.2
Greece
2,564.6
0.4
1,970.4
-23.2
1,813.5
-8.0
1,920.7
5.9
2,081.3
8.4
2,217.7
6.6
2,358.0
6.3
Ireland
456.7
-4.7
341.5
-25.2
302.7
-11.4
320.3
5.8
350.0
9.3
376.1
7.5
403.2
7.2
2,795.0
-1.4
2,334.9
-16.5
2,551.2
9.3
2,826.6
10.8
3,068.7
8.6
3,268.6
6.5
3,475.4
6.3
Portugal
938.6
-1.1
813.5
-13.3
740.5
-9.0
800.0
8.0
865.3
8.2
919.7
6.3
976.2
6.1
Sweden
942.7
-8.4
624.1
-33.8
706.7
13.2
775.7
9.8
834.4
7.6
882.0
5.7
931.1
5.6
7,302.5
6.6
5,313.7 -27.2
5,811.2
9.4
6,432.8
10.7
7,001.4
8.8
7,489.6
7.0
7,993.7
6.7
346.5
1.6
222.8
-35.7
219.6
-1.4
237.8
8.3
260.7
9.6
280.3
7.5
300.7
7.3
Czech Republic
1,192.2
2.2
835.5
-29.9
922.6
10.4
1,020.6
10.6
1,108.1
8.6
1,184.1
6.9
1,263.3
6.7
Hungary
1,181.2
6.6
818.4
-30.7
928.0
13.4
1,028.1
10.8
1,124.6
9.4
1,211.8
7.8
1,303.1
7.5
Poland
Spain Finland France
Netherland
Other EU Bulgaria
2,467.8
7.8
1,988.1
-19.4
2,085.7
4.9
2,288.7
9.7
2,463.8
7.6
2,610.6
6.0
2,760.3
5.7
Slovakia
605.9
10.0
459.7
-24.1
533.1
15.9
588.9
10.5
641.1
8.9
684.2
6.7
727.6
6.3
Romania
1,508.9
8.2
989.2
-34.4
1,122.2
13.4
1,268.7
13.1
1,403.1
10.6
1,518.6
8.2
1,638.7
7.9
11,052.7
15.6
8,334.2 -24.6
9,598.1
15.2
10,730.8
11.8
11,717.8
9.2
12,535.9
7.0
13,377.1
6.7
Belarus
62.1
13.7
48.8
-21.4
48.7
-0.3
52.2
7.2
55.7
6.8
59.2
6.2
63.1
6.6
Croatia
1,299.7
26.7
781.5
-39.9
746.2
-4.5
797.1
6.8
866.2
8.7
927.0
7.0
987.2
6.5
Russia
1,430.5
7.8
943.3
-34.1
1,075.5
14.0
1,193.8
11.0
1,293.9
8.4
1,384.9
7.0
1,479.5
6.8
468.1
55.0
194.9
-58.4
182.1
-6.6
188.8
3.7
206.0
9.1
221.1
7.3
236.7
7.1
2,698.4
29.2
2,045.3
-24.2
2,615.5
27.9
3,052.8
16.7
3,383.0
10.8
3,661.6
8.2
3,947.8
7.8
359.0
3.9
240.5
-33.0
239.7
-0.3
254.8
6.3
276.2
8.4
294.4
6.6
313.1
6.3
4,734.9
7.3
4,079.9
-13.8
4,690.4
15.0
5,191.3
10.7
5,636.8
8.6
5,987.7
6.2
6,349.7
6.0
5,794.7
1.8
4,016.7 -30.7
4,598.4
14.5
5,091.9
10.7
5,499.4
8.0
5,854.4
6.5
6,222.0
6.3
536.6
-13.0
379.7
-29.2
423.9
11.6
464.1
9.5
497.4
7.2
527.6
6.1
558.5
5.9
5,258.1
3.6
3,637.0
-30.8
4,174.5
14.8
4,627.8
10.9
5,002.0
8.1
5,326.8
6.5
5,663.5
6.3
Other Europe
Ukraine Turkey Norway Switzerland North America Canada United States
88
2009 %
2008 (€ mln) World Latin America
2009
2010
%
(€ mln)
4.0
79,654.9 -26.2
2,128.1 -15.2
1,312.5 -38.3
107,919.2
%
(€ mln)
2011
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
92,707.9
16.4
101,980.3
10.0
110,472.2
8.3
117,742.0
6.6
125,230.7
6.4
1,689.6
28.7
1,973.4
16.8
2,199.6
11.5
2,392.5
8.8
2,595.2
8.5
Argentina
185.8
3.0
130.7
-29.7
202.5
55.0
221.8
9.5
240.7
8.6
256.6
6.6
272.9
6.3
Brazil
748.3
32.0
558.8
-25.3
760.4
36.1
918.2
20.8
1,042.6
13.6
1,149.7
10.3
1,263.0
9.9
Chile
95.7
12.3
100.9
5.4
108.1
7.1
122.5
13.3
136.2
11.2
147.6
8.4
159.5
8.0
1,098.3
-34.5
522.1
-52.5
618.6
18.5
710.9
14.9
780.1
9.7
838.6
7.5
899.8
7.3
5,893.9
5.2
5,288.7 -10.3
6,200.4
17.2
6,992.9
12.8
7,732.5
10.6
8,389.0
8.5
9,082.2
8.3
565.2
10.3
451.6
-20.1
526.5
16.6
584.9
11.1
633.8
8.4
675.3
6.6
718.1
6.3
Mexico Asia Australia China
1,416.6
3.4
1,371.7
-3.2
1,717.4
25.2
1,994.7
16.1
2,254.2
13.0
2,493.2
10.6
2,752.7
10.4
Hong Kong
306.1
-3.4
271.7
-11.2
312.5
15.0
342.6
9.6
369.3
7.8
391.5
6.0
414.2
5.8
Indonesia
127.8
18.1
97.2
-24.0
117.2
20.6
131.0
11.8
142.5
8.8
151.9
6.6
161.5
6.3
India
714.9
-4.7
717.3
0.3
847.7
18.2
961.3
13.4
1,070.3
11.3
1,172.6
9.6
1,280.6
9.2
Japon
918.1
4.1
922.3
0.5
939.4
1.9
995.8
6.0
1,073.9
7.8
1,138.9
6.1
1,205.2
5.8
South Korea
620.8
7.7
487.7
-21.4
569.7
16.8
639.7
12.3
703.2
9.9
759.4
8.0
818.4
7.8
Malaysia
155.7
14.1
119.1
-23.5
146.5
23.1
165.3
12.8
179.4
8.5
191.2
6.6
203.4
6.4
Philippines
54.9
5.1
52.4
-4.5
62.4
19.0
72.0
15.4
80.0
11.1
87.2
9.0
94.8
8.7
Singapore
561.3
24.3
328.9
-41.4
372.8
13.3
414.8
11.3
461.4
11.2
497.2
7.8
533.9
7.4
Thailand
232.9
13.4
215.7
-7.4
256.9
19.1
285.7
11.2
313.2
9.6
337.1
7.6
362.1
7.4
Taiwan
219.6
-8.4
253.1
15.2
331.4
30.9
405.1
22.2
451.3
11.4
493.5
9.3
537.3
8.9
3,863.4 -25.0
North Africa
5,148.5
46.8
4,191.3
8.5
4,608.2
9.9
5,042.5
9.4
5,414.3
7.4
5,807.4
7.3
Algeria
1,515.9
76.4
989.8
-34.7
991.3
0.2
1,044.1
5.3
1,131.3
8.4
1,205.5
6.6
1,281.8
6.3
Egypt
1,155.7
49.6
906.2
-21.6
897.7
-0.9
951.1
5.9
1,036.7
9.0
1,111.2
7.2
1,188.5
7.0
Libya
1,504.8
66.4
1,117.7
-25.7
1,173.5
5.0
1,264.7
7.8
1,379.2
9.1
1,484.5
7.6
1,600.4
7.8
Tunisia
972.1
0.1
849.7
-12.6
1,128.8
32.9
1,348.3
19.4
1,495.3
10.9
1,613.1
7.9
1,736.7
7.7
Sub-saharan Africa
624.4
-6.6
640.9
2.6
710.7
10.9
794.2
11.7
861.4
8.5
918.0
6.6
974.8
6.2
104.9 140.1
Angola
43.7
-5.0
94.1
-10.3
100.7
7.0
110.4
9.7
119.1
7.8
128.2
7.6
Nigeria
237.1
-18.4
260.2
9.7
305.8
17.5
345.6
13.0
372.3
7.7
394.7
6.0
417.9
5.9
South Africa
343.6
3.5
275.8
-19.7
310.8
12.7
347.9
11.9
378.7
8.9
404.2
6.7
428.7
6.1
Middle east
2,347.5
23.1
1,577.1 -32.8
1,565.2
-0.8
1,649.0
5.4
1,784.0
8.2
1,915.1
7.3
2,062.3
7.7
Qatar
396.8
23.9
234.6
-40.9
232.9
-0.7
249.5
7.1
273.0
9.4
290.9
6.6
309.3
6.3
Saudi Arabia
799.7
5.9
563.6
-29.5
585.2
3.8
627.0
7.2
669.5
6.8
711.5
6.3
763.8
7.3
1,151.0
38.4
778.9
-32.3
747.1
-4.1
772.5
3.4
841.5
8.9
912.7
8.5
989.2
8.4
UAE
89
Table 2.3.a Value of exports of mineral products by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 (€ mln)
(€ mln)
2010 %
(€ mln)
2011 %
(€ mln)
2012 %
(€ mln)
2013 %
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
World
19,357.8
25.5
11,859.8 -38.7
14,056.1
18.5
15,866.3
12.9
17,518.5
10.4
18,886.1
7.8
20,251.3
7.2
EU 15
6,488.8
7.8
4,094.1 -36.9
4,556.7
11.3
5,093.5
11.8
5,604.5
10.0
6,008.4
7.2
6,413.7
6.7
Austria
539.2
31.4
318.4
-40.9
356.9
12.1
400.1
12.1
434.4
8.6
462.2
6.4
487.4
5.4
Belgium
113.3
-23.4
77.0
-32.0
86.8
12.6
97.3
12.1
106.5
9.4
113.6
6.7
120.0
5.6
Germany
253.6
15.8
201.1
-20.7
244.0
21.3
279.2
14.4
310.5
11.2
335.1
7.9
360.9
7.7
21.7 180.9
19.9
-8.1
22.3
11.9
25.4
14.2
28.1
10.7
30.0
6.7
31.6
5.3
Denmark Spain
3,347.6
7.3
1,825.7
-45.5
2,066.4
13.2
2,303.2
11.5
2,536.1
10.1
2,727.1
7.5
2,924.4
7.2
3.2
7.8
3.2
-0.3
3.5
8.9
4.0
15.0
4.5
11.9
4.9
7.9
5.2
7.1
1,028.3
-0.3
595.9
-42.0
682.5
14.5
762.2
11.7
835.0
9.5
891.7
6.8
949.5
6.5
United Kindom
303.2
52.6
264.4
-12.8
312.1
18.1
350.7
12.4
381.2
8.7
401.9
5.4
421.1
4.8
Greece
610.5
14.4
545.2
-10.7
515.2
-5.5
564.9
9.6
627.5
11.1
675.3
7.6
721.6
6.9
19.9 251.9
0.7
-96.6
0.6
-8.9
0.7
9.7
0.7
12.0
0.8
8.5
0.9
7.8
194.7
-13.3
219.1
12.5
252.5
15.2
280.9
11.3
302.2
7.6
323.0
6.9
Finland France
Ireland Netherland
224.7
-30.3
Portugal
9.0
27.2
37.1 311.2
34.7
-6.5
38.9
12.1
43.0
10.8
46.2
7.4
49.3
6.7
Sweden
14.6
30.9
10.8
-26.1
12.6
17.0
14.4
14.7
16.1
11.3
17.4
8.3
18.8
7.7
Other EU
201.2
7.0
185.6
-7.8
211.3
13.8
243.1
15.0
272.4
12.1
295.8
8.6
318.8
7.8
Bulgaria
15.0
-57.6
11.8
-21.8
11.7
-0.1
13.0
10.9
14.5
11.4
15.7
8.6
17.0
7.8
Czech Republic
33.9 248.9
12.0
-64.5
13.4
11.4
15.2
13.5
16.9
10.7
18.2
7.9
19.5
7.2
Hungary
14.5
25.4
19.2
32.1
22.4
17.1
25.7
14.6
28.7
11.6
31.2
8.8
33.7
8.1
Poland
38.9
20.9
28.6
-26.4
30.3
5.7
33.9
12.0
37.1
9.4
39.7
7.0
42.2
6.3
26.3 165.1
31.3
19.1
35.8
14.2
39.8
11.3
42.9
7.8
45.8
6.9
-1.5
102.2
16.6
119.5
16.9
135.4
13.3
148.1
9.3
160.6
8.4
1,333.7 -44.9
1,580.4
18.5
1,824.4
15.4
2,026.4
11.1
2,192.6
8.2
2,354.2
7.4
Slovakia Romania Other Europe Belarus
9.9 151.9 89.0
-6.5
2,422.7 101.7
1.0
-37.9
1.0
2.6
1.2
11.4
1.3
9.2
1.4
7.3
1.4
7.1
154.1
-68.2
151.9
-1.5
167.9
10.6
187.0
11.4
202.1
8.1
216.4
7.0
30.1 239.5
9.3
-69.0
10.7
14.6
12.1
12.7
13.3
10.0
14.3
8.1
15.4
7.4
Ukraine
160.1 819.9
1.7
-98.9
1.6
-4.0
1.8
7.3
2.0
11.8
2.1
8.4
2.3
7.6
Turkey
909.7 140.9
487.2
-46.4
625.3
28.4
747.4
19.5
839.9
12.4
918.2
9.3
994.9
8.4
3.0 111.1
1.2
-61.2
1.2
-0.1
1.3
8.5
1.4
10.6
1.5
7.6
1.6
6.9
Russia
Norway Switzerland North America Canada United States
1.6 131.5
87.7
95.2
Croatia
90
2009 %
484.4
833.8
52.5
679.2
-18.5
788.7
16.1
892.7
13.2
981.5
9.9
1,053.0
7.3
1,122.2
6.6
1,717.0
12.0
805.6 -53.1
946.9
17.5
1,086.3
14.7
1,199.8
10.4
1,290.3
7.5
1,383.8
7.2
94.0
-42.0
36.2
-61.5
40.7
12.5
45.4
11.4
49.2
8.4
52.7
7.1
56.1
6.4
1,623.0
18.3
769.4
-52.6
906.2
17.8
1,040.9
14.9
1,150.6
10.5
1,237.6
7.6
1,327.7
7.3
2008 (€ mln) World Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile
19,357.8
2009 %
(€ mln)
2010 %
(€ mln)
2011 %
(€ mln)
2012 %
(€ mln)
2013 %
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
25.5
11,859.8 -38.7
14,056.1
18.5
15,866.3
12.9
17,518.5
10.4
18,886.1
7.8
20,251.3
7.2
515.6 -47.1
112.5 -78.2
123.1
9.4
148.7
20.8
169.7
14.1
187.6
10.5
205.8
9.7
39.2
1.6
-93.0
2.5
56.8
2.8
12.3
3.1
10.7
3.3
7.7
3.6
6.9
114.8 108.8
22.5
28.1
-75.5
38.7
37.8
47.8
23.5
55.2
15.5
61.5
11.4
67.9
10.4
2.1
-87.8
2.5
15.8
2.8
14.0
3.1
9.5
3.3
8.6
-82.7
79.8
21.9
95.6
19.9
108.6
13.6
119.7
10.2
131.0
9.4
269.2 -35.8
328.1
21.9
386.1
17.7
438.8
13.6
483.4
10.2
528.3
9.3
0.8
-27.7
17.4 2,092.0
Mexico
377.5
-58.2
65.4
Asia
419.4
13.7
2.8
33.0
2.4
-15.8
2.9
20.6
3.3
15.0
3.6
11.1
3.9
7.6
4.2
6.9
Australia China
52.9
6.4
85.0
60.6
110.0
29.5
132.7
20.6
153.4
15.6
171.3
11.7
190.1
11.0
Hong Kong
5.8
23.8
6.9
19.6
8.0
16.2
9.0
12.1
9.8
9.4
10.5
7.1
11.2
6.3
Indonesia
8.4
30.8
5.3
-37.5
6.5
23.7
7.5
15.7
8.4
11.5
9.1
7.6
9.7
6.9
India
54.2
9.5
44.0
-18.8
52.6
19.5
61.0
16.0
69.0
13.2
76.4
10.7
83.8
9.8
Japon
24.7
-51.0
22.2
-10.0
22.9
3.2
25.0
9.0
27.4
9.8
29.4
7.1
31.3
6.4
South Korea
33.6 772.7
14.6
-56.7
17.2
18.0
19.7
14.8
22.0
11.6
24.0
9.1
26.0
8.3
Malaysia
2.0
-17.2
2.2
11.9
2.8
24.4
3.2
15.2
3.5
10.1
3.8
7.6
4.0
6.9
Philippines
0.1
55.3
0.1
28.9
0.2
20.4
0.2
18.3
0.2
13.0
0.3
10.1
0.3
9.3
220.7
29.4
61.6
-72.1
72.0
17.0
83.2
15.5
94.5
13.6
102.8
8.8
111.0
7.9
3.8
32.9
3.5
-9.0
4.2
20.6
4.8
13.7
5.3
11.5
5.8
8.7
6.3
8.0
10.4
-60.7
21.4 106.4
28.8
34.7
36.5
26.8
41.7
14.3
46.1
10.4
50.4
9.4
1,625.7 -27.7
Singapore Thailand Taiwan North Africa
2,248.9
46.7
1,794.9
10.4
2,011.4
12.1
2,228.9
10.8
2,412.9
8.3
2,604.1
7.9
Algeria
159.5
4.7
192.8
20.9
195.5
1.4
211.6
8.3
233.5
10.3
251.3
7.6
268.5
6.9
Egypt
397.2 117.5
264.8
-33.3
269.7
1.8
295.7
9.7
330.0
11.6
357.3
8.3
384.1
7.5
Libya Tunisia Sub-saharan Africa Angola
1,299.0
79.0
830.8
-36.0
876.7
5.5
949.5
8.3
1,038.6
9.4
1,121.3
8.0
1,212.5
8.1
393.2
-16.7
337.3
-14.2
453.0
34.3
554.6
22.4
626.8
13.0
683.0
9.0
739.0
8.2
86.1 -21.9
151.0
75.4
173.7
15.0
201.8
16.2
223.7
10.9
240.4
7.5
256.6
6.7
29.8 648.2
27.5
-7.9
30.4
10.6
34.1
12.2
37.1
8.9
40.2
8.1
Nigeria
44.7
-30.2
98.7 121.0
120.5
22.0
141.9
17.8
156.9
10.6
168.0
7.1
178.8
6.4
South Africa
37.4
-18.1
22.5
-39.9
25.7
14.2
29.5
15.1
32.7
10.8
35.3
7.8
37.6
6.6
304.5 -37.5
304.8
0.1
323.3
6.1
355.4
9.9
388.3
9.3
422.6
8.8
Middle east Qatar
4.0 674.2
487.3 127.5 1.5 100.1
1.2
-17.0
1.3
1.8
1.4
10.9
1.6
12.1
1.7
7.6
1.8
6.9
Saudi Arabia
120.9 129.0
32.3
-73.3
34.5
6.6
38.2
10.8
41.7
9.1
44.7
7.3
48.3
7.9
UAE
364.9 127.1
271.0
-25.7
269.0
-0.7
283.7
5.5
312.1
10.0
341.9
9.5
372.5
8.9
91
Table 2.3.b Value of exports of chemicals by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008
2010
2011
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
World
28,560.1
0.5
25,722.1
-9.9
30,408.2
18.2
33,540.3
EU 15
14,821.0
-3.4
13,231.9 -10.7
14,991.7
13.3
Austria
%
(€ mln)
2012 %
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
10.3
36,357.7
8.4
38,720.9
6.5
41,160.3
6.3
16,427.7
9.6
17,749.1
8.0
18,835.7
6.1
19,950.9
5.9
498.0
-8.7
450.7
-9.5
509.6
13.1
561.0
10.1
601.9
7.3
634.2
5.4
665.4
4.9
Belgium
2,204.8
-21.7
1,927.5
-12.6
2,194.8
13.9
2,419.4
10.2
2,628.6
8.6
2,797.4
6.4
2,969.2
6.1
Germany
3,613.2
6.6
3,178.1
-12.0
3,777.6
18.9
4,151.7
9.9
4,493.8
8.2
4,800.3
6.8
5,113.8
6.5
Denmark
142.8
7.3
117.2
-17.9
129.5
10.5
144.0
11.2
158.3
9.9
170.5
7.7
182.0
6.7
1,646.5
-4.3
1,542.2
-6.3
1,712.6
11.0
1,828.3
6.8
1,935.6
5.9
2,017.9
4.3
2,100.6
4.1
115.9
10.4
94.8
-18.2
101.8
7.3
113.8
11.8
126.4
11.1
137.5
8.8
149.1
8.4
France
2,566.2
0.7
2,336.4
-9.0
2,708.2
15.9
2,986.1
10.3
3,234.7
8.3
3,420.9
5.8
3,613.7
5.6
United Kindom
1,369.2
-10.3
1,188.7
-13.2
1,386.0
16.6
1,516.8
9.4
1,624.4
7.1
1,713.3
5.5
1,803.9
5.3
Greece
750.1
2.8
627.5
-16.4
587.4
-6.4
625.7
6.5
680.5
8.8
725.2
6.6
771.1
6.3
Ireland
271.6
4.4
208.7
-23.2
188.5
-9.7
200.5
6.3
219.6
9.5
236.0
7.5
253.1
7.2
1,136.5
8.3
1,100.8
-3.1
1,228.2
11.6
1,367.5
11.3
1,488.2
8.8
1,589.2
6.8
1,698.1
6.9
Portugal
288.7
-0.6
273.2
-5.4
252.7
-7.5
275.2
8.9
300.1
9.0
321.6
7.2
344.0
7.0
Sweden
217.5
-2.1
186.1
-14.4
214.8
15.5
237.7
10.7
257.0
8.1
271.7
5.7
286.9
5.6
1,451.7
12.3
1,211.1 -16.6
1,330.0
9.8
1,463.6
10.0
1,579.7
7.9
1,673.8
6.0
1,769.9
5.7
71.1
7.6
56.4
-20.7
55.6
-1.4
59.5
6.9
63.8
7.3
67.1
5.2
70.5
5.0
Czech Republic
190.4
15.4
159.3
-16.3
174.4
9.5
187.5
7.5
195.8
4.4
200.9
2.6
205.9
2.5
Hungary
309.1
6.2
244.4
-20.9
282.1
15.4
314.5
11.5
345.3
9.8
372.1
7.8
400.2
7.5
Poland
524.5
12.2
486.9
-7.2
512.1
5.2
558.3
9.0
597.0
6.9
628.6
5.3
660.2
5.0
Slovakia
76.4
4.8
78.4
2.6
91.2
16.4
99.5
9.0
106.1
6.7
111.0
4.6
115.7
4.2
Romania
280.2
21.6
185.7
-33.7
214.6
15.5
244.3
13.8
271.7
11.2
294.1
8.3
317.4
7.9
3,540.9
2.2
3,388.6
-4.3
3,960.0
16.9
4,439.4
12.1
4,881.5
10.0
5,253.4
7.6
5,639.7
7.4
Spain Finland
Netherland
Other EU Bulgaria
Other Europe Belarus
20.7
13.8
17.1
-17.5
17.3
1.3
18.6
7.7
20.0
7.2
21.2
6.3
22.6
6.6
Croatia
222.0
-17.3
174.5
-21.4
167.2
-4.2
176.6
5.7
189.3
7.1
199.7
5.5
209.6
5.0
Russia
460.0
12.7
374.1
-18.7
434.3
16.1
486.0
11.9
529.5
9.0
566.8
7.0
605.5
6.8
Ukraine
98.1
3.0
69.8
-28.9
66.2
-5.0
69.1
4.3
75.9
9.8
81.4
7.3
87.2
7.1
Turkey
541.7
1.9
585.4
8.1
746.8
27.6
869.5
16.4
963.6
10.8
1,043.1
8.3
1,124.7
7.8
Norway
43.8
-0.6
31.1
-29.0
31.6
1.7
33.8
7.0
36.8
8.8
39.2
6.6
41.7
6.3
2,154.6
2.7
2,136.6
-0.8
2,496.6
16.9
2,785.8
11.6
3,066.4
10.1
3,302.0
7.7
3,548.4
7.5
1,885.7
2.1
1,713.5
-9.1
1,968.9
14.9
2,145.9
9.0
2,263.7
5.5
2,339.1
3.3
2,410.1
3.0
198.4
-14.6
207.1
4.4
234.6
13.3
259.4
10.6
283.0
9.1
305.6
8.0
329.1
7.7
1,687.3
4.5
1,506.4
-10.7
1,734.3
15.1
1,886.5
8.8
1,980.7
5.0
2,033.5
2.7
2,081.0
2.3
Switzerland North America Canada United States
92
2009
(€ mln)
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
2010
2011
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
28,560.1
0.5
25,722.1
-9.9
30,408.2
18.2
33,540.3
491.4
11.7
484.4
-1.4
650.5
34.3
2012 %
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
10.3
36,357.7
8.4
38,720.9
6.5
41,160.3
6.3
766.8
17.9
861.8
12.4
942.7
9.4
1,027.8
9.0
65.5
-7.1
59.6
-8.9
94.2
57.9
104.8
11.3
116.0
10.7
126.2
8.8
136.8
8.5
Brazil
258.3
20.2
257.8
-0.2
357.1
38.5
434.5
21.7
496.3
14.2
547.4
10.3
601.3
9.9
Chile
28.8
-5.5
25.1
-12.6
30.4
20.8
34.7
14.4
39.2
12.7
43.0
9.9
47.1
9.5
138.8
11.7
141.9
2.2
168.8
18.9
192.8
14.2
210.3
9.1
226.1
7.5
242.6
7.3
2,525.3
7.1
2,431.8
-3.7
2,805.2
15.4
3,126.6
11.5
3,434.7
9.9
3,706.3
7.9
3,990.5
7.7
Australia
236.6
8.1
217.9
-7.9
254.7
16.9
281.9
10.7
305.1
8.2
325.1
6.6
345.7
6.3
China
489.7
13.2
412.7
-15.7
519.4
25.9
601.4
15.8
679.6
13.0
751.8
10.6
830.1
10.4
Hong Kong
127.6
0.7
122.4
-4.1
140.9
15.1
152.5
8.2
161.9
6.2
169.0
4.4
176.0
4.1
48.5
11.3
42.4
-12.6
52.0
22.6
58.6
12.8
64.3
9.7
69.1
7.5
74.1
7.2
India
215.8
6.5
204.4
-5.3
242.2
18.5
273.9
13.1
304.6
11.2
333.8
9.6
364.5
9.2
Japon
677.6
6.2
753.4
11.2
777.9
3.3
826.9
6.3
894.3
8.2
951.4
6.4
1,009.7
6.1
South Korea
Mexico Asia
Indonesia
329.9
7.4
293.8
-10.9
345.2
17.5
385.7
11.7
421.9
9.4
453.4
7.5
486.2
7.2
Malaysia
60.8
-7.4
52.6
-13.4
66.3
26.1
75.7
14.1
82.4
8.9
87.9
6.6
93.5
6.4
Philippines
32.5
17.1
30.9
-4.8
36.9
19.5
42.4
14.8
47.0
10.9
51.2
9.0
55.7
8.7
Singapore
112.7
8.0
97.1
-13.9
110.3
13.6
121.9
10.5
135.2
11.0
145.7
7.8
156.5
7.4
78.4
8.3
86.9
10.9
105.1
20.9
118.0
12.3
129.8
10.0
139.7
7.7
150.1
7.4
Taiwan
115.2
-1.6
117.3
1.8
154.3
31.6
187.7
21.6
208.6
11.1
228.2
9.4
248.4
8.9
North Africa
502.3
11.4
481.9
-4.1
516.9
7.3
565.3
9.4
619.6
9.6
665.0
7.3
712.4
7.1
Algeria
108.7
43.9
98.7
-9.2
99.1
0.4
103.8
4.7
112.2
8.1
119.6
6.6
127.2
6.3
Egypt
252.2
0.2
237.5
-5.9
239.9
1.0
255.9
6.7
280.1
9.5
300.2
7.2
321.1
7.0
Libya
52.0
10.1
65.4
25.9
69.2
5.8
74.8
8.1
81.9
9.4
88.3
7.9
95.2
7.8
Tunisia
89.4
17.3
80.3
-10.2
108.7
35.5
130.8
20.3
145.4
11.1
156.9
7.9
168.9
7.7
185.3
5.5
181.3
-2.2
208.6
15.1
234.7
12.5
254.9
8.6
271.8
6.6
288.1
6.0
Angola
4.1
65.2
2.2
-46.4
2.0
-8.8
2.2
7.5
2.4
10.1
2.6
7.9
2.8
7.6
Nigeria
55.9
25.5
44.9
-19.7
52.8
17.6
59.3
12.2
63.5
7.2
67.4
6.0
71.3
5.9
South Africa
125.3
-2.6
134.2
7.1
153.8
14.7
173.2
12.6
189.0
9.1
201.8
6.7
214.0
6.1
Middle east
346.8
20.3
286.9 -17.3
288.3
0.5
303.7
5.3
326.9
7.6
350.6
7.2
377.6
7.7
26.9
54.0
22.2
-17.5
22.4
1.0
24.2
7.9
26.6
10.1
28.4
6.6
30.2
6.3
Saudi Arabia
158.9
24.0
141.3
-11.1
147.0
4.1
157.0
6.8
167.1
6.5
177.7
6.3
190.7
7.3
UAE
161.0
12.9
123.4
-23.3
118.9
-3.6
122.5
3.0
133.2
8.7
144.5
8.5
156.7
8.4
Thailand
Sub-saharan Africa
Qatar
93
Table 2.3.c Value of exports of rubber and plastic by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008
2010
%
(€ mln)
World
18,252.2
-3.6
14,557.4 -20.2
16,762.8
EU 15
10,639.8
-7.6
8,456.0 -20.5
Austria
478.0
-5.3
362.3
Belgium
524.1
-6.5
443.1
Germany
3,110.7
-3.7
Denmark
115.6
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
15.1
18,354.2
9.5
19,844.2
8.1
21,104.6
6.4
22,407.3
6.2
9,485.4
12.2
10,323.9
8.8
11,075.4
7.3
11,679.8
5.5
12,295.7
5.3
-24.2
400.1
10.4
436.7
9.2
464.6
6.4
486.7
4.8
507.9
4.3
-15.4
502.1
13.3
553.7
10.3
598.7
8.1
630.8
5.4
663.1
5.1
2,456.6
-21.0
2,890.4
17.7
3,179.1
10.0
3,438.6
8.2
3,664.3
6.6
3,896.1
6.3
-6.2
87.6
-24.3
94.6
8.0
103.0
8.9
110.0
6.8
115.1
4.6
119.4
3.8
1,419.0
-14.4
1,129.0
-20.4
1,230.6
9.0
1,301.4
5.8
1,367.1
5.1
1,413.6
3.4
1,459.4
3.2
111.7
2.2
75.5
-32.4
80.4
6.5
89.1
10.8
97.3
9.2
103.9
6.9
110.8
6.6
2,532.4
-7.8
2,077.8
-18.0
2,358.1
13.5
2,574.5
9.2
2,768.1
7.5
2,919.5
5.5
3,076.3
5.4
United Kindom
861.8
-16.2
669.6
-22.3
766.5
14.5
829.7
8.3
877.3
5.7
913.3
4.1
949.4
3.9
Greece
487.1
-1.8
354.4
-27.3
321.1
-9.4
334.0
4.0
355.3
6.4
371.5
4.6
387.5
4.3
Ireland
66.8
-13.4
42.8
-35.8
37.5
-12.4
39.5
5.2
43.0
8.9
46.2
7.5
49.5
7.2
Netherland
483.6
-5.6
408.7
-15.5
445.8
9.1
491.5
10.3
532.1
8.3
565.2
6.2
599.2
6.0
Portugal
200.0
-5.3
165.5
-17.2
149.5
-9.6
161.0
7.7
173.5
7.8
183.8
5.9
194.4
5.8
Sweden
249.0
-1.1
183.1
-26.5
208.7
14.0
230.7
10.5
249.8
8.3
265.9
6.4
282.7
6.3
1,453.1 -20.7
Other EU
%
2013
(€ mln)
France
(€ mln)
2012 %
Finland
%
2011 (€ mln)
Spain
1,832.7
2.9
1,594.2
9.7
1,776.7
11.4
1,944.6
9.5
2,089.7
7.5
2,241.1
7.2
99.1
10.0
69.7
-29.7
69.0
-0.9
75.2
8.9
82.6
9.9
88.7
7.5
95.2
7.3
Czech Republic
306.4
-0.4
258.3
-15.7
286.2
10.8
317.3
10.9
345.2
8.8
369.6
7.1
395.2
6.9
Hungary
237.3
-4.8
188.8
-20.4
212.8
12.7
234.8
10.3
255.8
8.9
274.5
7.3
293.9
7.1
Poland
691.3
4.9
578.9
-16.3
612.8
5.8
677.8
10.6
731.6
7.9
775.2
6.0
819.7
5.7
Slovakia
158.2
3.1
123.8
-21.7
144.3
16.5
161.1
11.6
177.3
10.0
191.1
7.8
205.3
7.4
Romania
340.4
6.1
233.6
-31.4
269.1
15.2
310.5
15.4
352.1
13.4
390.6
10.9
431.8
10.5
1,640.1
4.1
1,263.4 -23.0
1,460.1
15.6
1,636.8
12.1
1,788.1
9.2
1,917.4
7.2
2,050.5
6.9
Belarus
12.3
24.2
9.0
-26.7
9.0
-1.0
9.6
7.0
10.2
6.7
10.9
6.2
11.6
6.6
Croatia
142.5
6.0
113.9
-20.1
107.4
-5.6
113.7
5.9
122.9
8.0
131.5
7.0
140.0
6.5
Russia
300.0
6.6
176.9
-41.0
199.8
13.0
220.0
10.1
237.3
7.9
254.0
7.0
271.3
6.8
Ukraine
73.9
2.6
50.7
-31.4
47.7
-5.9
49.7
4.2
54.3
9.1
58.2
7.3
62.3
7.1
Turkey
487.4
4.6
404.4
-17.0
524.5
29.7
616.1
17.5
684.4
11.1
741.5
8.3
800.2
7.9
Norway
66.5
8.5
51.6
-22.3
51.0
-1.1
54.2
6.1
58.6
8.2
62.3
6.4
66.2
6.1
Switzerland
557.5
1.3
456.9
-18.0
520.7
14.0
573.5
10.1
620.4
8.2
659.0
6.2
698.9
6.0
North America
593.6
-5.6
433.9 -26.9
494.0
13.9
543.9
10.1
583.9
7.4
619.0
6.0
656.6
6.1
70.3
-2.6
50.2
-28.5
55.5
10.5
59.9
8.0
63.1
5.3
65.7
4.2
68.3
3.9
523.3
-6.0
383.7
-26.7
438.5
14.3
484.0
10.4
520.8
7.6
553.3
6.2
588.3
6.3
Bulgaria
Other Europe
Canada United States
94
2009
(€ mln)
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
2010
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
18,252.2
-3.6
14,557.4 -20.2
16,762.8
271.0
3.9
196.7 -27.4
2011 %
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
15.1
18,354.2
9.5
19,844.2
8.1
21,104.6
6.4
22,407.3
6.2
256.4
30.4
298.1
16.3
331.5
11.2
360.6
8.8
390.9
8.4
40.7
17.2
25.0
-38.6
38.5
53.8
41.8
8.8
45.2
8.1
48.2
6.6
51.3
6.3
Brazil
124.9
3.6
92.3
-26.1
124.8
35.2
150.4
20.5
170.3
13.3
187.4
10.0
205.3
9.6
Chile
22.6
4.5
20.8
-8.0
24.6
18.5
28.0
13.7
31.2
11.4
33.8
8.4
36.5
8.0
Mexico
82.8
-1.2
58.6
-29.3
68.5
16.9
77.9
13.7
84.8
8.9
91.2
7.5
97.8
7.3
Asia
889.9
-5.0
767.0 -13.8
917.6
19.6
1,047.3
14.1
1,171.0
11.8
1,286.0
9.8
1,409.7
9.6
Australia
127.5
21.4
89.0
-30.2
102.7
15.4
113.4
10.4
122.3
7.9
130.3
6.6
138.6
6.3
China
228.0
-14.0
254.9
11.8
322.3
26.4
378.9
17.6
435.2
14.9
489.1
12.4
548.6
12.2
Hong Kong
91.2
-11.0
84.8
-7.0
98.5
16.1
109.5
11.1
119.6
9.3
128.5
7.4
137.7
7.2
Indonesia
23.3
10.7
17.0
-27.2
20.4
19.9
22.6
11.2
24.5
8.4
26.1
6.6
27.8
6.3
India
84.1
-0.1
92.1
9.5
110.2
19.6
127.4
15.6
145.0
13.9
162.4
12.0
181.3
11.6
Japon
93.8
-8.1
66.1
-29.5
66.8
1.1
69.6
4.2
73.1
5.1
75.5
3.2
77.7
2.9
South Korea
74.6
-18.2
42.7
-42.7
50.3
17.7
57.1
13.6
63.7
11.6
69.9
9.6
76.4
9.4
Malaysia
29.1
0.1
22.1
-24.1
27.4
24.0
31.2
14.0
34.2
9.6
36.8
7.6
39.5
7.4
Philippines
6.5
11.8
5.9
-9.3
6.9
17.3
7.8
13.3
8.5
9.0
9.1
6.8
9.7
6.5
Singapore
47.3
1.5
31.6
-33.2
35.6
12.6
39.5
10.8
43.8
11.0
47.2
7.8
50.7
7.4
Thailand
42.7
16.8
32.4
-24.1
39.0
20.3
44.0
12.9
49.0
11.3
53.5
9.2
58.4
9.0
Taiwan
41.8
-12.7
28.4
-32.1
37.5
32.0
46.3
23.5
52.1
12.6
57.6
10.5
63.3
10.0
329.2 -11.1
North Africa
370.5
13.8
376.7
14.4
425.3
12.9
468.2
10.1
503.6
7.6
540.3
7.3
Algeria
73.7
39.1
65.4
-11.3
66.0
1.0
69.9
5.9
76.0
8.8
81.0
6.6
86.1
6.3
Egypt
107.0
13.5
90.9
-15.0
90.4
-0.5
96.3
6.5
105.5
9.5
113.5
7.6
121.4
7.0
Libya
45.4
23.4
39.6
-12.9
41.6
5.1
44.8
7.9
49.0
9.2
52.7
7.6
56.8
7.8
Tunisia
144.4
2.0
133.3
-7.7
178.7
34.1
214.3
19.9
237.7
10.9
256.4
7.9
276.0
7.7
Sub-saharan Africa
103.4
-8.7
89.6 -13.3
99.6
11.2
111.1
11.5
120.4
8.4
128.3
6.6
136.3
6.2
Angola
3.0
-37.3
8.8
-9.9
9.5
7.6
10.4
10.1
11.2
7.8
12.1
7.6
Nigeria
35.8
-11.9
25.9
-27.7
30.7
18.5
34.8
13.5
37.6
7.9
39.8
6.0
42.2
5.9
South Africa
64.6
-4.8
53.9
-16.6
60.1
11.6
66.8
11.1
72.4
8.5
77.3
6.7
82.0
6.1
Middle east
232.8
18.7
205.3 -11.8
203.3
-1.0
212.9
4.7
229.2
7.7
245.8
7.2
264.8
7.7
20.1
45.4
16.9
-15.8
16.7
-1.4
17.8
6.6
19.4
8.9
20.7
6.6
22.0
6.3
Saudi Arabia
102.3
12.7
92.9
-9.2
95.6
2.9
101.7
6.4
108.5
6.7
115.3
6.3
123.8
7.3
UAE
110.4
20.8
95.5
-13.5
91.0
-4.8
93.4
2.7
101.3
8.4
109.8
8.5
119.0
8.4
Qatar
9.8 225.5
95
Table 2.3.d Value of exports of metals by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008
2010
%
(€ mln)
World
41,749.1
1.9
27,515.6 -34.1
31,480.7
EU 15
23,172.3
-3.4
14,409.2 -37.8
1,504.0
-3.2
934.0
860.9
3.6
589.0
Germany
7,691.7
3.9
4,471.2
Denmark
297.0
-17.2
168.4
2,834.4
-12.8
222.3
1.2
France
5,505.5
United Kindom
1,588.3
Austria Belgium
Spain Finland
%
(€ mln)
2011 %
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
14.4
34,219.5
8.7
36,751.8
7.4
39,030.4
6.2
41,411.8
6.1
15,976.2
10.9
17,309.5
8.3
18,528.9
7.0
19,573.8
5.6
20,658.0
5.5
-37.9
1,032.1
10.5
1,125.4
9.0
1,198.3
6.5
1,260.4
5.2
1,322.7
4.9
-31.6
619.1
5.1
655.7
5.9
674.5
2.9
681.3
1.0
686.7
0.8
-41.9
5,244.9
17.3
5,800.4
10.6
6,304.7
8.7
6,747.9
7.0
7,208.8
6.8
-43.3
181.4
7.7
198.1
9.2
211.1
6.6
220.8
4.6
229.2
3.8
1,680.1
-40.7
1,815.1
8.0
1,889.1
4.1
1,988.6
5.3
2,080.0
4.6
2,176.9
4.7
120.9
-45.6
125.5
3.9
137.2
9.3
147.4
7.4
155.0
5.2
162.8
5.0
-2.7
3,680.4
-33.2
4,116.4
11.8
4,474.8
8.7
4,801.2
7.3
5,074.4
5.7
5,360.6
5.6
-13.7
1,020.1
-35.8
1,143.6
12.1
1,220.0
6.7
1,270.8
4.2
1,308.2
2.9
1,346.5
2.9
Greece
716.8
-9.9
443.3
-38.2
389.8
-12.1
396.2
1.6
418.0
5.5
445.6
6.6
477.7
7.2
Ireland
98.5
-27.9
89.3
-9.3
76.0
-14.9
79.7
4.8
86.7
8.8
93.0
7.3
99.7
7.2
Netherland
950.2
0.0
630.7
-33.6
658.1
4.3
715.1
8.7
767.4
7.3
812.1
5.8
855.1
5.3
Portugal
441.0
0.2
337.7
-23.4
303.6
-10.1
324.9
7.0
348.7
7.3
368.2
5.6
388.5
5.5
Sweden
461.7
-15.2
244.1
-47.1
270.6
10.8
292.9
8.2
311.5
6.3
326.9
5.0
342.8
4.9
2,463.9 -35.4
Other EU
3,817.0
6.3
2,675.3
8.6
2,949.6
10.3
3,204.7
8.6
3,430.1
7.0
3,664.0
6.8
Bulgaria
161.3
7.9
85.0
-47.3
83.2
-2.1
90.2
8.4
99.8
10.7
108.6
8.8
118.0
8.7
Czech Republic
661.5
-3.4
405.9
-38.6
448.5
10.5
500.6
11.6
550.3
9.9
595.3
8.2
642.7
8.0
Hungary
620.2
11.6
366.0
-41.0
410.6
12.2
453.1
10.4
494.8
9.2
534.0
7.9
575.3
7.7
Poland
1,213.1
7.3
893.6
-26.3
930.6
4.1
1,018.8
9.5
1,098.0
7.8
1,167.2
6.3
1,238.3
6.1
Slovakia
361.5
12.8
231.2
-36.0
266.2
15.1
292.5
9.9
318.0
8.7
339.2
6.7
360.7
6.4
Romania
799.4
6.9
482.2
-39.7
536.2
11.2
594.4
10.8
643.8
8.3
685.8
6.5
729.0
6.3
3,449.4
3.9
2,348.8 -31.9
2,597.6
10.6
2,830.3
9.0
3,022.4
6.8
3,172.4
5.0
3,332.7
5.1
Other Europe Belarus
27.5
6.3
21.7
-21.0
21.4
-1.4
22.8
6.7
24.3
6.4
25.8
6.2
27.5
6.5
Croatia
450.9
20.1
338.9
-24.8
319.7
-5.7
338.8
6.0
367.1
8.3
393.7
7.2
421.2
7.0
Russia
640.5
1.8
383.0
-40.2
430.8
12.5
475.8
10.4
513.9
8.0
549.8
7.0
587.2
6.8
Ukraine
136.1
15.9
72.8
-46.5
66.5
-8.5
68.2
2.6
74.0
8.4
79.3
7.2
84.9
7.1
Turkey
759.6
6.5
568.4
-25.2
718.9
26.5
819.8
14.0
895.1
9.2
958.8
7.1
1,028.1
7.2
Norway
245.7
3.0
156.7
-36.2
155.9
-0.5
165.5
6.2
179.4
8.4
191.3
6.6
203.6
6.4
1,189.1
-2.5
807.3
-32.1
884.4
9.6
939.4
6.2
968.6
3.1
973.7
0.5
980.2
0.7
1,598.4
-4.9
1,063.8 -33.4
1,188.6
11.7
1,315.8
10.7
1,451.9
10.3
1,606.0
10.6
1,771.5
10.3
174.0
15.4
86.2
-50.4
93.0
7.9
99.4
6.9
102.1
2.7
103.6
1.5
105.0
1.4
1,424.4
-6.9
977.6
-31.4
1,095.6
12.1
1,216.4
11.0
1,349.8
11.0
1,502.4
11.3
1,666.5
10.9
Switzerland North America Canada United States
96
2009
(€ mln)
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
2010
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
41,749.1
1.9
27,515.6 -34.1
31,480.7
850.3
1.8
518.7 -39.0
2011 %
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
14.4
34,219.5
8.7
36,751.8
7.4
39,030.4
6.2
41,411.8
6.1
659.7
27.2
759.8
15.2
836.7
10.1
901.7
7.8
970.6
7.6
57.2
-3.2
44.4
-22.2
67.4
51.7
72.4
7.4
76.4
5.6
78.9
3.3
81.2
2.9
Brazil
250.3
41.9
180.5
-27.9
239.8
32.8
285.5
19.1
320.8
12.3
353.4
10.2
388.4
9.9
Chile
43.6
36.0
37.6
-13.7
51.0
35.6
57.3
12.3
63.1
10.1
67.7
7.4
72.6
7.1
499.2
-12.0
256.2
-48.7
301.5
17.7
344.6
14.3
376.4
9.2
401.7
6.7
428.4
6.6
2,059.3
6.2
1,820.7 -11.6
2,149.9
18.1
2,433.0
13.2
2,687.6
10.5
2,913.1
8.4
3,153.7
8.3
Australia
198.3
6.2
142.4
-28.2
166.3
16.8
186.4
12.1
202.8
8.8
216.0
6.5
229.6
6.3
China
Mexico Asia
646.0
3.8
619.1
-4.2
765.7
23.7
881.7
15.1
986.0
11.8
1,080.9
9.6
1,183.9
9.5
Hong Kong
81.4
-1.6
57.6
-29.3
65.2
13.2
71.7
10.0
78.0
8.8
83.5
7.0
89.2
6.9
Indonesia
47.5
28.2
32.5
-31.6
38.4
18.0
42.2
10.1
45.3
7.2
47.5
5.0
49.9
4.9
India
360.8
-12.8
376.8
4.4
442.8
17.5
499.0
12.7
551.6
10.5
600.0
8.8
651.0
8.5
Japon
122.0
33.4
80.6
-33.9
71.8
-10.9
74.3
3.4
79.0
6.4
82.6
4.6
86.6
4.8
South Korea
182.7
4.8
136.6
-25.2
157.0
14.9
177.2
12.8
195.6
10.4
212.1
8.5
229.8
8.3
Malaysia
63.9
62.2
42.1
-34.0
50.1
18.8
55.3
10.5
59.3
7.2
62.8
5.9
66.3
5.7
Philippines
15.8
-15.0
15.5
-2.1
18.4
18.6
21.5
17.3
24.2
12.5
26.6
9.7
29.1
9.5
Singapore
180.6
38.8
138.6
-23.2
154.8
11.7
170.3
10.0
187.9
10.4
201.5
7.2
215.8
7.1
Thailand
108.0
15.4
92.9
-14.0
108.6
16.9
118.9
9.5
129.1
8.5
138.0
7.0
147.4
6.8
52.3
8.2
86.0
64.6
110.8
28.7
134.5
21.5
148.8
10.6
161.6
8.6
175.1
8.3
2,026.7
69.1
1,426.6 -29.6
Taiwan North Africa Algeria
1,173.9 103.0
1,502.8
5.3
1,606.0
6.9
1,725.9
7.5
1,833.0
6.2
1,950.7
6.4
632.8
-46.1
630.7
-0.3
658.7
4.5
709.6
7.7
753.6
6.2
800.0
6.2
Egypt
399.3
63.6
313.1
-21.6
297.8
-4.9
303.3
1.9
321.1
5.9
340.2
5.9
361.9
6.4
Libya
108.4
14.2
181.9
67.8
186.0
2.3
195.5
5.1
209.8
7.3
222.3
6.0
236.0
6.2
Tunisia
345.1
22.8
298.8
-13.4
388.3
30.0
448.5
15.5
485.4
8.2
516.9
6.5
552.8
6.9
Sub-saharan Africa
249.6
-7.3
219.1 -12.2
228.8
4.4
246.7
7.8
262.4
6.4
277.5
5.8
293.9
5.9
Angola
32.6
-14.6
63.1
93.7
55.8
-11.6
58.7
5.2
63.6
8.3
68.2
7.3
73.2
7.3
Nigeria
100.7
-28.7
90.7
-10.0
101.8
12.3
109.6
7.7
114.3
4.3
119.5
4.5
125.6
5.1
South Africa
116.3
29.3
65.3
-43.9
71.2
9.0
78.4
10.1
84.5
7.9
89.8
6.3
95.1
5.8
Middle east
1,280.5
5.9
780.3 -39.1
768.8
-1.5
809.0
5.2
872.5
7.8
930.4
6.6
997.5
7.2
Qatar
348.3
20.9
194.2
-44.2
192.5
-0.9
206.1
7.0
225.4
9.4
240.2
6.5
255.4
6.3
Saudi Arabia
417.5
-13.7
297.1
-28.9
308.1
3.7
330.1
7.2
352.2
6.7
373.8
6.1
401.0
7.3
UAE
514.7
17.7
289.0
-43.9
268.2
-7.2
272.8
1.7
294.9
8.1
316.4
7.3
341.1
7.8
97
Table 2.4 Value of exports of capital goods by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 (€ mln)
(€ mln)
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
World
150,638.0
0.4
118,729.8 -21.2
131,114.6
10.4
143,148.6
9.2
152,416.9
6.5
163,079.9
7.0
174,120.3
6.8
EU 15
68,877.7
-5.5
50,916.7 -26.1
54,671.6
7.4
58,775.2
7.5
62,459.5
6.3
66,041.9
5.7
69,478.2
5.2
Austria
3,024.0
-2.0
2,351.7
-22.2
2,490.2
5.9
2,682.0
7.7
2,854.2
6.4
3,023.3
5.9
3,193.5
5.6
Belgium
3,306.2
-1.4
2,439.3
-26.2
2,599.1
6.6
2,799.5
7.7
2,986.2
6.7
3,170.8
6.2
3,359.4
5.9
Germany
18,626.7
-0.7
14,095.0
-24.3
15,505.0
10.0
16,719.7
7.8
17,773.9
6.3
18,759.1
5.5
19,640.7
4.7
Denmark
1,101.6
-7.1
607.4
-44.9
629.6
3.7
686.9
9.1
724.2
5.4
759.0
4.8
789.5
4.0
Spain
8,901.0
-18.7
5,668.7
-36.3
6,108.5
7.8
6,478.4
6.1
6,820.5
5.3
7,182.3
5.3
7,579.0
5.5
875.0
-24.6
569.4
-34.9
589.4
3.5
641.1
8.8
689.0
7.5
737.1
7.0
786.2
6.7
16,001.0
-1.9
12,383.3
-22.6
13,331.8
7.7
14,427.8
8.2
15,436.4
7.0
16,428.8
6.4
17,431.3
6.1
United Kindom
7,753.1
-9.8
5,499.1
-29.1
6,088.8
10.7
6,517.5
7.0
6,879.5
5.6
7,218.2
4.9
7,517.2
4.1
Greece
2,303.0
-0.6
1,629.1
-29.3
1,526.1
-6.3
1,572.0
3.0
1,649.5
4.9
1,733.3
5.1
1,794.2
3.5
Ireland
501.1
-31.2
257.4
-48.6
244.4
-5.0
252.9
3.5
268.4
6.1
283.2
5.5
296.7
4.8
Netherland
3,031.9
-0.9
2,267.3
-25.2
2,468.8
8.9
2,685.8
8.8
2,875.7
7.1
3,059.4
6.4
3,227.3
5.5
Portugal
1,433.6
5.8
1,898.3
32.4
1,705.4
-10.2
1,821.2
6.8
1,916.0
5.2
2,007.8
4.8
2,089.5
4.1
Sweden
2,019.5
1.7
1,250.7
-38.1
1,384.5
10.7
1,490.4
7.6
1,586.0
6.4
1,679.6
5.9
1,773.7
5.6
8,629.7 -32.2
Finland France
Other EU
12,734.6
6.8
9,174.6
6.3
10,044.6
9.5
10,871.2
8.2
11,701.2
7.6
12,542.0
7.2
896.7
14.3
424.0
-52.7
420.6
-0.8
466.1
10.8
509.8
9.4
549.3
7.7
590.0
7.4
Czech Republic
1,788.8
5.8
1,221.1
-31.7
1,349.9
10.5
1,485.0
10.0
1,607.0
8.2
1,730.7
7.7
1,855.8
7.2
Hungary
1,483.2
-6.0
873.8
-41.1
944.9
8.1
1,028.6
8.9
1,106.5
7.6
1,186.1
7.2
1,268.7
7.0
Poland
Bulgaria
5,281.8
11.5
4,218.2
-20.1
4,430.9
5.0
4,851.6
9.5
5,244.1
8.1
5,640.5
7.6
6,049.4
7.2
Slovakia
960.6
3.7
700.0
-27.1
776.3
10.9
848.7
9.3
913.9
7.7
979.3
7.1
1,042.2
6.4
Romania
2,323.5
5.2
1,192.6
-48.7
1,252.0
5.0
1,364.6
9.0
1,489.9
9.2
1,615.3
8.4
1,735.9
7.5
13,858.5
6.6
9,902.3 -28.5
11,132.1
12.4
12,108.5
8.8
13,054.6
7.8
13,971.4
7.0
14,894.1
6.6
Belarus
291.4
64.9
230.9
-20.7
230.4
-0.2
238.9
3.7
248.2
3.9
262.3
5.7
280.7
7.0
Croatia
902.0
12.3
729.4
-19.1
669.7
-8.2
699.1
4.4
757.0
8.3
806.8
6.6
862.3
6.9
4,400.6
7.9
2,499.0
-43.2
2,791.9
11.7
3,002.3
7.5
3,242.8
8.0
3,455.6
6.6
3,670.6
6.2
914.2
16.0
407.2
-55.5
382.5
-6.1
395.0
3.3
425.0
7.6
455.3
7.1
486.6
6.9
3,272.0
-6.2
2,525.4
-22.8
3,178.7
25.9
3,627.2
14.1
3,953.2
9.0
4,283.8
8.4
4,605.6
7.5
900.4
25.4
592.1
-34.2
613.4
3.6
646.5
5.4
682.2
5.5
716.1
5.0
747.8
4.4
3,177.9
7.7
2,918.3
-8.2
3,265.5
11.9
3,499.5
7.2
3,746.2
7.0
3,991.5
6.5
4,240.5
6.2
10,768.6
-1.8
8,376.8 -22.2
9,346.4
11.6
9,931.6
6.3
10,582.8
6.6
11,237.3
6.2
11,895.2
5.9
913.4
-4.6
728.8
-20.2
786.8
8.0
818.5
4.0
873.6
6.7
928.8
6.3
985.7
6.1
9,855.2
-1.6
7,648.0
-22.4
8,559.6
11.9
9,113.1
6.5
9,709.2
6.5
10,308.5
6.2
10,909.5
5.8
Other Europe
Russia Ukraine Turkey Norway Switzerland North America Canada United States
98
2009 %
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
150,638.0
0.4
4,385.6
13.5
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
118,729.8 -21.2
131,114.6
10.4
143,148.6
9.2
152,416.9
6.5
163,079.9
7.0
174,120.3
6.8
3,424.7 -21.9
4,166.5
21.7
4,619.1
10.9
5,027.7
8.8
5,435.5
8.1
5,821.2
7.1
586.8
1.9
376.1
-35.9
477.6
27.0
528.4
10.6
563.0
6.5
596.7
6.0
628.0
5.2
Brazil
2,248.7
32.9
1,865.7
-17.0
2,338.2
25.3
2,635.8
12.7
2,892.9
9.8
3,147.9
8.8
3,387.9
7.6
Chile
346.3
-3.1
333.7
-3.7
403.7
21.0
436.8
8.2
466.6
6.8
497.5
6.6
526.8
5.9
1,203.8
-3.0
849.2
-29.5
947.0
11.5
1,018.1
7.5
1,105.2
8.6
1,193.4
8.0
1,278.5
7.1
13,138.1
2.8
12,136.5
-7.6
13,811.8
13.8
15,164.8
9.8
16,459.6
8.5
17,760.2
7.9
19,003.9
7.0
Australia
1,483.6
1.4
1,238.5
-16.5
1,391.5
12.3
1,491.6
7.2
1,578.4
5.8
1,664.0
5.4
1,750.7
5.2
China
Mexico Asia
3,800.8
1.2
4,054.8
6.7
4,719.9
16.4
5,251.2
11.3
5,792.2
10.3
6,336.9
9.4
6,836.2
7.9
Hong Kong
719.4
-2.9
595.8
-17.2
661.7
11.1
720.3
8.9
776.8
7.8
827.7
6.6
879.3
6.2
Indonesia
373.1
7.3
286.7
-23.2
348.8
21.7
392.5
12.5
427.6
8.9
463.5
8.4
498.5
7.5
India
1,982.4
5.3
1,691.5
-14.7
1,946.0
15.1
2,155.6
10.8
2,360.0
9.5
2,570.1
8.9
2,771.9
7.9
Japon
1,151.4
7.1
899.2
-21.9
901.8
0.3
926.3
2.7
972.4
5.0
1,017.8
4.7
1,064.0
4.5
South Korea
1,161.5
9.3
1,010.4
-13.0
1,146.6
13.5
1,231.2
7.4
1,320.1
7.2
1,408.9
6.7
1,499.2
6.4
Malaysia
459.4
-7.0
531.2
15.6
641.8
20.8
703.1
9.6
751.1
6.8
798.9
6.4
843.1
5.5
Philippines
141.0
34.0
107.7
-23.6
122.7
13.9
131.1
6.8
140.5
7.2
149.7
6.6
157.9
5.4
Singapore
911.5
-11.5
948.7
4.1
1,040.3
9.7
1,189.5
14.3
1,290.5
8.5
1,393.8
8.0
1,500.6
7.7
Thailand
564.5
35.7
426.9
-24.4
491.0
15.0
536.6
9.3
577.6
7.6
619.0
7.2
657.6
6.2
Taiwan
389.5
-4.2
345.1
-11.4
399.7
15.8
435.8
9.0
472.4
8.4
509.9
7.9
544.9
6.9
North Africa
4,398.2
35.1
4,541.7
3.3
4,860.6
7.0
5,204.1
7.1
5,658.4
8.7
6,112.9
8.0
6,582.3
7.7
Algeria
1,297.9
61.9
1,437.7
10.8
1,485.9
3.3
1,598.0
7.5
1,727.6
8.1
1,849.9
7.1
1,975.2
6.8
Egypt
1,456.5
28.7
1,447.0
-0.7
1,573.9
8.8
1,666.0
5.9
1,834.5
10.1
2,006.9
9.4
2,184.8
8.9
Libya
819.4
66.8
970.4
18.4
1,020.3
5.1
1,095.8
7.4
1,180.0
7.7
1,264.9
7.2
1,351.8
6.9
Tunisia
824.4
-0.7
686.6
-16.7
780.5
13.7
844.3
8.2
916.3
8.5
991.2
8.2
1,070.5
8.0
1,350.1
-3.3
1,394.9
3.3
1,478.9
6.0
1,582.4
7.0
1,697.5
7.3
1,812.9
6.8
1,927.6
6.3
Angola
104.1
25.7
342.7 229.1
292.5
-14.6
299.0
2.2
321.3
7.5
343.7
7.0
366.6
6.7
Nigeria
414.8
3.1
472.9
14.0
537.5
13.7
579.6
7.8
623.0
7.5
667.1
7.1
713.6
7.0
South Africa
831.2
-8.8
579.3
-30.3
648.9
12.0
703.8
8.5
753.2
7.0
802.1
6.5
847.4
5.7
Middle east
5,298.7
1.8
3,910.8 -26.2
3,800.6
-2.8
3,961.6
4.2
4,252.6
7.3
4,552.7
7.1
4,860.3
6.8
968.9
-19.4
822.3
-15.1
832.5
1.2
882.3
6.0
957.1
8.5
1,032.7
7.9
1,110.1
7.5
Saudi Arabia
1,927.5
9.6
1,346.5
-30.1
1,373.6
2.0
1,437.5
4.7
1,528.2
6.3
1,617.9
5.9
1,708.5
5.6
UAE
2,402.3
7.1
1,742.0
-27.5
1,594.5
-8.5
1,641.8
3.0
1,767.3
7.6
1,902.1
7.6
2,041.7
7.3
Sub-saharan Africa
Qatar
99
Table 2.4.a Value of exports of mechanical engineering by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 %
(€ mln)
World
79,752.1
1.2
EU 15
32,213.6
-6.1
Austria
1,488.5
-3.9
1,188.7
Belgium
1,634.9
-5.9
1,208.2
Germany
8,173.3
-1.0
Denmark
625.0
2010
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
62,694.7 -21.4
68,399.9
9.1
74,419.1
8.8
80,372.6
8.0
86,320.2
7.4
92,535.3
7.2
23,267.2 -27.8
24,403.4
4.9
26,249.6
7.6
27,841.5
6.1
29,394.0
5.6
30,878.6
5.1
-20.1
1,242.1
4.5
1,349.4
8.6
1,445.5
7.1
1,541.2
6.6
1,638.6
6.3
-26.1
1,255.3
3.9
1,347.2
7.3
1,428.2
6.0
1,508.1
5.6
1,588.9
5.4
6,173.5
-24.5
6,604.6
7.0
7,117.6
7.8
7,527.0
5.8
7,905.5
5.0
8,236.6
4.2
-7.2
343.5
-45.0
352.9
2.7
385.8
9.3
406.5
5.4
425.9
4.8
442.9
4.0
4,083.5
-21.9
2,580.6
-36.8
2,697.4
4.5
2,842.8
5.4
2,968.7
4.4
3,100.5
4.4
3,244.7
4.7
552.3
5.5
374.5
-32.2
382.9
2.3
414.4
8.2
443.3
7.0
472.2
6.5
501.4
6.2
France
6,962.5
-2.2
5,261.5
-24.4
5,546.1
5.4
6,061.9
9.3
6,530.1
7.7
7,001.0
7.2
7,482.6
6.9
United Kindom
3,692.7
-11.1
2,477.8
-32.9
2,649.2
6.9
2,814.0
6.2
2,938.7
4.4
3,052.0
3.9
3,146.4
3.1
Greece
1,167.5
1.1
842.6
-27.8
774.1
-8.1
792.8
2.4
824.8
4.0
859.2
4.2
881.6
2.6
Ireland
286.8
-30.9
140.8
-50.9
130.9
-7.1
136.1
3.9
145.0
6.6
153.7
6.0
161.8
5.3
1,663.5
5.0
1,296.1
-22.1
1,392.3
7.4
1,513.6
8.7
1,617.0
6.8
1,717.3
6.2
1,808.6
5.3
Portugal
787.9
5.7
617.4
-21.6
548.8
-11.1
592.3
7.9
638.3
7.8
684.4
7.2
727.9
6.4
Sweden
1,095.2
-4.6
762.0
-30.4
826.8
8.5
881.7
6.6
928.4
5.3
973.0
4.8
1,016.6
4.5
4,607.7 -31.8
Finland
Netherland
Other EU
%
2011
(€ mln)
Spain
6,754.5
4.7
4,809.1
4.4
5,296.2
10.1
5,754.2
8.6
6,216.6
8.0
6,688.5
7.6
Bulgaria
469.9
5.8
247.1
-47.4
240.3
-2.7
266.8
11.0
291.4
9.2
313.4
7.5
336.0
7.2
Czech Republic
898.0
4.3
567.6
-36.8
616.1
8.5
682.5
10.8
740.6
8.5
799.3
7.9
858.8
7.5
Hungary
742.2
-9.5
459.2
-38.1
483.1
5.2
521.0
7.8
554.9
6.5
589.7
6.3
625.4
6.0
Poland
3,003.8
12.1
2,367.9
-21.2
2,458.1
3.8
2,714.0
10.4
2,952.4
8.8
3,196.0
8.2
3,449.0
7.9
Slovakia
443.4
-1.3
351.4
-20.7
380.5
8.3
416.0
9.3
447.7
7.6
479.7
7.2
510.7
6.5
Romania
1,197.2
0.3
614.5
-48.7
631.0
2.7
695.9
10.3
767.2
10.2
838.5
9.3
908.6
8.4
8,508.7
5.1
5,760.5 -32.3
6,311.9
9.6
6,806.2
7.8
7,281.7
7.0
7,736.8
6.2
8,189.4
5.8
Belarus
248.6
71.0
189.1
-23.9
187.4
-0.9
194.0
3.5
201.3
3.8
212.4
5.5
227.0
6.9
Croatia
393.0
2.2
350.3
-10.9
316.6
-9.6
332.8
5.1
361.9
8.8
387.3
7.0
415.6
7.3
3,188.9
7.9
1,894.1
-40.6
2,095.8
10.6
2,247.7
7.2
2,420.4
7.7
2,571.9
6.3
2,724.1
5.9
732.9
15.3
318.8
-56.5
296.6
-6.9
305.6
3.0
328.2
7.4
351.1
7.0
374.7
6.7
1,850.8
-11.8
1,349.1
-27.1
1,655.1
22.7
1,869.1
12.9
2,016.3
7.9
2,167.6
7.5
2,311.9
6.7
531.3
27.8
386.8
-27.2
395.3
2.2
415.8
5.2
437.5
5.2
458.0
4.7
476.9
4.1
1,563.2
7.1
1,272.3
-18.6
1,365.1
7.3
1,441.2
5.6
1,516.1
5.2
1,588.5
4.8
1,659.2
4.4
5,561.6
-1.5
4,229.0 -24.0
4,610.3
9.0
4,897.1
6.2
5,207.3
6.3
5,519.8
6.0
5,833.8
5.7
643.8
-2.5
496.6
-22.9
530.6
6.8
551.5
3.9
586.8
6.4
622.2
6.0
659.1
5.9
4,917.8
-1.4
3,732.4
-24.1
4,079.7
9.3
4,345.6
6.5
4,620.5
6.3
4,897.6
6.0
5,174.7
5.7
Other Europe
Russia Ukraine Turkey Norway Switzerland North America Canada United States
100
2009
(€ mln)
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
79,752.1
1.2
2,749.7
13.6
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
62,694.7 -21.4
68,399.9
9.1
74,419.1
8.8
80,372.6
8.0
86,320.2
7.4
92,535.3
7.2
2,146.9 -21.9
2,571.2
19.8
2,847.2
10.7
3,094.5
8.7
3,341.6
8.0
3,575.4
7.0
394.2
4.1
261.6
-33.6
327.9
25.3
361.8
10.4
384.5
6.3
406.4
5.7
426.5
4.9
Brazil
1,239.0
30.7
1,047.8
-15.4
1,297.8
23.9
1,468.0
13.1
1,613.0
9.9
1,757.2
8.9
1,893.3
7.7
Chile
240.0
-2.6
235.7
-1.8
281.8
19.5
304.7
8.1
324.9
6.6
346.0
6.5
365.9
5.7
Mexico
876.5
3.4
601.8
-31.3
663.7
10.3
712.7
7.4
772.1
8.3
832.0
7.8
889.7
6.9
8,219.5
9.3
7,770.5
-5.5
8,779.1
13.0
9,668.3
10.1
10,512.3
8.7
11,361.9
8.1
12,169.1
7.1
808.4
7.5
727.6
-10.0
805.1
10.7
863.9
7.3
914.1
5.8
963.8
5.4
1,014.1
5.2
Asia Australia China
2,835.3
9.7
3,070.4
8.3
3,541.6
15.3
3,938.0
11.2
4,341.3
10.2
4,747.6
9.4
5,119.7
7.8
Hong Kong
355.3
2.5
270.8
-23.8
291.5
7.6
316.1
8.4
338.3
7.0
357.7
5.7
377.1
5.4
Indonesia
266.1
6.9
218.5
-17.9
264.0
20.9
297.4
12.6
324.0
8.9
351.4
8.4
378.0
7.6
1,376.8
2.3
1,189.4
-13.6
1,355.7
14.0
1,502.0
10.8
1,643.6
9.4
1,789.0
8.8
1,928.7
7.8
Japon
406.0
-5.2
333.9
-17.7
319.3
-4.4
323.6
1.3
332.7
2.8
340.5
2.4
348.0
2.2
South Korea
758.2
14.1
632.8
-16.5
710.4
12.3
765.2
7.7
821.5
7.4
877.4
6.8
934.5
6.5
Malaysia
240.3
14.4
260.2
8.3
306.5
17.8
333.0
8.6
351.9
5.7
370.4
5.3
386.7
4.4
Philippines
94.5
35.5
63.6
-32.7
71.1
11.8
76.2
7.1
81.9
7.4
87.5
6.8
92.4
5.7
Singapore
427.5
28.3
510.9
19.5
554.0
8.4
641.5
15.8
703.3
9.6
767.1
9.1
833.8
8.7
Thailand
435.2
42.4
308.0
-29.2
349.5
13.5
380.4
8.8
407.9
7.2
435.8
6.8
461.6
5.9
Taiwan
215.9
-6.1
184.4
-14.6
210.4
14.1
231.0
9.8
251.8
9.0
273.7
8.7
294.5
7.6
2,842.3
32.3
2,968.3
4.4
3,123.4
5.2
3,329.6
6.6
3,615.9
8.6
3,900.3
7.9
4,192.5
7.5
923.1
52.3
1,067.8
15.7
1,092.3
2.3
1,172.0
7.3
1,264.7
7.9
1,351.7
6.9
1,440.4
6.6
Egypt
1,081.9
24.8
1,102.9
1.9
1,188.0
7.7
1,254.8
5.6
1,379.2
9.9
1,505.9
9.2
1,636.3
8.7
Libya
410.0
97.3
454.8
10.9
466.2
2.5
497.9
6.8
535.1
7.5
572.4
7.0
610.4
6.6
Tunisia
427.3
-8.5
342.8
-19.8
376.9
9.9
404.9
7.4
436.9
7.9
470.3
7.6
505.4
7.5
Sub-saharan Africa
825.7
-0.8
915.8
10.9
949.5
3.7
1,010.5
6.4
1,079.8
6.9
1,148.9
6.4
1,217.5
6.0
Angola
66.1
12.2
262.6 297.3
222.8
-15.2
227.8
2.2
244.9
7.5
262.2
7.0
279.8
6.7
Nigeria
275.2
7.0
323.7
17.6
364.9
12.7
393.3
7.8
422.3
7.4
451.7
7.0
482.7
6.9
South Africa
484.4
-6.1
329.5
-32.0
361.8
9.8
389.4
7.6
412.6
6.0
435.0
5.4
455.0
4.6
Middle east
3,772.4
-0.9
2,690.3 -28.7
2,601.7
-3.3
2,708.2
4.1
2,900.4
7.1
3,097.8
6.8
3,299.5
6.5
806.4
-19.9
626.2
-22.3
631.2
0.8
667.2
5.7
722.1
8.2
777.8
7.7
834.8
7.3
Saudi Arabia
1,422.5
4.1
1,001.6
-29.6
1,015.4
1.4
1,060.4
4.4
1,125.5
6.1
1,189.7
5.7
1,254.3
5.4
UAE
1,543.5
7.8
1,062.5
-31.2
955.1
-10.1
980.6
2.7
1,052.8
7.4
1,130.3
7.4
1,210.4
7.1
India
North Africa Algeria
Qatar
101
Table 2.4.b Value of exports of electrical equipment by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008
2010
%
(€ mln)
World
23,514.1
-1.2
19,183.7 -18.4
21,716.0
EU 15
11,756.9
-3.2
9,078.6 -22.8
10,051.5
Austria
557.3
3.1
429.0
-23.0
Belgium
368.9
0.2
317.9
-13.8
Germany
3,446.5
0.5
2,674.2
Denmark
171.9
4.7
123.4
1,625.1
2.4
123.1
6.1
3,072.9
United Kindom
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
13.2
23,735.6
9.3
25,515.7
7.5
27,276.3
6.9
29,103.8
6.7
10.7
10,846.3
7.9
11,567.1
6.6
12,272.2
6.1
12,954.7
5.6
463.7
8.1
495.7
6.9
523.4
5.6
549.9
5.1
576.0
4.7
351.5
10.5
382.9
8.9
413.1
7.9
443.1
7.2
474.1
7.0
-22.4
3,027.9
13.2
3,287.0
8.6
3,517.5
7.0
3,737.3
6.2
3,938.9
5.4
-28.2
130.5
5.7
142.8
9.5
151.1
5.8
158.9
5.2
165.9
4.4
1,049.5
-35.4
1,174.1
11.9
1,260.4
7.4
1,340.3
6.3
1,425.4
6.4
1,519.2
6.6
84.1
-31.7
89.9
6.9
99.2
10.4
107.7
8.5
116.4
8.0
125.4
7.7
-11.0
2,479.1
-19.3
2,732.6
10.2
2,949.9
8.0
3,147.8
6.7
3,340.8
6.1
3,534.1
5.8
949.4
-12.8
747.4
-21.3
850.9
13.8
907.3
6.6
953.7
5.1
996.4
4.5
1,033.0
3.7
Greece
402.2
13.9
297.8
-26.0
289.3
-2.8
302.7
4.6
322.7
6.6
344.4
6.7
362.1
5.1
Ireland
94.1
-8.7
83.0
-11.7
81.0
-2.4
83.2
2.7
87.6
5.3
91.6
4.6
95.1
3.8
Netherland
445.7
12.8
382.3
-14.2
426.9
11.7
461.9
8.2
491.7
6.4
519.9
5.7
545.0
4.8
Portugal
199.6
-2.0
180.0
-9.8
167.3
-7.1
181.3
8.4
193.6
6.8
205.9
6.4
217.4
5.6
Sweden
300.2
-12.8
230.9
-23.1
265.9
15.2
292.0
9.8
316.9
8.5
342.2
8.0
368.5
7.7
1,666.7 -25.3
Other EU
%
2013
(€ mln)
France
(€ mln)
2012 %
Finland
%
2011 (€ mln)
Spain
2,232.2
0.5
1,831.6
9.9
2,004.8
9.5
2,169.1
8.2
2,332.6
7.5
2,496.8
7.0
Bulgaria
133.7
13.8
92.2
-31.0
94.1
2.0
103.1
9.6
111.4
8.1
118.6
6.4
125.8
6.1
Czech Republic
340.0
1.5
271.8
-20.1
308.8
13.6
339.7
10.0
367.6
8.2
395.9
7.7
424.5
7.2
Hungary
277.8
-15.4
204.1
-26.5
229.3
12.4
253.4
10.5
276.0
8.9
298.8
8.3
322.8
8.0
Poland
751.9
3.3
604.0
-19.7
659.1
9.1
731.5
11.0
801.5
9.6
873.8
9.0
949.9
8.7
Slovakia
240.3
2.8
170.2
-29.2
192.3
13.0
208.0
8.1
221.0
6.3
233.6
5.7
245.1
4.9
Romania
488.5
1.9
324.4
-33.6
348.0
7.3
369.1
6.1
391.6
6.1
411.9
5.2
428.7
4.1
1,986.7
6.2
1,603.6 -19.3
1,858.1
15.9
2,035.4
9.5
2,209.3
8.5
2,379.9
7.7
2,553.9
7.3
Belarus
16.6
35.4
22.3
34.3
23.1
3.5
24.3
5.1
25.5
4.9
27.2
6.7
29.4
8.1
Croatia
177.9
37.6
150.3
-15.5
143.6
-4.5
152.8
6.4
168.5
10.3
183.0
8.6
199.3
8.9
Russia
489.3
0.6
325.3
-33.5
374.3
15.1
404.4
8.1
438.9
8.5
470.0
7.1
501.6
6.7
Ukraine
81.7
5.9
42.2
-48.4
41.2
-2.3
43.2
4.8
46.9
8.7
50.8
8.2
54.8
7.9
Turkey
427.6
-7.0
386.0
-9.7
498.3
29.1
568.7
14.1
619.8
9.0
671.6
8.4
722.1
7.5
Norway
112.3
9.4
85.7
-23.7
91.6
6.9
97.3
6.2
103.4
6.2
109.6
6.0
115.6
5.5
Switzerland
681.3
12.9
591.8
-13.1
686.0
15.9
744.7
8.6
806.3
8.3
867.7
7.6
931.1
7.3
North America
989.0
-3.7
878.5 -11.2
1,011.1
15.1
1,080.7
6.9
1,158.1
7.2
1,236.6
6.8
1,315.5
6.4
70.7
-2.0
68.3
-3.4
76.7
12.2
81.3
6.0
88.5
8.8
95.9
8.4
102.9
7.3
918.3
-3.8
810.2
-11.8
934.4
15.3
999.4
7.0
1,069.6
7.0
1,140.7
6.7
1,212.6
6.3
Other Europe
Canada United States
102
2009
(€ mln)
2008
World Latin America Argentina
2009
2010
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
23,514.1
-1.2
19,183.7 -18.4
21,716.0
494.1
4.2
393.2 -20.4
2011 %
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
13.2
23,735.6
9.3
25,515.7
7.5
27,276.3
6.9
29,103.8
6.7
497.6
26.6
559.3
12.4
616.6
10.2
675.3
9.5
732.7
8.5
48.1
-14.2
47.1
-2.3
62.3
32.4
70.2
12.7
76.2
8.5
82.2
7.9
88.1
7.1
Brazil
268.9
18.6
207.6
-22.8
270.1
30.1
310.3
14.9
346.9
11.8
384.6
10.9
421.6
9.6
Chile
53.4
36.1
57.1
6.9
71.7
25.6
78.9
10.0
85.7
8.6
92.9
8.4
100.0
7.6
123.7
-18.7
81.4
-34.2
93.5
14.8
99.9
6.9
107.8
7.9
115.6
7.3
123.0
6.4
1,807.1 -17.4
2,119.1
17.3
2,332.4
10.1
2,528.9
8.4
2,725.3
7.8
2,912.4
6.9
-18.1
195.4
15.2
210.1
7.5
223.0
6.1
235.8
5.7
248.8
5.5
Mexico Asia
2,188.3 -16.0
Australia
207.2
-22.7
169.7
China
542.1
-13.6
524.4
-3.3
629.1
20.0
701.6
11.5
775.8
10.6
850.7
9.7
919.8
8.1
Hong Kong
167.3
-8.4
122.3
-26.9
139.2
13.8
151.3
8.7
162.8
7.6
173.1
6.3
183.5
6.0
62.0
-5.1
39.0
-37.0
48.8
25.0
54.9
12.5
59.8
8.9
64.8
8.4
69.7
7.5
India
271.4
-6.9
255.3
-5.9
301.0
17.9
332.9
10.6
363.4
9.2
394.6
8.6
424.1
7.5
Japon
89.0
-4.9
53.6
-39.8
55.0
2.5
56.0
1.9
58.3
4.1
60.6
3.8
62.8
3.6
Indonesia
South Korea
165.3
2.1
140.6
-14.9
163.0
15.9
173.2
6.3
183.7
6.1
193.8
5.5
203.8
5.2
Malaysia
142.6
-34.5
99.0
-30.6
122.9
24.2
135.1
9.9
144.7
7.1
154.3
6.7
163.3
5.8
Philippines
29.9
44.6
24.9
-16.8
29.0
16.8
30.7
5.6
32.4
5.9
34.1
5.2
35.5
4.0
Singapore
330.4
-34.0
213.1
-35.5
240.2
12.7
273.2
13.7
294.7
7.9
316.4
7.4
338.5
7.0
68.1
16.9
68.5
0.5
81.9
19.7
91.0
11.0
99.2
9.0
107.3
8.2
115.2
7.3
Taiwan
113.0
-4.0
96.7
-14.5
113.6
17.5
122.4
7.8
131.1
7.1
139.8
6.6
147.4
5.5
North Africa
877.5
70.1
772.8 -11.9
864.7
11.9
940.0
8.7
1,031.9
9.8
1,125.6
9.1
1,223.9
8.7
Algeria
246.7 173.2
221.8
-10.1
237.5
7.1
258.6
8.9
282.3
9.2
305.4
8.2
329.3
7.8
Egypt
225.1
88.1
198.9
-11.6
225.4
13.3
242.1
7.4
269.3
11.2
297.5
10.5
327.1
10.0
Libya
178.6
83.9
165.0
-7.6
180.5
9.4
196.7
9.0
213.9
8.8
231.6
8.3
250.0
7.9
Tunisia
227.1
8.9
187.1
-17.6
221.3
18.3
242.6
9.6
266.4
9.8
291.1
9.3
317.5
9.1
Sub-saharan Africa
218.3
-4.3
169.8 -22.2
193.4
13.9
210.3
8.7
227.2
8.0
244.4
7.6
261.9
7.2
Angola
20.2
13.4
15.2
-24.9
13.3
-12.3
13.7
2.8
14.8
8.5
16.0
8.0
17.3
7.7
Nigeria
60.9
-1.8
65.5
7.6
77.2
17.8
84.3
9.3
91.5
8.6
99.0
8.1
107.0
8.1
South Africa
137.2
-7.5
89.1
-35.0
102.9
15.4
112.3
9.1
120.9
7.6
129.4
7.1
137.6
6.3
Middle east
646.7
-8.6
585.8
-9.4
582.3
-0.6
614.3
5.5
666.9
8.6
721.6
8.2
778.7
7.9
81.5
-29.6
119.0
45.9
122.2
2.7
131.4
7.5
144.4
10.0
157.4
9.0
170.9
8.6
Saudi Arabia
216.5
-1.9
173.6
-19.8
181.1
4.3
191.9
6.0
206.1
7.4
220.3
6.9
235.0
6.7
UAE
348.7
-6.0
293.2
-15.9
279.0
-4.9
291.0
4.3
316.4
8.7
343.9
8.7
372.8
8.4
Thailand
Qatar
103
Table 2.4.c Value of exports of means of transport by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008
2010
%
(€ mln)
World
38,845.8
0.2
29,052.0 -25.2
32,127.2
EU 15
21,229.4
-6.4
15,397.7 -27.5
Austria
%
(€ mln)
2011 %
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
10.6
35,268.9
9.8
36,331.8
6.6
38,564.5
6.1
40,816.3
5.8
16,706.7
8.5
17,894.4
7.1
18,997.9
6.2
20,065.0
5.6
21,082.6
5.1
888.5
-1.4
643.2
-27.6
685.5
6.6
730.0
6.5
770.9
5.6
810.3
5.1
849.3
4.8
Belgium
1,159.3
4.4
781.9
-32.6
847.5
8.4
912.6
7.7
976.3
7.0
1,039.5
6.5
1,104.4
6.2
Germany
6,109.0
-1.6
4,508.1
-26.2
5,034.0
11.7
5,407.6
7.4
5,756.2
6.4
6,083.1
5.7
6,377.0
4.8
Denmark
270.5
-13.5
110.5
-59.1
114.7
3.8
123.5
7.7
129.6
4.9
135.1
4.3
139.8
3.5
2,609.7
-25.0
1,574.6
-39.7
1,722.4
9.4
1,828.2
6.1
1,932.3
5.7
2,042.6
5.7
2,163.6
5.9
168.9
-65.2
80.5
-52.4
84.4
4.9
92.1
9.1
99.6
8.1
107.2
7.6
115.0
7.3
France
5,110.7
3.9
3,864.4
-24.4
4,186.3
8.3
4,472.8
6.8
4,739.8
6.0
4,996.4
5.4
5,250.5
5.1
United Kindom
2,673.1
-8.1
1,870.5
-30.0
2,128.4
13.8
2,301.0
8.1
2,460.0
6.9
2,613.5
6.2
2,755.0
5.4
Greece
558.5
-12.1
341.4
-38.9
322.5
-5.5
332.3
3.0
349.9
5.3
368.9
5.4
383.0
3.8
Ireland
104.7
-44.6
21.7
-79.3
20.9
-3.7
21.5
3.1
22.8
6.1
24.1
5.5
25.2
4.8
Netherland
686.3
-16.3
399.4
-41.8
437.2
9.5
478.2
9.4
516.4
8.0
553.9
7.3
589.0
6.3
Portugal
353.9
14.1
1,008.8 185.0
905.4
-10.2
958.5
5.9
989.9
3.3
1,018.2
2.9
1,040.2
2.2
Sweden
536.3
33.1
-64.1
217.5
12.9
236.1
8.6
254.2
7.6
272.2
7.1
290.6
6.8
1,942.9 -41.1
Spain Finland
Other EU
192.7
3,296.2
18.4
2,083.1
7.2
2,248.4
7.9
2,407.8
7.1
2,567.2
6.6
2,726.0
6.2
Bulgaria
260.8
34.2
58.4
-77.6
59.3
1.6
66.2
11.7
74.0
11.7
81.6
10.3
89.6
9.8
Czech Republic
486.6
15.7
318.4
-34.6
354.1
11.2
385.3
8.8
414.9
7.7
444.6
7.2
474.4
6.7
Hungary
413.2
11.7
161.3
-61.0
177.6
10.1
194.2
9.3
210.5
8.4
227.3
8.0
244.9
7.7
Poland
1,349.2
17.0
1,066.9
-20.9
1,119.9
5.0
1,192.8
6.5
1,257.7
5.4
1,319.2
4.9
1,379.0
4.5
Slovakia
232.6
18.0
144.9
-37.7
165.1
14.0
182.5
10.5
199.3
9.2
216.4
8.6
233.4
7.8
Romania
553.8
23.7
193.0
-65.2
207.1
7.3
227.4
9.8
251.4
10.6
278.1
10.6
304.7
9.6
2,706.1
13.9
2,022.8 -25.3
2,363.4
16.8
2,612.2
10.5
2,851.9
9.2
3,088.0
8.3
3,328.4
7.8
Belarus
15.2
36.8
9.8
-35.6
10.0
1.6
10.3
3.6
10.7
3.4
11.2
5.2
12.0
6.5
Croatia
293.4
17.5
197.5
-32.7
179.9
-8.9
182.5
1.5
192.7
5.6
200.1
3.9
208.4
4.1
Russia
517.8
25.8
151.6
-70.7
173.8
14.7
189.9
9.2
208.9
10.0
226.6
8.5
244.8
8.1
Ukraine
55.2
47.1
21.1
-61.7
20.2
-4.3
20.8
3.0
22.4
7.4
23.8
6.6
25.4
6.3
Turkey
835.4
7.2
654.3
-21.7
848.7
29.7
987.0
16.3
1,094.7
10.9
1,202.2
9.8
1,309.5
8.9
Norway
218.4
35.3
84.3
-61.4
88.8
5.3
93.3
5.1
98.4
5.5
102.8
4.4
106.8
3.9
Switzerland
770.7
6.3
904.2
17.3
1,042.0
15.2
1,128.4
8.3
1,224.1
8.5
1,321.3
7.9
1,421.5
7.6
3,168.5
4.4
2,304.1 -27.3
2,611.7
13.4
2,764.0
5.8
2,940.0
6.4
3,116.4
6.0
3,292.8
5.7
133.0
-3.7
96.5
-27.4
104.5
8.3
107.3
2.7
113.9
6.2
120.5
5.8
127.2
5.6
3,035.5
4.8
2,207.6
-27.3
2,507.2
13.6
2,656.7
6.0
2,826.1
6.4
2,995.9
6.0
3,165.6
5.7
Other Europe
North America Canada United States
104
2009
(€ mln)
2008
2009
2010
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
38,845.8
0.2
29,052.0 -25.2
32,127.2
Latin America
893.9
23.3
669.4 -25.1
Argentina
120.6
0.5
49.2
Brazil
642.6
52.2
501.9
Chile
39.2
-25.3
Mexico
91.5
%
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
10.6
35,268.9
9.8
36,331.8
6.6
38,564.5
6.1
40,816.3
5.8
831.3
24.2
917.4
10.4
992.8
8.2
1,066.3
7.4
1,133.6
6.3
-59.2
63.8
29.7
70.4
10.3
74.6
6.0
78.7
5.5
82.4
4.7
-21.9
630.8
25.7
700.0
11.0
758.6
8.4
815.1
7.4
866.2
6.3
23.1
-40.9
28.2
21.7
29.2
3.8
30.0
2.7
30.8
2.4
31.2
1.6
-29.9
95.2
4.1
108.5
13.9
117.8
8.6
129.6
10.0
141.7
9.4
153.8
8.5
1,798.5
2.7
1,684.4
-6.3
1,908.1
13.3
2,069.1
8.4
2,227.7
7.7
2,386.1
7.1
2,540.8
6.5
Australia
360.8
7.2
241.6
-33.0
275.9
14.2
294.1
6.6
309.6
5.3
324.8
4.9
340.0
4.7
China
Asia
(€ mln)
2011 (€ mln)
World
%
222.9
-34.3
254.9
14.4
303.6
19.1
337.0
11.0
369.8
9.8
402.6
8.9
432.1
7.3
Hong Kong
93.2
-13.7
107.6
15.5
121.9
13.3
133.2
9.2
144.5
8.5
155.0
7.2
165.7
6.9
Indonesia
35.8
42.5
20.4
-42.8
25.0
22.1
27.7
11.1
30.1
8.4
32.4
7.9
34.7
7.0
India
232.1
42.0
165.4
-28.7
194.2
17.4
215.5
11.0
237.1
10.0
259.5
9.4
281.3
8.4
Japon
520.7
23.3
370.4
-28.9
382.8
3.4
398.7
4.1
425.5
6.7
452.5
6.4
480.5
6.2
South Korea
128.8
-4.1
158.0
22.7
182.3
15.3
195.8
7.4
210.7
7.6
225.7
7.1
241.1
6.8
49.4
19.7
128.9 161.1
158.4
22.9
175.6
10.9
190.4
8.4
205.6
8.0
220.2
7.1
Philippines
2.6
39.2
6.0 130.4
7.0
16.4
7.5
7.2
8.0
6.7
8.5
6.0
8.9
4.9
Singapore
95.0
-27.8
175.4
84.6
191.1
9.0
212.3
11.1
224.6
5.8
236.5
5.3
248.2
5.0
Thailand
26.2
41.1
14.9
-43.0
17.5
17.3
19.1
8.9
20.4
7.1
21.8
6.6
23.0
5.7
Taiwan
31.0
5.1
40.9
32.0
48.4
18.3
52.6
8.7
57.0
8.4
61.2
7.4
65.1
6.3
Malaysia
North Africa
476.1
16.2
589.8
23.9
641.0
8.7
686.3
7.1
739.7
7.8
792.9
7.2
847.4
6.9
Algeria
86.8
9.1
111.1
28.0
117.1
5.5
125.6
7.2
135.1
7.6
144.0
6.5
152.9
6.2
Egypt
100.6
10.0
89.1
-11.4
97.5
9.4
101.9
4.6
111.7
9.6
121.6
8.9
131.7
8.3
Libya
159.8
36.5
268.3
67.9
285.7
6.5
307.3
7.6
329.3
7.1
351.2
6.7
373.5
6.3
Tunisia
128.9
5.9
121.3
-6.0
140.7
16.1
151.5
7.7
163.6
8.0
176.1
7.6
189.3
7.5
Sub-saharan Africa
245.1 -11.3
257.9
5.2
277.4
7.6
297.7
7.3
321.0
7.8
344.6
7.4
367.9
6.8
Angola
17.0 273.7
63.4 274.2
55.2
-13.0
56.2
1.9
60.1
6.9
64.0
6.4
67.9
6.1
Nigeria
72.6
-6.8
77.5
6.8
88.3
14.0
94.3
6.8
100.9
7.0
107.5
6.5
114.4
6.4
South Africa
155.5
-19.8
117.0
-24.8
133.9
14.5
147.2
9.9
160.0
8.7
173.1
8.1
185.6
7.3
Middle east
688.7
29.3
452.0 -34.4
437.3
-3.3
452.1
3.4
483.1
6.9
515.2
6.6
547.9
6.3
62.9
1.2
62.4
-0.8
63.8
2.2
67.4
5.6
72.7
7.9
78.1
7.4
83.5
7.0
Saudi Arabia
219.5
95.3
117.3
-46.5
120.8
2.9
126.0
4.3
133.3
5.8
140.4
5.3
147.5
5.1
UAE
406.3
13.4
272.3
-33.0
252.7
-7.2
258.7
2.4
277.1
7.1
296.7
7.1
316.9
6.8
Qatar
105
Table 2.4.d Value of exports of other capital goods by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 (€ mln)
(€ mln)
2010 %
(€ mln)
2011 %
(€ mln)
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
World
8,526.0
-0.9
7,799.3
-8.5
8,871.5
13.7
9,725.1
9.6
10,196.7
7.8
10,918.9
7.1
11,664.9
6.8
EU 15
3,677.9
-1.6
3,173.3 -13.7
3,510.0
10.6
3,784.6
7.8
4,053.3
7.1
4,310.8
6.4
4,562.4
5.8
Austria
89.7
-7.5
90.7
1.1
98.9
9.1
106.9
8.0
114.4
7.1
121.9
6.6
129.6
6.3
Belgium
143.0
4.9
131.3
-8.2
144.8
10.3
156.8
8.3
168.6
7.5
180.1
6.8
192.0
6.6
Germany
897.9
3.1
739.2
-17.7
838.5
13.4
907.5
8.2
973.1
7.2
1,033.2
6.2
1,088.3
5.3
Denmark
34.2
-2.5
30.0
-12.2
31.5
5.1
34.8
10.2
37.0
6.6
39.1
5.4
40.9
4.6
Spain
582.8
-10.9
464.0
-20.4
514.6
10.9
547.0
6.3
579.3
5.9
613.7
5.9
651.5
6.2
Finland
30.7
-16.0
30.4
-0.9
32.2
6.0
35.4
9.9
38.5
8.6
41.4
7.6
44.4
7.3
France
854.9
5.0
778.4
-9.0
866.8
11.4
943.1
8.8
1,018.6
8.0
1,090.6
7.1
1,164.1
6.7
United Kindom
437.9
-2.7
403.3
-7.9
460.3
14.1
495.3
7.6
527.1
6.4
556.3
5.6
582.8
4.8
Greece
174.8
0.5
147.3
-15.7
140.1
-4.9
144.1
2.9
152.2
5.6
160.8
5.7
167.5
4.1
Ireland
15.5
-26.7
11.8
-23.6
11.6
-1.8
12.1
4.5
13.0
7.3
13.8
6.2
14.6
5.4
236.4
-9.2
189.6
-19.8
212.4
12.0
232.1
9.3
250.7
8.0
268.3
7.0
284.7
6.1
Portugal
92.2
-3.4
92.2
0.0
84.0
-8.9
89.0
6.0
94.2
5.8
99.3
5.4
104.0
4.7
Sweden
87.9
-4.2
65.1
-25.9
74.3
14.1
80.5
8.3
86.6
7.6
92.3
6.5
98.0
6.2
Netherland
Other EU
451.7
-4.6
412.2
-8.7
450.8
9.4
495.2
9.8
540.1
9.1
585.1
8.3
630.8
7.8
Bulgaria
32.3
13.4
26.3
-18.5
26.9
2.4
30.0
11.4
33.0
10.0
35.8
8.4
38.7
8.1
Czech Republic
64.2
-12.7
63.2
-1.5
71.0
12.3
77.5
9.1
83.9
8.4
91.0
8.3
98.1
7.9
Hungary
50.0
-16.7
49.2
-1.6
54.8
11.4
60.0
9.5
65.1
8.5
70.3
7.8
75.6
7.6
Poland
176.8
-0.1
179.3
1.4
193.8
8.1
213.3
10.0
232.5
9.0
251.6
8.2
271.4
7.9
Slovakia
44.3
-4.6
33.5
-24.3
38.4
14.7
42.2
9.9
45.9
8.9
49.5
7.8
53.0
7.1
Romania
84.1
-4.5
60.7
-27.8
65.9
8.5
72.2
9.5
79.7
10.4
86.9
9.1
94.0
8.1
657.0
-0.3
515.5 -21.5
598.5
16.1
654.7
9.4
711.6
8.7
766.8
7.8
822.6
7.3
Belarus
10.9
37.0
9.6
-11.6
9.9
2.5
10.3
4.2
10.8
4.5
11.4
6.3
12.3
7.7
Croatia
37.7
-5.1
31.3
-16.8
29.6
-5.4
31.0
4.7
33.9
9.1
36.3
7.2
39.0
7.5
Russia
204.7
-8.8
128.1
-37.4
148.0
15.5
160.3
8.3
174.6
8.9
187.2
7.2
200.0
6.9
Ukraine
44.4
17.5
25.2
-43.3
24.4
-3.0
25.3
3.8
27.4
8.2
29.6
7.8
31.8
7.5
Turkey
158.2
6.3
136.0
-14.0
176.5
29.8
202.5
14.7
222.3
9.8
242.4
9.0
262.2
8.2
Norway
38.4
0.6
35.3
-8.2
37.7
6.8
40.1
6.3
42.9
7.1
45.8
6.5
48.5
6.0
162.7
0.5
150.0
-7.8
172.4
14.9
185.2
7.4
199.7
7.8
214.1
7.2
228.8
6.9
1,049.5 -16.6
965.1
-8.0
1,113.3
15.4
1,190.0
6.9
1,277.4
7.3
1,364.6
6.8
1,453.0
6.5
Other Europe
Switzerland North America Canada United States
106
2009 %
65.9
-24.0
67.3
2.2
75.0
11.4
78.5
4.6
84.4
7.6
90.3
7.0
96.4
6.8
983.6
-16.1
897.8
-8.7
1,038.3
15.7
1,111.5
7.0
1,193.0
7.3
1,274.3
6.8
1,356.6
6.5
2008 (€ mln) World
2009 %
(€ mln)
8,526.0
-0.9
247.9
1.0
Argentina
23.9
13.6
18.2
Brazil
98.2
3.7
108.4
Chile
13.7
-29.4
Mexico
112.1
Asia
(€ mln)
2011 %
(€ mln)
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
-8.5
8,871.5
13.7
9,725.1
9.6
10,196.7
7.8
10,918.9
7.1
11,664.9
6.8
215.1 -13.2
266.4
23.8
295.3
10.8
323.9
9.7
352.2
8.7
379.5
7.8
-23.5
23.6
29.5
26.0
10.1
27.7
6.7
29.4
6.1
31.0
5.3
10.3
139.4
28.6
157.6
13.0
174.4
10.7
190.9
9.5
206.7
8.3
17.7
29.2
22.0
24.5
24.0
8.9
26.0
8.2
27.9
7.3
29.7
6.5
1.5
70.8
-36.9
81.4
15.0
87.7
7.7
95.8
9.2
104.0
8.6
112.1
7.8
932.0
3.4
874.4
-6.2
1,005.5
15.0
1,095.0
8.9
1,190.8
8.7
1,287.0
8.1
1,381.1
7.3
Australia
107.2
0.1
99.6
-7.1
115.0
15.5
123.4
7.3
131.6
6.6
139.5
6.1
147.7
5.8
China
200.5
-1.3
205.1
2.3
245.7
19.8
274.6
11.8
305.3
11.2
336.0
10.1
364.6
8.5
Hong Kong
103.6
0.0
95.1
-8.3
109.1
14.8
119.8
9.8
131.2
9.5
141.9
8.2
153.0
7.8
9.3
11.2
8.7
-5.8
11.0
25.7
12.4
13.2
13.7
9.9
14.9
9.1
16.1
8.2
India
102.1
24.6
81.2
-20.4
95.2
17.1
105.2
10.6
115.9
10.1
127.0
9.6
137.8
8.5
Japon
135.8
3.9
141.3
4.1
144.8
2.4
148.0
2.3
155.9
5.3
164.2
5.3
172.6
5.2
South Korea
Latin America
Indonesia
7,799.3
2010 %
109.2
7.3
79.0
-27.7
90.9
15.1
96.9
6.7
104.2
7.5
111.9
7.4
119.7
7.0
Malaysia
27.1
9.8
43.2
59.4
53.9
24.8
59.5
10.3
64.1
7.8
68.6
7.0
72.8
6.2
Philippines
14.0
8.3
13.2
-5.8
15.5
17.3
16.7
7.8
18.2
8.8
19.7
8.2
21.1
7.0
Singapore
58.6
-8.8
49.4
-15.7
55.0
11.5
62.5
13.6
68.0
8.7
73.9
8.7
80.0
8.3
Thailand
35.0
3.7
35.4
1.3
42.0
18.7
46.2
9.9
50.2
8.6
54.1
7.8
57.8
6.9
Taiwan
29.6
1.1
23.2
-21.6
27.4
18.0
29.8
8.8
32.5
9.0
35.3
8.6
37.9
7.5
North Africa
202.1
10.9
210.7
4.3
231.5
9.9
247.9
7.1
270.9
9.3
294.2
8.6
318.4
8.2
Algeria
41.3
60.5
37.0
-10.3
39.0
5.2
41.7
7.1
45.4
8.8
48.9
7.7
52.5
7.4
Egypt
48.8
-9.7
56.0
14.8
63.0
12.5
67.1
6.5
74.4
10.8
81.9
10.1
89.6
9.5
Libya
70.9
2.4
82.3
16.0
87.9
6.8
93.9
6.8
101.7
8.3
109.7
7.8
117.9
7.5
Tunisia
41.1
23.5
35.4
-13.9
41.6
17.4
45.2
8.7
49.4
9.2
53.7
8.8
58.4
8.7
Sub-saharan Africa
61.1
2.2
51.4 -15.9
58.8
14.4
64.0
8.8
69.5
8.6
75.0
7.9
80.6
7.5
Angola
0.9
-43.8
1.5
74.0
1.3
-13.2
1.3
2.0
1.4
7.9
1.5
7.6
1.7
7.3
Nigeria
6.1
17.6
6.2
1.4
7.2
15.2
7.7
7.1
8.3
7.7
8.9
7.7
9.6
7.6
South Africa
54.1
1.9
43.7
-19.2
50.3
15.1
55.0
9.4
59.8
8.6
64.6
8.1
69.3
7.2
Middle east
191.0
21.2
182.8
-4.3
179.4
-1.9
187.0
4.2
202.3
8.2
218.0
7.8
234.2
7.4
Qatar
18.1
11.1
14.8
-18.1
15.3
3.5
16.3
6.5
17.8
9.1
19.3
8.5
20.9
8.1
Saudi Arabia
69.1
17.8
54.0
-21.9
56.3
4.2
59.2
5.3
63.4
6.9
67.5
6.5
71.7
6.2
103.8
25.6
114.0
9.8
107.8
-5.5
111.5
3.4
121.1
8.7
131.2
8.3
141.6
8.0
UAE
107
Table 3 Value of exports of services by destination country (values in millions of euro and % changes) 2008 %
(€ mln)
World
82,873.6
0.3
EU 15
44,839.0
0.9
Austria
2,047.0
-9.0
1,808.4
Belgium
2,444.0
4.6
2,150.8
Germany
11,899.0
6.9
Denmark
492.0
2010
2012
2013
2014
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
72,144.7 -12.9
74,138.8
2.8
77,064.2
3.9
82,947.3
7.6
89,759.5
8.2
96,093.8
7.1
38,797.0 -13.5
39,552.0
1.9
40,680.5
2.9
43,392.4
6.7
46,645.3
7.5
49,582.4
6.3
-11.7
1,862.0
3.0
1,872.2
0.5
1,947.2
4.0
2,033.7
4.4
2,107.2
3.6
-12.0
2,204.4
2.5
2,286.9
3.7
2,456.9
7.4
2,653.4
8.0
2,835.0
6.8
10,452.5
-12.2
10,665.6
2.0
11,007.7
3.2
11,768.7
6.9
12,671.6
7.7
13,498.0
6.5
-19.1
412.2
-16.2
421.7
2.3
436.1
3.4
466.0
6.9
500.4
7.4
530.6
6.0
3,495.0
-3.8
2,892.8
-17.2
2,832.3
-2.1
2,842.6
0.4
3,032.4
6.7
3,270.9
7.9
3,482.5
6.5
302.0
-40.9
246.5
-18.4
253.0
2.6
262.7
3.9
282.3
7.4
304.9
8.0
325.3
6.7
France
7,558.0
0.2
6,557.4
-13.2
6,785.0
3.5
6,984.1
2.9
7,416.9
6.2
7,958.6
7.3
8,462.4
6.3
United Kindom
9,507.0
-6.5
8,239.5
-13.3
8,397.3
1.9
8,655.8
3.1
9,224.5
6.6
9,920.4
7.5
10,531.2
6.2
Greece
699.0
17.5
596.5
-14.7
591.6
-0.8
599.9
1.4
646.1
7.7
699.1
8.2
748.4
7.1
Ireland
1,691.0
0.2
1,384.6
-18.1
1,373.4
-0.8
1,404.5
2.3
1,504.2
7.1
1,619.6
7.7
1,725.1
6.5
Netherland
3,700.0
24.6
3,202.0
-13.5
3,285.2
2.6
3,412.0
3.9
3,659.7
7.3
3,943.2
7.7
4,189.7
6.3
Portugal
319.0
-11.6
281.6
-11.7
284.2
1.0
292.1
2.8
311.3
6.5
334.1
7.3
356.1
6.6
Sweden
686.0
3.9
572.2
-16.6
596.3
4.2
623.9
4.6
676.2
8.4
735.4
8.8
790.9
7.5
3,006.1 -15.7
Finland
Other EU
%
2011
(€ mln)
Spain
3,566.0
-7.3
3,105.5
3.3
3,251.1
4.7
3,526.3
8.5
3,840.9
8.9
4,133.0
7.6
Bulgaria
183.0
22.0
157.5
-13.9
160.7
2.0
163.9
2.0
172.1
5.0
181.6
5.5
189.2
4.2
Czech Republic
613.0
-9.7
505.3
-17.6
526.0
4.1
554.9
5.5
604.7
9.0
662.1
9.5
715.2
8.0
Hungary
735.0
8.7
616.0
-16.2
628.5
2.0
654.9
4.2
710.8
8.5
774.6
9.0
833.1
7.6
Poland
947.0
-23.4
814.5
-14.0
848.2
4.1
884.3
4.3
954.4
7.9
1,036.0
8.5
1,111.3
7.3
Slovakia
338.0
-1.2
293.8
-13.1
305.9
4.1
322.2
5.3
351.5
9.1
381.4
8.5
408.9
7.2
Romania
750.0
-1.7
619.0
-17.5
636.2
2.8
670.9
5.5
732.8
9.2
805.2
9.9
875.3
8.7
6,736.0
-3.8
5,918.2 -12.1
6,148.7
3.9
6,534.5
6.3
7,214.5
10.4
8,005.2
11.0
8,762.7
9.5
Belarus
22.0
-4.3
18.6
-15.6
18.9
1.9
19.4
2.5
20.6
6.5
22.1
7.4
23.6
6.5
Croatia
274.0
-1.1
232.4
-15.2
232.4
0.0
240.9
3.7
259.5
7.7
281.3
8.4
302.1
7.4
Russia
946.0
43.1
785.0
-17.0
821.5
4.6
882.7
7.4
981.5
11.2
1,094.1
11.5
1,200.7
9.7
Ukraine
170.0
-6.6
142.1
-16.4
142.7
0.4
147.2
3.2
157.8
7.2
169.5
7.4
179.5
5.9
Turkey
443.0
-17.8
381.1
-14.0
402.3
5.6
429.3
6.7
479.0
11.6
539.7
12.7
586.2
8.6
Norway
475.0
17.3
397.4
-16.3
404.3
1.7
411.7
1.8
439.1
6.6
472.7
7.7
503.1
6.4
4,406.0
-10.4
3,961.6
-10.1
4,126.6
4.2
4,403.3
6.7
4,877.0
10.8
5,425.8
11.3
5,967.5
10.0
6,339.5 -13.8
6,514.0
2.8
6,695.4
2.8
7,233.5
8.0
7,881.9
9.0
8,490.6
7.7
Other Europe
Switzerland North America Canada United States
108
2009
(€ mln)
7,358.0 -16.2 907.0
-1.5
778.5
-14.2
800.3
2.8
821.3
2.6
871.2
6.1
941.6
8.1
1,007.4
7.0
6,451.0
-17.9
5,561.0
-13.8
5,713.7
2.7
5,874.1
2.8
6,362.3
8.3
6,940.3
9.1
7,483.2
7.8
2008
World Latin America
2009
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
82,873.6
0.3
1,186.0
11.4
2010 %
2011
2012
2013
2014
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
(€ mln)
%
72,144.7 -12.9
74,138.8
2.8
77,064.2
3.9
82,947.3
7.6
89,759.5
8.2
96,093.8
7.1
1,019.1 -14.1
1,058.7
3.9
1,106.2
4.5
1,198.1
8.3
1,305.7
9.0
1,407.1
7.8
Argentina
255.0
1.2
216.3
-15.2
221.3
2.3
230.3
4.1
249.7
8.4
271.5
8.7
291.4
7.3
Brazil
677.0
21.5
582.1
-14.0
611.5
5.1
642.1
5.0
697.7
8.6
763.5
9.4
825.6
8.1
Chile
68.0
-20.9
61.9
-8.9
63.9
3.1
66.6
4.3
72.0
8.1
78.2
8.6
84.0
7.4
186.0
9.4
158.8
-14.6
162.0
2.0
167.2
3.2
178.7
6.9
192.5
7.7
206.1
7.1
3,329.0
-7.6
2,940.4 -11.7
3,072.2
4.5
3,243.0
5.6
3,540.2
9.2
3,882.8
9.7
4,210.4
8.4
Australia
901.0
-2.4
758.6
-15.8
785.7
3.6
819.0
4.2
883.7
7.9
958.9
8.5
1,028.5
7.3
China
457.0
8.6
428.4
-6.3
468.0
9.2
517.2
10.5
589.6
14.0
674.6
14.4
760.8
12.8
Hong Kong
271.0
34.8
244.9
-9.6
257.3
5.0
271.4
5.5
294.3
8.4
320.4
8.9
345.0
7.7
28.0
-36.4
23.7
-15.2
24.9
5.0
26.2
4.9
28.2
7.6
30.5
8.2
32.6
7.1
India
317.0
-19.5
282.4
-10.9
295.5
4.6
308.9
4.5
334.2
8.2
363.6
8.8
391.0
7.5
Japon
846.0
-13.8
759.0
-10.3
776.8
2.3
812.6
4.6
878.7
8.1
952.8
8.4
1,022.1
7.3
South Korea
Mexico Asia
Indonesia
160.0
-25.6
134.6
-15.9
141.7
5.3
148.9
5.0
161.9
8.8
177.4
9.6
192.0
8.2
Malaysia
29.0
-61.8
27.0
-7.0
28.6
6.1
30.1
5.1
33.2
10.5
36.7
10.4
40.0
8.9
Philippines
23.0
-8.0
19.9
-13.7
20.7
4.4
21.8
5.1
23.7
8.9
25.9
9.1
28.0
7.9
Singapore
128.0
-4.5
112.8
-11.9
117.1
3.9
123.0
5.0
133.8
8.8
146.2
9.3
158.2
8.2
66.0
-17.5
56.3
-14.7
58.2
3.3
60.8
4.6
66.0
8.5
72.1
9.2
77.9
8.0
Taiwan
103.0
-4.6
92.8
-9.9
97.7
5.3
103.1
5.5
112.9
9.5
123.7
9.5
134.3
8.6
North Africa
428.5 -10.6
Thailand
479.1
4.2
445.5
4.0
468.2
5.1
508.9
8.7
555.8
9.2
598.9
7.8
Algeria
97.1
3.5
86.5
-10.8
90.4
4.5
95.6
5.7
104.2
9.1
113.7
9.1
122.6
7.8
Egypt
218.0
6.9
197.5
-9.4
203.6
3.1
213.0
4.6
230.7
8.3
251.3
8.9
270.7
7.7
Libya
0.1
44.3
0.1
-9.2
0.1
2.4
0.1
3.6
0.1
7.6
0.1
8.2
0.1
7.1
Tunisia
163.9
1.1
144.4
-11.9
151.4
4.8
159.5
5.3
173.9
9.1
190.7
9.7
205.5
7.7
Sub-saharan Africa
400.1 -11.1
352.1 -12.0
366.8
4.2
385.1
5.0
417.7
8.5
455.9
9.1
492.1
7.9
Angola
0.1
-19.8
0.1
-12.1
0.1
-0.4
0.1
1.4
0.1
6.3
0.1
7.5
0.1
6.4
Nigeria
249.0
-12.0
224.6
-9.8
235.5
4.8
248.1
5.3
269.7
8.7
294.8
9.3
318.7
8.1
South Africa
151.0
-9.6
127.4
-15.6
131.2
3.0
136.9
4.3
147.9
8.1
161.0
8.8
173.3
7.6
Middle east
7.0 -38.1
5.9 -15.7
5.9
0.0
6.1
3.4
6.6
8.2
7.1
7.6
7.5
5.6
Qatar
1.1
-27.9
0.9
-15.8
0.9
2.2
0.9
2.5
1.0
6.6
1.1
7.5
1.1
5.9
Saudi Arabia
2.9
-55.7
2.5
-15.0
2.5
3.1
2.6
2.8
2.8
6.8
3.0
7.0
3.2
6.3
UAE
3.0
-10.0
2.5
-16.1
2.5
0.9
2.6
3.2
2.8
7.1
3.0
7.8
3.2
6.6
109
DISCLAIMER This report by SACE is provided for informative purposes only. Under no circumstances should it be used or regarded as an offer of sale or proposal to purchase the insurance or financial products described. T he information in this report was obtained from sources that are considered reliable or has been processed on the basis of assumptions that could prove incorrect. S ACE can therefore give no guarantee as to the accuracy or completeness of this information. This report was published using information available at 1 December 2010. For further details on these forecasts, please contact ufficio.studi@sace.it
THE CHANGE IS AFOOT
Publishing project and coordination SACE Graphic project and realisation Imagine Printed by Geca
This product is printed on forest-friendly FSC-certified paper. The FSC logo indicates products that contain paper from forests managed according to stringent criteria for environmental, economic and social standards defined by the Forest Stewardship Council.